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Diverse demands for contemporary forest management require greater consideration to cultural ecosystem services. Given the circumstances, understanding how forest elements are perceived can provide...

Mountain landscapes provide a variety of cultural ecosystem services (CES), but recent developments such as land-use and climate changes, population growth or urbanization seem to lead more frequently to conflicts among users or restrict the use of natural resources. An enhanced understanding of such conflicts and limitations may improve decision-making and management of mountain landscapes and maintain high levels of CES supply. However, conceptual and empirical research on identifying and evaluating conflicts and limitations of use in qualitative, quantitative and spatial terms as well as interdependencies in socio-ecological systems (SES) is still rare, and suitable methods are underdeveloped. Therefore, this paper elaborates the outcomes of an expert workshop and presents eleven case studies related to different CES and various contexts to conceptualise conflicts and limitations of CES use in mountain regions, complemented by assessment approaches to facilitate their identification and management. Using a multidimensional framework, we find that conflicts were mostly related to socio-economic changes and an increasing recreational use, whereas limitations of use greatly depended on accessibility and legal issues. Our findings contribute to the advancement of research on CES and are particularly useful for landscape management and decision-making to develop sustainable solutions and maintain CES in mountain landscapes.

In the frame of substrate specificity, CAL-B-catalysed asymmetric N-alkoxycarbonylations of 1-substituted tetrahydro-s-carbolines (Me, Et, Pr, iPr) have been studied. High enantioselectivities (>200) were observed, when alkoxycarbonylation of racemic compounds (±)-1,3,5,7 were performed in DIPE in the presence of phenyl allyl carbonate and Et3N at 60 °C using ultrasound shaking method. The reaction time increased considerably with increasing substituent size on C1; however, the isopropyl-substituted compound proved to be too bulky for the optimum activity of CAL-B. The (R)-carbamate enantiomers were hydrolysed using Pd2(dba)3.CHCl3 and the enantiomers of the free amines were obtained with excellent ee (>99%).

Racemic 1-methyl-6,7-dimethoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline 1 and 1-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-s-carboline 3 were resolved through lipase-catalysed asymmetric acylation on the secondary amino group. High enantioselectivities (E >200) were observed when the acylation of racemic 1 was performed with phenyl allyl carbonate in the presence of Candida rugosa lipase in toluene at 40 °C or with Candida antarctica lipase B in tert-butyl methyl ether at 50 °C. Excellent enantioselectivity (E >200) characterised the CAL-B-catalysed acylation of racemic 3 with phenyl allyl carbonate in the presence of triethylamine in tert-butyl methyl ether at 50 °C. The product (R)-carbamates (ee >97%) were hydrolysed into the corresponding (R)-enantiomers of the free amines 1 and 3 (ee = 99%) with the use of Pd2(dba)3·CHCl3 catalyst.