Author: "Bernardo Bordini" / Topic: 01 natural sciences - Searchworks@Jio Institute Digital Library Search Results

43 results on '"Bernardo Bordini"'

1. A Transducer for Measuring the Field Quality in Superconducting Solenoids

Author: Marco Buzio, Bernardo Bordini, Stephan Russenschuck, and Carlo Petrone
Subjects: Physics, Superconductivity, Solenoidal vector field, Field (physics), Acoustics, Superconducting magnet, Condensed Matter Physics, 01 natural sciences, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, Magnetic field, Induction coil, Transducer, Magnet, 0103 physical sciences, Physics::Accelerator Physics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, 010306 general physics
Abstract: The critical current of superconducting wires is measured at CERN in four test stations that use high-field superconducting solenoid magnets achieving up to 15 T. The reduction of the uncertainty in the critical-current measurements requires the field mapping of the solenoids in their operating condition. This paper presents the design and application of a solenoidal-field transducer based on a pair of nested induction coils, which are moved along the axis of the magnet. The system allows to extract the longitudinal and transverse field components as a function of the sensor's longitudinal position. The radial dependence of the magnetic flux density can be estimated directly from the nested coils of different diameters validated by applying the theory of pseudo-multipoles in solenoidal magnets. The results and uncertainties of the field mappings are presented.
Published: 2020
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2. Test Results of the CERN HL-LHC Low- <tex-math notation='LaTeX'>$\beta$</tex-math> Quadrupole Short Models MQXFS3c and MQXFS4

Author: J. Fleiter, K. Pepitone, M. Yu, Alfred Nobrega, Michal Duda, Arnaud Devred, Giorgio Vallone, Jesse Schmalzle, Emmanuele Ravaioli, Ezio Todesco, Marta Bajko, Bernardo Bordini, A. Chiuchiolo, Lucio Fiscarelli, Susana Izquierdo Bermudez, Gerard Willering, Franco Mangiarotti, Vincent Desbiolles, Juan Carlos Perez, Hugues Bajas, Paolo Ferracin, Matthias Mentink, Nicolas Bourcey, J. Feuvrier, and Giorgio Ambrosio
Subjects: Physics, Large Hadron Collider, Condensed Matter Physics, 01 natural sciences, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, Nuclear physics, Electromagnetic coil, Magnet, Beta (plasma physics), 0103 physical sciences, Quadrupole, Fermilab, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, 010306 general physics, Quadrupole magnet, Compact Muon Solenoid
Abstract: Author(s): Mangiarotti, F; Bajas, H; Ambrosio, G; Bajko, M; Bordini, B; Bourcey, N; Duda, M; Desbiolles, V; Feuvrier, J; Fleiter, J; Bermudez, SI; Chiuchiolo, A; Devred, A; Ferracin, P; Fiscarelli, L; Mentink, M; Nobrega, A; Pepitone, K; Ravaioli, E; Schmalzle, J; Todesco, E; Perez, JC; Vallone, G; Willering, G; Yu, M | Abstract: For the high luminosity upgrade of the CERN large hadron collider, lower β∗ quadrupole magnets based on advanced Nb3Sn conductors will be installed on each side of the ATLAS and compact muon solenoid (CMS) experiment insertion zones. As part of the technological developments needed to achieve the required field gradient of 132.6 T/m within a 150-mm aperture, short length model magnets, named MQXFS, are tested both at the CERN SM18 and Fermilab test facilities. The model magnets rely on two types of Nb3Sn conductors (restack rod process (RRP) and powder-in-tube (PIT)) and on an innovative bladders and keys design to provide mechanical support against the Lorentz forces. In 2016 and 2017, the powering tests of the first two models MQXFS3 (RRP) and MQXFS5 (PIT) proved that nominal performance (16.5 kA) could be reached with excellent memory of the quench current after thermal cycle. However both magnets showed a slow training behavior with clear observations of voltage disturbances before the quench. Besides, only MQXFS5 could reach ultimate current (17.9 kA) whereas erratic behavior was observed on MQXFS3 due to conductor local degradation at the head of one of the coils. In 2018, this limiting coil was changed and the applied azimuthal prestress increased. While ultimate current could then be reached, no stable current could be maintained due to identified defect on the outer layer of the new coil. Finally the outcome of the test of the new model MQXFS4, featuring the final RRP conductors that will be used for the series production and variation on the inner layer quench heater designs are here reported in details.
Published: 2019
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3. Very high upper critical fields and enhanced critical current densities in Nb$_3$Sn superconductors based on Nb–Ta–Zr alloys and internal oxidation

Author: Carmine Senatore, Simon C. Hopkins, F. Buta, Amalia Ballarino, Xavier Chaud, Marco Bonura, Bernardo Bordini, Davide Matera, and Gianmarco Bovone
Subjects: 010302 applied physics, Superconductivity, Materials science, Condensed matter physics, ddc:500.2, Condensed Matter Physics, 01 natural sciences, Accelerators and Storage Rings, Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics, 0103 physical sciences, General Materials Science, Critical current, 010306 general physics, Internal oxidation, Critical field
Abstract: The inhibition of Nb3Sn grain growth in the presence of ZrO2 nanoparticles appears to be one of the most promising method for pushing the critical current densities of Nb3Sn superconducting wires to levels that meet the requirements set for the Future Circular Collider. We have investigated the effect of ZrO2 nanoparticles formed by the internal oxidation of Zr on the superconducting properties and microstructure of Nb3Sn formed from Nb-1 wt%Zr, Nb-7.5 wt%Ta, Nb-7.5 wt%Ta-1 wt%Zr and Nb-7.5 wt%Ta-2 wt%Zr alloys. A monofilamentary wire configuration was used, with a 0.22 mm outer diameter Nb-alloy tube containing a core of powdered metal oxide (SnO2, CuO or MoO3) as oxygen source and successive deposits of Cu, Sn and Cu on the outer surface. As determined from inductive measurements, the layer critical current densities of the samples based on Nb alloys with internally oxidized Zr were superior to those based on Nb-7.5 wt%Ta. The samples based on Nb-7.5 wt%Ta-1 wt%Zr and Nb-7.5 wt%Ta-2 wt%Zr showed higher critical current densities at high magnetic fields (above 10–15 T), and upper critical fields exceeding 28.5 T at 4.2 K (99% normal state resistivity criterion). A record value of 29.2 T of the upper critical field at 4.2 K was obtained on samples based on Nb-7.5 wt%Ta-2 wt%Zr. Hypotheses are proposed and discussed for explaining this unexpected increase of the upper critical field, by considering the possible effects of non-oxidized Zr on the superconducting properties of Nb3Sn and of the oxidized Zr on the formation and microchemistry of Nb3Sn. Regardless of sample type the Nb3Sn grains observed in our samples have an aspect ratio of 1.5–1.7. When compared in the short axis direction, the mean distance between grain boundary intercepts (lineal intercept method) is ∼40% smaller in the samples with internally oxidized Zr than in the reference samples based on Nb-7.5 wt%Ta. In the long axis direction the reduction is of 20%–30%.
Published: 2021

4. The High Luminosity LHC interaction region magnets towards series production

Author: Giorgio Apollinari, A. Musso, Vittorio Marinozzi, Marta Bajko, F. Toral, Stoyan Stoynev, Q. Peng, Franco Mangiarotti, Guram Chlachidze, N. Kimura, Lucio Fiscarelli, Hugues Bajas, Paolo Ferracin, Marco Statera, A. Milanese, Soren Prestemon, Jesse Schmalzle, S. Wei, J. Fleiter, Massimo Sorbi, L. Bottura, M. Prioli, Joseph Muratore, Glyn Kirby, P. Joshi, Q. Xu, Arnaud Devred, Thomas Strauss, R. Carcagno, Kathleen Amm, A. Foussat, P. Fabbricatore, M. Duda, Tatsushi Nakamoto, Giorgio Ambrosio, A. Pampaloni, Gerard Willering, D. Chen, J. Wang, Bernardo Bordini, H. Felice, A. Bersani, Lance D. Cooley, S. Enomoto, V. Lombardo, Ezio Todesco, Michinaka Sugano, G. de Rijk, Sandor Feher, Amalia Ballarino, Matthias Mentink, V. Parma, S. Farinon, Samuele Mariotto, P. Wanderer, S. Izquierdo Bermudez, F. Nobrega, M. Yu, I. Pong, Maria Baldini, Michael Anerella, J. Garcia Matos, B. Caiffi, Leonardo Paolo Rossi, Jac Perez, P. Fessia, D. Duarte Ramos, K. Suzuki, G.L. Sabbi, S. Russenschuck, H. Prin, Stephen A. Gourlay, Toru Ogitsu, L. Gong, and Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)
Subjects: magnet: design, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, fabrication, Series production, 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, Nuclear physics, 0103 physical sciences, CERN LHC Coll: upgrade, Materials Chemistry, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-INS-DET]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Instrumentation and Detectors [physics.ins-det], Detectors and Experimental Techniques, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, niobium: titanium, 010306 general physics, activity report, 010302 applied physics, Physics, Large Hadron Collider, Luminosity (scattering theory), Metals and Alloys, magnet: superconductivity, Condensed Matter Physics, magnet: technology, quadrupole lens, Magnet, Ceramics and Composites, Physics::Accelerator Physics, niobium: tin
Abstract: The High Luminosity Large Hadron Collider (HL-LHC) is the new flagship project of CERN. First endorsed in 2013 and approved in 2016, HL-LHC is an upgrade of the accelerator aiming to increase by a factor of ten the statistics of the LHC collisions at the horizon of 2035–2040. HL-LHC relies on cutting edge technologies: among them, large aperture superconducting magnets will replace the present hardware to allow a smaller beam size in two interaction points (IPs). The project involves the construction of about 150 magnets of six different types: the quadrupole triplet, two main dipoles and three orbit correctors. The triplet, manufactured at CERN and in the USA, will consist of 30 magnets based on Nb3Sn technology, with an operational peak field of 11.4 T. These will be the first quadrupole Nb3Sn magnets installed in a particle accelerator. The other five types of magnets, all relying on Nb–Ti technology, present non-trivial challenges in the design and construction; they will be manufactured as part of in-kind contribution under the responsibility of institutes in Japan, China, Spain, and Italy. The project is now in the phase of transition between qualification through short models and prototypes and the beginning of the series construction. In this paper we review the magnet requirements, the reasons for selecting the design, the technological challenges with respect to previous projects, and we summarize the steps that have been taken to validate the baseline.
Published: 2021
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5. On the mechanisms governing the critical current reduction in Nb$_{3}$Sn Rutherford cables under transverse stress

Author: Bernardo Bordini, Dario Baffari, Gianluca De Marzi, DE MARZI, Gianluca, Bordini, Bernardo, and Baffari, Dario
Subjects: Materials for devices, Materials science, Science, 02 engineering and technology, Bending, strain sensitivity, 01 natural sciences, Article, Superconducting properties and materials, Residual stress, 0103 physical sciences, Nb3Sn, superconducting cable, critical current, transverse stress, strain sensitivity, nb3sn superconductor, rutherford cable, finite elements, 010306 general physics, critical current, Critical field, Superconductivity, Rutherford cable, Multidisciplinary, Mechanics, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Accelerators and Storage Rings, Electrical and electronic engineering, Mechanical engineering, Magnetic field, Applied physics, Dipole, Magnet, Medicine, superconducting cables, 0210 nano-technology
Abstract: Within the framework of the HiLumi-LHC project, CERN is currently manufacturing 11 T dipole and quadrupole accelerator magnets using state-of-the-art Nb3Sn Rutherford cables. Even higher magnetic fields are considered by the Hadron Future Circular Collider (FCC-hh) design study, which plans to develop 16 T Nb3Sn bending dipoles. In such high-field magnets, the design pre-stress can reach considerable values (150–200 MPa) and, since Nb3Sn is a brittle compound, this can constitute a technological difficult challenge. Due to the significant impact that a transverse load can have on the performances of a Nb3Sn magnet, CERN has launched a campaign of critical current measurements of reacted and impregnated Nb3Sn cables subjected to transverse pressure up to about 210 MPa. In this paper, results obtained on 18-strand 10-mm-wide cable sample based on a 1-mm-diameter powder-in-tube (PIT) wire are presented. The tests were carried out on a 2-m-long sample by using the FReSCa test station, at T = 4.3 K and background magnetic fields up to 9.6 T. For applied pressures below ≈ 130 MPa, only reversible reductions of the critical current, Ic, are observed. At higher pressures, a permanent Ic reduction occurs; such irreversible behaviour is due to the residual stresses generated by the plastic deformations of the copper stabilizer. This type of current reduction, whether reversible or not, is fully governed by the strain-induced variations of the upper critical field, Bc2. At higher pressures, estimated between 180 and 210 MPa, it is indeed plausible to believe that cracking of filaments occurs, with detrimental consequences for the Nb3Sn cable’s electrical performances. The complete set of critical current data here presented, collected at different pressures and as a function of the applied magnetic field, allows for the first time to investigate the evolution of superconducting parameters such as the upper critical field Bc2 in the irreversibility region, where both the effects of Cu matrix plasticization and/or cracking of filaments may occur. The experimental approach and data interpretation have a general value and can be applied to any typology of Rutherford cable.
Published: 2021

6. Progress on the Upgrade of EDIPO, a 15 T Large Aperture Dipole

Author: Evgeny Solodko, Paolo Ferracin, Soren Prestemon, GianLuca Sabbi, Emmanuele Ravaioli, Diego Arbelaez, I. Pong, Douglas Martins Araujo, P. Testoni, Bernardo Bordini, Xabier Sarasola, Francesca Cau, Gijs de Rijk, Amalia Ballarino, Alfredo Portone, Simon C. Hopkins, Juan Carlos Perez, Pierluigi Bruzzone, Giorgio Vallone, Kamil Sedlak, Luca Bottura, and Luigi Reccia
Subjects: Physics, Superconductivity, Rutherford cable, Mechanical engineering, Superconducting magnet, test facility, Condensed Matter Physics, 01 natural sciences, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, Dipole, Upgrade, Electromagnetic coil, Magnet, 0103 physical sciences, Limit (music), superconducting magnet, nb3sn, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, 010306 general physics, high field magnet
Abstract: The upgraded magnet assembly of the EDIPO test facility aims at generating 15 T at 4.2 K and 85% of short sample limit in a large rectangular aperture and over a uniform field length of 1000 mm. During 2020 the design studies have concentrated on two flared-end block-coil design options with four double-pancake coils, two per pole. The coils are planned to be produced using Nb3Sn Rutherford cable with 44 x 1.1 mm diameter strands, which results in significantly larger dimensions compared to the typical cables used in accelerator magnets. Two sections of dummy superconducting cable have been produced, and dedicated tooling was developed to study the wind-ability of such high aspect ratio cable and provide input to define the geometrical parameters of the coil flared ends. This paper describes two magnet designs proposed for EDIPO focusing on the magnetic and the mechanical design.
Published: 2021
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7. Progress in the Development of the Nb$_3$Sn MQXFB Quadrupole for the HiLumi Upgrade of the LHC

Author: E. Takala, Rosario Principe, Paolo Ferracin, Giorgio Apollinari, Lucio Fiscarelli, Juan Carlos Perez, Nicholas Lusa, Marta Bajko, Ezio Todesco, Bernardo Bordini, Emmanuele Ravaioli, Friedrich Lackner, H. Prin, Susana Izquierdo Bermudez, Franco Mangiarotti, D Ramos, Dariusz Pulikowski, Attilio Milanese, Sandor Feher, J. Fleiter, Giorgio Ambrosio, Nicolas Bourcey, and Michael Guinchard
Subjects: Physics, Large Hadron Collider, Aperture, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Nuclear engineering, Superconducting magnet, Condensed Matter Physics, 01 natural sciences, Accelerators and Storage Rings, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, Upgrade, Electromagnetic coil, Magnet, 0103 physical sciences, Quadrupole, Physics::Accelerator Physics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, 010306 general physics, Quadrupole magnet
Abstract: The high-luminosity upgrade of the Large Hadron Collider (HL-LHC) requires new high field and large-aperture quadrupole magnets for the low-beta inner triplets (MQXF). With a nominal operating gradient of 132.2 T/m in a 150 mm aperture and a conductor peak field of 11.3 T, the new quadrupole magnets are based on Nb3Sn superconducting technology. After a series of short models constructed in close collaboration by LARP (LHC Accelerator Research Program) and CERN, the development program is entering in the series production phase with CERN on one side and the US Accelerator Upgrade Project (US-AUP) on the other side assembling and testing full-length magnets. This paper describes the status of the development activities at CERN, in particular on the cold powering test of the first MQFXB prototype and on the construction of the second full scale prototype. Critical operations such as reaction heat treatment, coil impregnation and magnet assembly are discussed. Finally, the plan towards the series production is described.
Published: 2021

8. A methodology to compute the critical current limit in Nb3Sn magnets

Author: Bernardo Bordini, E. Anderssen, Giorgio Vallone, Jose Ferradas Troitino, Paolo Ferracin, and Soren Prestemon
Subjects: 010302 applied physics, Physics, Large Hadron Collider, Field (physics), Metals and Alloys, Superconducting magnet, Mechanics, Condensed Matter Physics, 01 natural sciences, Stress (mechanics), Magnet, 0103 physical sciences, Quadrupole, Materials Chemistry, Ceramics and Composites, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Current (fluid), 010306 general physics, Strain gauge
Abstract: Numerous experiments have shown that the loads applied to Nb3Sn strands and cables can reduce their critical current. Experiments, performed on uniaxially loaded strands, allowed to define clear laws to describe the evolution of the critical surface as a function of the applied current, field, temperature and strain. It is, however, still unclear how these laws can be applied to superconducting magnets. The present paper proposes a methodology to estimate the critical current and temperature margin reduction on superconducting magnets due to stress on the superconducting material. The methodology is tested on the MQXF magnets, a quadrupole developed for the High Luminosity LHC project, and successfully validated by comparing computed strain with data from strain gauge measurements. Results suggested that, because of the stresses arising in winding during assembly, cool-down and powering, the current limit of the magnet is lower than the expected short sample limit, and that the most critical region does not coincide with the peak field location.
Published: 2020
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9. Quench Propagation in Nb <tex-math notation='LaTeX'>$_\text{3}$</tex-math> Sn Cos-Theta 11 T Dipole Model Magnets in High Stress Areas

Author: C. Loffler, Matthias Probst, Hugues Bajas, Susana Izquierdo Bermudez, Jose V. Lorenzo Gomez, Marta Bajko, Franco Mangiarotti, Luca Bottura, Gerard Willering, Frederic Savary, and Bernardo Bordini
Subjects: Quantitative Biology::Biomolecules, Materials science, Yield (engineering), Field (physics), Condensed matter physics, High Energy Physics::Lattice, Superconducting magnet, Edge (geometry), Condensed Matter Physics, 01 natural sciences, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, Stress (mechanics), Magnet, 0103 physical sciences, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Current (fluid), 010306 general physics, Voltage
Abstract: A large number of training quenches at various currents, temperatures, and ramp rates, have been performed on six 11 T dipole model magnets. Quenches in the midplane of these magnets were of special interest, since the quench current in the last three models measured in 2016 was limited to between 84% and 92% of the magnets short sample limit. Measurements of quench propagation velocity, based on both voltage taps and quench antennas, yield a high propagation velocity of 50 to 80 m/s. Due to the high magnetic field gradient over the width of the midplane turn such a high propagation speed cannot be explained by propagation in longitudinal direction of the strand following the twist pitch. In these cases, current and heat sharing at the thin cable edge (where the field, stress, and cable compaction are high) are likely to provoke strand-to-strand quench propagation at higher velocities than along the strands. This investigation is focused on analyzing the quench propagation along the strands and strand-to-strand of various measured cases.
Published: 2018
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10. Progress on HL-LHC Nb3Sn Magnets

Author: R. Bossert, S. Izquierdo Bermudez, Luca Bottura, Daniel W. Cheng, Gerard Willering, Amalia Ballarino, Soren Prestemon, Giorgio Apollinari, J. Fleiter, Marta Bajko, S. Stoynev, Giorgio Ambrosio, Tiina Salmi, Maxim Marchevsky, Bernardo Bordini, Xiaorong Wang, Thomas Strauss, Guram Chlachidze, Giorgio Vallone, Ezio Todesco, GianLuca Sabbi, Hugues Bajas, M. Annarella, Paolo Ferracin, A.R. Hafalia, Frederic Savary, C. Loeffler, E. Ravaioli, J. Schmalzle, Eddie Frank Holik, Michael Guinchard, E Cavanna, Juan Carlos Perez, M.A. Tartaglia, P. Wanderer, Joseph DiMarco, Gueorgui Velev, M. Yu, Lucio Rossi, Alfred Nobrega, Gijs de Rijk, and Friedrich Lackner
Subjects: Physics, Large Hadron Collider, Interaction point, 020208 electrical & electronic engineering, Mechanical engineering, 02 engineering and technology, Superconducting magnet, Condensed Matter Physics, 01 natural sciences, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, chemistry.chemical_compound, Dipole, Upgrade, chemistry, Electromagnetic coil, Magnet, 0103 physical sciences, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, Physics::Accelerator Physics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Niobium-tin, 010306 general physics
Abstract: The high-luminosity Large Hadron Collider (HL-LHC) project aims at allowing to increase the collisions in the LHC by a factor of ten in the decade 2025-2035. One essential element is the superconducting magnet around the interaction region points, where the large aperture magnets will be installed to allow to further reduce the beam size in the interaction point. The core of this upgrade is the Nb3Sn triplet, made up of 150-mm aperture quadrupoles in the range of 7-8 m. The project is being shared between the European Organization for Nuclear Research and the US Accelerator Upgrade Program, based on the same design, and on the two strand technologies. The project is ending the short model phase, and entering the prototype construction. We will report on the main results of the short model program, including the quench performance and field quality. A second important element is the 11 T dipole that replaces a standard dipole making space for additional collimators. The magnet is also ending the model development and entering the prototype phase. A critical point in the design of this magnet is the large current density, allowing increase of the field from 8 to 11 T with the same coil cross section as in the LHC dipoles. This is also the first two-in-one Nb3Sn magnet developed so far. We will report the main results on the test and the critical aspects.
Published: 2018
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11. Quench Protection of the 11 T Nb3Sn Dipole for the High Luminosity LHC

Author: Susana Izquierdo Bermudez, Luca Bottura, Marta Bajko, Gijs de Rijk, Hugues Bajas, Gerard Willering, Juan Carlos Perez, Frederic Savary, and Bernardo Bordini
Subjects: 010302 applied physics, Large Hadron Collider, Materials science, Aperture, Nuclear engineering, Superconducting magnet, Condensed Matter Physics, 01 natural sciences, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, Magnetic circuit, Dipole, Electromagnetic coil, Magnet, 0103 physical sciences, Physics::Accelerator Physics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, 010306 general physics, Electrical conductor
Abstract: The upgrade of the LHC collimation system requires the installation of 11 T Nb3Sn dipole magnets. Due to the large stored energy density and the low copper stabilizer section, the quench protection of these magnets is particularly challenging. A total of ten coils assembled in five single aperture and one double aperture short model magnets have been tested at CERN with different heater to coil insulation lay outs. This paper reports on the test results of the model program, which are used to validate numerical models and to optimize the quench protection performance. A parametric analysis on the impact of different conductor and operation parameters on the peak temperature is presented. Coil voltage to ground and turn-to-turn voltages are also evaluated under nominal conditions and failure case scenarios.
Published: 2018
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12. Design and Construction of the Full-Length Prototype of the 11-T Dipole Magnet for the High Luminosity LHC Project at CERN

Author: Frederic Savary, H. Prin, Luca Bottura, Rosario Principe, Susana Izquierdo Bermudez, Bernardo Bordini, D. Smekens, L. Grand-Clement, Arnaud Foussat, Lucio Fiscarelli, Friedrich Lackner, Michela Semeraro, C. Loffler, Lucio Rossi, and D Ramos
Subjects: Cryostat, Large Hadron Collider, Interaction point, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Computer science, Mechanical engineering, Collimator, Superconducting magnet, Condensed Matter Physics, 01 natural sciences, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, law.invention, Upgrade, law, Dipole magnet, Magnet, 0103 physical sciences, Physics::Accelerator Physics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, 010306 general physics
Abstract: The luminosity upgrade of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN requires the installation of additional collimators in the dispersion suppressor regions of the accelerator. The upgrade foresees the installation of one additional collimator on either side of interaction point 7 (IP7) at the location of the existing main dipoles (MBs) that will be replaced by shorter and more powerful dipoles, and of one additional collimator on either side of IP2 at the location of existing empty cryostats. This paper describes the design and the construction status of the full-length prototype of the 11-T dipole magnet, which is needed for IP7. This magnet features a two-in-one structure, like the LHC MB, impregnated coils made of Nb3Sn conductor, an inner bore of 60 mm, and a magnetic length of about 5.3 m. Two 11-T magnets are needed to replace a 15-m long MB. A by-pass cryostat placed in between the two magnets allows creating a room temperature space for the additional collimators. The magnet is designed to provide the same integrated field as the MB at nominal field. However, due to the difference in transfer function at lower field, a correction by means of a trim current has been considered. A full-length prototype is currently under construction at CERN with the goal of developing the manufacturing and inspection procedures prior to launch the series production. For this, new tooling has been developed and optimized during the fabrication of fully representative practice coils. This paper describes the design of the magnet, the main manufacturing steps, and corresponding quality indicators, which will be used to monitor the series production. Finally, the production and installation schedule will be presented.
Published: 2018
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13. Comparison of Cold Powering Performance of 2-m-Long Nb3Sn 11 T Model Magnets

Author: Frederic Savary, Franco Mangiarotti, Luca Bottura, Marta Bajko, Juan-Carlos Perez, Bernardo Bordini, E. Nilsson, Gijs de Rijk, C. Loffler, Gerard Willering, Susana Izquierdo Bermudez, J. Feuvrier, Hugues Bajas, and Lucio Fiscarelli
Subjects: 010302 applied physics, Physics, Large Hadron Collider, Aperture, Superconducting magnet, Condensed Matter Physics, 01 natural sciences, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, Nuclear physics, chemistry.chemical_compound, Dipole, Upgrade, chemistry, Magnet, 0103 physical sciences, Physics::Accelerator Physics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Niobium-tin, 010306 general physics, Electrical conductor
Abstract: For the upgrade of the LHC, two 15-m NbTi main dipole magnets are foreseen to be replaced by two 11 T 5.7-m-long Nb 3Sn dipoles each. A series of model magnets has been produced to verify the design choices that are important for the prototype and series production, focusing on mechanical aspects and protection studies. A fourth and a fifth 2-m single aperture models were produced, assembled, and tested. In this paper, the cold powering tests of the single aperture models SP104 and SP105 will be presented and the results will be compared with the previous models. Special attention will be given to the upper limit in magnet current due to quenches in the midplane turns.
Published: 2018
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14. Test Result of the Short Models MQXFS3 and MQXFS5 for the HL-LHC Upgrade

Author: Lucio Fiscarelli, Hugues Bajas, Giorgio Ambrosio, Nicolas Bourcey, Lucio Rossi, Mariusz Juchno, Michael Guinchard, Bernardo Bordini, S. Sequeira Tavares, Josef Kopal, Jens Steckert, E. Ravaioli, X. Wang, H. Felice, F. Nobrega, Marta Bajko, Amalia Ballarino, S. Stoynev, P. Wanderer, Juan Carlos Perez, Guram Chlachidze, Giorgio Vallone, A. Chiuchiolo, G.L. Sabbi, Friedrich Lackner, Daniel W. Cheng, M. Cabon, H. Prin, Maxim Marchevsky, Susana Izquierdo Bermudez, Heng Pan, M. Yu, and Ezio Todesco
Subjects: low-beta quadrupoles, Physics, General Physics, Large Hadron Collider, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Nuclear engineering, interaction regions, Materials Engineering, Superconducting magnet, Condensed Matter Physics, 01 natural sciences, high field Nb3Sn magnets, Magnetic flux, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, Conductor, chemistry.chemical_compound, chemistry, Electromagnetic coil, Magnet, 0103 physical sciences, High luminosity LHC, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Niobium-tin, 010306 general physics, Quadrupole magnet
Abstract: In the framework of the High-Luminosity Large Hadron Collider, the installation of a new generation of quadrupole magnets is foreseen on each side of ATLAS and CMS experiments. The new magnets are based on Nb3Sn technology and shall be able to reach an ultimate current of 17.9 kA with a peak field of 12.3 T in the coil. In 2016 and 2017, the first two short models, called MQXFS3 and MQXFS5, have been tested at 4.2 and 1.9 K in the two new test benches at the European Organization for Nuclear Research. This paper presents the result of the quench performance of the two models; the first magnet reached nominal but failed to reach ultimate, showing detraining in one coil. MQXFS5 reached ultimate performance without any detraining phenomena, validating the PIT conductor used for the first time in this magnet program.
Published: 2018
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15. Extrapolative Scaling Expression: A Fitting Equation for Extrapolating Full Ic (B,T,ϵ) Data Matrixes From Limited Data

Author: John (Jack) W. Ekin, Bernardo Bordini, Luca Bottura, Loren F. Goodrich, Najib Cheggour, Jolene D. Splett, and D. Richter
Subjects: 010302 applied physics, Superconductivity, Physics, Observational error, Extrapolation, Feature scaling, Condensed Matter Physics, 01 natural sciences, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, Computational physics, Magnetic field, chemistry.chemical_compound, chemistry, 0103 physical sciences, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Niobium-tin, 010306 general physics, Reduction (mathematics), Scaling
Abstract: Scaling analysis of several thousand Nb 3 Sn critical-current (I c ) measurements is used to derive the extrapolative scaling expression (ESE), a fitting equation that can quickly and accurately extrapolate (or interpolate) limited datasets to obtain full three-dimensional dependences of I c on magnetic field (B), temperature (T), and mechanical strain (e). Unlike nonextrapolative fitting equations, the ESE relation is determined completely by fundamental raw scaling data from master pinning-force curves. The results show that extrapolation errors with ESE approach typical I c measurement errors. The scaling expression is simple and robust, providing straightforward extrapolation capability for conductor characterization and magnet design. The ESE relation offers the prospect for extrapolations in several new areas, including: a reduction in the measurement space required for full I c (B, T, e) characterization to about one fifth the size; ability to combine data from separate temperature and strain apparatuses; extrapolation of transport I c data from above 4 K to lower temperatures, where heating effects and instabilities are problematic for transport measurements; and extrapolation of full I c (B, T, e) datasets from as little as a single I c (B) curve when several core parameters have been measured in similar conductors (particularly applicable to qualifying production wires). Accuracies are evaluated for concatenations of these different extrapolation capabilities. Examples are given for practical Nb 3 Sn conductors, including those for high luminosity-LHC magnets, ITER, and cryocooled NMR magnets.
Published: 2017
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16. Cold Powering Performance of the First 2 m Nb3Sn DS11T Twin-Aperture Model Magnet at CERN

Author: Frederic Savary, J. Feuvrier, Mikko Karppinen, L. Bottura, Lucio Fiscarelli, J. C. Perez, Marta Bajko, Bernardo Bordini, D. Smekens, C. Loffler, Hugues Bajas, Michael Guinchard, G. de Rijk, S. Izquierdo Bermudez, and Gerard Willering
Subjects: Physics, Beam diameter, Large Hadron Collider, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Aperture, Nuclear engineering, Superconducting magnet, Condensed Matter Physics, 01 natural sciences, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, chemistry.chemical_compound, Dipole, Nuclear magnetic resonance, Upgrade, chemistry, Magnet, 0103 physical sciences, Physics::Accelerator Physics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Niobium-tin, 010306 general physics
Abstract: For the upgrade of the LHC during the long shutdown 2 and for the HL-LHC upgrade during the long shutdown 3, a few 15 m 8.3 T Nb–Ti main dipole magnets are foreseen to be replaced by two 11 T Nb3Sn dipoles, 5.5 m long each. After the production and test of three single aperture models at CERN, the first 2-m-long twin-aperture model has been tested. The model was used to exploit the limits of the model in terms of quench performance and protection. The protection studies included the heater efficiency studies and hotspot temperature studies. In this paper, the performance of the magnet DP101 in terms of training behavior, detection, and protection, and other cold powering test will be presented and discussed.
Published: 2017
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17. Optimization of Nb3Sn Rutherford Cables Geometry for the High-Luminosity LHC

Author: Jerome Fleiter, David Richter, A. Ballarino, Angelo Bonasia, and Bernardo Bordini
Subjects: 010302 applied physics, Physics, Large Hadron Collider, Geometry, Condensed Matter Physics, 01 natural sciences, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, Magnetic field, Nuclear physics, Residual resistivity, Dipole, Magnet, 0103 physical sciences, Quadrupole, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, 010306 general physics, Quadrupole magnet, Electrical conductor
Abstract: The quadrupole and dipole magnets for the high-luminosity large hadron collider (HL-LHC) upgrade will be based on Nb 3 Sn Rutherford cables that operate at 1.9 K and experience magnetic fields of up to about 12 T. An important step in the design of these magnets is the development of the high-aspect-ratio Nb 3 Sn cables to achieve the nominal field with sufficient margin. The strong plastic deformation of unreacted Nb 3 Sn strands during the Rutherford cabling process may induce non-negligible I c and Residual Resistivity Ratio degradation. In this paper, the cabling degradation is investigated as a function of the cable geometry for both Powder-in-Tube and Restack Rod Process conductors. Based on this analysis, new baseline geometries for both 11 T and quadrupole magnets of HL-LHC are proposed.
Published: 2017
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18. Progress on the Development of the Nb3Sn 11T Dipole for the High Luminosity Upgrade of LHC

Author: Gijs de Rijk, Alexander V. Zlobin, Mikko Karppinen, Lucio Fiscarelli, Bernardo Bordini, D Ramos, Rosario Principe, Lucio Rossi, Frederic Savary, J. Fleiter, E. Nilsson, Gerard Willering, Luca Bottura, H. Prin, Marta Bajko, Friedrich Lackner, Sandra Sequeira Tavares, C. Loffler, Susana Izquierdo Bermudez, Arnaud Foussat, D. Smekens, and Juan Carlos Perez
Subjects: Physics, Large Hadron Collider, Interaction point, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Nuclear engineering, Full scale, 02 engineering and technology, Superconducting magnet, Condensed Matter Physics, Accelerators and Storage Rings, 01 natural sciences, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, Nuclear physics, Dipole, Upgrade, Electromagnetic coil, Magnet, 0103 physical sciences, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, 020201 artificial intelligence & image processing, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, 010306 general physics
Abstract: The high-luminosity large hadron collider (LHC) project at CERN entered into the production phase in October 2015 after the completion of the design study phase. In the meantime, the development of the 11 T dipole needed for the upgrade of the collimation system of the machine made significant progress with very good performance of the first two-in-one magnet model of 2-m length made at CERN. The 11 T dipole, which is more powerful than the current main dipoles of LHC, can be made shorter with an equivalent integrated field. This will allow creating space for the installation of additional collimators in specific locations of the dispersion suppressor regions. Following tests carried out during heavy ions runs of LHC in the end of 2015, and a more recent review of the project budget, the installation plan for the 11 T dipole was revised. Consequently, one 11 T dipole full assembly containing two 11 T dipoles of 5.5-m length will be installed on either side of interaction point 7. These two units shall be installed during the long shutdown 2 in years 2019-2020. After a brief reminder on the design features of the magnet, this paper describes the current status of the development activities, in particular the short model programme and the construction of the first full scale prototype at CERN. Critical operations such as the reaction treatment and the coil impregnation are discussed, the quench performance tests results of the two-in-one model are reviewed and finally, the plan toward the production for the long shut down 2 is described.
Published: 2017
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19. Design Optimization of the Nb3Sn 11 T Dipole for the High Luminosity LHC

Author: J. Fleiter, Luca Bottura, C. Loffler, Friedrich Lackner, Susana Izquierdo Bermudez, Amalia Ballarino, Gijs DeRijk, E. Nilsson, H. Prin, Bernardo Bordini, Frederic Savary, D. Smekens, and Juan Carlos Perez
Subjects: Physics, Luminosity (scattering theory), Large Hadron Collider, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Collimator, 02 engineering and technology, Condensed Matter Physics, 01 natural sciences, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, law.invention, Conductor, Nuclear physics, Dipole, law, Electromagnetic coil, Magnet, 0103 physical sciences, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, 020201 artificial intelligence & image processing, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, 010306 general physics, Yoke
Abstract: As a part of the large hadron collider luminosity upgrade (HiLumi-LHC) program, CERN is planning to replace some of the 8.33-T 15-m-long Nb-Ti LHC main dipoles with shorter 11 T Nb3Sn magnets providing longitudinal space for additional collimators. Whereas the present design of the 11 T dipole enables the use of RRP conductor with critical current degradation after cabling at the level of 5%, new cross sections of the cable have been studied in order to further decrease the degradation of both critical current and resistivity of the copper matrix. This change is particularly beneficial for the PIT conductor. The coil layout is reoptimized to accommodate the new cable geometry, using the ROXIE code. A set of additional design changes are implemented, such as reduction of the outer yoke diameter. In this paper, we review the main parameters of the present design, describe the changes implemented in the new design, and discuss their impact on both the electromagnetic and structural properties.
Published: 2017
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20. The Bundle-Barrier PIT Wire Developed for the HiLumi LHC Project

Author: Bernardo Bordini, Klaus Schlenga, Matteo Macchini, Amalia Ballarino, D. Richter, Manfred Thoener, and Bernd Sailer
Subjects: 010302 applied physics, Physics, Nuclear physics, Large Hadron Collider, Nuclear magnetic resonance, Bundle, 0103 physical sciences, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, 010306 general physics, Condensed Matter Physics, 01 natural sciences, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials
Published: 2017
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21. HE-LHC: The High-Energy Large Hadron Collider Future Circular Collider Conceptual Design Report Volume 4

Author: Pushpalatha C Bhat, B. Seeber, C. Pagliarone, Marco Statera, Victor P. Goncalves, Daria Astapovych, W. Bartmann, S. Iwamoto, M. Mentink, Alessandro Tricoli, E. R. Bielert, Laurent Chevalier, Patrick Koppenburg, Marco Calviani, C. Montag, P. Spiller, Jan Uythoven, P. Di Nezza, G. Guillermo Canton, B. Sailer, Markus Elsing, Sara Khatibi, Luca Vecchi, Luigi Palumbo, J. P. Penttinen, T. Podzorny, Maneesh Kumar, J. M. Rifflet, C. Kotnig, Jean Zinn-Justin, Christopher B. Verhaaren, A. Chernoded, Alessandro Bertarelli, L. M. Tkachenko, C. Koeberl, P. J. Mallon, M. Takeuchi, W. Venturini Delsolaro, G. Lamanna, S. Weinzierl, J. Gao, W. Kaabi, David D'Enterria, D. Barna, Paolo Castelnovo, Rajat Gupta, Oliver Boine-Frankenheim, Adarsh Pyarelal, Andreas Salzburger, Tessa Charles, M.E. Biagini, O. Panella, M. Stuart, A. Kollegger, V. Garcia Diaz, Olcay Bolukbasi, Maurizio Pierini, H. Aksakal, Tord Riemann, Abhishek M. Iyer, V. Shiltsev, D. Buttazzo, J. Blümlein, Prateek Agrawal, L. Sestini, Martin Bauer, Felicitas Pauss, S. Fiorendi, F. Bossu, Marco Nardecchia, C. Leonidopoulos, Wojciech Kotlarski, A. Saba, I. Bautista-Guzmán, W. Hillert, Giorgio Ambrosio, T. Lehtinen, Michael Andrew Parker, Silvia Taroni, Gian F. Giudice, Ph. Lebrun, Johann A. Briffa, T. Risselada, Giuseppe Lerner, A. Lechner, L. S. Miralles, M. Kuze, J. M. Valet, P. S. B. Dev, S. Holleis, Ph. Schwemling, M. Biglietti, S. Banerjee, Thomas Schörner-Sadenius, A. Sanz Ull, V. Tikhomirov, S. Savelyeva, Jiayin Gu, D. Zhou, Federico Ravotti, S. A. Bogacz, Daniele Mirarchi, R. Tomás García, Yann Coadou, F. Yu, Y. Cai, T. Lari, F. Holdener, D. Shwartz, C. Bhat, Ramesh Gupta, Markus Klute, E. Palmieri, P. Collier, Branislav Sitar, Yves Sirois, Livio Fanò, S. Rojas-Torres, E. Locci, Ruben Garcia Alia, I. Božović Jelisavić, R. Chehab, J. A. Aguilar-Saavedra, M. Pasquali, A. Di Cicco, Bernhard Auchmann, Klaus Heinemann, Alessia Tricomi, D. Lucchesi, B. Haerer, M. Morrone, Paolo Giacomelli, Sonia Carra, A. Senol, Ivan Koop, Luca Silvestrini, Anna Stakia, Heather Gray, E. Skordis, A. D. Kovalenko, Paul Langacker, R. Li, Bernardo Bordini, R. Rata, Arjan Verweij, Shehu S. AbdusSalam, Andrey Karyukhin, U. van Rienen, Gianluigi Arduini, Bernhard Holzer, S. A. Nikitin, S. S. Kozub, Satoshi Mishima, B. Di Micco, S. Izquierdo Bermudez, N. Pukhaeva, Nigel Watson, F. Prino, Jean-Michel Sallese, Sotirios Vlachos, Alessandro Vicini, A. Valassi, Daniel Treille, F. Dordei, A. M. Fernandez Navarro, B. Dziewit, Marcello Abbrescia, J. M. Hauptman, I. Chaikovska, Paolo Giubellino, Michael J. Baker, V.V. Kashikhin, Friedrich Lackner, Filippo Sala, A. Langner, D. Pulikowski, H. Eriksson, Matteo Turri, Andrea Wulzer, M. Aiba, Lisa Borgonovi, I. Morozov, V. Haurylavets, J. F. Croteau, S. Boselli, L. A. Gonzalez Gomez, Claudia Tambasco, F. Mahmoudi, Sébastien Descotes-Genon, A. Luciani, Pavel Piminov, M. Varasteh, T. Herzig, Sandra Aumon, Cristina Bernini, Joseph Bramante, Roberta Arnaldi, G. Zick, Daniel Schulte, R. Santoro, Anna Kulesza, I. Turk Cakir, M. Nonis, Silvia Posada Arias, Livia Soffi, T. Wojtoń, E. Cennini, Florian Bauer, B. Rousset, J.-L. Grenard, C. Neubüser, Frederic Derue, Loukas Gouskos, Rainer Wallny, G. Calderini, M. Merk, M. Mühlegger, Roberto Cimino, M. Ramsey-Musolf, P. Rebello Teles, Mario Galanti, Mikhail Shaposhnikov, A. Andreazza, Maria Vittoria Garzelli, Masaya Ishino, José W. F. Valle, Colin Bernet, G. Velev, Cristina Botta, E. Fischer, J. Malclés, Giuseppe Montenero, Tripurari Srivastava, E. Renner, Shahnam Gorgi Zadeh, D. Cantore-Cavalli, Paul Laycock, J. Komppula, Simon C. Hopkins, Helmut Burkhardt, Eric Lancon, I. Aichinger, Andre Sznajder, F. Bordry, Massimo Giovannozzi, Aidan Robson, Anna Giunta, A. Carvalho, S. Farinon, Daniel Wollmann, M. Fouaidy, Martti Raidal, R. Gerard, Giovanni Volpini, U. Niedermayer, A. Alekou, Alexander J.G. Lunt, Vincenzo Cavasinni, Andrzej Siodmok, U. Kaya, Matthias Schott, Marumi Kado, S. A. Arsenyev, José Zurita, John Osborne, Patrick Meade, Gianmarco Bovone, G. Li, Klaus Schlenga, Antti Stenvall, D. Duellmann, Werner Riegler, I. Garzia, Yasuyuki Okumura, G. Pikurs, F. Maltoni, Massimo Sorbi, M. Arzeo, B. Strauss, Y. W. Baek, Mauro Chiesa, K. Ilyina-Brunner, Javier L. Albacete, R. Farinelli, C. Pes, Nicolas Morange, S. M. Zernov, U. Wagner, Emmanuelle Perez, G. G. Da Silveira, J. Neundorf, Néstor Armesto, T. Hahn, Roman N. Lee, Roderik Bruce, B. Y. Sharkov, T. du Pree, G. Cibinetto, Evelin Meoni, R. Rinaldesi, James A. Ellison, Radim Slovak, Silvia Franchino, Mikko Laine, T. Pugnat, S. P. Das, Yuji Enari, Emanuela Barzi, Cihan Bayindir, R. Boels, Jana Faltova, M. Moreno Llácer, Scott A. Yost, Michael Spannowsky, Florian Burkart, Marcin Chrzaszcz, K. Suzuki, Luca Trentadue, S. Masciocchi, Gilad Perez, Steve Peggs, K. Sugita, Eleonora Belli, Carmine Senatore, K. Y. Oyulmaz, Aldo Deandrea, Irakli Minashvili, Desmond P. Barber, M. I. Martínez-Hernández, A. Apyan, S. Petracca, Mikael Chala, Urs Achim Wiedemann, T. Sian, Olivier Deschamps, R. Monge, G. Avrillaud, Jan Kieseler, Hubert Spiesberger, J. Maitre, G. D. Shirkov, M. Hofer, Emanuela Sirtori, Sinan Kuday, Kirill Skovpen, Sara Casalbuoni, Johann Usovitsch, N. Chen, G. Tejeda-Muñoz, F. Bellini, E. Chyhyrynets, Michael Stöger-Pollach, M. Vogel, J. G. Mendes Saraiva, A. Rivetti, M. Podeur, Luc Poggioli, V. A. Gromov, R. Sirvinskaite, S. B. Leith, Giancarlo D'Ambrosio, Tony Price, Philippe Mermod, Rabindra N. Mohapatra, T. Mitshuhashi, Koji Terashi, Leonel Ferreira, L. Vale Silva, N. Muchnoi, J. L. Stanyard, Thomas Marriott-Dodington, A. Andriatis, Oleg Solovyanov, A. Daljevec, A. Butterworth, S. Myers, D. Chanal, Tatiana Pieloni, M. Rodríguez-Cahuantzi, G. Nardini, D. Boscherini, Kazuhito Ohmi, James Molson, S. Kowalski, Christoph Haberstroh, Martin Aleksa, K. Kershaw, M. Mulder, Leonid Rivkin, G. Vorotnikov, Luigi Salvatore Esposito, J. Kalinowski, Michele Cascella, Francesco Giffoni, Alessandro Polini, Georges Azuelos, M. Prioli, Wolfgang Altmannshofer, S. K. Patra, H. J. He, J. J. Aguilera-Verdugo, Hannu Paukkunen, P. Chomaz, Shoji Asai, Nicolas Magnin, Gavin P. Salam, R. Wang, F. Avino, Alexander Romanenko, A. Rossi, Steve Muanza, Richard Ruiz, Dmitry Teytelman, S. Klöppel, S. Atieh, M. Mohammadi Najafabadi, L. Apolinario, Andrea Tesi, M. Maggiora, A. Falkowski, Janusz Gluza, M. Sauvain, Hamzeh Khanpour, S. Chance, Ansgar Denner, Ma. Greco, Andreas Papaefstathiou, Manuela Boscolo, Joydeep Chakrabortty, E. Franco, R. R. Bosley, G. Peón, Fred Olness, Simone Alioli, Andrea Gaddi, M. K. Sullivan, M. Segreti, M. Panareo, Florian Goertz, Z. G. Zhao, H. Chanal, O. Martin, P. Azzurri, Agnieszka Chmielinska, M. Kordiaczyńska, O. Brunner, J. Von Ahnen, Jose Santiago, K. Foraz, Y. Alexahin, Marcello Mannelli, Christian Schwanenberger, S. Ganjour, Simone Marzani, T. M. Taylor, S. Di Vita, J. Womersley, I. Karpov, Valentina Morretta, Saverio D'Auria, Patrick Draper, B. Hacışahinoğlu, E. Gorini, Andrew J. Long, S. La Mendola, G. Zevi Dell Porta, I. Abdyukhanov, M. Cobal, Luca Marzola, E. Rochepault, A. Kusina, German Rodrigo, R. Schmidt, Jan Steggemann, E. Premat, P. Slavich, F. Gianotti, P. Jarry, Ram Krishna Dewanjee, L. Felsberger, T. Martinez, A. Niemi, Jürgen Reuter, P. A. Bruckman de Renstrom, Ryu Sawada, J. T. Childers, Gelsomina Catalano, P. Barjhoux, O. R. Blanco-García, Pilar Hernández, H. Correia-Rodrigues, V. Ippolito, S. De Curtis, Juan Rojo, Ayberk Yilmaz, S. Baird, Morteza Khatiri Yanehsari, Enrico Scomparin, Daniel Appelö, J. Kozaczuk, Matthew Jones, B. Caiffi, C. Del Bo, Susanna Guiducci, Giuliano Panico, M. Knecht, J. Coupard, M. Ciuchini, H. Kritscher, Claire Gwenlan, P. Costa Pinto, Thibaut Lefèvre, N. Bellegarde, Christian Scheuerlein, P. Ferreira da Silva, M. Verducci, X. Ruan, H. Pikhartova, Juan M. O'Callaghan, Kazuro Furukawa, D. Saez de Jauregui, Maria Rescigno, Stephan Eisenhardt, Andrea Dainese, Z. Drásal, G. H. Corral, J. M. Camalich, John Ellis, E. Gabrielli, L. Rumyantsev, A. Caliskan, K. Brunner, K. Tang, P. Sopicki, J. Fan, Marcin Kucharczyk, S. Gorgi Zadeh, Carlos A. Salgado, Simone Bologna, Y. Muttoni, A. Chancé, Patrick Jenny, Mark Boland, G. Yang, G. Wilkinson, Roger J. Hernández-Pinto, M. Novák, Gennady Stupakov, E. Jensen, Lance D. Cooley, Torbjörn Sjöstrand, S. Su, Matthew Luzum, J. Casas, Per Osland, T. Robens, Oscar A. Sampayo, Evgeny Levichev, P. N. Ratoff, G. Rolandi, M. A. Valdivia Garcia, Anthony Keith Morley, L. van Riesen-Haupt, A. Sublet, M. A. Mazzoni, J.L. Gutierrez, A. Abramov, Abbas Kenan Ciftci, A. Provino, L. Delle Rose, John Fox, Barry M. Dillon, V. Smirnov, G. N. Taylor, Anke-Susanne Müller, C. Pira, Fulvio Piccinini, A. Faus-Golfe, Pietro Antonioli, S. Sanfilippo, Julien Cogan, A. Ribon, Andrew Hutton, Frank Zimmermann, Lev Dudko, Erez Etzion, J. Polinski, G. Bencivenni, M. Gil Costa, L. K. Gladilin, Yannis Papaphilippou, Michael Spira, Maria Paola Lombardo, M. Fiascaris, Darius A. Faroughy, S. O. Kara, Peter Braun-Munzinger, A. Wohlfahrt, A. A. Krasnov, S.A. Gourlay, W. Da Silva, Jacqueline Keintzel, Radja Boughezal, Renat Sadykov, L. R. Sulak, Valentin V. Khoze, T. Tydecks, S. Puławski, Daniel de Florian, Pedro Schwaller, A. Akay, Nicola Serra, Sukanta Dutta, Christophe Royon, Alessandro Ricci, A. Kuendig, C. G. Honorato, K. Kołodziej, L. Deniau, Michael Kramer, J. Ferradas Troitino, A. Arbey, A. M. Staśto, Marcel Demarteau, Ralph Aßmann, O. Grimm, D. Forkel-Wirth, Owain Rhodri Jones, A. M. Kolano, G. Chiarello, William Trischuk, Andrea Dell'Acqua, Elisabetta Gallo, H. Song, Frank Petriello, N. Ibarrola, C. Colldelram, A. I. Ryazanov, A. Meier, Phillip Allport, J. de Blas, S. Chattopadhyay, Massimo Florio, X. Jiang, Bertrand Baudouy, T. Otto, Tevong You, Christoph Englert, Roberto Pittau, G. M. Bilei, Matthew McCullough, N. S. Ramírez-Uribe, J. Charles, Amalia Ballarino, Federico Antinori, A. V. Kotwal, P. Le Guen, Berndt Müller, Chiara Roda, Xavier Buffat, D. K. Hong, Matthias Liepe, G. Gorine, V. A. Okorokov, D. Bozzini, N. Simand, Giuseppe Francesco Tartarelli, C. Marquet, R. Contino, A. M. Teixeira, R. Trant, Roberto Losito, M. Quispe, Valery I. Telnov, Helga Timko, D. Lissauer, Giulio Aielli, Giorgio Chiarelli, M. J. Baldwin, A. Winter, X. Sarasola, E. E. Boos, Aleandro Nisati, Cedric Garion, Monica D'Onofrio, S. M. Gascon-Shotkin, Daniele Barducci, G. Rosaz, Nathaniel Craig, L. D’Aloia Schwartzentruber, A. Falou, A. Henriques, Tobias Hurth, Michael Eisterer, Andreas Grau, Austin Ball, D. Delikaris, P. A. McIntosh, E. Graverini, Kadri Ozdemir, F. Valchkova, Marco Zanetti, Guenakh Mitselmakher, S. Albergo, Peter Levai, Caterina Vernieri, F. Stivanello, Michael Barnes, Henri Bachacou, Daniel Fournier, L. T. Wang, D. Boutin, S. Moretti, B. Riemann, Michael Murray, Aleksandr Azatov, C. T. A. Cook, Valentina Maria Cairo, J. B. De Vivie De Regie, H. Schmickler, M. Schenk, Georgios Voutsinas, André Schöning, S. G. Bondarenko, Giorgio Bellomo, Andrei Seryi, Jane Nachtman, Clement Helsens, E. De Lucia, Jakob Salfeld-Nebgen, Lorenzo Pezzotti, Z. Townsend, B. Dalena, Mogens Dam, Yasar Onel, Yi-Ming Zhong, B. Curé, A. A. Kolomiets, A. M. Valente-Feliciano, Laurette Ponce, David Olivier Jamin, P. Krkotic, Alexandre Louzguiti, Marina Putti, Holger Podlech, Petr Volkov, M. Angelucci, F. Duval, I. Hiekkanen, W. M. Yao, Giancarlo Ferrera, C. Lorin, Y. Dydyshka, Kurt R. Peters, Gergely Gabor Barnafoldi, V. Vysotsky, V. Arı, E. Pilicer, M. Chamizo-Llatas, G. Kuhlmann, Hans Quack, R. Valizadeh, Tiina Salmi, Thomas Kramer, Adam Jeff, A. Abada, J. M. Duval, J. Abelleira Fernandez, A. Leveratto, E. Tal Hod, X. Wu, Laurent Serin, Sarah Aull, Samuele Mariotto, A. Poiron, Sabine Riemann, P. Selva, V. I. Pantsyrny, Gianluca Valentino, K. Kahle, S. Aune, K. Potamianos, Eros Cazzato, M. Giovannetti, Petr Mandrik, S. Sidorov, F. Collamati, Simone Gilardoni, S. Bertolucci, Alexander V. Zlobin, Mehmet Sahin, Marco Delmastro, G. Aydın, A. Doblhammer, Alan S. Cornell, S. J. De Jong, M. Caccia, M. Lueckhof, P. Sollander, Mauro Taborelli, J. Shelton, Frank Gerigk, Robert Rimmer, Ayres Freitas, Pierluigi Bruzzone, Brajesh K. Singh, K. Keppel, N. Alipour Tehrani, C. Prasse, Louis Rinolfi, Emma Slade, W. Flieger, Alexey Dudarev, H. J. Yang, T. Köttig, L. Mether, C. Weiland, Andrea Malagoli, Sunghoon Jung, F. Conventi, I. Tropin, G. H. A. Viehhauser, Tomas Davidek, Y. O. Günaydin, Daniel Andreas Britzger, F. Toral, James John Brooke, R. Steerenberg, G. Morello, Mauro Migliorati, Alexej Grudiev, C. Tetrel, Wolfgang Höfle, J. V. Minervini, L. García Tabarés, V. Yermolchik, Claude Guyot, D. Guadagnoli, Giorgio Vallone, N. De Filippis, Oleksii Beznosov, P. Charitos, N. Schwerg, Ahmed Hammad, P. Manil, F. Niccoli, Lydia Iconomidou-Fayard, R. Aleksan, K. Hahn, P. Meridiani, Peter Skands, Tobias Golling, Lucio Rossi, G. Gobbi, Michael Hance, A. J. Barr, V. Del Duca, V. Guzey, M. Pont, Michele Selvaggi, Oliver Brüning, J. Barreiro Guimarães da Costa, A. Drago, Y. Zhang, Giovanni Punzi, Viktor Matveev, Anadi Canepa, Clemens Lange, B. L. Militsyn, Martijn Mulders, Max Klein, V. D’Auria, M. Mylona, Valeria Braccini, S. DasBakshi, David Calvet, Sophia Borowka, David Marzocca, S. Jadach, A. A. Pankov, Christophe Ochando, A. A. Tudora, I. Masina, Jure Zupan, A. Preinerstorfer, Benjamin Fuks, H. K. Soltveit, G. Rolando, E.E. Perepelkin, T. G. Rizzo, Saleh Sultansoy, Federico Roncarolo, K. Elsener, R. Q. Pan, P. Zhuang, David Attié, Jac Perez, K. Kravalis, F. Anulli, V. Ruhlmann-Kleider, S. Malvezzi, Steffen A. Bass, E. La Francesca, Heinz Pernegger, K. Grzanka, M. T. Tiirakari, Alberto Ventura, Alessandro Cerri, Marco Peruzzi, Eric Montesinos, O. Etisken, F. Grancagnolo, S. Kartal, H. Humer, Oliver Fischer, M. Primavera, Marco Toliman Lucchini, P. Vedrine, Felix Kling, M. Altınlı, Sergio Calatroni, C. 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Zurita, J, Işık Üniversitesi, Mühendislik Fakültesi, İnşaat Mühendisliği Bölümü, Işık University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering, Bayındır, Cihan, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. Departament de Teoria del Senyal i Comunicacions, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. RF&MW - Grup de Recerca de sistemes, dispositius i materials de RF i microones, Abada A., Abbrescia M., AbdusSalam S.S., Abdyukhanov I., Abelleira Fernandez J., Abramov A., Aburaia M., Acar A.O., Adzic P.R., Agrawal P., Aguilar-Saavedra J.A., Aguilera-Verdugo J.J., Aiba M., Aichinger I., Aielli G., Akay A., Akhundov A., Aksakal H., Albacete J.L., Albergo S., Alekou A., Aleksa M., Aleksan R., Alemany Fernandez R.M., Alexahin Y., Alia R.G., Alioli S., Alipour Tehrani N., Allanach B.C., Allport P.P., Altinli M., Altmannshofer W., Ambrosio G., Amorim D., Amstutz O., Anderlini L., Andreazza A., Andreini M., Andriatis A., Andris C., Andronic A., Angelucci M., Antinori F., Antipov S.A., Antonelli M., Antonello M., Antonioli P., Antusch S., Anulli F., Apolinario L., Apollinari G., Apollonio A., Appelo D., Appleby R.B., Apyan A., Arbey A., Arbuzov A., Arduini G., Ari V., Arias S., Armesto N., Arnaldi R., Arsenyev S.A., Arzeo M., Asai S., Aslanides E., Assmann R.W., Astapovych D., Atanasov M., Atieh S., Attie D., Auchmann B., Audurier A., Aull S., Aumon S., Aune S., Avino F., Avrillaud G., Aydin G., Azatov A., Azuelos G., Azzi P., Azzolini O., Azzurri P., Bacchetta N., Bacchiocchi E., Bachacou H., Baek Y.W., Baglin V., Bai Y., Baird S., Baker M.J., Baldwin M.J., Ball A.H., Ballarino A., Banerjee S., Barber D.P., Barducci D., Barjhoux P., Barna D., Barnafoldi G.G., Barnes M.J., Barr A., Barranco Garcia J., Barreiro Guimaraes da Costa J., Bartmann W., Baryshevsky V., Barzi E., Bass S.A., Bastianin A., Baudouy B., Bauer F., Bauer M., Baumgartner T., Bautista-Guzman I., Bayindir C., Beaudette F., Bedeschi F., Beguin M., Bellafont I., Bellagamba L., Bellegarde N., Belli E., Bellingeri E., Bellini F., Bellomo G., Belomestnykh S., Bencivenni G., Benedikt M., Bernardi G., Bernardi J., Bernet C., Bernhardt J.M., Bernini C., Berriaud C., Bertarelli A., Bertolucci S., Besana M.I., Besancon M., Beznosov O., Bhat P., Bhat C., Biagini M.E., Biarrotte J.-L., Bibet Chevalier A., Bielert E.R., Biglietti M., Bilei G.M., Bilki B., Biscari C., Bishara F., Blanco-Garcia O.R., Blanquez F.R., Blekman F., Blondel A., Blumlein J., Boccali T., Boels R., Bogacz S.A., Bogomyagkov A., Boine-Frankenheim O., Boland M.J., Bologna S., Bolukbasi O., Bomben M., Bondarenko S., Bonvini M., Boos E., Bordini B., Bordry F., Borghello G., Borgonovi L., Borowka S., Bortoletto D., Boscherini D., Boscolo M., Boselli S., Bosley R.R., Bossu F., Botta C., Bottura L., Boughezal R., Boutin D., Bovone G., Bozovic Jelisavic I., Bozbey A., Bozzi C., Bozzini D., Braccini V., Braibant-Giacomelli S., Bramante J., Braun-Munzinger P., Briffa J.A., Britzger D., Brodsky S.J., Brooke J.J., Bruce R., Bruckman De Renstrom P., Bruna E., Bruning O., Brunner O., Brunner K., Bruzzone P., Buffat X., Bulyak E., Burkart F., Burkhardt H., Burnet J.-P., Butin F., Buttazzo D., Butterworth A., Caccia M., Cai Y., Caiffi B., Cairo V., Cakir O., Calaga R., Calatroni S., Calderini G., Calderola G., Caliskan A., Calvet D., Calviani M., Camalich J.M., Camarri P., Campanelli M., Camporesi T., Canbay A.C., Canepa A., Cantergiani E., Cantore-Cavalli D., Capeans M., Cardarelli R., Cardella U., Cardini A., Carloni Calame C.M., Carra F., Carra S., Carvalho A., Casalbuoni S., Casas J., Cascella M., Castelnovo P., Castorina G., Catalano G., Cavasinni V., Cazzato E., Cennini E., Cerri A., Cerutti F., Cervantes J., Chaikovska I., Chakrabortty J., Chala M., Chamizo-Llatas M., Chanal H., Chanal D., Chance S., Chance A., Charitos P., Charles J., Charles T.K., Chattopadhyay S., Chehab R., Chekanov S.V., Chen N., Chernoded A., Chetvertkova V., Chevalier L., Chiarelli G., Chiarello G., Chiesa M., Chiggiato P., Childers J.T., Chmielinska A., Cholakian A., Chomaz P., Chorowski M., Chou W., Chrzaszcz M., Chyhyrynets E., Cibinetto G., Ciftci A.K., Ciftci R., Cimino R., Ciuchini M., Clark P.J., Coadou Y., Cobal M., Coccaro A., Cogan J., Cogneras E., Collamati F., Colldelram C., Collier P., Collot J., Contino R., Conventi F., Cook C.T.A., Cooley L., Corcella G., Cornell A.S., Corral G.H., Correia-Rodrigues H., Costanza F., Costa Pinto P., Couderc F., Coupard J., Craig N., Crespo Garrido I., Crivellin A., Croteau J.F., Crouch M., Cruz Alaniz E., Cure B., Curti J., Curtin D., Czech M., Dachauer C., D'Agnolo R.T., Daibo M., Dainese A., Dalena B., Daljevec A., Dallapiazza W., D'Aloia Schwartzentruber L., Dam M., D'Ambrosio G., Das S.P., DasBakshi S., da Silva W., da Silveira G.G., D'Auria V., D'Auria S., David A., Davidek T., Deandrea A., de Blas J., Debono C.J., De Curtis S., De Filippis N., de Florian D., Deghaye S., de Jong S.J., Del Bo C., Del Duca V., Delikaris D., Deliot F., Dell'Acqua A., Delle Rose L., Delmastro M., De Lucia E., Demarteau M., Denegri D., Deniau L., Denisov D., Denizli H., Denner A., d'Enterria D., de Rijk G., De Roeck A., Derue F., Deschamps O., Descotes-Genon S., Dev P.S.B., de Vivie de Regie J.B., Dewanjee R.K., Di Ciaccio A., Di Cicco A., Dillon B.M., Di Micco B., Di Nezza P., Di Vita S., Doblhammer A., Dominjon A., D'Onofrio M., Dordei F., Drago A., Draper P., Drasal Z., Drewes M., Duarte L., Dubovyk I., Duda P., Dudarev A., Dudko L., Duellmann D., Dunser M., du Pree T., Durante M., Duran Yildiz H., Dutta S., Duval F., Duval J.M., Dydyshka Y., Dziewit B., Eisenhardt S., Eisterer M., Ekelof T., El Khechen D., Ellis S.A., Ellis J., Ellison J.A., Elsener K., Elsing M., Enari Y., Englert C., Eriksson H., Eskola K.J., Esposito L.S., Etisken O., Etzion E., Fabbricatore P., Falkowski A., Falou A., Faltova J., Fan J., Fano L., Farilla A., Farinelli R., Farinon S., Faroughy D.A., Fartoukh S.D., Faus-Golfe A., Fawcett W.J., Felici G., Felsberger L., Ferdeghini C., Fernandez Navarro A.M., Fernandez-Tellez A., Ferradas Troitino J., Ferrara G., Ferrari R., Ferreira L., Ferreira da Silva P., Ferrera G., Ferro F., Fiascaris M., Fiorendi S., Fiorio C., Fischer O., Fischer E., Flieger W., Florio M., Fonnesu D., Fontanesi E., Foppiani N., Foraz K., Forkel-Wirth D., Forte S., 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Kahle K., Kalinovskaya L., Kalinowski J., Kamenik J.F., Kannike K., Kara S.O., Karadeniz H., Karaventzas V., Karpov I., Kartal S., Karyukhin A., Kashikhin V., Katharina Behr J., Kaya U., Keintzel J., Keinz P.A., Keppel K., Kersevan R., Kershaw K., Khanpour H., Khatibi S., Khatiri Yanehsari M., Khoze V.V., Kieseler J., Kilic A., Kilpinen A., Kim Y.-K., Kim D.W., Klein U., Klein M., Kling F., Klinkenberg N., Kloppel S., Klute M., Klyukhin V.I., Knecht M., Kniehl B., Kocak F., Koeberl C., Kolano A.M., Kollegger A., Kolodziej K., Kolomiets A.A., Komppula J., Koop I., Koppenburg P., Koratzinos M., Kordiaczynska M., Korjik M., Kortner O., Kostka P., Kotlarski W., Kotnig C., Kottig T., Kotwal A.V., Kovalenko A.D., Kowalski S., Kozaczuk J., Kozlov G.A., Kozub S.S., Krainer A.M., Kramer T., Kramer M., Krammer M., Krasnov A.A., Krauss F., Kravalis K., Kretzschmar L., Kriske R.M., Kritscher H., Krkotic P., Kroha H., Kucharczyk M., Kuday S., Kuendig A., Kuhlmann G., Kulesza A., Kumar M., Kusina A., Kuttimalai S., Kuze M., Kwon T., Lackner F., Lackner M., La Francesca E., Laine M., Lamanna G., La Mendola S., Lancon E., Landsberg G., Langacker P., Lange C., Langner A., Lankford A.J., Lansberg J.P., Lari T., Laycock P.J., Lebrun P., Lechner A., Lee K., Lee S., Lee R., Lefevre T., Le Guen P., Lehtinen T., Leith S.B., Lenzi P., Leogrande E., Leonidopoulos C., Leon-Monzon I., Lerner G., Leroy O., Lesiak T., Levai P., Leveratto A., Levichev E., Li G., Li S., Li R., Liberati D., Liepe M., Lissauer D.A., Liu Z., Lobko A., Locci E., Logothetis Agaliotis E., Lombardo M.P., Long A.J., Lorin C., Losito R., Louzguiti A., Low I., Lucchesi D., Lucchini M.T., Luciani A., Lueckhof M., Lunt A.J.G., Luzum M., Lyubimtsev D.A., Maggiora M., Magnin N., Mahmoud M.A., Mahmoudi F., Maitre J., Makarenko V., Malagoli A., Malcles J., Malgeri L., Mallon P.J., Maltoni F., Malvezzi S., Malyshev O.B., Mancinelli G., Mandrik P., Manfrinetti P., Mangano M., Manil P., Mannelli M., Marchiori G., Marhauser F., Mariani V., Marinozzi V., Mariotto S., Marquard P., Marquet C., Marriott-Dodington T., Martin R., Martin O., Martin Camalich J., Martinez T., Martinez Bruzual H., Martinez-Hernandez M.I., Martins D.E., Marzani S., Marzocca D., Marzola L., Masciocchi S., Masina I., Massimiliano A., Massironi A., Masubuchi T., Matveev V.A., Mazzoni M.A., McCullough M., McIntosh P.A., Meade P., Medina L., Meier A., Meignan J., Mele B., Mendes Saraiva J.G., Menez F., Mentink M., Meoni E., Meridiani P., Merk M., Mermod P., Mertens V., Mether L., Metral E., Migliorati M., Milanese A., Milardi C., Milhano G., Militsyn B.L., Millet F., Minashvili I., Minervini J.V., Miralles L.S., Mirarchi D., Mishima S., Missiaen D.P., Mitselmakher G., Mitshuhashi T., Mnich J., Mohammadi Najafabadi M., Mohapatra R.N., Mokhov N., Molson J.G., Monge R., Montag C., Montagna G., Monteil S., Montenero G., Montesinos E., Moortgat F., Morange N., Morello G., Moreno Llacer M., Moretti M., Moretti S., Morley A.K., Moros A., Morozov I., Morretta V., Morrone M., Mostacci A., Muanza S., Muchnoi N., Muhlegger M., Mulder M., Mulders M., Muller B., Muller F., Muller A.-S., Munilla J., Murray M.J., Muttoni Y., Myers S., Mylona M., Nachtman J., Nakamoto T., Nardecchia M., Nardini G., Nason P., Nergiz Z., Nesterenko A.V., Netto J.A., Nettstrater A., Neubuser C., Neundorf J., Niccoli F., Nicrosini O., Nie Y., Niedermayer U., Niedziela J., Niemi A., Nikitin S.A., Nisati A., No J.M., Nonis M., Nosochkov Y., Novak M., Novokhatski A., O'Callaghan J.M., Ochando C., Ogur S., Ohmi K., Oide K., Okorokov V.A., Okumura Y., Oleari C., Olness F.I., Onel Y., Ortino M., Osborne J., Osland P., Otto T., Oyulmaz K.Y., Ozansoy A., Ozcan V., Ozdemir K., Pagliarone C.E., Pais da Silva H.F., Palmieri E., Palumbo L., Pampaloni A., Pan R.-Q., Panareo M., Panella O., Panico G., Panizzo G., Pankov A.A., Pantsyrny V., Papadopoulos C.G., Papaefstathiou A., Papaphilippou Y., Parker M.A., Parma V., Pasquali M., Patra S.K., Patterson R., Paukkunen H., Pauss F., Peggs S., Penttinen J.-P., Peon G., Perepelkin E.E., Perez E., Perez J.C., Perez G., Perez F., Perez Codina E., Perez Morales J., Perfilov M., Pernegger H., Peruzzi M., Pes C., Peters K., Petracca S., Petriello F., Pezzotti L., Pfeiffer S., Piccinini F., Pieloni T., Pierini M., Pikhartova H., Pikurs G., Pilicer E., Piminov P., Pira C., Pittau R., Placzek W., Plagge M., Plehn T., Pleier M.-A., Ploskon M., Podeur M., Podlech H., Podzorny T., Poggioli L., Poiron A., Polesello G., Poli Lener M., Polini A., Polinski J., Polozov S.M., Ponce L., Pont M., Pontecorvo L., Portaluri T., Potamianos K., Prasse C., Prausa M., Preinerstorfer A., Premat E., Price T., Primavera M., Prino F., Prioli M., Proudfoot J., Provino A., Pugnat T., Pukhaeva N., Pulawski S., Pulikowski D., Punzi G., Putti M., Pyarelal A., Quack H., Quispe M., Racioppi A., Rafique H., Raginel V., Raidal M., Ramirez-Uribe N.S., Ramsey-Musolf M.J., Rata R., Ratoff P., Ravotti F., Rebello Teles P., Reboud M., Redaelli S., Renner E., Renteria-Olivo A.E., Rescigno M., Reuter J., Ribon A., Ricci A.M., Riegler W., Riemann S., Riemann B., Riemann T., Rifflet J.M., Rimmer R.A., Rinaldesi R., Rinolfi L., Rios Rubiras O., Risselada T., Rivetti A., Rivkin L., Rizzo T., Robens T., Robert F., Robson A.J., Rochepault E., Roda C., Rodrigo G., Rodriguez-Cahuantzi M., Rogan C., Roig M., Rojas-Torres S., Rojo J., Rolandi G., Rolando G., Roloff P., Romanenko A., Romanov A., Roncarolo F., Rosado Sanchez A., Rosaz G., Rossi L., Rossi A., Rossmanith R., Rousset B., Royon C., Ruan X., Ruehl I., Ruhlmann-Kleider V., Ruiz R., Rumyantsev L., Ruprecht R., Ryazanov A.I., Saba A., Sadykov R., Saez de Jauregui D., Sahin M., Sailer B., Saito M., Sala F., Salam G.P., Salfeld-Nebgen J., Salgado C.A., Salini S., Sallese J.M., Salmi T., Salzburger A., Sampayo O.A., Sanfilippo S., Santiago J., Santopinto E., Santoro R., Sanz Ull A., Sarasola X., Sarpun I.H., Sauvain M., Savelyeva S., Sawada R., Sborlini G.F.R., Schaffer A., Schaumann M., Schenk M., Scheuerlein C., Schienbein I., Schlenga K., Schmickler H., Schmidt R., Schoerling D., Schoning A., Schorner-Sadenius T., Schott M., Schulte D., Schwaller P., Schwanenberger C., Schwemling P., Schwerg N., Scibile L., Sciuto A., Scomparin E., Sebastiani C., Seeber B., Segreti M., Selva P., Selvaggi M., Senatore C., Senol A., Serin L., Serluca M., Serra N., Seryi A., Sestini L., Sfyrla A., Shaposhnikov M., Shaposhnikova E., Sharkov B.Y., Shatilov D., Shelton J., Shiltsev V., Shipsey I.P., Shirkov G.D., Shivaji A., Shwartz D., Sian T., Sidorov S., Siemko A., Silvestrini L., Simand N., Simon F., Singh B.K., Siodmok A., Sirois Y., Sirtori E., Sirvinskaite R., Sitar B., Sjostrand T., Skands P., Skordis E., Skovpen K., Skrzypek M., Slade E., Slavich P., Slovak R., Smaluk V., Smirnov V., Snoeys W., Soffi L., Sollander P., Solovyanov O., Soltveit H.K., Song H., Sopicki P., Sorbi M., Spallino L., Spannowsky M., Spataro B., Sphicas P., Spiesberger H., Spiller P., Spira M., Srivastava T., Stachel J., Stakia A., Stanyard J.L., Starchenko E., Starikov A.Y., Stasto A.M., Statera M., Steerenberg R., Steggemann J., Stenvall A., Stivanello F., Stockinger D., Stoel L.S., Stoger-Pollach M., Strauss B., Stuart M., Stupakov G., Su S., Sublet A., Sugita K., Sulak L., Sullivan M.K., Sultansoy S., Sumida T., Suzuki K., Sylva G., Syphers M.J., Sznajder A., Taborelli M., Tahir N.A., Takeuchi M., Tal Hod E., Tambasco C., Tanaka J., Tang K., Tapan I., Taroni S., Tartarelli G.F., Tassielli G., Tavian L., Taylor T.M., Taylor G.N., Teixeira A.M., Tejeda-Munoz G., Telnov V.I., Tenchini R., ten Kate H.H.J., Terashi K., Tesi A., Testa M., Tetrel C., Teytelman D., Thaler J., Thamm A., Thomas S., Tiirakari M.T., Tikhomirov V., Tikhonov D., Timko H., Tisserand V., Tkachenko L.M., Tkaczuk J., Tock J.P., Todd B., Todesco E., Tomas Garcia R., Tommasini D., Tonelli G., Toral F., Torims T., Torre R., Townsend Z., Trant R., Treille D., Trentadue L., Tricoli A., Tricomi A., Trischuk W., Tropin I.S., Tuchming B., Tudora A.A., Turbiarz B., Turk Cakir I., Turri M., Tydecks T., Usovitsch J., Uythoven J., Vaglio R., Valassi A., Valchkova F., Valdivia Garcia M.A., Valente P., Valente R.U., Valente-Feliciano A.-M., Valentino G., Vale Silva L., Valet J.M., Valizadeh R., Valle J.W.F., Vallecorsa S., Vallone G., van Leeuwen M., van Rienen U.H., van Riesen-Haupt L., Varasteh M., Vecchi L., Vedrine P., Velev G., Veness R., Ventura A., Venturini Delsolaro W., Verducci M., Verhaaren C.B., Vernieri C., Verweij A.P., Verwilligen O., Viazlo O., Vicini A., Viehhauser G., Vignaroli N., Vignolo M., Vitrano A., Vivarelli I., Vlachos S., Vogel M., Vogt D.M., Volkl V., Volkov P., Volpini G., von Ahnen J., Vorotnikov G., Voutsinas G.G., Vysotsky V., Wagner U., Wallny R., Wang L.-T., Wang R., Wang K., Ward B.F.L., Watson T.P., Watson N.K., Ws Z., Weiland C., Weinzierl S., Welsch C.P., Wenninger J., Widorski M., Wiedemann U.A., Wienands H.-U., Wilkinson G., Williams P.H., Winter A., Wohlfahrt A., Wojton T., Wollmann D., Womersley J., Woog D., Wu X., Wulzer A., Yanehsari M.K., Yang G., Yang H.J., Yao W.-M., Yazgan E., Yermolchik V., Yilmaz A., Yoo H.-D., Yost S.A., You T., Young C., Yu T.-T., Yu F., Zaborowska A., Zadeh S.G., Zahnd M., Zanetti M., Zanotto L., Zawiejski L., Zeiler P., Zerlauth M., Zernov S.M., Zevi Dell Porta G., Zhang Z., Zhang Y., Zhang C., Zhang H., Zhao Z., Zhong Y.-M., Zhou J., Zhou D., Zhuang P., Zick G., Zimmermann F., Zinn-Justin J., Zivkovic L., Zlobin A.V., Zobov M., Zupan J., Zurita J., BAİBÜ, Fen Edebiyat Fakültesi, Fizik Bölümü, Denizli, Haluk, TOBB ETU, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, TOBB ETU, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Material Science & Nanotechnology Engineering, TOBB ETÜ, Mühendislik Fakültesi, Elektrik ve Elektronik Mühendisliği Bölümü, TOBB ETÜ, Mühendislik Fakültesi, Malzeme Bilimi ve Nanoteknoloji Mühendisliği Bölümü, Bozbey, Ali, Sultansoy, Saleh, Özdemir, Kadri, Giresun Üniversitesi, UCL - SST/IRMP - Institut de recherche en mathématique et physique, and Ege Üniversitesi
Subjects: Beam losses, IMPACT, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Physics beyond the Standard Model, EVENT BUILDER, hadron collider, General Physics and Astronomy, Mathematics and natural science: 400::Physics: 430::Nuclear and elementary particle physics: 431 [VDP], 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, law.invention, Subatomär fysik, chemistry.chemical_compound, Conceptual design, Colliding beam accelerators, law, HE-LHC, Subatomic Physics, General Materials Science, Hadron colliders, Física::Física de partícules::Hadrons [Àrees temàtiques de la UPC], Large Hadron Collider, Acceleradors de partícules, Physics, Settore FIS/01 - Fisica Sperimentale, Beams (radiation), Settore FIS/02 - Fisica Teorica, Modelli e Metodi Matematici, Upgrade, Impact, collimators, partikkelfysikk, Future Circular Collider, High-Energy, Systems engineering, HE-LHC: The High-Energy Large Hadron Collider, Col·lisionadors d'hadrons, Applied physics, Collimators, Socio-culturale, Fizik, Hadrons, Accelerator Physics and Instrumentation, HE-LHC physics, Condensed Matter::Materials Science, 0103 physical sciences, Physics::Atomic and Molecular Clusters, beam losses, ddc:530, High Energy Physics, partikkelakselerator, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Niobium-tin, 010306 general physics, Collider, Particle Physics, Beams (radiation) | Collimators | Beam losses, Energies::Energia nuclear [Àrees temàtiques de la UPC], Large Hadron Collider HE-LHC, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, High Energy Physics::Phenomenology, Colliders (Nuclear physics), Acceleratorfysik och instrumentering, Event builder, Accelerators and Storage Rings, Particle accelerators, chemistry, Experimental High Energy Physics, Physics::Accelerator Physics, High Energy Physics::Experiment, Future Colliders
Abstract: Authors: A. AbadaM. AbbresciaS. S. AbdusSalamI. AbdyukhanovJ. Abelleira FernandezA. AbramovM. AburaiaA. O. AcarP. R. AdzicP. AgrawalJ. A. Aguilar-SaavedraJ. J. Aguilera-VerdugoM. AibaI. AichingerG. AielliA. AkayA. AkhundovH. AksakalJ. L. AlbaceteS. AlbergoA. AlekouM. AleksaR. AleksanR. M. Alemany FernandezY. AlexahinR. G. AlíaS. AlioliN. Alipour TehraniB. C. AllanachP. P. AllportM. AltınlıW. AltmannshoferG. AmbrosioD. AmorimO. AmstutzL. AnderliniA. AndreazzaM. AndreiniA. AndriatisC. AndrisA. AndronicM. AngelucciF. AntinoriS. A. AntipovM. AntonelliM. AntonelloP. AntonioliS. AntuschF. AnulliL. ApolinárioG. ApollinariA. ApollonioD. AppelöR. B. ApplebyA. ApyanA. ApyanA. ArbeyA. ArbuzovG. ArduiniV. ArıS. AriasN. ArmestoR. ArnaldiS. A. ArsenyevM. ArzeoS. AsaiE. AslanidesR. W. AßmannD. AstapovychM. AtanasovS. AtiehD. AttiéB. AuchmannA. AudurierS. AullS. AumonS. AuneF. AvinoG. AvrillaudG. AydınA. AzatovG. AzuelosP. AzziO. AzzoliniP. AzzurriN. BacchettaE. BacchiocchiH. BachacouY. W. BaekV. BaglinY. BaiS. BairdM. J. BakerM. J. BaldwinA. H. BallA. BallarinoS. BanerjeeD. P. BarberD. BarducciP. BarjhouxD. BarnaG. G. BarnaföldiM. J. BarnesA. BarrJ. Barranco GarcíaJ. Barreiro Guimarães da CostaW. BartmannV. BaryshevskyE. BarziS. A. BassA. BastianinB. BaudouyF. BauerM. BauerT. BaumgartnerI. Bautista-GuzmánC. BayındırF. BeaudetteF. BedeschiM. BéguinI. BellafontL. BellagambaN. BellegardeE. BelliE. BellingeriF. BelliniG. BellomoS. BelomestnykhG. BencivenniM. BenediktG. BernardiJ. BernardiC. BernetJ. M. BernhardtC. BerniniC. BerriaudA. BertarelliS. BertolucciM. I. BesanaM. BesançonO. BeznosovP. BhatC. BhatM. E. BiaginiJ. -L. BiarrotteA. Bibet ChevalierE. R. BielertM. BigliettiG. M. BileiB. BilkiC. BiscariF. BisharaO. R. Blanco-GarcíaF. R. BlánquezF. BlekmanA. BlondelJ. BlümleinT. BoccaliR. BoelsS. A. BogaczA. BogomyagkovO. Boine-FrankenheimM. J. BolandS. BolognaO. BolukbasiM. BombenS. BondarenkoM. BonviniE. BoosB. BordiniF. BordryG. BorghelloL. BorgonoviS. BorowkaD. BortolettoD. BoscheriniM. BoscoloS. BoselliR. R. BosleyF. BossuC. BottaL. BotturaR. BoughezalD. BoutinG. BovoneI. Božović JelisavićA. BozbeyC. BozziD. BozziniV. BracciniS. Braibant-GiacomelliJ. BramanteP. Braun-MunzingerJ. A. BriffaD. BritzgerS. J. BrodskyJ. J. BrookeR. BruceP. Brückman De RenstromE. BrunaO. BrüningO. BrunnerK. BrunnerP. BruzzoneX. BuffatE. BulyakF. BurkartH. BurkhardtJ. -P. BurnetF. ButinD. ButtazzoA. ButterworthM. CacciaY. CaiB. CaiffiV. CairoO. CakirR. CalagaS. CalatroniG. CalderiniG. CalderolaA. CaliskanD. CalvetM. CalvianiJ. M. CamalichP. CamarriM. CampanelliT. CamporesiA. C. CanbayA. CanepaE. CantergianiD. Cantore-CavalliM. CapeansR. CardarelliU. CardellaA. CardiniC. M. Carloni CalameF. CarraS. CarraA. CarvalhoS. CasalbuoniJ. CasasM. CascellaP. CastelnovoG. CastorinaG. CatalanoV. CavasinniE. CazzatoE. CenniniA. CerriF. CeruttiJ. CervantesI. ChaikovskaJ. ChakraborttyM. ChalaM. Chamizo-LlatasH. ChanalD. ChanalS. ChanceA. ChancéP. CharitosJ. CharlesT. K. CharlesS. ChattopadhyayR. ChehabS. V. ChekanovN. ChenA. ChernodedV. ChetvertkovaL. ChevalierG. ChiarelliG. ChiarelloM. ChiesaP. ChiggiatoJ. T. ChildersA. ChmielińskaA. CholakianP. ChomazM. ChorowskiW. ChouM. ChrzaszczE. ChyhyrynetsG. CibinettoA. K. CiftciR. CiftciR. CiminoM. CiuchiniP. J. ClarkY. CoadouM. CobalA. CoccaroJ. CoganE. CognerasF. CollamatiC. ColldelramP. CollierJ. CollotR. ContinoF. ConventiC. T. A. CookL. CooleyG. CorcellaA. S. CornellG. H. CorralH. Correia-RodriguesF. CostanzaP. Costa PintoF. CoudercJ. CoupardN. CraigI. Crespo GarridoA. CrivellinJ. F. CroteauM. CrouchE. Cruz AlanizB. CuréJ. CurtiD. CurtinM. CzechC. DachauerR. T. D’AgnoloM. DaiboA. DaineseB. DalenaA. DaljevecW. DallapiazzaL. D’Aloia SchwartzentruberM. DamG. D’AmbrosioS. P. DasS. DasBakshiW. da SilvaG. G. da SilveiraV. D’AuriaS. D’AuriaA. DavidT. DavidekA. DeandreaJ. de BlasC. J. DebonoS. De CurtisN. De FilippisD. de FlorianS. DeghayeS. J. de JongC. Del BoV. Del DucaD. DelikarisF. DeliotA. Dell’AcquaL. Delle RoseM. 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OsborneP. OslandT. OttoK. Y. OyulmazA. OzansoyV. ÖzcanK. ÖzdemirC. E. PagliaroneH. F. Pais da SilvaE. PalmieriL. PalumboA. PampaloniR. -Q. PanM. PanareoO. PanellaG. PanicoG. PanizzoA. A. PankovV. PantsyrnyC. G. PapadopoulosA. PapaefstathiouY. PapaphilippouM. A. ParkerV. ParmaM. PasqualiS. K. PatraR. PattersonH. PaukkunenF. PaussS. PeggsJ. -P. PenttinenG. PeónE. E. PerepelkinE. PerezJ. C. PerezG. PerezF. PérezE. Perez CodinaJ. Perez MoralesM. PerfilovH. PerneggerM. PeruzziC. PesK. PetersS. PetraccaF. PetrielloL. PezzottiS. PfeifferF. PiccininiT. PieloniM. PieriniH. PikhartovaG. PikursE. PilicerP. PiminovC. PiraR. PittauW. PłaczekM. PlaggeT. PlehnM. -A. PleierM. PłoskońM. PodeurH. PodlechT. PodzornyL. PoggioliA. PoironG. PoleselloM. Poli LenerA. PoliniJ. PolinskiS. M. PolozovL. PonceM. PontL. PontecorvoT. PortaluriK. PotamianosC. PrasseM. PrausaA. PreinerstorferE. PrematT. PriceM. PrimaveraF. PrinoM. PrioliJ. ProudfootA. ProvinoT. PugnatN. PukhaevaS. PuławskiD. PulikowskiG. PunziM. PuttiA. PyarelalH. QuackM. QuispeA. RacioppiH. RafiqueV. RaginelM. RaidalN. S. Ramírez-UribeM. J. Ramsey-MusolfR. RataP. RatoffF. RavottiP. Rebello TelesM. ReboudS. RedaelliE. RennerA. E. Rentería-OlivoM. RescignoJ. ReuterA. RibonA. M. RicciW. RieglerS. RiemannB. RiemannT. RiemannJ. M. RiffletR. A. RimmerR. RinaldesiL. RinolfiO. Rios RubirasT. RisseladaA. RivettiL. RivkinT. RizzoT. RobensF. RobertA. J. RobsonE. RochepaultC. RodaG. RodrigoM. Rodríguez-CahuantziC. RoganM. RoigS. Rojas-TorresJ. RojoG. RolandiG. RolandoP. RoloffA. RomanenkoA. RomanovF. RoncaroloA. Rosado SanchezG. RosazL. RossiA. RossiR. RossmanithB. RoussetC. RoyonX. RuanI. RuehlV. Ruhlmann-KleiderR. RuizL. RumyantsevR. RuprechtA. I. RyazanovA. SabaR. SadykovD. Saez de JaureguiM. SahinB. SailerM. SaitoF. SalaG. P. SalamJ. Salfeld-NebgenC. A. SalgadoS. SaliniJ. M. SalleseT. SalmiA. SalzburgerO. A. SampayoS. SanfilippoJ. SantiagoE. SantopintoR. SantoroA. Sanz UllX. SarasolaI. H. SarpünM. SauvainS. SavelyevaR. SawadaG. F. R. SborliniA. SchafferM. SchaumannM. SchenkC. ScheuerleinI. SchienbeinK. SchlengaH. SchmicklerR. SchmidtD. SchoerlingA. SchoningT. Schörner-SadeniusM. SchottD. SchulteP. SchwallerC. SchwanenbergerP. SchwemlingN. SchwergL. ScibileA. SciutoE. ScomparinC. SebastianiB. SeeberM. SegretiP. SelvaM. SelvaggiC. SenatoreA. SenolL. SerinM. SerlucaN. SerraA. SeryiL. SestiniA. SfyrlaM. ShaposhnikovE. ShaposhnikovaB. Y. SharkovD. ShatilovJ. SheltonV. ShiltsevI. P. ShipseyG. D. ShirkovA. ShivajiD. ShwartzT. SianS. SidorovA. SiemkoL. SilvestriniN. SimandF. SimonB. K. SinghA. SiódmokY. SiroisE. SirtoriR. SirvinskaiteB. SitarT. SjöstrandP. SkandsE. SkordisK. SkovpenM. SkrzypekE. SladeP. SlavichR. SlovakV. SmalukV. SmirnovW. SnoeysL. SoffiP. SollanderO. SolovyanovH. K. SoltveitH. SongP. SopickiM. SorbiL. SpallinoM. SpannowskyB. SpataroP. SphicasH. SpiesbergerP. SpillerM. SpiraT. SrivastavaJ. StachelA. StakiaJ. L. StanyardE. StarchenkoA. Y. StarikovA. M. StaśtoM. StateraR. SteerenbergJ. SteggemannA. 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ZimmermannEmail authorJ. Zinn-JustinL. ZivkovicA. V. ZlobinM. ZobovJ. ZupanJ. Zuritathe FCC Collaboration, In response to the 2013 Update of the European Strategy for Particle Physics (EPPSU), the Future Circular Collider (FCC) study was launched as a world-wide international collaboration hosted by CERN. The FCC study covered an energy-frontier hadron collider (FCC-hh), a highest-luminosity high-energy lepton collider (FCC-ee), the corresponding 100km tunnel infrastructure, as well as the physics opportunities of these two colliders, and a high-energy LHC, based on FCC-hh technology. This document constitutes the fourth volume of the FCC Conceptual Design Report, devoted to the High-Energy Large Hadron Collider HE-LHC. It summarizes the HE-LHC physics discovery opportunities, presents the HE-LHC accelerator design, performance reach, and operation plan, discusses the underlying technologies, the civil engineering and technical infrastructure, and also sketches a possible implementation. Combining ingredients from the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), the high-luminosity LHC upgrade and adding novel technologies and approaches, the HE-LHC design aims at a hadron collider with about twice the centre-of-mass collision energy that the LHC can reach. Its performance aims at exploring physics beyond the Standard Model, signi cantly extending the LHC's direct and indirect sensitivity to new physics and discoveries.
Published: 2020
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22. The 16 T Dipole Development Program for FCC and HE-LHC

Author: S.A. Gourlay, Massimo Sorbi, Davide Tommasini, Alexander V. Zlobin, Marc Dhalle, Toru Ogitsu, Carmine Senatore, Shlomo Caspi, Helene Felice, F. Toral, Emanuela Barzi, Peng Gao, Frederic Savary, Ignacio Aviles Santillana, Antti Stenvall, L. Tavian, Mariusz Juchno, Soren Prestemon, Pasquale Fabbricatore, Maria Durante, Giovanni Bellomo, Marco Prioli, Bernhard Auchmann, G.V. Velev, Stefania Farinon, R. Valente, C. Pes, Frank Zimmermann, Etienne Rochepault, Christian Scheuerlein, Eric Coatanéa, Susana Izquierdo Bermudez, Sotiris Kokkinos, S. Russenschuck, Luca Bottura, Kari Koskinen, Clement Lorin, Alexandre Louzguiti, Tiina Salmi, Konstantinos Loukas, M. Statera, Pierluigi Bruzzone, Felix Wolf, Maxim Marchevsky, Bernardo Bordini, Samuele Mariotto, Diego Arbelaez, T. Tervoort, Marta Bajko, Barbara Gold, Alessandra Pampaloni, Arjan Verweij, Inigo Sancho Fernandez, Jac Perez, Carlo Petrone, Thodoris Gortsas, Alejandro Fernandez, Alessandro Maria Ricci, Friedrich Lackner, Kari Lyytikainen, Ananda Chakraborti, Michael Benedikt, Demosthenes Polyzos, Lucas Brouwer, Daniel Schoerling, Amalia Ballarino, Igor Novitski, Michel Segreti, Javier Munilla, Vadim Kashikhin, Giuseppe Montenero, J. M. Rifflet, S. Wessel, Gijs de Rijk, Charilaos Kokkinos, Barbara Caiffi, Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), and Energy, Materials and Systems
Subjects: magnet: design, 16 T, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, storage rings, Superconducting, HE-LHC, Superconducting magnets, Nb3Sn, FCC, center-of-mass energy, Physics, Large Hadron Collider, future circular collider, Nb, 3, Sn, superconducting, common-coil magnet, Condensed Matter Physics, bending magnet, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, Conductor, Europe, Upgrade, CERN LHC Coll, Nb Sn, niobium: tin, performance, electron volt energy 27.0 TeV, General Physics, size 100.0 km, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-ACC-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Accelerator Physics [physics.acc-ph], Superconducting magnet, ddc:500.2, Nb $_{3}$ Sn, canted-cos-theta magnet, Future Circular Collider, electron volt energy 100.0 TeV, 16 T dipole development program, Apertures, 0103 physical sciences, nb3sn, Aerospace engineering, Niobium-tin, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, 010306 general physics, Electrical conductor, energy upgrade, activity report, bending magnets, conductor stress levels, business.industry, model magnets, Materials Engineering, magnet: superconductivity, 22/4 OA procedure, Magnetoacoustic effects, chemistry, Conductors, block-type magnet, Magnet, Physics::Accelerator Physics, business, accelerator magnets
Abstract: International audience; A future circular collider (FCC) with a center-of-mass energy of 100 TeV and a circumference of around 100 km, or an energy upgrade of the LHC (HE-LHC) to 27 TeV require bending magnets providing 16 T in a 50-mm aperture. Several development programs for these magnets, based on Nb$_3$Sn technology, are being pursued in Europe and in the U.S. In these programs, cos-theta, block-type, common-coil, and canted-cos-theta magnets are explored; first model magnets are under manufacture; limits on conductor stress levels are studied; and a conductor with enhanced characteristics is developed. This paper summarizes and discusses the status, plans, and preliminary results of these programs.
Published: 2019
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23. Simulation of the cabling process for Rutherford cables: An advanced finite element model

Author: M. Garlasche, A. Dallocchio, Bernardo Bordini, and J. Cabanes
Subjects: 010302 applied physics, Superconductivity, Materials science, Large Hadron Collider, Tevatron, General Physics and Astronomy, Mechanical engineering, Superconducting magnet, 01 natural sciences, Finite element method, Magnetic field, Magnet, 0103 physical sciences, General Materials Science, 010306 general physics, Reduction (mathematics)
Abstract: In all existing large particle accelerators (Tevatron, HERA, RHIC, LHC) the main superconducting magnets are based on Rutherford cables, which are characterized by having: strands fully transposed with respect to the magnetic field, a significant compaction that assures a large engineering critical current density and a geometry that allows efficient winding of the coils. The Nb 3 Sn magnets developed in the framework of the HL-LHC project for improving the luminosity of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) are also based on Rutherford cables. Due to the characteristics of Nb 3 Sn wires, the cabling process has become a crucial step in the magnet manufacturing. During cabling the wires experience large plastic deformations that strongly modify the geometrical dimensions of the sub-elements constituting the superconducting strand. These deformations are particularly severe on the cable edges and can result in a significant reduction of the cable critical current as well as of the Residual Resistivity Ratio (RRR) of the stabilizing copper. In order to understand the main parameters that rule the cabling process and their impact on the cable performance, CERN has developed a 3D Finite Element (FE) model based on the LS-Dyna® software that simulates the whole cabling process. In the paper the model is presented together with a comparison between experimental and numerical results for a copper cable produced at CERN.
Published: 2016
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24. Development of MQXF: The Nb3Sn Low- <tex-math notation='LaTeX'>$\beta$</tex-math> Quadrupole for the HiLumi LHC

Author: Vittorio Marinozzi, Etienne Rochepault, Massimo Sorbi, Michael Anerella, S. Izquierdo Bermudez, Giorgio Ambrosio, J. Rysti, M. Juchno, Marta Bajko, J. C. Perez, M. Yu, Ezio Todesco, Daniel W. Cheng, Amalia Ballarino, D.R. Dietderich, Paolo Ferracin, P. Wanderer, R.R. Hafalia, Philippe Grosclaude, Jesse Schmalzle, Bernardo Bordini, S. Krave, L.R. Oberli, Michael Guinchard, Heng Pan, Paolo Fessia, Lance D. Cooley, Helene Felice, F. Nobrega, A.K. Ghosh, Hugues Bajas, Maxim Marchevsky, R. Bossert, H. Prin, G.L. Sabbi, Eddie Frank Holik, Tiina Salmi, Xiaorong Wang, Guram Chlachidze, S. Sequeira Tavares, and Friedrich Lackner
Subjects: 010302 applied physics, Physics, Particle physics, Large Hadron Collider, Luminosity (scattering theory), Particle accelerator, Superconducting magnet, Condensed Matter Physics, 01 natural sciences, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, law.invention, Nuclear physics, chemistry.chemical_compound, chemistry, Conceptual design, law, Magnet, 0103 physical sciences, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Niobium-tin, 010306 general physics, Quadrupole magnet
Abstract: The High Luminosity (HiLumi) Large Hadron Collider (LHC) project has, as the main objective, to increase the LHC peak luminosity by a factor five and the integrated luminosity by a factor ten. This goal will be achieved mainly with a new interaction region layout, which will allow a stronger focusing of the colliding beams. The target will be to reduce the beam size in the interaction points by a factor of two, which requires doubling the aperture of the low-β (or inner triplet) quadrupole magnets. The use of Nb3Sn superconducting material and, as a result, the possibility of operating at magnetic field levels in the windings higher than 11 T will limit the increase in length of these quadrupoles, called MQXF, to acceptable levels. After the initial design phase, where the key parameters were chosen and the magnet's conceptual design finalized, the MQXF project, a joint effort between the U.S. LHC Accelerator Research Program and the Conseil Europeen pour la Recherche Nucleaire (CERN), has now entered the construction and test phase of the short models. Concurrently, the preparation for the development of the full-length prototypes has been initiated. This paper will provide an overview of the project status, describing and reporting on the performance of the superconducting material, the lessons learnt during the fabrication of superconducting coils and support structure, and the fine tuning of the magnet design in view of the start of the prototyping phase.
Published: 2016
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25. Cold Powering Tests of 11-T Nb3Sn Dipole Models for LHC Upgrades at CERN

Author: C. Loffler, J. C. Perez, L. Bottura, S. Izquierdo Bermudez, Lucio Fiscarelli, Mikko Karppinen, G. de Rijk, Marta Bajko, Gerard Willering, Bernardo Bordini, and Frederic Savary
Subjects: Physics, Large Hadron Collider, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Aperture, 02 engineering and technology, Superconducting magnet, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Condensed Matter Physics, 01 natural sciences, Dipole model, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, Nuclear physics, chemistry.chemical_compound, Dipole, Upgrade, chemistry, Magnet, 0103 physical sciences, Physics::Accelerator Physics, High Energy Physics::Experiment, Physics::Atomic Physics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Niobium-tin, 010306 general physics, 0210 nano-technology
Abstract: For the upgrade of the LHC in LS2 and for the High Luminosity upgrade in LS3, a few 15-m Nb–Ti main dipole magnets are foreseen to be replaced by two 5.5-m-long Nb3Sn dipoles each. After a series of dipole models produced and tested by the collaborating partners at FNAL, in 2014 and 2015, the first short dipole model magnets have been produced and tested at CERN in a single aperture configuration. In this paper, the test results and test analyses will be discussed with a focus on training and cold powering performance.
Published: 2016
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26. 16 T Nb3Sn Racetrack Model Coil Test Result

Author: L. Bottura, A. Chiuchiolo, Bernardo Bordini, Hugues Bajas, J. Feuvrier, Philippe Grosclaude, M. Juchno, Paolo Ferracin, X. Sarasola, Etienne Rochepault, J. Rysti, Marta Bajko, G. de Rijk, and J. C. Perez
Subjects: Superconductivity, Materials science, Fabrication, Large Hadron Collider, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Magnetic separation, Mechanical engineering, Superconducting magnet, Condensed Matter Physics, 01 natural sciences, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, Nuclear magnetic resonance, Dipole magnet, Electromagnetic coil, Magnet, 0103 physical sciences, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, 010306 general physics
Abstract: In the framework of the European project EuCARD, the High Field Magnet project, led by a CERN-CEA collaboration, implied the development of a large aperture Nb3Sn dipole magnet called FRESCA2. The magnet uses four double-pancake block-type coils, each about 1.5 m long. In order to characterize strand and cable properties, as well as to qualify the coil fabrication process, CERN started in 2012 the design and fabrication of the Racetrack Model Coil (RMC) magnet, a short model magnet using the same cable as FRESCA2 magnet with only two flat double-pancake coils about 0.8 m long. In 2013, two superconducting coils have been fabricated, making use of two different types of superconductor. In 2014 and 2015, the coils were tested both in a single and in a double-coil configuration in a support structure based on an external aluminum shell pre-loaded with water-pressurized bladders. In this paper, we describe the design of the RMC magnet and its coils, provide the main parameters of the superconductor, and report the results of three powering tests, focusing on quench performance, training, and quench locations.
Published: 2016
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27. Magnetic Measurements and Analysis of the First 11-T Nb3Sn Dipole Models Developed at CERN for HL-LHC

Author: Bernardo Bordini, Stephan Russenschuck, S. Izquierdo Bermudez, Frederic Savary, C. Loffler, Mikko Karppinen, Lucio Fiscarelli, Bernhard Auchmann, Gerard Willering, O. Dunkel, and D. Smekens
Subjects: Physics, Large Hadron Collider, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, 02 engineering and technology, Superconducting magnet, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Condensed Matter Physics, 01 natural sciences, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, Magnetic field, Nuclear physics, Magnetization, Dipole, Magnet, 0103 physical sciences, Physics::Accelerator Physics, Fermilab, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, 010306 general physics, 0210 nano-technology, Saturation (magnetic)
Abstract: The high-luminosity upgrade for the LHC (HL-LHC) envisages the replacement of some 15-m-long NbTi dipoles in the dispersion suppressor area by shorter Nb3Sn magnets with a nominal field of 11 T. The new magnets must be compatible with the lattice and other main systems of the LHC. The shorter length of new units will allow the installation of collimators. The successful use of the Nb3Sn technology requires an intense R&D program, and therefore, a CERN–Fermilab joint development program was established. This paper describes the magnetic measurement procedure and presents the analysis of the magnetic measurements on the first 2-m-long single-aperture demonstrators built and tested at CERN. The geometrical field multipoles, the iron saturation effects, and the effects of persistent currents are presented. The experimental data are compared with the magnetic calculations using the CERN field computation program ROXIE and are discussed in view of the requirements for machine operation.
Published: 2016
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28. Mechanical Properties and Strain-Induced Filament Degradation of Ex Situ and In Situ MgB2Wires

Author: Bernardo Bordini, P. Alknes, J. Hudspeth, R. Bjoerstad, Amalia Ballarino, Matthias Hagner, Christian Scheuerlein, and Michinaka Sugano
Subjects: 010302 applied physics, In situ, Materials science, Composite number, Stress–strain curve, Niobium, chemistry.chemical_element, Condensed Matter Physics, Microstructure, 01 natural sciences, Synchrotron, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, law.invention, Protein filament, chemistry, law, 0103 physical sciences, Ultimate tensile strength, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Composite material, 010306 general physics
Abstract: We have compared the mechanical properties and the degradation of the critical current after uniaxial tensile loading at room temperature (RT) and at 77 K of ex situ and in situ MgB2 wires. The strain that the wires can withstand without degradation is at 77 K substantially higher than at RT. In order to explain the mechanical behavior of the wires, the lattice distortions of the different wire constituents and their texture have been measured simultaneously with the composite wire stress and strain in a high-energy synchrotron beamline. The different MgB2 microstructure in both wire types is revealed in filament cross sections prepared by the focused-ion-beam technique and in fracture surfaces.
Published: 2016
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29. Three-Dimensional Analysis of the Porosity in MgB2Wires Using FIB Nanotomography

Author: Andrea Ballarino, Simon Thiele, Severin Vierrath, Bernardo Bordini, Matthias Hagner, Lukas Zielke, Jakob Fritz, Christian Scheuerlein, and P. Alknes
Subjects: In situ, Materials science, Isotropy, 02 engineering and technology, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Condensed Matter Physics, Microstructure, 01 natural sciences, Focused ion beam, Tortuosity, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, 0103 physical sciences, Homogeneity (physics), Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Composite material, 010306 general physics, 0210 nano-technology, Porosity, Type-II superconductor
Abstract: Porosity is one of several current limiting mechanisms in MgB2 wires. We have compared the microstructural homogeneity and the porosity distribution in different ex situ and in situ MgB2 powder-in-tube wires. The submicrometer structure was determined using focused ion beam nanotomography. The ex situ wires exhibit an isotropic microstructure, which has been quantified in terms of an identical tortuosity in transverse and longitudinal filament direction. The very homogenous microstructure in the new ex situ wire generation is probably one reason for its strongly improved critical current density. The in situ wire has an anisotropic microstructure with a lower tortuosity in the axial direction. The microstructural inhomogeneity of the in situ filaments makes microstructural characterization and the comparison between materials and superconducting properties particularly challenging.
Published: 2016
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30. Hysteresis Losses and Effective $J_{\mathrm{c}}(B)$ Scaling Law for ITER Nb3Sn Strands

Author: Alexander Vostner, E. Seiler, L. Bottura, D. Richter, Denis Bessette, Arnaud Devred, and Bernardo Bordini
Subjects: 010302 applied physics, Materials science, Thermonuclear fusion, Condensed matter physics, Field (physics), Magnetometer, Superconducting magnet, Condensed Matter Physics, Magnetic hysteresis, 01 natural sciences, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, law.invention, Magnetic field, Magnetization, law, 0103 physical sciences, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, 010306 general physics, Pinning force
Abstract: Hysteresis losses of five Nb 3 Sn International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor reference strands were investigated by means of magnetization loop measurements in a vibrating sample magnetometer in a perpendicularly applied magnetic field. The magnetization loops were recorded while continuously sweeping the applied field between the extreme values ±B m , covering a wide range of maximum applied fields (0.2-10 T). In this paper, we compare the directly determined hysteresis losses based on the area of the smaller measured loops and the losses calculated by the integration of the width ΔM of the B m = 10 T magnetization loop. A suitable fitting function is proposed to describe the ΔM(B) dependence, which leads, for each strand, to an excellent agreement with the experimentally determined hysteresis losses, magnetization, and pinning force. Transport critical current measurements in a perpendicularly applied magnetic field were also performed for all the strands, and on the basis of the comparison with the transport measurements, the critical current densities were determined from the magnetization data.
Published: 2016
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31. 3-D Thermal-Electric Finite Element Model of a Nb3Sn Coil During a Quench

Author: Bernardo Bordini, J. Fleiter, Susana Izquierdo Bermudez, Jose Ferradas Troitino, Giorgio Vallone, Giorgio Ambrosio, Carmine Senatore, Juan Carlos Perez, Paolo Ferracin, Jose Vicente Lorenzo Gomez, and Hugo Bajas
Subjects: Superconductivity, Materials science, Thermal-electric, Multiphysics, Mechanics, Superconducting magnet, ddc:500.2, Quench, Condensed Matter Physics, 01 natural sciences, Finite element method, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, Conductor, Electromagnetic coil, Magnet, 0103 physical sciences, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, 010306 general physics, Superconducting coil, Voltage, Finite element model
Abstract: High field superconducting magnets for particle accelerators often exhibit premature quenches. Once a normal zone is generated within the conductor, the quench may propagate causing temperature and resistive voltage rise along the coil. The resulting thermal gradients can potentially cause new peak stresses that might exceed the tolerable limits, degrading the conductor. The computation of the strain state in the coils during quench then becomes of paramount importance for magnet design, and requires a complete three-dimensional (3-D) analysis of quench phenomena. The objective of this paper is to present the first multiphysics modeling activities towards a new full 3-D methodology for the analysis of magnet mechanics during quench. As a first step, a 3-D thermal-electric finite element model of a Nb 3 Sn superconducting coil is developed and explained here. The model uses direct coupled-field elements to solve the system of thermal and electrical equations. A solving algorithm has also been implemented in order to investigate the physics behind quench transients. The output from this model, built in ANSYS APDL, can be easily coupled in a later stage to a mechanical model in order to estimate the strain state in the coil windings. A very good agreement has been observed between the numerical results and experimental tests performed in individual superconducting cables and real superconducting magnets.
Published: 2019

32. Status of the 16 T Dipole Development Program for a Future Hadron Collider

Author: Fernando Toral, Carlo Petrone, Friedrich Lackner, Bernhard Auchmann, Etienne Rochepault, Giovanni Bellomo, Juan Carlos Perez, Maria Durante, Marco Prioli, Carmine Senatore, Hugues Bajas, Soren Prestemon, Ezio Todesco, Stephan Russenschuck, Paolo Ferracin, Davide Tommasini, Rafal Ortwein, Gijs DeRijk, Susana Izquierdo Bermudez, Toru Ogitsu, Michael Benedikt, Daniel Schoerling, Diego Arbelaez, Barbara Caiffi, Massimo Sorbi, Peng Gao, Shlomo Caspi, Stefania Farinon, Amalia Ballarino, Igor Novitski, Michel Segreti, Javier Munilla, Antti Stenvall, Maxim Marchevsky, Vadim Kashikhin, Clement Lorin, Emanuela Barzi, Teresa Martinez, Marco Buzio, Luca Bottura, Mariusz Juchno, Vittorio Marinozzi, Marc Dhalle, Marta Bajko, Tiina Salmi, Lucas Brower, J. M. Rifflet, S. Wessel, Frederic Savary, S.A. Gourlay, Felix Wolf, Bernardo Bordini, Alexander V. Zlobin, Arjan Verweij, Pasquale Fabbricatore, Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Senatore, Carmine, and Energy, Materials and Systems
Subjects: General Physics, magnet: design, superconducting, accelerator, Aperture, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, ++%24%5F{3}%24<%2Ftex-math>+<%2Finline-formula>+<%2Fnamed-content>Sn%22">Nb $_{3}$ Sn, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-ACC-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Accelerator Physics [physics.acc-ph], Superconducting magnet, ddc:500.2, 16 T, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, Future Circular Collider, beam: energy, Nuclear physics, Affordable and Clean Energy, 0103 physical sciences, CERN LHC Coll: upgrade, Future circular collider, Nb3Sn, FCC, Future circular collider (FCC), Electrical and Electronic Engineering, 010306 general physics, activity report, 010302 applied physics, Physics, Large Hadron Collider, beam: width, Materials Engineering, magnet: superconductivity, magnet: technology, Condensed Matter Physics, 22/4 OA procedure, bending magnet, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, Dipole, Automatic Keywords, Upgrade, quality, Magnet, Physics::Accelerator Physics, High Energy Physics::Experiment, Center of mass, hadron, dipole
Abstract: © 2017 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission. A next step of energy increase of hadron colliders beyond the LHC requires high-field superconducting magnets capable of providing a dipolar field in the range of 16 T in a 50-mm aperture with accelerator quality. These characteristics could meet the requirements for an upgrade of the LHC to twice the present beam energy or for a 100-TeV center of mass energy future circular collider. This paper summarizes the activities and plans for the development of these magnets, in particular within the 16 T Magnet Technology Program, the WP5 of the EuroCirCol, and the U.S. Magnet Development Program.
Published: 2018
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33. Critical Current Measurements Under Transverse Pressure of a Nb 3 Sn Rutherford Cable Based on 1 mm RRP Wires

Author: Amalia Ballarino, J. Fleiter, Jean-Eudes Duvauchelle, and Bernardo Bordini
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, Transverse pressure, Rutherford cable, Materials science, Condensed Matter Physics, 01 natural sciences, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, 03 medical and health sciences, 030104 developmental biology, 0103 physical sciences, Critical current, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Composite material, 010306 general physics
Published: 2018
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34. Cold Powering Tests and Protection Studies of the FRESCA2 100 mm Bore Nb$_{3}$Sn Block-Coil Magnet

Author: J. C. Perez, Nicolas Bourcey, F. Rondeaux, L. Bottura, Etienne Rochepault, Michal Duda, Philippe Grosclaude, Carlo Petrone, Franco Mangiarotti, J. Feuvrier, G. de Rijk, Bernardo Bordini, Hugues Bajas, Maria Durante, J. M. Rifflet, Paolo Ferracin, Marta Bajko, Gerard Willering, P. Manil, and Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)
Subjects: 010302 applied physics, Rutherford cable, Large Hadron Collider, Materials science, Aperture, Nuclear engineering, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-ACC-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Accelerator Physics [physics.acc-ph], Magnetic separation, Superconducting magnet, Condensed Matter Physics, 01 natural sciences, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, Electromagnetic coil, Dipole magnet, Magnet, 0103 physical sciences, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, 010306 general physics
Abstract: International audience; The Nb3Sn block-coil dipole magnet FRESCA2 was developed within the framework of a collaboration between CEA Saclay and CERN, follow up of the European project EuCARD. The magnet is aimed at upgrading the cable test facility at CERN to a bore field of 13 T at 10.6 kA in an aperture of 100 mm as deliverable. The design features four 1.6-m-long double-layer coils wound with a 40 strand, 21-mm-wide Rutherford cable. The first assembly was limited at 12.2 T with a known production defect of the cable close to a splice in one of the coils. Following replacement of this coil, the second assembly reached the target for this run of 13.3 T. In this paper, the performance of the assemblies in terms of training behavior, quench detection, protection, magnetic measurements, and other cold powering tests will be discussed.
Published: 2017
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35. The 16 T Dipole Development Program for FCC

Author: Amalia Ballarino, Michel Segreti, Davide Tommasini, Peng Gao, Felix Wolf, Antti Stenvall, Giovanni Bellomo, Marco Prioli, Clement Lorin, Friedrich Lackner, Arjan Verweij, Toru Ogitsu, Maria Durante, Michael Benedikt, G. Volpini, Etienne Rochepault, Pasquale Fabbricatore, Vittorio Marinozzi, Gijs de Rijk, Stephan Russenschuck, Ezio Todesco, Marc Dhalle, Bernardo Bordini, Susana Izquierdo Bermudez, Hugues Bajas, Massimo Sorbi, Paolo Ferracin, Stefania Farinon, Frederic Savary, Fernando Toral, Daniel Schoerling, Marta Bajko, Rafal Ortwein, Teresa Martinez, Luca Bottura, Javier Munilla, Bernhard Auchmann, Carmine Senatore, Marco Buzio, Tiina Salmi, S. Wessel, Juan Garcia Perez, J. M. Rifflet, Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), and Energy, Materials and Systems
Subjects: superconducting, Aperture, accelerator: magnet, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-ACC-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Accelerator Physics [physics.acc-ph], Niobium, chemistry.chemical_element, Nb3 Sn, ddc:500.2, Superconducting magnet, 16 T, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, Future Circular Collider, Nuclear physics, chemistry.chemical_compound, tin, 0103 physical sciences, FCC, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Niobium-tin, 010306 general physics, accelerator: superconductivity, 010302 applied physics, Physics, Beam diameter, Condensed matter physics, Condensed Matter Physics, magnet: technology, 22/4 OA procedure, NbSn, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, Dipole, chemistry, Magnet, Physics::Accelerator Physics, niobium, dipole
Abstract: International audience; Abstract:A key challenge for a future circular collider (FCC) with centre-of-mass energy of 100 TeV and a circumference in the range of 100 km is the development of high-field superconducting accelerator magnets, capable of providing a 16 T dipolar field of accelerator quality in a 50 mm aperture. This paper summarizes the strategy and actions being undertaken in the framework of the FCC 16 T Magnet Technology Program and the Work Package 5 of the EuroCirCol.
Published: 2016
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36. Dimensional Changes of Nb3Sn Rutherford Cables During Heat Treatment

Author: Jesse Schmalzle, A.K. Ghosh, Etienne Rochepault, Eddie Frank Holik, Helene Felice, Amalia Ballarino, D.R. Dietderich, Daniel W. Cheng, A. Bonasia, Paolo Ferracin, Bernardo Bordini, S. Izquierdo Bermudez, M. Yu, Juan Carlos Perez, Michael Anerella, L. Garcia Fajardo, I. Pong, and Giorgio Ambrosio
Subjects: General Physics, Mechanical engineering, Superconducting magnet, 01 natural sciences, law.invention, law, Nb3Sn conductors, 0103 physical sciences, Conductor dimensions, Rutherford cables, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, 010306 general physics, Quadrupole magnet, Superconductivity, Physics, Large Hadron Collider, Condensed matter physics, heat treatment, Particle accelerator, Materials Engineering, Condensed Matter Physics, Accelerators and Storage Rings, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, Electromagnetic coil, Magnet, LHC Accelerator Research Program
Abstract: In high field magnet applications, Nb$_{3}$Sn coils undergo a heat treatment step after winding. During this stage, coils radially expand and longitudinally contract due to the Nb$_{3}$Sn phase change. In order to prevent residual strain from altering superconducting performances, the tooling must provide the adequate space for these dimensional changes. The aim of this paper is to understand the behavior of cable dimensions during heat treatment and to provide estimates of the space to be accommodated in the tooling for coil expansion and contraction. This paper summarizes measurements of dimensional changes on strands, single Rutherford cables, cable stacks, and coils performed between 2013 and 2015. These samples and coils have been performed within a collaboration between CERN and the U.S. LHC Accelerator Research Program to develop Nb$_{3}$Sn quadrupole magnets for the HiLumi LHC. The results are also compared with other high field magnet projects. In high field magnet applications, Nb_3Sn coils undergo a heat treatment step after winding. During this stage, coils radially expand and longitudinally contract due to the Nb_3Sn phase change. In order to prevent residual strain from altering superconducting performances, the tooling must provide the adequate space for these dimensional changes. The aim of this paper is to understand the behavior of cable dimensions during heat treatment and to provide estimates of the space to be accommodated in the tooling for coil expansion and contraction. This paper summarizes measurements of dimensional changes on strands, single Rutherford cables, cable stacks, and coils performed between 2013 and 2015. These samples and coils have been performed within a collaboration between CERN and the U.S. LHC Accelerator Research Program to develop Nb_3Sn quadrupole magnets for the HiLumi LHC. The results are also compared with other high field magnet projects.
Published: 2016

37. Quench protection studies of the 11-T Nb$_{3}$Sn dipole for LHC upgrades

Author: Marta Bajko, Mikko Karppinen, Bernhard Auchmann, Bernardo Bordini, Gerard Willering, Frederic Savary, J. Rysti, Guram Chlachidze, Hugues Bajas, L. Bottura, Alexander V. Zlobin, and S. Izquierdo Bermudez
Subjects: Physics, Large Hadron Collider, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Particle accelerator, Superconducting magnet, Condensed Matter Physics, 01 natural sciences, Accelerators and Storage Rings, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, law.invention, Nuclear physics, Dipole, Upgrade, Electromagnetic coil, law, Magnet, 0103 physical sciences, Physics::Accelerator Physics, Fermilab, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, 010306 general physics
Abstract: The planned upgrade of the LHC collimation system foresees additional collimators to be installed in the dispersion suppressor areas. Fermilab and CERN are developing an 11 T Nb$_{3}$Sn dipole to replace some 8.33 T-15-m-long Nb-Ti LHC main dipoles providing longitudinal space for the collimators. In case of a quench, the large stored energy and the low copper stabilizer fraction make the protection of the 11 T Nb$_{3}$Sn dipoles challenging. This paper presents the results of quench protection analysis, including quench protection heater design and efficiency, quench propagation and coil heating. The numerical results are compared with the experimental data from the 2-m-long Nb$_{3}$Sn dipole models. The validated model is used to predict the current decay and hot spot temperature under operating conditions in the LHC and the presently foreseen magnet protection scheme is discussed. The planned upgrade of the LHC collimation system foresees additional collimators to be installed in the dispersion suppressor areas. Fermilab and CERN are developing an 11-T Nb_3Sn dipole to replace some 8.33-T 15-m-long Nb-Ti LHC main dipoles providing longitudinal space for the collimators. In case of a quench, the large stored energy and the low copper stabilizer fraction make the protection of the 11-T Nb_3Sn dipoles challenging. This paper presents the results of quench protection analysis, including quench protection heater design and efficiency, quench propagation, and coil heating. The numerical results are compared with the experimental data from the 2-m-long Nb_3Sn dipole models. The validated model is used to predict the current decay and hot spot temperature under operating conditions in the LHC, and the presently foreseen magnet protection scheme is discussed.
Published: 2016

38. Strategy for Superconducting Magnet Development for a Future Hadron-Hadron Circular Collider at CERN

Author: A. Ballarino, Friedrich Lackner, Mikko Karppinen, Daniel Schoerling, Hugo Bajas, Luca Bottura, Jeroen van Nugteren, Marco Buzio, Juan Carlo Perez, Susana Izquierdo Bermudez, Gijs de Rijk, Attilio Milanese, Michael Benedikt, S. Russenschuck, Frederic Savary, Bernardo Bordini, V. Parma, Ezio Todesco, Davide Tommasini, and Marta Bajko
Subjects: Physics, Particle physics, Large Hadron Collider, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Hadron, Superconducting magnet, Accelerators and Storage Rings, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, Bending magnets, law.invention, Nuclear physics, law, 0103 physical sciences, Physics::Accelerator Physics, 010306 general physics, Collider
Abstract: Following the recommendation of the European Strategy Group for Particle Physics, a study on options for a Future Circular Collider (FCC) with centre-of-mass energy of 100 eV, a luminosity of 5-10 $\times 10^{34}$cm$^2$s$^{-1}$ and a circumference in the range of 100 km was started. The study integrates ongoing accelerator and technology initiatives at CERN, Geneva, Switzerland and in partner institutes and universities. A key technology for the FCC are high-field superconducting accelerator magnets. The FCC arc magnets need an aperture of 50 mm, with dipole fields with a target of 16 T and quadrupole gradients with a target in excess of 400 T/m. Based on these preliminary parameters, we discuss in this paper the challenges for the main magnetic elements of such a collider, and outline a strategy for the development of the required technology.
Published: 2016
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39. Unified Scaling Law for flux pinning in practical superconductors: II. Parameter testing, scaling constants, and the Extrapolative Scaling Expression

Author: Jolene D. Splett, D. Richter, Loren F. Goodrich, Bernardo Bordini, Najib Cheggour, and John (Jack) W. Ekin
Subjects: Physics, Superconductivity, Scaling law, Flux pinning, Condensed matter physics, Metals and Alloys, 02 engineering and technology, Expression (computer science), 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Condensed Matter Physics, 01 natural sciences, 0103 physical sciences, Materials Chemistry, Ceramics and Composites, Statistical physics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Detectors and Experimental Techniques, 010306 general physics, 0210 nano-technology, Scaling
Abstract: A scaling study of several thousand Nb$_{3}$Sn critical-current $(I_c)$ measurements is used to derive the Extrapolative Scaling Expression (ESE), a relation that can quickly and accurately extrapolate limited datasets to obtain full three-dimensional dependences of I c on magnetic field (B), temperature (T), and mechanical strain (ε). The relation has the advantage of being easy to implement, and offers significant savings in sample characterization time and a useful tool for magnet design. Thorough data-based analysis of the general parameterization of the Unified Scaling Law (USL) shows the existence of three universal scaling constants for practical Nb$_{3}$Sn conductors. The study also identifies the scaling parameters that are conductor specific and need to be fitted to each conductor. This investigation includes two new, rare, and very large I c(B,T,ε) datasets (each with nearly a thousand I c measurements spanning magnetic fields from 1 to 16 T, temperatures from ~2.26 to 14 K, and intrinsic strains from –1.1% to +0.3%). The results are summarized in terms of the general USL parameters given in table 3 of Part 1 (Ekin J W 2010 Supercond. Sci. Technol. 23 083001) of this series of articles. The scaling constants determined for practical Nb$_{3}$Sn conductors are: the upper-critical-field temperature parameter v = 1.50 ± 0.04; the cross-link parameter w = 3.0 ± 0.3; and the strain curvature parameter u = 1.7 ± 0.1 (from equation (29) for b c2(ε) in Part 1). These constants and required fitting parameters result in the ESE relation, given by $I_c(B,T,ε)$B = $C[b_{c2}(ε)]^S (1−t^{1.5}) η−μ (1-t^2)^{μ} b ^{p}(1−b)^{q}$ with reduced magnetic field $b ≡ B/B^{c2}$*(T,ε) and reduced temperature $t ≡ T/T^{c*}$(ε), where: $B_{c2} *(T,ε) = B_{c2} *(0,0)(1−t^{1.5})b_{c2} (ε) T_c *(ε)=T_c *(0)[b_{c2}(ε)]^{1/3}$ and fitting parameters: $C, B_{c2}*(0,0), T_c*(0), s$, either η or μ (but not both), plus the parameters in the strain function b c2(ε). The pinning-force shape parameters p and q are also preferably fitted (simultaneously with the other parameters), but default values p = 0.5 and q = 2.0 also give high fitting accuracy when the range of relative magnetic fields is not extensive. Default values are also essential when the magnetic field data range is insufficient to determine p and q. The scaling constants are remarkably stable (changes less than ~1%) with respect to different values of p and q, Nb$_{3}$Sn conductor configurations, magnetic self-field corrections, and pinning-force trim values. The results demonstrate that the scaling of transport critical current holds down to the lowest temperatures measured ~2.2 K, for both magnetic self-field corrected and uncorrected data. An initial comparison is also made between transport and magnetization scaling data in matched Nb$_{3}$Sn samples and significant differences are found, especially for the upper critical field $B_{c2}*(T,ε)$, which may be a result of inhomogeneous shielding currents. In Part 3 of this topical review series (Ekin J W 2017 Supercond. Sci. Technol. at press), the smallest practical minimum dataset for extrapolating full I c(B,T,ε) datasets is derived. Application of the ESE relation is illustrated in several new areas, including full characterization of Nb$_{3}$Sn conductors from as little as a single $I_c(B)$ curve when a few core parameters have been determined for similar conductors.
Published: 2016

40. The 11 T Dipole for HL-LHC: Status and Plan

Author: D. Smekens, Juan Carlos Perez, Alfred Nobrega, Guram Chlachidze, L. Bottura, Frederic Savary, Stefano Redaelli, D Ramos, Emanuela Barzi, C. Loffler, Lucio Rossi, R. Moron-Ballester, Massimo Giovannozzi, Friedrich Lackner, Mikko Karppinen, S. Izquierdo Bermudez, Bernardo Bordini, Alexander V. Zlobin, H. Prin, Gerard Willering, and G. de Rijk
Subjects: Physics, Large Hadron Collider, Interaction point, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, 020208 electrical & electronic engineering, Mechanical engineering, Particle accelerator, Collimator, 02 engineering and technology, Superconducting magnet, Condensed Matter Physics, 01 natural sciences, Accelerators and Storage Rings, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, law.invention, Nuclear physics, Upgrade, law, Magnet, 0103 physical sciences, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, Physics::Accelerator Physics, Fermilab, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, 010306 general physics
Abstract: The upgrade of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) collimation system includes additional collimators in the LHC lattice. The longitudinal space for these collimators will be created by replacing some of the LHC main dipoles with shorter but stronger dipoles compatible with the LHC lattice and main systems. The project plan comprises the construction of two cryoassemblies containing each of the two 11-T dipoles of 5.5-m length for possible installation on either side of interaction point 2 of LHC in the years 2018–2019 for ion operation, and the installation of two cryoassemblies on either side of interaction point 7 of LHC in the years 2023–2024 for proton operation. The development program conducted in conjunction between the Fermilab and CERN magnet groups is progressing well. The development activities carried out on the side of Fermilab were concluded in the middle of 2015 with the fabrication and test of a 1-m-long two-in-one model and those on the CERN side are ramping up with the construction of 2-m-long models and the preparation of the tooling for the fabrication of the first full-length prototype. The engineering design of the cryomagnet is well advanced, including the definition of the various interfaces, e.g., with the collimator, powering, protection, and vacuum systems. Several practice coils of 5.5-m length have been already fabricated. This paper describes the overall progress of the project, the final design of the cryomagnet, and the performance of the most recent models. The overall plan toward the fabrication of the series magnets for the two phases of the upgrade of the LHC collimation system is also presented.
Published: 2016

41. Electro-mechanical properties of PIT Nb3 Sn wires under transverse stress: experimental results and FEM analysis

Author: Giorgio Mondonico, Ciro Calzolaio, L. Bottura, Bernardo Bordini, Amalia Ballarino, Carmine Senatore, and L.R. Oberli
Subjects: 010302 applied physics, Rutherford cable, Materials science, business.industry, Metals and Alloys, Structural engineering, ddc:500.2, Condensed Matter Physics, 01 natural sciences, Finite element method, Characterization (materials science), Compressive load, Transverse plane, Magnet, 0103 physical sciences, Materials Chemistry, Ceramics and Composites, Transverse shear, Transverse shear deformation, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, 010306 general physics, business
Abstract: Nowadays there is a great deal of interest in the scientific community in developing next-generation accelerator magnets based on high-Jc Nb3Sn Rutherford cables. Inside a cable the wires are subjected to the combined effect of axial and transverse load. Since Nb3Sn is a strain sensitive material, electromechanical characterization of cables is essential for magnet design. Testing a full-size Rutherford cable is an extremely complex and involved task. For this reason special Walters springs have been developed at the University of Geneva to test single wires under longitudinal and transverse load. In this work we analyze three PIT wires under transverse compressive load. To better understand the experimental results, a finite element model was developed. This model enabled better understanding of the mechanical behavior of the three samples and investigation of the mechanisms that determine wire performance degradation upon loading.
Published: 2015

42. Stress distribution and lattice distortions in Nb3Sn multifilament wires under uniaxial tensile loading at 4.2 K

Author: L. Bottura, F. Buta, Bernd Seeber, M. Di Michiel, René-Louis Flukiger, Amalia Ballarino, Carmine Senatore, Christian Scheuerlein, J Kadar, Tiglet Besara, Bernardo Bordini, and Theo Siegrist
Subjects: Diffraction, Materials science, ddc:500.2, engineering.material, 01 natural sciences, symbols.namesake, Lattice constant, Lattice (order), 0103 physical sciences, Nb3Sn, Materials Chemistry, Texture, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Bronze, Composite material, 010306 general physics, Elastic modulus, 010302 applied physics, Superconductivity, Metals and Alloys, Condensed Matter Physics, Lattice distortion, Poisson's ratio, X-ray diffraction, Transverse plane, Ceramics and Composites, engineering, symbols, Superconductor
Abstract: The lattice parameter changes in three types of Nb3Sn superconducting wires during uniaxial stress–strain measurements at 4.2 K have been measured by high-energy synchrotron x-ray diffraction. The nearly-stress-free Nb3Sn lattice parameter has been determined using extracted filaments, and the elastic strain in the axial and transverse wire directions in the different wire phases has been calculated. The mechanical properties of the PIT and RRP wire are mainly determined by the properties of Nb3Sn and unreacted Nb. This is in contrast to the bronze route wire, where the matrix can carry substantial loads. In straight wires the axial Nb3Sn pre-strain is strongest in the bronze route wire, its value being smaller in the PIT and RRP wires. A strong reduction of the non-Cu elastic modulus of about 30% is observed during cool-down from ambient temperature to 4.2 K. The Nb3Sn Poisson ratio at 4.2 K measured in the untwisted bronze route wire is 0.35. The present study also shows that the process route has a strong influence on the Nb3Sn texture.
Published: 2014
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43. The CERN FCC Conductor Development Program: A Worldwide Effort for the Future Generation of High-Field Magnets

Author: Johannes Bernardi, F. Buta, Amalia Ballarino, Carlo Ferdeghini, Michael Benedikt, Maurizio Vignolo, Andreas Leineweber, Shinya Kawashima, Y. Fukumoto, D. Richter, I. M. Abdyukhanov, Kazuyoshi Saito, Hisaki Sakamoto, Iksang Shin, Michael Shlyakov, Carmine Senatore, Michinaka Sugano, Hitoshi Shimizu, Michael Eisterer, Valeria Braccini, Marina Putti, Stephan Pfeiffer, V. I. Pantsyrny, Jonas Lachmann, Luca Bottura, Jimam Kim, Andrea Malagoli, Davide Tommasini, Toru Ogitsu, Simon C. Hopkins, S. M. Zernov, Bernardo Bordini, and T. Baumgartner
Subjects: Engineering, Accelerator magnets, ddc:500.2, Superconducting materials, 01 natural sciences, niobium-Tin, superconducting filaments and wires, superconducting materials, 0103 physical sciences, Milestone (project management), Electrical and Electronic Engineering, 010306 general physics, Large Hadron Collider, business.industry, Condensed Matter Physics, Engineering physics, Accelerators and Storage Rings, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, Conductor, Magnet, Niobium-tin, High field, Critical current, Superconducting filaments and wires, business
Abstract: The study of next generation high energy accelerators based on 16T dipoles has emphasized the need for higher performance, cost-effective Nb3Sn superconducting wires. A Conductor Development Program aiming to reach a non-copper critical current density (Jc) of 1500A/mm2 at 16T and 4.2K has been launched by CERN, with the involvement of industry and laboratories worldwide. In this article, the targets and strategy of the program are presented, with an overview of the wire layouts and development activities being pursued by each partner, and the latest characterization results are reported. Three of the four participating manufacturers have successfully reached the first stage Jc milestone, but a significant advance is still needed to achieve the final target. The next steps are briefly discussed, as the program focuses increasingly on novel alloys and methods to maximize Jc. The study of next-generation high-energy accelerators based on 16 T dipoles has emphasized the need for higher performance, cost-effective Nb$_3$Sn superconducting wires. A Conductor Development Program aiming to reach a non-copper critical current density ($J_c$) of 1500 A/mm2 at 16 T and 4.2 K has been launched by CERN, with the involvement of industry and laboratories worldwide. In this paper, the targets and strategy of the program are presented, with an overview of the wire layouts and development activities being pursued by each partner, and the latest characterization results are reported. Three of the four participating manufacturers have successfully reached the first-stage $J_c$ milestone, but a significant advance is still needed to achieve the final target. The next steps are briefly discussed, as the program focuses increasingly on novel alloys and methods to maximize $J_c$.
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