Author: "Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory [Heraklion] ( ECPL )" / Topic: 01 natural sciences - Searchworks@Jio Institute Digital Library Search Results

Your search keyword '"Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory [Heraklion] ( ECPL )"' showing total 43 results

Start Over Author "Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory [Heraklion] ( ECPL )" Topic 01 natural sciences

43 results on '"Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory [Heraklion] ( ECPL )"'

1. Seasonality of the particle number concentration and size distribution: a global analysis retrieved from the network of Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW) near-surface observatories

Author: C. Rose, M. Collaud Coen, E. Andrews, Y. Lin, I. Bossert, C. Lund Myhre, T. Tuch, A. Wiedensohler, M. Fiebig, P. Aalto, A. Alastuey, E. Alonso-Blanco, M. Andrade, B. Artíñano, T. Arsov, U. Baltensperger, S. Bastian, O. Bath, J. P. Beukes, B. T. Brem, N. Bukowiecki, J. A. Casquero-Vera, S. Conil, K. Eleftheriadis, O. Favez, H. Flentje, M. I. Gini, F. J. Gómez-Moreno, M. Gysel-Beer, A. G. Hallar, I. Kalapov, N. Kalivitis, A. Kasper-Giebl, M. Keywood, J. E. Kim, S.-W. Kim, A. Kristensson, M. Kulmala, H. Lihavainen, N.-H. Lin, H. Lyamani, A. Marinoni, S. Martins Dos Santos, O. L. Mayol-Bracero, F. Meinhardt, M. Merkel, J.-M. Metzger, N. Mihalopoulos, J. Ondracek, M. Pandolfi, N. Pérez, T. Petäjä, J.-E. Petit, D. Picard, J.-M. Pichon, V. Pont, J.-P. Putaud, F. Reisen, K. Sellegri, S. Sharma, G. Schauer, P. Sheridan, J. P. Sherman, A. Schwerin, R. Sohmer, M. Sorribas, J. Sun, P. Tulet, V. Vakkari, P. G. van Zyl, F. Velarde, P. Villani, S. Vratolis, Z. Wagner, S.-H. Wang, K. Weinhold, R. Weller, M. Yela, V. Zdimal, P. Laj, Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR), Laboratoire de Météorologie Physique (LaMP), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Clermont Auvergne (UCA), Federal Office of Meteorology and Climatology MeteoSwiss, Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), University of Colorado [Boulder]-National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC), Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Helsingin yliopisto = Helsingfors universitet = University of Helsinki, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC), Centre for Energy, Environment and Technology (CIEMAT), Universidad Mayor de San Andrés (UMSA), Institute of Nuclear Research and Nuclear Energy, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences (BAS), Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), Saxon State Office for Environment, Agriculture and Geology, German Federal Environmental Agency / Umweltbundesamt (UBA), North-West University [Potchefstroom] (NWU), Universidad de Granada = University of Granada (UGR), Agence Nationale pour la Gestion des Déchets Radioactifs (ANDRA), Environmental Radioactivity Lab, Institute of Nuclear and Radiological Sciences & Technology, Energy & Safety, NCSR 'Demokritos' (NCSR 'Demokritos'), Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), Meteorological Observatory Hohenpeissenberg (MOHp), University of Utah, Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory [Heraklion] (ECPL), Department of Chemistry [Heraklion], University of Crete [Heraklion] (UOC)-University of Crete [Heraklion] (UOC), Vienna University of Technology (TU Wien), CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, CISRO Oceans and Atmosphere, National Institute of Meteorological Sciences (NIMS), Seoul National University [Seoul] (SNU), Division of Nuclear Physics, Lund University [Lund], Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI), National Central University [Taiwan] (NCU), CNR Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate (ISAC), National Research Council of Italy | Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), European Commission - Joint Research Centre [Ispra] (JRC), University of Puerto Rico at Rio Piedras Campus (UPR-RP), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de La Réunion (OSU-Réunion), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de La Réunion (UR), National Observatory of Athens (NOA), Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals of the ASCR, Czech Republic, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Chimie Atmosphérique Expérimentale (CAE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'aérologie (LAERO), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Environment and Climate Change Canada, Zentralanstalt für Meteorologie und Geodynamik (ZAMG), Appalachian State University, University of North Carolina System (UNC), Atmospheric Sounding Station 'El Arenosillo', Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial (INTA), State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing, China, Laboratoire de l'Atmosphère et des Cyclones (LACy), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France, 4S Company, Leibniz-Institut für Troposphärenforschung (TROPOS), Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung (AWI), Institut des Géosciences de l’Environnement (IGE), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP ), Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), European Project: 654109,H2020,H2020-INFRAIA-2014-2015,ACTRIS-2(2015), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), University of Helsinki, University of Granada [Granada], Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Université de La Réunion (UR)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, and Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Météo France-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Atmospheric Science, Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW), 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Planetary boundary layer, QC1-999, [SDU.STU.ME]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Meteorology, 010501 environmental sciences, Spatial distribution, Atmospheric sciences, 114 Physical sciences, 01 natural sciences, Atmosphere, medicine, Cloud condensation nuclei, 14. Life underwater, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, QD1-999, Diel vertical migration, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Physics, Seasonality, medicine.disease, Aerosol, Chemistry, 13. Climate action, Environmental science, Climate model, Trollobservatoriet
Abstract: This research was supported by the European Commission's Horizon 2020 Framework Programme (ACTRIS2 (grant agreement no. 654109)), the University of Helsinki, the Finnish Meteorological Institute, the Department of Science and Innovation of South Africa, the Academy of Finland Centre of Excellence programme (project no. 272041), the Academy of Finland project Greenhouse gas, aerosol and albedo variations in the changing Arctic (project no. 269095), the Novel Assessment of Black Carbon in the Eurasian Arctic: From Historical Concentrations and Sources to Future Climate Impacts (NABCEA, project no. 296302), the Korea Meteorological Administration Research and Development Program "Development of Monitoring and Analysis Techniques for Atmospheric Composition in Korea" (grant no. KMA2018-00522), the National Research Foundation of Korea (grant no. 2017R1D1A1B06032548), the Korea Meteorological Administration Research and Development Program (grant no. KMI2018-01111), the Taiwan Environmental Protection Administration, the China Meteorological Administration, the National Scientific Foundation of China (41675129, 41875147), the National Key R&D Program of the Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China (grant no. 2016YFC0203305 and 2018YFC0213204), the Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sci-ences (2020KJ001), the Innovation Team for Haze-fog Observation and Forecasts of MOST and CMA, CNRS-INSU, the French Ministry for Research under the ACTRIS-FR national research infrastructure, the French Ministry of the Environment, MeteoSwiss (GAW-CH aerosol monitoring programme), the Swiss State Secretariat for Education, Research and Innovation (SERI), the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports of CR within National Sustainability Program I (NPU I, grant no. LO1415), ERDF "ACTRISCZ RI" (grant no. CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/16_013/0001315), CRISOL (CGL2017-85344-R MINECO/AEI/FEDER, UE), TIGAS-CM (Madrid Regional Government Y2018/EMT-5177), AIRTECCM (Madrid Regional Government P2018/EMT4329), REDMAAS2020 (RED2018-102594-T CIENCIA), Red de Excelencia ACTRIS-ESPANA (CGL2017-90884-REDT), the Spanish Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness, FEDER funds (project HOUSE, grant no. CGL2016-78594-R), the Generalitat de Catalunya (AGAUR 2017 SGR41 and the DGQA), the National Institute for Aerospace Technology, the Ministerio Espanol de Economia, Industria y Competitividad (MINECO), the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (projects no. CGL2016-81092-R, CGL2017-90884-REDT, RTI2018-097864-BI00 and PGC2018-098770-B-I00), the Andalusia Regional Government (project no. P18-RT-3820), the PANhellenic infrastructure for Atmospheric Composition and climate change (MIS 5021516), Research and Innovation Infrastructure, Competitiveness, Entrepreneurship and Innovation (grant no. NSRF 20142020), the Italian Ministry of Research and Education, the Norwegian Environment Agency, Swedish FORMAS, the Swedish Research Council (VR), the Magnus Bergvall foundation, the Marta och Erik Holmberg foundation, and the Swedish EPA., Aerosol particles are a complex component of the atmospheric system which influence climate directly by interacting with solar radiation, and indirectly by contributing to cloud formation. The variety of their sources, as well as the multiple transformations they may undergo during their transport (including wet and dry deposition), result in significant spatial and temporal variability of their properties. Documenting this variability is essential to provide a proper representation of aerosols and cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) in climate models. Using measurements conducted in 2016 or 2017 at 62 ground-based stations around the world, this study provides the most up-to-date picture of the spatial distribution of particle number concentration (N-tot) and number size distribution (PNSD, from 39 sites). A sensitivity study was first performed to assess the impact of data availability on N-tot's annual and seasonal statistics, as well as on the analysis of its diel cycle. Thresholds of 50% and 60% were set at the seasonal and annual scale, respectively, for the study of the corresponding statistics, and a slightly higher coverage (75 %) was required to document the diel cycle. Although some observations are common to a majority of sites, the variety of environments characterizing these stations made it possible to highlight contrasting findings, which, among other factors, seem to be significantly related to the level of anthropogenic influence. The concentrations measured at polar sites are the lowest (similar to 10(2) cm(-3)) and show a clear seasonality, which is also visible in the shape of the PNSD, while diel cycles are in general less evident, due notably to the absence of a regular day-night cycle in some seasons. In contrast, the concentrations characteristic of urban environments are the highest (similar to 10(3)-10(4) cm(-3)) and do not show pronounced seasonal variations, whereas diel cycles tend to be very regular over the year at these stations. The remaining sites, including mountain and non-urban continental and coastal stations, do not exhibit as obvious common behaviour as polar and urban sites and display, on average, intermediate N-tot (similar to 10(2)-10(3) cm(-3)). Particle concentrations measured at mountain sites, however, are generally lower compared to nearby lowland sites, and tend to exhibit somewhat more pronounced seasonal variations as a likely result of the strong impact of the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) influence in connection with the topography of the sites. ABL dynamics also likely contribute to the diel cycle of N-tot observed at these stations. Based on available PNSD measurements, CCN-sized particles (considered here as either >50 nm or >100 nm) can represent from a few percent to almost all of N-tot, corresponding to seasonal medians on the order of similar to 10 to 1000 cm(-3), with seasonal patterns and a hierarchy of the site types broadly similar to those observed for N-tot. Overall, this work illustrates the importance of in situ measurements, in particular for the study of aerosol physical properties, and thus strongly supports the development of a broad global network of near surface observatories to increase and homogenize the spatial coverage of the measurements, and guarantee as well data availability and quality. The results of this study also provide a valuable, freely available and easy to use support for model comparison and validation, with the ultimate goal of contributing to improvement of the representation of aerosol-cloud interactions in models, and, therefore, of the evaluation of the impact of aerosol particles on climate., European Commission's Horizon 2020 Framework Programme (ACTRIS2) 654109, University of Helsinki, Finnish Meteorological Institute, Department of Science and Innovation of South Africa, Academy of Finland 272041, Academy of Finland project Greenhouse gas, aerosol and albedo variations in the changing Arctic 269095, Novel Assessment of Black Carbon in the Eurasian Arctic: From Historical Concentrations and Sources to Future Climate Impacts (NABCEA) 296302, Korea Meteorological Administration Research and Development Program "Development of Monitoring and Analysis Techniques for Atmospheric Composition in Korea" KMA2018-00522, National Research Foundation of Korea 2017R1D1A1B06032548, Korea Meteorological Administration Research and Development Program KMI2018-01111, Taiwan Environmental Protection Administration, China Meteorological Administration, National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) 41675129 41875147, National Key R&D Program of the Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China 2016YFC0203305 2018YFC0213204, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences 2020KJ001, Innovation Team for Haze-fog Observation and Forecast of MOST Innovation Team for Haze-fog Observation and Forecast of CMA Innovation Team for Haze-fog Observation and Forecast of CNRS-INSU, French Ministry for Research under the ACTRIS-FR national research infrastructure, French Ministry of the Environment, MeteoSwiss (GAW-CH aerosol monitoring programme), Swiss State Secretariat for Education, Research and Innovation (SERI), Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports of CR within National Sustainability Program I (NPU I) LO1415, ERDF "ACTRISCZ RI" CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/16_013/0001315, CRISOL CGL2017-85344, TIGAS-CM (Madrid Regional Government) Y2018/EMT-5177, AIRTECCM (Madrid Regional Government) P2018/EMT4329, REDMAAS2020 RED2018-102594-T, Red de Excelencia ACTRIS-ESPANA CGL2017-90884-REDT, Spanish Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness, FEDER funds CGL2016-78594-R, Generalitat de Catalunya, General Electric AGAUR 2017 SGR41, National Institute for Aerospace Technology, Ministerio Espanol de Economia, Industria y Competitividad (MINECO) Spanish Government CGL2017-90884-REDT CGL2016-81092-R RTI2018-097864-BI00 PGC2018-098770-B-I00, Andalusia Regional Government P18-RT-3820, PANhellenic infrastructure for Atmospheric Composition and climate change MIS 5021516, Research and Innovation Infrastructure, Competitiveness, Entrepreneurship and Innovation NSRF 20142020, Ministry of Education, Universities and Research (MIUR), Norwegian Environment Agency, Swedish FORMAS, Swedish Research Council, Magnus Bergvall foundation, Marta och Erik Holmberg foundation, Swedish EPA
Published: 2021

2. Earth, Wind, Fire, and Pollution: Aerosol Nutrient Sources and Impacts on Ocean Biogeochemistry

Author: Robert Wagner, Stelios Myriokefalitakis, Douglas S. Hamilton, Willy Maenhaut, Nazli Olgun, Kerstin Schepanski, Andrew R. Bowie, Rebecca R. Buchholz, Tami C. Bond, Natalie M. Mahowald, Morgane M. G. Perron, Alessandro Tagliabue, Cécile Guieu, Sagar D. Rathod, Akinori Ito, Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences [Ithaca) (EAS), Cornell University [New York], University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign (UIUC), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign [Urbana], University of Illinois System-University of Illinois System, Antarctic Climate and Ecosystems Cooperative Research Centre (ACE-CRC), Atmospheric Chemistry Observations and Modeling Laboratory (ACOML), National Center for Atmospheric Research [Boulder] (NCAR), Laboratoire d'océanographie de Villefranche (LOV), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de la Mer de Villefranche (IMEV), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Universiteit Gent = Ghent University [Belgium] (UGENT), Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory [Heraklion] (ECPL), Department of Chemistry [Heraklion], and University of Crete [Heraklion] (UOC)-University of Crete [Heraklion] (UOC)
Subjects: Pollution, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Oceans and Seas, media_common.quotation_subject, Wind, 010501 environmental sciences, Oceanography, 01 natural sciences, Phytoplankton, Ecosystem, Marine ecosystem, 14. Life underwater, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, media_common, Aerosols, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Atmosphere, Biogeochemistry, Biota, Nutrients, 15. Life on land, Earth system science, Deposition (aerosol physics), 13. Climate action, Environmental science
Abstract: International audience; A key Earth system science question is the role of atmospheric deposition in supplying vital nutrients to the phytoplankton that form the base of marine food webs. Industrial and vehicular pollution, wildfires, volcanoes, biogenic debris, and desert dust all carry nutrients within their plumes throughout the globe. In remote ocean ecosystems, aerosol deposition represents an essential new source of nutrients for primary production. The large spatiotemporal variability in aerosols from myriad sources combined with the differential responses of marine biota to changing fluxes makes it crucially important to understand where, when, and how much nutrients from the atmosphere enter marine ecosystems. This review brings together existing literature, experimental evidence of impacts, and new atmospheric nutrient observations that can be compared with atmospheric and ocean biogeochemistry modeling. We evaluate the contribution and spatiotemporal variability of nutrient-bearing aerosols from desert dust, wildfire, volcanic, and anthropogenic sources, including the organic component, deposition fluxes, and oceanic impacts. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Marine Science, Volume 14 is January 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
Published: 2022

3. Bioaerosols and dust are the dominant sources of organic P in atmospheric particles

Author: Kalliopi Violaki, Athanasios Nenes, Maria Tsagkaraki, Marco Paglione, Stéphanie Jacquet, Richard Sempéré, Christos Panagiotopoulos, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Institut méditerranéen d'océanologie (MIO), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Toulon (UTLN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratory of Atmospheric Processes and their Impacts (LAPI), Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas - Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences, Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory [Heraklion] (ECPL), Department of Chemistry [Heraklion], University of Crete [Heraklion] (UOC)-University of Crete [Heraklion] (UOC), CNR Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate (ISAC), National Research Council of Italy | Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), European Project: 726165, European Project: 0707624(2007), Laboratory of Atmospheric Processes and their Impacts, and Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR)
Subjects: Atmospheric Science, Atmospheric chemistry, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, aerosol, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, deposition, 01 natural sciences, Environmental impact, 03 medical and health sciences, Meteorology. Climatology, Environmental Chemistry, GE1-350, 14. Life underwater, airborne pollen, phosphorus, climate, 030304 developmental biology, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, particulate matter, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, 0303 health sciences, Global and Planetary Change, mannitol, Environmental sciences, desert dust, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], 13. Climate action, QC851-999, eastern mediterranean sea, levantine basin
Abstract: Several studies assessed the impact of inorganic P in fertilizing oligotrophic areas, however, the importance of organic P in such fertilization processes received far less attention. In this study, the amount and origin of organic P delivered to the eastern Mediterranean Sea were characterized in atmospheric particles using the positive matrix factorization model (PMF). Phospholipids together with other chemical compounds (sugars, metals) were used as tracers in PMF. The model revealed that dominant sources of organic P are bioaerosols and dust. The amount of organic P from bioaerosols (~4 Gg P y−1) is similar to the amount of soluble inorganic P originating from dust aerosols; this is especially true during highly stratified periods when surface waters are strongly P-limited. The deposition of organic P from bioaerosols can constitute a considerable flux of bioavailable P—even during periods of dust episodes, implying that airborne biological particles can potentially fertilize marine ecosystems.
Published: 2021

4. A European aerosol phenomenology - 7: High-time resolution chemical characteristics of submicron particulate matter across Europe

Author: Bressi, M., Cavalli, F., Putaud, J.P., Fröhlich, R., Petit, J.-E., Aas, W., Äijälä, M., Alastuey, A., Allan, J.D., Aurela, M., Berico, M., Bougiatioti, A., Bukowiecki, N., Canonaco, F., Crenn, V., Dusanter, S., Ehn, M., Elsasser, M., Flentje, H., Graf, P., Green, D.C., Heikkinen, L., Hermann, H., Holzinger, R., Hueglin, C., Keernik, H., Kiendler-Scharr, A., Kubelová, L., Lunder, C., Maasikmets, M., Makeš, O., Malaguti, A., Mihalopoulos, N., Nicolas, J.B., O'Dowd, C., Ovadnevaite, J., Petralia, E., Poulain, L., Priestman, M., Riffault, V., Ripoll, A., Schlag, P., Schwarz, J., Sciare, J., Slowik, J., Sosedova, Y., Stavroulas, I., Teinemaa, E., Via, M., Vodička, P., Williams, P.I., Wiedensohler, A., Young, D.E., Zhang, S., Favez, O., Minguillón, M.C., Prevot, A.S.H., Sub Atmospheric physics and chemistry, Energy, Resources & Technological Change, Marine and Atmospheric Research, Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU), University of Helsinki, Laboratoire de Physique de l'ENS Lyon (Phys-ENS), École normale supérieure - Lyon (ENS Lyon)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon, School of Earth, Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences [Manchester] (SEAES), University of Manchester [Manchester], Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI), Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory [Heraklion] (ECPL), Department of Chemistry [Heraklion], University of Crete [Heraklion] (UOC)-University of Crete [Heraklion] (UOC), Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry [Paul Scherrer Institute] (LAC), Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Ecole nationale supérieure Mines-Télécom Lille Douai (IMT Nord Europe), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT), Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR), German Meteorological Service, EMPA Air Pollution/Environmental Technology, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology [Dübendorf] (EMPA), King‘s College London, Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research [Utrecht] (IMAU), Utrecht University [Utrecht], EMPA, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Testing and Research, Estonian Environmental Research Center, Tallinn, Estonia, Institut für Energie- und Klimaforschung - Troposphäre (IEK-8), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, CESNET [Prague], Czech Academy of Sciences [Prague] (CAS), Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA), Landwirtschaftliches Zentrum, Tallinn University, University of Crete [Heraklion] (UOC), Centre for Climate and Air Pollution Studies [Galway] (C-CAPS), National University of Ireland [Galway] (NUI Galway), Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC), Institut de chimie et procédés pour l'énergie, l'environnement et la santé (ICPEES), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Matériaux et nanosciences d'Alsace, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA), Instituto Universitario de Investigacion de Nanocienca de Aragon, University of Zaragoza - Universidad de Zaragoza [Zaragoza], Institute of Chemical Technology [Prague] (ICT), Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, Department of Earth Sciences [Manchester], Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), JRC Institute for Environment and Sustainability (IES), European Commission - Joint Research Centre [Ispra] (JRC), Chimie Atmosphérique Expérimentale (CAE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Ecole nationale supérieure Mines-Télécom Lille Douai (IMT Lille Douai), Centre for Energy and Environment (CERI EE), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT), Norwegian Ministry of Climate and Environment Strategic Institute Program, Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness, Météo-France, EMME-CARE, UK National Research Council, UK Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA), Greek Operational Programme' Competitiveness, Entrepreneurship and Innovation' (NSRF 2014–2020), European Regional Development Fund, French Ministry of Higher Education and Research, French CNRS, French Regional Council 'Hauts-de-France', Czech ACTRIS-CZ RI (CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/16_013/0001315), EPA Ireland, Irish Department of Communications, Climate Action and Environment (DCCAE), German Federal Environmental Agency, French ADEME, COST COLOSSAL CA16109, PRISMA project (CGL2012-39623-C02-1), ClearfLo project (NE/H008136/1), 'Panhellenic infrastructure for atmospheric composition and climate change, PANACEA' (MIS 5021516), CPER CLIMIBIO, CPER IRENI, Czech MEYS’s project (LTC18068), German Ultrafine Aerosol Network GUAN (F&E 370343200, F&E 371143232), ChArMEx project, ANR-11-LABX-0005,Cappa,Physiques et Chimie de l'Environnement Atmosphérique(2011), European Project: 262254,EC:FP7:INFRA,FP7-INFRASTRUCTURES-2010-1,ACTRIS(2011), European Project: 654109,H2020,H2020-INFRAIA-2014-2015,ACTRIS-2(2015), European Project: 603445,EC:FP7:ENV,FP7-ENV-2013-two-stage,BACCHUS(2013), Sub Atmospheric physics and chemistry, Energy, Resources & Technological Change, Marine and Atmospheric Research, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Helsingin yliopisto = Helsingfors universitet = University of Helsinki, Centre for Energy and Environment (CERI EE - IMT Nord Europe), Department of Physics, European Commission, Alastuey, Andrés [0000-0002-5453-5495], Minguillón, María Cruz [0000-0002-5464-0391], Alastuey, Andrés, and Minguillón, María Cruz
Subjects: Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Chemical composition, 010501 environmental sciences, 01 natural sciences, Environmental pollution, German, Meteorology. Climatology, 11. Sustainability, ddc:550, Aerosoles, AMS, ORGANIC AEROSOL, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, General Environmental Science, media_common, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Time resolution, Mass sprectrometry, TD172-193.5, SOURCE APPORTIONMENT, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, language, MONTSEC SOUTHERN PYRENEES, Phenomenology, Research center, Chemical compositions, Entrepreneurship, Higher education, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, AIR-QUALITY, European Regional Development Fund, Library science, 114 Physical sciences, SPECIATION MONITOR, Political science, media_common.cataloged_instance, European union, Aerosol, 1172 Environmental sciences, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, RESOLVED MEASUREMENTS, Government, Mass spectrometry, business.industry, COMPONENTS, language.human_language, CARBONACEOUS AEROSOLS, 13. Climate action, MASS-SPECTROMETER, QC851-999, business
Abstract: Similarities and differences in the submicron atmospheric aerosol chemical composition are analyzed from a unique set of measurements performed at 21 sites across Europe for at least one year. These sites are located between 35 and 62°N and 10° W – 26°E, and represent various types of settings (remote, coastal, rural, industrial, urban). Measurements were all carried out on-line with a 30-min time resolution using mass spectroscopy based instruments known as Aerosol Chemical Speciation Monitors (ACSM) and Aerosol Mass Spectrometers (AMS) and following common measurement guidelines. Data regarding organics, sulfate, nitrate and ammonium concentrations, as well as the sum of them called non-refractory submicron aerosol mass concentration ([NR-PM1]) are discussed. NR-PM1 concentrations generally increase from remote to urban sites. They are mostly larger in the mid-latitude band than in southern and northern Europe. On average, organics account for the major part (36–64%) of NR-PM1 followed by sulfate (12–44%) and nitrate (6–35%). The annual mean chemical composition of NR-PM1 at rural (or regional background) sites and urban background sites are very similar. Considering rural and regional background sites only, nitrate contribution is higher and sulfate contribution is lower in mid-latitude Europe compared to northern and southern Europe. Large seasonal variations in concentrations (μg/m³) of one or more components of NR-PM1 can be observed at all sites, as well as in the chemical composition of NR-PM1 (%) at most sites. Significant diel cycles in the contribution to [NR-PM1] of organics, sulfate, and nitrate can be observed at a majority of sites both in winter and summer. Early morning minima in organics in concomitance with maxima in nitrate are common features at regional and urban background sites. Daily variations are much smaller at a number of coastal and rural sites. Looking at NR-PM1 chemical composition as a function of NR-PM1 mass concentration reveals that although organics account for the major fraction of NR-PM1 at all concentration levels at most sites, nitrate contribution generally increases with NR-PM1 mass concentration and predominates when NR-PM1 mass concentrations exceed 40 μg/m³ at half of the sites., This study was partially supported by the European Union's projects ACTRIS (EU FP7-262254) and ACTRIS-2 (EU Horizon 2020–654109). COST Action CA16109 COLOSSAL, Chemical On-Line cOmpoSition and Source Apportionment of fine aerosoL, is acknowledged. The ACSM observations at Birkenes was funded by the Norwegian Ministry of Climate and Environment Strategic Institute Program. IDAEA-CSIC (3 datasets: BCN, MSA, MSY) was partially supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness and FEDER funds under the PRISMA project (CGL 2012-39623-C02-1). The London measurements were supported by the UK National Research Council through the ClearfLo project and a PhD studentship (grant refs. NE/H008136/1 and NE/I528142/1) and the Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA). ECPL personel, namely Nikolaos Mihalopoulos, Aikaterini Bougiatioti and Iasonas Stavroulas acknowledge support by the project “Panhellenic infrastructure for atmospheric composition and climate change, PANACEA” (MIS 5021516) which is implemented under the Action “Reinforcement of the Research and Innovation Infrastructure”, funded by the Operational Programme” Competitiveness, Entrepreneurship and Innovation” (NSRF 2014–2020) and co-financed by Greece and the European Union (European Regional Development Fund). IMT Lille Douai acknowledges financial support from the CaPPA (Chemical and Physical Properties of the Atmosphere) project funded by the French National Research Agency (ANR) through the PIA (Programme d'Investissement d'Avenir) under contract ANR-11-LABX-0005-01, and two CPER projects funded by the French Ministry of Higher Education and Research, the CNRS, the Regional Council “Hauts-de-France” and the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF): Climibio, and IRENI (additionally financed by the Communauté Urbaine de Dunkerque). S. Zhang thanks IMT Lille Douai and the Regional Council “Hauts-de-France” for her PhD grant. Prague co-authors would like to acknowledge a Czech MEYS's project under INTER-EXCELENCE INTERCOST program under grant agreement LTC18068 and from European Regional Development Fund-Project under the grant ACTRIS-CZ RI (CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/16_013/0001315). EPA Ireland, Department of Communications, Climate Action and Environment (DCCAE) and the European Union's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007–2013) project BACCHUS under grant agreement n_603445 are acknowledged for research support at Mace Head. The physical measurements were also funded by the German Ultrafine Aerosol Network GUAN, which was jointly established with help of the German Federal Environment Ministry (BMU) grants F&E 370343200 (German title: “Erfassung der Zahl feiner und ultrafeiner Partikel in der Auβenluft”), 2008–2010, and F&E 371143232 (German title: “Trendanalysen gesundheitsgefährdender Fein-und Ultrafeinstaubfraktionen unter Nutzung der im German Ultrafine Aerosol Network (GUAN) ermittelten Immissionsdaten durch Fortführung und Interpretation der Messreihen”) 2012–2014. We also acknowledge the WCCAP (World Calibration Center for Aerosol Physics) as part of the WMO-GAW program. The WCCAP is base-funded by the German Federal Environmental Agency (Umweltbundesamt), Germany. Support by the European Regional Development Funds (EFRE – Europe funds Saxony) is gratefully acknowledged. Atmospheric measurements performed in Corsica is part of the ChArMEx project supported by CNRS-INSU, ADEME, Météo-France and CEA in the framework of the multidisciplinary programme MISTRALS (Mediterranean Integrated Studies aT Regional And Local Scales; http://mistrals-home.org/, last access: June 10, 2020). Final data processing of these measurements has been supported by the EMME-CARE (Eastern Mediterranean and Middle East Climate and Atmosphere Research Center) which has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No. 856612 and the Cyprus Government. The measurements in Switzerland were supported by the Federal Office for the Environment. We thank the International Foundation High Altitude Research Stations Jungfraujoch and Gornergrat (HFSJG) for the opportunity to perform experiments on the Jungfraujoch.
Published: 2021

5. Changing atmospheric acidity as a modulator of nutrient deposition and ocean biogeochemistry

Author: Athanasios Nenes, Morgane M. G. Perron, Manmohan Sarin, Rachel U. Shelley, Cécile Guieu, Natalie M. Mahowald, Maria Kanakidou, Robert A. Duce, Tim Jickells, Stelios Myriokefalitakis, Akinori Ito, Peter Croot, Yuan Gao, David R. Turner, Rob Middag, Alex R. Baker, Laboratoire d'océanographie de Villefranche (LOV), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de la Mer de Villefranche (IMEV), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of East Anglia [Norwich] (UEA), University of Crete [Heraklion] (UOC), Foundation for Research and Technology - Hellas (FORTH), Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory [Heraklion] (ECPL), Department of Chemistry [Heraklion], University of Crete [Heraklion] (UOC)-University of Crete [Heraklion] (UOC), Leibniz-Institut für Meereswissenschaften (IFM-GEOMAR), Department of Atmospheric Sciences [College Station], Texas A&M University [College Station], Beihang University (BUAA), Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), School of Environmental Sciences [Norwich], Cornell University [New York], Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research (NIOZ), University of Tasmania [Hobart, Australia] (UTAS), Physical Research Laboratory [Ahmedabad] (PRL), Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), and University of Gothenburg (GU)
Subjects: Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, ph, Environmental Studies, bioavailable phosphorus, Reviews, Review, 010501 environmental sciences, Mineral dust, 01 natural sciences, Sea surface microlayer, soluble organic-matter, nitrogen, Atmosphere, Nutrient, [SDU.STU.GC]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geochemistry, iron solubility, 14. Life underwater, skin and connective tissue diseases, southern-ocean, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, mineral dust, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Multidisciplinary, fungi, Biogeochemistry, Particulates, 15. Life on land, Deposition (aerosol physics), speciation, 13. Climate action, Environmental chemistry, Environmental science, aerosol acidity, Seawater, particle water, sense organs, SciAdv reviews, Deposition (chemistry), geographic locations
Abstract: Changing atmospheric acidity alters the delivery of nutrients to the ocean and affects marine productivity and ecology., Anthropogenic emissions to the atmosphere have increased the flux of nutrients, especially nitrogen, to the ocean, but they have also altered the acidity of aerosol, cloud water, and precipitation over much of the marine atmosphere. For nitrogen, acidity-driven changes in chemical speciation result in altered partitioning between the gas and particulate phases that subsequently affect long-range transport. Other important nutrients, notably iron and phosphorus, are affected, because their soluble fractions increase upon exposure to acidic environments during atmospheric transport. These changes affect the magnitude, distribution, and deposition mode of individual nutrients supplied to the ocean, the extent to which nutrient deposition interacts with the sea surface microlayer during its passage into bulk seawater, and the relative abundances of soluble nutrients in atmospheric deposition. Atmospheric acidity change therefore affects ecosystem composition, in addition to overall marine productivity, and these effects will continue to evolve with changing anthropogenic emissions in the future.
Published: 2021

6. A global analysis of climate-relevant aerosol properties retrieved from the network of Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW) near-surface observatories

Author: P. Laj, A. Bigi, C. Rose, E. Andrews, C. Lund Myhre, M. Collaud Coen, Y. Lin, A. Wiedensohler, M. Schulz, J. A. Ogren, M. Fiebig, J. Gliß, A. Mortier, M. Pandolfi, T. Petäja, S.-W. Kim, W. Aas, J.-P. Putaud, O. Mayol-Bracero, M. Keywood, L. Labrador, P. Aalto, E. Ahlberg, L. Alados Arboledas, A. Alastuey, M. Andrade, B. Artíñano, S. Ausmeel, T. Arsov, E. Asmi, J. Backman, U. Baltensperger, S. Bastian, O. Bath, J. P. Beukes, B. T. Brem, N. Bukowiecki, S. Conil, C. Couret, D. Day, W. Dayantolis, A. Degorska, K. Eleftheriadis, P. Fetfatzis, O. Favez, H. Flentje, M. I. Gini, A. Gregorič, M. Gysel-Beer, A. G. Hallar, J. Hand, A. Hoffer, C. Hueglin, R. K. Hooda, A. Hyvärinen, I. Kalapov, N. Kalivitis, A. Kasper-Giebl, J. E. Kim, G. Kouvarakis, I. Kranjc, R. Krejci, M. Kulmala, C. Labuschagne, H.-J. Lee, H. Lihavainen, N.-H. Lin, G. Löschau, K. Luoma, A. Marinoni, S. Martins Dos Santos, F. Meinhardt, M. Merkel, J.-M. Metzger, N. Mihalopoulos, N. A. Nguyen, J. Ondracek, N. Pérez, M. R. Perrone, J.-E. Petit, D. Picard, J.-M. Pichon, V. Pont, N. Prats, A. Prenni, F. Reisen, S. Romano, K. Sellegri, S. Sharma, G. Schauer, P. Sheridan, J. P. Sherman, M. Schütze, A. Schwerin, R. Sohmer, M. Sorribas, M. Steinbacher, J. Sun, G. Titos, B. Toczko, T. Tuch, P. Tulet, P. Tunved, V. Vakkari, F. Velarde, P. Velasquez, P. Villani, S. Vratolis, S.-H. Wang, K. Weinhold, R. Weller, M. Yela, J. Yus-Diez, V. Zdimal, P. Zieger, N. Zikova, INAR Physics, Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR), Institut des Géosciences de l’Environnement (IGE), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP ), Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), National Research Council of Italy | Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Helsingin yliopisto = Helsingfors universitet = University of Helsinki, Università degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia = University of Modena and Reggio Emilia (UNIMORE), Laboratoire de Météorologie Physique (LaMP), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Clermont Auvergne [2017-2020] (UCA [2017-2020])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), University of Colorado [Boulder]-National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory (ESRL), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU), Federal Office of Meteorology and Climatology MeteoSwiss, Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Norwegian Meteorological Institute [Oslo] (MET), Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC), School of Earth and Environmental Sciences [Seoul] (SEES), Seoul National University [Seoul] (SNU), JRC Institute for Environment and Sustainability (IES), European Commission - Joint Research Centre [Ispra] (JRC), Universidad Mayor de San Andrés (UMSA), Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas Medioambientales y Tecnológicas [Madrid] (CIEMAT), Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI), Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry [Paul Scherrer Institute] (LAC), Agence Nationale pour la Gestion des Déchets Radioactifs (ANDRA), Iinstitute of Environmental Protection - National Research Institute (IOS-PIB), Environmental Radioactivity laboratory (ERL), Institute of Nuclear and Radiological Sciences and Technology, Energy and Safety (INRASTES), National Center for Scientific Research 'Demokritos' (NCSR)-National Center for Scientific Research 'Demokritos' (NCSR), National Centre for Scientific Research Demokritos, Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), Deutscher Wetterdienst [Offenbach] (DWD), Department of Computer Science and Engineering [Minneapolis], University of Minnesota [Twin Cities] (UMN), University of Minnesota System-University of Minnesota System, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology [Dübendorf] (EMPA), Arctic Space Centre [Helsinki], Bulgarian Academy of Sciences (BAS), University of Crete [Heraklion] (UOC), Institute for Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Vienna University of Technology (TU Wien), Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory [Heraklion] (ECPL), Department of Chemistry [Heraklion], University of Crete [Heraklion] (UOC)-University of Crete [Heraklion] (UOC), Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry [Stockholm] (ACES), Stockholm University, South African Weather Service (SAWS), Department of Medicine [New York], Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai [New York] (MSSM), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de La Réunion (OSU-Réunion), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de La Réunion (UR), Institute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development (IERSD), National Observatory of Athens (NOA), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Chimie Atmosphérique Expérimentale (CAE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'aérologie (LAERO), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), NERC National Centre for Earth Observation (NCEO), Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), Laboratoire de l'Atmosphère et des Cyclones (LACy), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France, Institute for Applied Environmental Research [Stockholm], Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung (AWI), Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial (INTA), European Project: 654109,H2020,H2020-INFRAIA-2014-2015,ACTRIS-2(2015), 10092390 - Beukes, Johan Paul, European Commission, Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP ), CNR - National Research Council of Italy, University of Helsinki, Università degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Météo France, Laj, P., Bigi, A., Rose, C., Andrews, E., Lund Myhre, C., Collaud Coen, M., Lin, Y., Wiedensohler, A., Schulz, M., A. Ogren, J., Fiebig, M., Gliss, J., Mortier, A., Pandolfi, M., Petaja, T., Kim, S. -W., Aas, W., Putaud, J. -P., Mayol-Bracero, O., Keywood, M., Labrador, L., Aalto, P., Ahlberg, E., Alados Arboledas, L., Alastuey, A., Andrade, M., Artinano, B., Ausmeel, S., Arsov, T., Asmi, E., Backman, J., Baltensperger, U., Bastian, S., Bath, O., Paul Beukes, J., T. Brem, B., Bukowiecki, N., Conil, S., Couret, C., Day, D., Dayantolis, W., Degorska, A., Eleftheriadis, K., Fetfatzis, P., Favez, O., Flentje, H., I. Gini, M., Gregoric, A., Gysel-Beer, M., Gannet Hallar, A., Hand, J., Hoffer, A., Hueglin, C., K. Hooda, R., Hyvarinen, A., Kalapov, I., Kalivitis, N., Kasper-Giebl, A., Eun Kim, J., Kouvarakis, G., Kranjc, I., Krejci, R., Kulmala, M., Labuschagne, C., Lee, H. -J., Lihavainen, H., Lin, N. -H., Loschau, G., Luoma, K., Marinoni, A., Martins Dos Santos, S., Meinhardt, F., Merkel, M., Metzger, J. -M., Mihalopoulos, N., Anh Nguyen, N., Ondracek, J., Perez, N., Rita Perrone, M., Pichon, J. -M., Picard, D., Pont, V., Prats, N., Prenni, A., Reisen, F., Romano, S., Sellegri, K., Sharma, S., Schauer, G., Sheridan, P., Patrick Sherman, J., Schutze, M., Schwerin, A., Sohmer, R., Sorribas, M., Steinbacher, M., Sun, J., Titos, G., Toczko, B., Tuch, T., Tulet, P., Tunved, P., Vakkari, V., Velarde, F., Velasquez, P., Villani, P., Vratolis, S., Wang, S. -H., Weinhold, K., Weller, R., Yela, M., Yus-Diez, J., Zdimal, V., Zieger, P., and Zikova, N.
Subjects: Earth's energy budget, 1171 Geosciences, Atmospheric Science, Eearth radiation balance, PARTICLE NUMBER, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Particle number, Meteorology, VISIBLE-LIGHT ABSORPTION, 010501 environmental sciences, 01 natural sciences, Atmosphere, PARTICULATE MATTER, Solar radiation, Cloud condensation nuclei, lcsh:TA170-171, ORGANIC AEROSOL, Physics::Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], SIZE DISTRIBUTIONS, lcsh:TA715-787, Global Atmosphere Watch, REGIONAL BACKGROUND SITES, lcsh:Earthwork. Foundations, Aerosol particles, OPTICAL-PROPERTIES, Albedo, Particulates, RADIATIVE PROPERTIES, Aerosol, lcsh:Environmental engineering, 13. Climate action, Greenhouse gas, FILTER-BASED MEASUREMENTS, BLACK CARBON, Environmental science, Trollobservatoriet, Global Climate Monitoring System
Abstract: Aerosol particles are essential constituents of the Earth’s atmosphere, impacting the earth radiation balance directly by scattering and absorbing solar radiation, and indirectly by acting as cloud condensation nuclei. In contrast to most greenhouse gases, aerosol particles have short atmospheric residence times, resulting in a highly heterogeneous distribution in space and time. There is a clear need to document this variability at regional scale through observations involving, in particular, the in situ near-surface segment of the atmospheric observation system. This paper will provide the widest effort so far to document variability of climate-relevant in situ aerosol properties (namely wavelength dependent particle light scattering and absorption coefficients, particle number concentration and particle number size distribution) from all sites connected to the Global Atmosphere Watch network. High-quality data from almost 90 stations worldwide have been collected and controlled for quality and are reported for a reference year in 2017, providing a very extended and robust view of the variability of these variables worldwide. The range of variability observed worldwide for light scattering and absorption coefficients, single-scattering albedo, and particle number concentration are presented together with preliminary information on their long-term trends and comparison with model simulation for the different stations. The scope of the present paper is also to provide the necessary suite of information, including data provision procedures, quality control and analysis, data policy, and usage of the ground-based aerosol measurement network. It delivers to users of the World Data Centre on Aerosol, the required confidence in data products in the form of a fully characterized value chain, including uncertainty estimation and requirements for contributing to the global climate monitoring system., European Commission Joint Research Centre 654109, European ERDF funds through different Spanish R&D projects of the Spanish Ministerio de Economia, Industria y Competitividad, NorthWest University, University of Helsinki, Academy of Finland 272041, Academy of Finland project Greenhouse gas 269095 296302, Korea Meteorological Administration Research and Development Program "Development of Monitoring and Analysis Techniques for Atmospheric Composition in Korea KMA2018-00522, National Research Foundation of Korea 2017R1D1A1B06032548, Korea Meteorological Administration Research and Development Program KMI2018-01111, Taiwan Environmental Protection Administration, Ministry of Research, France, French Ministry of the Environment, United States Environmental Protection Agency, MeteoSwiss (GAW-CH aerosol monitoring programme), Swiss State Secretariat for Education, Research and Innovation (SERI), Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports of CR within National Sustainability Program I (NPU I) LO1415, ERDF "ACTRISCZ RI" CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/16_013/0001315 CGL2017-85344-R MINECO/AEI/FEDER, TIGAS-CM (Madrid Regional Government) Y2018/EMT-5177, AIRTECCM (Madrid Regional Government) P2018/EMT4329 REDMAAS2020 RED2018-102594-T CIENCIA, Spanish Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness, European Union (EU) CGL2016-78594-R, Generalitat de Catalunya AGAUR 2017 SGR41, National Institute for Aerospace Technology, Ministerio Espanol de Economia, Industria y Competitividad (MINECO) MIS 5021516, Competitiveness, Entrepreneurship and Innovation, NSRF, Ministry of Education, Universities and Research (MIUR), Norwegian Environment Agency, Swedish FORMAS; Swedish Research Council (VR), Magnus Bergvall foundation, Marta och Erik Holmberg foundation, Swedish EPA
Published: 2020

7. Study of Atmospheric Turbidity in a Northern Tropical Region Using Models and Measurements of Global Solar Radiation

Author: Abdanour Irbah, Fatima Chouireb, Julien Delanoë, Mohamed Mimouni, Mohamed Zaiani, Djelloul Djafer, Dimitris Kaskaoutis, Sabrina Belaid Boualit, Constantino Listowski, Unité de Recherche Appliquée en Energies Renouvelables (URAER-Ghardaïa), Centre de Développement des Energies Renouvelables (CDER), Ministère de l'Enseignement Supérieur et de la Recherche Scientifique [Algérie] (MESRS)-Ministère de l'Enseignement Supérieur et de la Recherche Scientifique [Algérie] (MESRS), STRATO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), SPACE - LATMOS, Institute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development (IERSD), National Observatory of Athens (NOA), Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory [Heraklion] (ECPL), Department of Chemistry [Heraklion], University of Crete [Heraklion] (UOC)-University of Crete [Heraklion] (UOC), Laboratoire des Télécommunications, Signaux et Systèmes [Alger] (LTSS), Université Amar Telidji - Laghouat, and Office National de la Météorologie [Algeria] (ONM)
Subjects: 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Correlation coefficient, Science, 0211 other engineering and technologies, 02 engineering and technology, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, Atmosphere, linke turbidity, Radiative transfer, 021108 energy, Turbidity, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], business.industry, Solar energy, AERONET, clear sky model, 13. Climate action, angstrom coefficient, General Earth and Planetary Sciences, Environmental science, Satellite, business, Water vapor
Abstract: Radiative transfer in the Earth’s atmosphere under clear-sky conditions strongly depends on turbidity due to aerosols and hydrometeors. It is therefore important to know its temporal radiative properties for a given site when the objective is to optimize the solar energy that is collected there. Turbidity can be studied via measurements and models of the global solar radiation reaching the ground in cloudless conditions. These models generally depend on two parameters, namely the Angström turbidity coefficient and the Linke factor. This article aims to do a comparative study of five models of global solar radiation, all dependent on the Linke factor, based on real data. The measurements are provided by the Tamanrasset Meteorological Center (Algeria), which has a long series of global solar radiation data recorded between 2005 and 2011. Additional data from AERONET and MODIS onboard the TERRA satellite were also used to perform the comparison between the two estimated parameters and those obtained from AERONET. The study shows that the ESRA models are the most reliable among the five models for estimating the Linke factor with a correlation coefficient R of the data fits of 0.9995, a RMSE of 13.44 W/m2, a MBE of −0.64 W/m2 and a MAPE of 6.44%. The maximum and minimum statistical values were reached, respectively, in June and during the autumn months. The best correlation is also observed in the case of ESRA models between the Linke parameter and the joint optical thickness of aerosols and the total column-integrated water vapor. The Angström turbidity coefficient β, calculated from the Linke factor and MODIS data, has values less than 0.02 at 9% of the cases, and 76% present values ranging between 0.02 and 0.15 and 13% higher than 0.15. These β values are validated by AERONET measurements since a very good correlation (R≈0.87) is observed between the two datasets. The temporal variations of β also show a maximum in June. Satellite observations confirm more aerosols during the summer season, which are mostly related to the African monsoon.
Published: 2021

8. Pyrogenic iron: The missing link to high iron solubility in aerosols

Author: Matthew S. Johnson, Douglas S. Hamilton, Alex R. Baker, Robert A. Duce, Morgane M. G. Perron, Clifton S. Buck, Rachel U. Shelley, Akinori Ito, Stelios Myriokefalitakis, Athanasios Nenes, Tim Jickells, Rachel A. Scanza, Jasper F. Kok, Maria Kanakidou, Yan Feng, Manmohan Sarin, Cécile Guieu, Natalie M. Mahowald, Nicholas Meskhidze, William M. Landing, Andrew R. Bowie, Yuan Gao, Srinivas Bikkina, Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory [Heraklion] (ECPL), Department of Chemistry [Heraklion], University of Crete [Heraklion] (UOC)-University of Crete [Heraklion] (UOC), Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences [Ithaca) (EAS), Cornell University [New York], University of East Anglia [Norwich] (UEA), Institut de Recherche Dupuy de Lôme (IRDL), Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-École Nationale Supérieure de Techniques Avancées Bretagne (ENSTA Bretagne)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Florida State University [Tallahassee] (FSU), Antarctic Climate and Ecosystems Cooperative Research Centre (ACE-CRC), Laboratoire d'océanographie de Villefranche (LOV), Observatoire océanologique de Villefranche-sur-mer (OOVM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Durham University, Institute for Environmental Research & Sustainable Development, and National Observatory of Athens (NOA)
Subjects: Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Iron, Field data, Environmental Studies, Chemical, 010501 environmental sciences, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, complex mixtures, Soil, Models, Statistical analysis, 14. Life underwater, Solubility, Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean, Marine productivity, Research Articles, Volume concentration, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Aerosols, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Multidisciplinary, Atmosphere, Osmolar Concentration, SciAdv r-articles, Soil chemistry, Dust, Ferrosoferric Oxide, Aerosol, Indian ocean, Models, Chemical, 13. Climate action, Environmental chemistry, Environmental science, Research Article
Abstract: Air pollution creates high Fe solubility in pyrogenic aerosols, raising the flux of biologically essential Fe to the oceans., Atmospheric deposition is a source of potentially bioavailable iron (Fe) and thus can partially control biological productivity in large parts of the ocean. However, the explanation of observed high aerosol Fe solubility compared to that in soil particles is still controversial, as several hypotheses have been proposed to explain this observation. Here, a statistical analysis of aerosol Fe solubility estimated from four models and observations compiled from multiple field campaigns suggests that pyrogenic aerosols are the main sources of aerosols with high Fe solubility at low concentration. Additionally, we find that field data over the Southern Ocean display a much wider range in aerosol Fe solubility compared to the models, which indicate an underestimation of labile Fe concentrations by a factor of 15. These findings suggest that pyrogenic Fe-containing aerosols are important sources of atmospheric bioavailable Fe to the open ocean and crucial for predicting anthropogenic perturbations to marine productivity.
Published: 2019

9. Yearlong measurements of monoterpenes and isoprene in a Mediterranean city (Athens): Natural vs anthropogenic origin

Author: Nadine Locoge, Anastasia Panopoulou, Iasonas Stavroulas, Stéphane Sauvage, Eleni Liakakou, Nikolaos Mihalopoulos, Bernard Bonsang, Evangelos Gerasopoulos, Valérie Gros, Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory [Heraklion] (ECPL), Department of Chemistry [Heraklion], University of Crete [Heraklion] (UOC)-University of Crete [Heraklion] (UOC), Ecole nationale supérieure Mines-Télécom Lille Douai (IMT Lille Douai), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Chimie Atmosphérique Expérimentale (CAE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), and Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)
Subjects: [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Mediterranean climate, Atmospheric Science, Limonene, Ozone, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, 010501 environmental sciences, Noon, 01 natural sciences, Aerosol, chemistry.chemical_compound, chemistry, 13. Climate action, Environmental chemistry, Dominance (ecology), Environmental science, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Isoprene, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, General Environmental Science, Morning
Abstract: Monoterpenes and isoprene are important constituents of the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) due to their high reactivity and participation in ozone and secondary aerosol formation. The current work focuses on the results of a 13-month intensive campaign of high resolution time-resolved measurements of these compounds, at an urban background site in Athens, Greece. On an annual basis, monoterpenes (α-pinene and limonene) surpass the isoprene levels presenting mean values of 0.70 ± 0.83 μg m−3, 0.33 ± 0.78 μg m−3 and 0.19 ± 0.36 μg m−3, respectively. The large standard deviation highlights the significant diurnal and day-to-day variability. Isoprene presents a typical seasonal cycle, with a photochemically induced summer-time maximum. Enhanced noon levels are observed during summer, whereas a morning peak in the autumn and winter profiles occurs, despite the generally low levels encountered during these seasons. The monoterpenes deviate from the expected biogenic pattern, presenting higher mean levels during the cold period and a night-to-early morning enhancement strongly related to local anthropogenic tracers such as BC, CO, NO or toluene, as well as increased levels under wind speeds lower than 3 m s−1. Estimations of the anthropogenic and biogenic fractions based on the enhancement ratios of α-pinene versus a variety of anthropogenic tracers, demonstrate a clear dominance of the anthropogenic sources in all studied seasons. Simultaneously, the biogenic fraction increased during summer relative to winter by more than 10 times. Both α-pinene and limonene significantly contribute to locally formed secondary organic aerosol (SOA), determined by means of an ACSM, accounting for at least 22% and 13% of their levels in summer and winter respectively. Additionally, monoterpenes and isoprene contribute 6% to the observed oxidants levels (O3 + NOx) during summer.
Published: 2020

10. Organic phosphorus in atmospheric deposition over the Mediterranean Sea: An important missing piece of the phosphorus cycle

Author: François Bourrin, Kalliopi Violaki, N. Delsaut, Nikos Mihalopoulos, Dominique Aubert, Giorgos Kouvarakis, Environmental Chemistry Processes Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Centre de Formation et de Recherche sur les Environnements Méditérranéens (CEFREM), Université de Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Observatoire astronomique de Strasbourg (OAS), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Louis Pasteur - Strasbourg I-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory [Heraklion] (ECPL), Department of Chemistry [Heraklion], University of Crete [Heraklion] (UOC)-University of Crete [Heraklion] (UOC), Centre de formation et de recherche sur l'environnement marin (CEFREM), Université de Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut méditerranéen d'océanologie (MIO), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Université de Toulon (UTLN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Violaki, Kalliopi
Subjects: Wet season, Mediterranean climate, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, chemistry.chemical_element, 010501 environmental sciences, Aquatic Science, 01 natural sciences, Mediterranean sea, 14. Life underwater, Phosphorus cycle, Precipitation, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Hydrology, Phosphorus, Geology, New production, [SDE.MCG] Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, Deposition (aerosol physics), Oceanography, chemistry, 13. Climate action, Environmental chemistry, [SDE]Environmental Sciences
Abstract: International audience; To obtain a comprehensive picture of the spatial distribution of atmospheric phosphorus (P) speciation in the Mediterranean Sea, deposition samples were collected from the eastern (E) and northwestern (NW) Mediterranean and analyzed for both organic and inorganic P forms. Dissolved P, especially in organic form, is dominant during the wet season, while higher insoluble P fluxes are recorded during the dry period, mainly due to dust outbreaks. Wet deposition has a significant contribution to the atmospheric phosphorus flux; over the NW Mediterranean accounting for 80% of the total dissolved phosphorus (TDP). The seven-year average TDP flux during the wet season in the NW basin, of 1.78 mmol m −2 y −1 , is almost double that of the two-year average in the eastern Mediterranean. The difference is attributed mainly to the precipitation height being 2-3 times higher in the NW Mediterranean compared to the East. Dissolved organic phosphorus (DOP) is the dominant P fraction in both wet and dry deposition samples, presenting similar fluxes (1.16 and 0.94 mmol m −2 y −1 , in the eastern and northwestern basins respectively). Finally, assuming that all TDP is bioavailable, atmospheric deposition of TDP could account for up to 38% of new production in the eastern Mediterranean, while during oligotrophic periods of the NW Mediterranean it could increase the new production by 14%.
Published: 2018

11. Sugars in atmospheric aerosols over the Eastern Mediterranean

Author: Richard Sempéré, Christos Panagiotopoulos, Kalliopi Violaki, C. Theodosi, Nikolaos Mihalopoulos, Panagiota Nicolaou, Amel Nouara, Pavlos Zarmpas, Maria Kanakidou, Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory [Heraklion] (ECPL), Department of Chemistry [Heraklion], University of Crete [Heraklion] (UOC)-University of Crete [Heraklion] (UOC), Institute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development (IERSD), National Observatory of Athens (NOA), Institut méditerranéen d'océanologie (MIO), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Toulon (UTLN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Toulon (UTLN)
Subjects: biomass burning, Sucrose, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, 010501 environmental sciences, Aquatic Science, 01 natural sciences, Mediterranean Basin, GEOF, Carbon cycle, chemistry.chemical_compound, Mediterranean sea, Botany, Eastern Mediterranean Sea, Sugar, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Total organic carbon, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Levoglucosan, Geology, Aerosol characterization, Aerosol, Oceanography, chemistry, 13. Climate action, Environmental chemistry, Anhydrosugars
Abstract: International audience; Aerosol samples (PM10) were collected at Finokalia monitoring station in a remote area of Crete in the Eastern Mediterranean over a two-year period. They were analyzed for total organic carbon (OC), water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC), and the molecular distribution of sugars. WSOC comprised 45% of OC while the contribution of sugars to the OC and WSOC content in the PM10 particles averaged 3 ± 2% (n = 218) and 11 ± 6% (n = 132), respectively. The total concentration of sugars ranged between 6 and 334 ng m−3 with the two most abundant sugars over the two-year period being glucose and levoglucosan, contributing about 25% each to the total carbohydrate pool. Primary saccharides (glucose, fructose, and sucrose) peaked at the beginning of spring (21, 17, and 15 ng m−3, respectively), indicating significant contributions of bioaerosols to the total organic aerosol mass. On the other hand, higher concentrations of anhydrosugars (biomass burning tracers levoglucosan, mannosan, galactosan) were recorded in winter (19, 1.4, and 0.2 ng m−3 respectively) than in summer (9.1, 1.1, and 0.5 ng m−3 respectively). Levoglucosan was the dominant monosaccharide in winter (37% of total sugars) while the low concentration measured in summer (19% of total sugars) was probably due to the enhanced photochemical oxidation by hydroxyl (OH) radicals which impact anhydrosugars. Based on levoglucosan observations, biomass burning was estimated to contribute up to 13% to the annual average OC measured at Finokalia. Annual OC, WSOC, and carbohydrate dry deposition fluxes for the two-year sampling period were estimated at 414, 175, and 9 mg C m−2 y−1, respectively. Glucose and levoglucosan accounted for 34% and 2% of the total sugar fluxes. According to our estimations, atmospheric OC and WSOC inputs account for 0.70% and 0.71%, respectively of the carbon in the annual primary production in the Cretan Sea. Considering the entire Mediterranean, dry deposition of OC can provide at least 3 times more C than riverine inputs of Rhone. Carbohydrate dry deposition flux represents a small fraction of total carbon flux up to 0.04% of the C used for the primary production in the Cretan Sea, while this value is
Published: 2018

12. Reviews and syntheses: the GESAMP atmospheric iron deposition model intercomparison study

Author: S. Myriokefalitakis, A. Ito, M. Kanakidou, A. Nenes, M. C. Krol, N. M. Mahowald, R. A. Scanza, D. S. Hamilton, M. S. Johnson, N. Meskhidze, J. F. Kok, C. Guieu, A. R. Baker, T. D. Jickells, M. M. Sarin, S. Bikkina, R. Shelley, A. Bowie, M. M. G. Perron, R. A. Duce, Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory [Heraklion] (ECPL), Department of Chemistry [Heraklion], University of Crete [Heraklion] (UOC)-University of Crete [Heraklion] (UOC), Institute for Environmental Research & Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens (NOA), Wageningen University and Research [Wageningen] (WUR), Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences [Ithaca) (EAS), Cornell University [New York], Durham University, Laboratoire d'océanographie de Villefranche (LOV), Observatoire océanologique de Villefranche-sur-mer (OOVM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of East Anglia [Norwich] (UEA), Department of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Science [Tallahassee] (FSU | EOAS), Florida State University [Tallahassee] (FSU), and Antarctic Climate and Ecosystems Cooperative Research Centre (ACE-CRC)
Subjects: 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, lcsh:Life, Magnitude (mathematics), 010501 environmental sciences, Mineral dust, Atmospheric sciences, Combustion, 01 natural sciences, lcsh:QH540-549.5, Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences, 14. Life underwater, Southern Hemisphere, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Earth-Surface Processes, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Ensemble forecasting, lcsh:QE1-996.5, Northern Hemisphere, Biological Sciences, Aerosol, lcsh:Geology, Climate Action, lcsh:QH501-531, Deposition (aerosol physics), 13. Climate action, Earth Sciences, lcsh:Ecology, Environmental Sciences
Abstract: This work reports on the current status of the global modeling of iron (Fe) deposition fluxes and atmospheric concentrations and the analyses of the differences between models, as well as between models and observations. A total of four global 3-D chemistry transport (CTMs) and general circulation (GCMs) models participated in this intercomparison, in the framework of the United Nations Joint Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Environmental Protection (GESAMP) Working Group 38, “The Atmospheric Input of Chemicals to the Ocean”. The global total Fe (TFe) emission strength in the models is equal to ∼72 Tg Fe yr−1 (38–134 Tg Fe yr−1) from mineral dust sources and around 2.1 Tg Fe yr−1 (1.8–2.7 Tg Fe yr−1) from combustion processes (the sum of anthropogenic combustion/biomass burning and wildfires). The mean global labile Fe (LFe) source strength in the models, considering both the primary emissions and the atmospheric processing, is calculated to be 0.7 (±0.3) Tg Fe yr−1, accounting for both mineral dust and combustion aerosols. The mean global deposition fluxes into the global ocean are estimated to be in the range of 10–30 and 0.2–0.4 Tg Fe yr−1 for TFe and LFe, respectively, which roughly corresponds to a respective 15 and 0.3 Tg Fe yr−1 for the multi-model ensemble model mean. The model intercomparison analysis indicates that the representation of the atmospheric Fe cycle varies among models, in terms of both the magnitude of natural and combustion Fe emissions as well as the complexity of atmospheric processing parameterizations of Fe-containing aerosols. The model comparison with aerosol Fe observations over oceanic regions indicates that most models overestimate surface level TFe mass concentrations near dust source regions and tend to underestimate the low concentrations observed in remote ocean regions. All models are able to simulate the tendency of higher Fe concentrations near and downwind from the dust source regions, with the mean normalized bias for the Northern Hemisphere (∼14), larger than that of the Southern Hemisphere (∼2.4) for the ensemble model mean. This model intercomparison and model–observation comparison study reveals two critical issues in LFe simulations that require further exploration: (1) the Fe-containing aerosol size distribution and (2) the relative contribution of dust and combustion sources of Fe to labile Fe in atmospheric aerosols over the remote oceanic regions.
Published: 2018

13. Human Driven Changes in Atmospheric Aerosol Composition

Author: Maria Kanakidou, Nikolaos Daskalakis, Stelios Myriokefalitakis, Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory [Heraklion] (ECPL), Department of Chemistry [Heraklion], University of Crete [Heraklion] (UOC)-University of Crete [Heraklion] (UOC), Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research [Utrecht] (IMAU), Utrecht University [Utrecht], TROPO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), and Mensink C., Kallos G. (eds)
Subjects: [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], Pollutant, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Phosphorus, Air pollution, chemistry.chemical_element, 010501 environmental sciences, medicine.disease_cause, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, Aerosol, Atmospheric composition, Nutrient, chemistry, 13. Climate action, medicine, Environmental science, Aerosol composition, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: International Technical Meeting on Air Pollution Modelling and its Application 2016; International audience; A set of global 3-dimensional model simulations have been performed to investigate the changes in atmospheric composition driven by humans. Sensitivity simulations using past, present and future anthropogenic emissions of pollutants are analyzed to derive the importance of human-driven emissions of pollutants for aerosol composition, including aerosol water, and for dust aerosol aging. The results show that applied emission control has significantly limited air pollution levels compared to a hypothetical uncontrolled situation. They also point out that human activities have increased atmospheric acidity and as a result the solubility of nutrients, like iron and phosphorus, in atmospheric deposition.
Published: 2017

14. Evaluation of a Coupled Mesoscale Meteorology and Chemistry Model Over the Mediterranean

Author: Nikolaos Daskalakis, Maria Kanakidou, Stelios Myriokefalitakis, D. G. Amanatidis, Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory [Heraklion] (ECPL), Department of Chemistry [Heraklion], University of Crete [Heraklion] (UOC)-University of Crete [Heraklion] (UOC), TROPO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Theodore Karacostas, Alkiviadis Bais, and Panagiotis T. Nastos
Subjects: Mediterranean climate, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Chemistry, Biogenic emissions, Mesoscale meteorology, 010501 environmental sciences, Mineral dust, Atmospheric sciences, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, Aerosol, chemistry.chemical_compound, Geography, 13. Climate action, Climatology, Weather Research and Forecasting Model, Tropospheric ozone, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Eclipse
Abstract: International audience; The performance of the coupled mesoscale meteorology and chemistry model WRF/CHEM to simulate the atmospheric composition over the Mediterranean is here evaluated. The model configuration applied for this study uses the gas phase chemical mechanism Mozart and a spatial resolution of 36 × 36 km, which nests in lower resolutions (12 × 12 km and 7.2 × 7.2 km). Anthropogenic surface emissions developed in the frame of the ECLIPSE EU FP7 project and biomass burning emissions from the FINN database are used. Mineral dust aerosol emissions are derived from the GOCART dust model and biogenic emissions are calculated online by the MEGAN model. The global 3-dimensional chemistry-transport model TM4-ECPL is providing the initial and boundaries chemical conditions for the coarse resolution mesoscale model. The results show that the mesoscale model overestimates O3 surface levels at most stations by up to about 70 % and underestimates CO surface levels by up to about 25 %. Strong correlations between simulations and observations are computed for 60 % of the studied O3 stations and 20 % of the studied CO stations. No significant change in the model performance as a function of the studied model resolutions was found.
Published: 2017

15. Multi-model evaluation of short-lived pollutant distributions over East Asia during summer 2008

Author: B. Quennehen, J.-C. Raut, K. S. Law, N. Daskalakis, G. Ancellet, C. Clerbaux, S.-W. Kim, M. T. Lund, G. Myhre, D. J. L. Olivié, S. Safieddine, R. B. Skeie, J. L. Thomas, S. Tsyro, A. Bazureau, N. Bellouin, M. Hu, M. Kanakidou, Z. Klimont, K. Kupiainen, S. Myriokefalitakis, J. Quaas, S. T. Rumbold, M. Schulz, R. Cherian, A. Shimizu, J. Wang, S.-C. Yoon, T. Zhu, TROPO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences - Hellas [Crete] (ICE-HT), Foundation for Research and Technology - Hellas (FORTH), Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory [Heraklion] (ECPL), Department of Chemistry [Heraklion], University of Crete [Heraklion] (UOC)-University of Crete [Heraklion] (UOC), School of Earth and Environmental Sciences [Seoul] (SEES), Seoul National University [Seoul] (SNU), Center for International Climate and Environmental Research [Oslo] (CICERO), University of Oslo (UiO), Norwegian Meteorological Institute [Oslo] (MET), Department of Meteorology [Reading], University of Reading (UOR), College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering [Peking], Peking University [Beijing], International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis [Laxenburg] (IIASA), Leipziger Institut für Meteorologie (LIM), Universität Leipzig [Leipzig], Met Office Hadley Centre for Climate Change (MOHC), United Kingdom Met Office [Exeter], National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES), and Universität Leipzig
Subjects: Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, 010501 environmental sciences, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, lcsh:Chemistry, Troposphere, chemistry.chemical_compound, 11. Sustainability, Tropospheric ozone, Air quality index, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Pollutant, Monsoon of South Asia, Radiative forcing, lcsh:QC1-999, Aerosol, Deposition (aerosol physics), lcsh:QD1-999, chemistry, 13. Climate action, Climatology, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Environmental science, lcsh:Physics
Abstract: The ability of seven state-of-the-art chemistry–aerosol models to reproduce distributions of tropospheric ozone and its precursors, as well as aerosols over eastern Asia in summer 2008, is evaluated. The study focuses on the performance of models used to assess impacts of pollutants on climate and air quality as part of the EU ECLIPSE project. Models, run using the same ECLIPSE emissions, are compared over different spatial scales to in situ surface, vertical profiles and satellite data. Several rather clear biases are found between model results and observations, including overestimation of ozone at rural locations downwind of the main emission regions in China, as well as downwind over the Pacific. Several models produce too much ozone over polluted regions, which is then transported downwind. Analysis points to different factors related to the ability of models to simulate VOC-limited regimes over polluted regions and NOx limited regimes downwind. This may also be linked to biases compared to satellite NO2, indicating overestimation of NO2 over and to the north of the northern China Plain emission region. On the other hand, model NO2 is too low to the south and west of this region and over South Korea/Japan. Overestimation of ozone is linked to systematic underestimation of CO particularly at rural sites and downwind of the main Chinese emission regions. This is likely to be due to enhanced destruction of CO by OH. Overestimation of Asian ozone and its transport downwind implies that radiative forcing from this source may be overestimated. Model-observation discrepancies over Beijing do not appear to be due to emission controls linked to the Olympic Games in summer 2008.With regard to aerosols, most models reproduce the satellite-derived AOD patterns over eastern China. Our study nevertheless reveals an overestimation of ECLIPSE model mean surface BC and sulphate aerosols in urban China in summer 2008. The effect of the short-term emission mitigation in Beijing is too weak to explain the differences between the models. Our results rather point to an overestimation of SO2 emissions, in particular, close to the surface in Chinese urban areas. However, we also identify a clear underestimation of aerosol concentrations over northern India, suggesting that the rapid recent growth of emissions in India, as well as their spatial extension, is underestimated in emission inventories. Model deficiencies in the representation of pollution accumulation due to the Indian monsoon may also be playing a role. Comparison with vertical aerosol lidar measurements highlights a general underestimation of scattering aerosols in the boundary layer associated with overestimation in the free troposphere pointing to modelled aerosol lifetimes that are too long. This is likely linked to too strong vertical transport and/or insufficient deposition efficiency during transport or export from the boundary layer, rather than chemical processing (in the case of sulphate aerosols). Underestimation of sulphate in the boundary layer implies potentially large errors in simulated aerosol–cloud interactions, via impacts on boundary-layer clouds.This evaluation has important implications for accurate assessment of air pollutants on regional air quality and global climate based on global model calculations. Ideally, models should be run at higher resolution over source regions to better simulate urban–rural pollutant gradients and/or chemical regimes, and also to better resolve pollutant processing and loss by wet deposition as well as vertical transport. Discrepancies in vertical distributions require further quantification and improvement since these are a key factor in the determination of radiative forcing from short-lived pollutants.
Published: 2016

16. Ozone and carbon monoxide budgets over the Eastern Mediterranean

Author: Maarten Krol, J. aan de Brugh, Stelios Myriokefalitakis, Georgios Fanourgakis, Maria Kanakidou, Apostolos Voulgarakis, Nikolaos Daskalakis, Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory [Heraklion] (ECPL), Department of Chemistry [Heraklion], University of Crete [Heraklion] (UOC)-University of Crete [Heraklion] (UOC), TROPO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences - Hellas [Crete] (ICE-HT), Foundation for Research and Technology - Hellas (FORTH), Department of Physics [Imperial College London], Imperial College London, Meteorology and Air Quality Department [Wageningen] (MAQ), Wageningen University and Research [Wageningen] (WUR), Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research [Utrecht] (IMAU), Utrecht University [Utrecht], and SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research (SRON)
Subjects: Mediterranean climate, Meteorologie en Luchtkwaliteit, Environmental Engineering, Ozone, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Meteorology and Air Quality, Climate change, Ozone (O3), Carbon monoxide (CO), 010501 environmental sciences, Atmospheric sciences, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, Ozone (O(3)), Troposphere, chemistry.chemical_compound, MD Multidisciplinary, Environmental Chemistry, Free Troposphere (FT), Ozone (O), Waste Management and Disposal, Air quality index, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], WIMEK, Eastern Mediterranean (EM), Pollution, Eastern mediterranean, chemistry, Long-range transport (LRT), 13. Climate action, Climatology, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Environmental science, Ozone (O 3 ), Environmental Sciences, Carbon monoxide
Abstract: International audience; The importance of the long-range transport (LRT) on O3 and CO budgets over the Eastern Mediterranean has been investigated using the state-of-the-art 3-dimensional global chemistry-transport model TM4-ECPL. A 3-D budget analysis has been performed separating the Eastern from the Western basins and the boundary layer (BL) from the free troposphere (FT). The FT of the Eastern Mediterranean is shown to be a strong receptor of polluted air masses from the Western Mediterranean, and the most important source of polluted air masses for the Eastern Mediterranean BL, with about 40% of O3 and of CO in the BL to be transported from the FT aloft. Regional anthropogenic sources are found to have relatively small impact on regional air quality in the area, contributing by about 8% and 18% to surface levels of O3 and CO, respectively. Projections using anthropogenic emissions for the year 2050 but neglecting climate change calculate a surface O3 decrease of about 11% together with a surface CO increase of roughly 10% in the Eastern Mediterranean.
Published: 2015

17. Aerosol chemistry above an extended archipelago of the eastern Mediterranean basin during strong northern winds

Author: Maria Tombrou, E Athanasopoulou, George Biskos, A. Dandou, E. Bossioli, J. Kalogiros, James Allan, Nikos Mihalopoulos, Jean Sciare, Asan Bacak, Anna P. Protonotariou, Hugh Coe, Department of Environmental Physics and Meteorology [Zografou campus], Faculty of Physics [Zografou campus], National and Kapodistrian University of Athens (NKUA)-National and Kapodistrian University of Athens (NKUA), Laboratoire de recherche en Hydrodynamique, Énergétique et Environnement Atmosphérique (LHEEA), École Centrale de Nantes (ECN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Manchester [Manchester], School of Earth, Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences [Manchester] (SEAES), Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory [Heraklion] (ECPL), Department of Chemistry [Heraklion], University of Crete [Heraklion] (UOC)-University of Crete [Heraklion] (UOC), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Chimie Atmosphérique Expérimentale (CAE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences (SEAS), Harvard University, Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), and Harvard University [Cambridge]
Subjects: Atmospheric Science, Chemical transport model, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Structural basin, 010501 environmental sciences, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, Troposphere, lcsh:Chemistry, chemistry.chemical_compound, Sulfate, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, Particulates, lcsh:QC1-999, Aerosol, chemistry, lcsh:QD1-999, 13. Climate action, Weather Research and Forecasting Model, Climatology, Archipelago, lcsh:Physics
Abstract: Detailed aerosol chemical predictions by a comprehensive model system (i.e. PMCAMx, WRF, GEOS-CHEM), along with airborne and ground-based observations, are presented and analysed over a wide domain covering the Aegean Archipelago. The studied period is 10 successive days in 2011, characterized by strong northern winds, which is the most frequently prevailing synoptic pattern during summer. The submicron aerosol load in the lower troposphere above the archipelago is homogenously enriched in sulfate (average modelled and measured submicron sulfate of 5.5 and 5.8 μg m−3, respectively), followed by organics (2.3 and 4.4 μg m−3) and ammonium (1.5 and 1.7 μg m−3). Aerosol concentrations smoothly decline aloft, reaching lower values (< 1 μg m−3) above 4.2 km altitude. The evaluation criteria rate the model results for sulfate, ammonium, chloride, elemental carbon, organic carbon and total PM10 mass concentrations as "good", indicating a satisfactory representation of the aerosol chemistry and precursors. Higher model discrepancies are confined to the highest (e.g. peak sulfate values) and lowest ends (e.g. nitrate) of the airborne aerosol mass size distribution, as well as in airborne organic aerosol concentrations (model underestimation ca. 50 %). The latter is most likely related to the intense fire activity at the eastern Balkan area and the Black Sea coastline, which is not represented in the current model application. The investigation of the effect of local variables on model performance revealed that the best agreement between predictions and observations occurs during high winds from the northeast, as well as for the area confined above the archipelago and up to 2.2 km altitude. The atmospheric ageing of biogenic particles is suggested to be activated in the aerosol chemistry module, when treating organics in a sufficient nitrogen and sulfate-rich environment, such as that over the Aegean basin. More than 70 % of the predicted aerosol mass over the Aegean Archipelago during a representative Etesian episode is related to transport of aerosols and their precursors from outside the modelling domain.
Published: 2015

18. Atmospheric water-soluble organic nitrogen (WSON) over marine environments: a global perspective

Author: Manuela Martino, Jonathan Williams, Nikos Mihalopoulos, Kalliopi Violaki, Alex R. Baker, Jean Sciare, University of Crete [Heraklion] (UOC), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Chimie Atmosphérique Expérimentale (CAE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory [Heraklion] (ECPL), Department of Chemistry [Heraklion], University of Crete [Heraklion] (UOC)-University of Crete [Heraklion] (UOC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), and Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)
Subjects: 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, lcsh:Life, chemistry.chemical_element, 010501 environmental sciences, Spatial distribution, 01 natural sciences, Atmosphere, lcsh:QH540-549.5, 14. Life underwater, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, Southern Hemisphere, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Earth-Surface Processes, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Atmospheric water, lcsh:QE1-996.5, Northern Hemisphere, Nitrogen, lcsh:Geology, Indian ocean, Eastern mediterranean, lcsh:QH501-531, Oceanography, chemistry, 13. Climate action, Environmental chemistry, Environmental science, lcsh:Ecology
Abstract: To obtain a comprehensive picture on the spatial distribution of water soluble organic nitrogen (WSON) in marine aerosols, samples were collected during research cruises in the tropical and south Atlantic Ocean and during a one year period (2005) over the southern Indian Ocean (Amsterdam island). Samples have been analyzed for both organic and inorganic forms of nitrogen and the factors controlling their levels have been examined. Fine mode WSON was found to play a significant role in the remote marine atmosphere with enhanced biogenic activity, with concentrations of WSON (11.3 ± 3.3 nmol N m–3) accounting for about 84% of the total dissolved nitrogen (TDN). Such levels are similar to those observed in the polluted marine atmosphere of the eastern Mediterranean (11.6 ± 14.0 nmol N m–3). Anthropogenic activities were found to be an important source of atmospheric WSON as evidenced by the ten times higher levels in the Northern Hemisphere (NH) than in the remote Southern Hemisphere (SH). Furthermore, the higher contribution of WSON to TDN (40%) in the SH, compared to the NH (20%), underlines the important role of organic nitrogen in remote marine areas. Finally, Sahara dust was also identified as a significant source of WSON in the coarse mode aerosols of the NH.
Published: 2015

19. Evaluating the climate and air quality impacts of short-lived pollutants

Author: A. Stohl, B. Aamaas, M. Amann, L. H. Baker, N. Bellouin, T. K. Berntsen, O. Boucher, R. Cherian, W. Collins, N. Daskalakis, M. Dusinska, S. Eckhardt, J. S. Fuglestvedt, M. Harju, C. Heyes, Ø. Hodnebrog, J. Hao, U. Im, M. Kanakidou, Z. Klimont, K. Kupiainen, K. S. Law, M. T. Lund, R. Maas, C. R. MacIntosh, G. Myhre, S. Myriokefalitakis, D. Olivié, J. Quaas, B. Quennehen, J.-C. Raut, S. T. Rumbold, B. H. Samset, M. Schulz, Ø. Seland, K. P. Shine, R. B. Skeie, S. Wang, K. E. Yttri, T. Zhu, Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU), Center for International Climate and Environmental Research [Oslo] (CICERO), University of Oslo (UiO), International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis [Laxenburg] (IIASA), Department of Meteorology [Reading], University of Reading (UOR), Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Leipziger Institut für Meteorologie (LIM), Universität Leipzig, Met Office Hadley Centre for Climate Change (MOHC), United Kingdom Met Office [Exeter], Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory [Heraklion] (ECPL), Department of Chemistry [Heraklion], University of Crete [Heraklion] (UOC)-University of Crete [Heraklion] (UOC), Institute of Chemical Engineering and High Temperature Chemical Processes, (FORTH/ICE-HT), Foundation for Research and Technology - Hellas (FORTH), Tsinghua University [Beijing] (THU), Aarhus University [Aarhus], TROPO - LATMOS, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment [Bilthoven] (RIVM), Norwegian Meteorological Institute [Oslo] (MET), State Joint Key Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering [Peking], Peking University [Beijing]-Peking University [Beijing], and Universität Leipzig [Leipzig]
Subjects: 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, 010501 environmental sciences, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, lcsh:QC1-999, 12. Responsible consumption, lcsh:Chemistry, Zeppelinobservatoriet, lcsh:QD1-999, 13. Climate action, [SDU.STU.CL]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Climatology, 11. Sustainability, lcsh:Physics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: This paper presents a summary of the work done within the European Union's Seventh Framework Programme project ECLIPSE (Evaluating the Climate and Air Quality Impacts of Short-Lived Pollutants). ECLIPSE had a unique systematic concept for designing a realistic and effective mitigation scenario for short-lived climate pollutants (SLCPs; methane, aerosols and ozone, and their precursor species) and quantifying its climate and air quality impacts, and this paper presents the results in the context of this overarching strategy. The first step in ECLIPSE was to create a new emission inventory based on current legislation (CLE) for the recent past and until 2050. Substantial progress compared to previous work was made by including previously unaccounted types of sources such as flaring of gas associated with oil production, and wick lamps. These emission data were used for present-day reference simulations with four advanced Earth system models (ESMs) and six chemistry transport models (CTMs). The model simulations were compared with a variety of ground-based and satellite observational data sets from Asia, Europe and the Arctic. It was found that the models still underestimate the measured seasonality of aerosols in the Arctic but to a lesser extent than in previous studies. Problems likely related to the emissions were identified for northern Russia and India, in particular. To estimate the climate impacts of SLCPs, ECLIPSE followed two paths of research: the first path calculated radiative forcing (RF) values for a large matrix of SLCP species emissions, for different seasons and regions independently. Based on these RF calculations, the Global Temperature change Potential metric for a time horizon of 20 years (GTP20) was calculated for each SLCP emission type. This climate metric was then used in an integrated assessment model to identify all emission mitigation measures with a beneficial air quality and short-term (20-year) climate impact. These measures together defined a SLCP mitigation (MIT) scenario. Compared to CLE, the MIT scenario would reduce global methane (CH4) and black carbon (BC) emissions by about 50 and 80 %, respectively. For CH4, measures on shale gas production, waste management and coal mines were most important. For non-CH4 SLCPs, elimination of high-emitting vehicles and wick lamps, as well as reducing emissions from gas flaring, coal and biomass stoves, agricultural waste, solvents and diesel engines were most important. These measures lead to large reductions in calculated surface concentrations of ozone and particulate matter. We estimate that in the EU, the loss of statistical life expectancy due to air pollution was 7.5 months in 2010, which will be reduced to 5.2 months by 2030 in the CLE scenario. The MIT scenario would reduce this value by another 0.9 to 4.3 months. Substantially larger reductions due to the mitigation are found for China (1.8 months) and India (11–12 months). The climate metrics cannot fully quantify the climate response. Therefore, a second research path was taken. Transient climate ensemble simulations with the four ESMs were run for the CLE and MIT scenarios, to determine the climate impacts of the mitigation. In these simulations, the CLE scenario resulted in a surface temperature increase of 0.70 ± 0.14 K between the years 2006 and 2050. For the decade 2041–2050, the warming was reduced by 0.22 ± 0.07 K in the MIT scenario, and this result was in almost exact agreement with the response calculated based on the emission metrics (reduced warming of 0.22 ± 0.09 K). The metrics calculations suggest that non-CH4 SLCPs contribute ~ 22 % to this response and CH4 78 %. This could not be fully confirmed by the transient simulations, which attributed about 90 % of the temperature response to CH4 reductions. Attribution of the observed temperature response to non-CH4 SLCP emission reductions and BC specifically is hampered in the transient simulations by small forcing and co-emitted species of the emission basket chosen. Nevertheless, an important conclusion is that our mitigation basket as a whole would lead to clear benefits for both air quality and climate. The climate response from BC reductions in our study is smaller than reported previously, possibly because our study is one of the first to use fully coupled climate models, where unforced variability and sea ice responses cause relatively strong temperature fluctuations that may counteract (and, thus, mask) the impacts of small emission reductions. The temperature responses to the mitigation were generally stronger over the continents than over the oceans, and with a warming reduction of 0.44 K (0.39–0.49) K the largest over the Arctic. Our calculations suggest particularly beneficial climate responses in southern Europe, where surface warming was reduced by about 0.3 K and precipitation rates were increased by about 15 (6–21) mm yr−1 (more than 4 % of total precipitation) from spring to autumn. Thus, the mitigation could help to alleviate expected future drought and water shortages in the Mediterranean area. We also report other important results of the ECLIPSE project.
Published: 2015

20. The AeroCom evaluation and intercomparison of organic aerosol in global models

Author: Fangqun Yu, Susanne E. Bauer, Xiaohong Liu, Zhili Wang, Michael Schulz, Steven J. Ghan, Johannes W. Kaiser, T. P. C. van Noije, Johan P. Beukes, Angela Benedetti, Y. H. Lee, Petri Tiitta, Sunling Gong, Jean-François Müller, Kenneth S. Carslaw, Simone Tilmes, Luca Pozzoli, Thomas Diehl, Gabriele Curci, P. G. van Zyl, D. O'Donnell, Huisheng Bian, Gunnar Myhre, Gan Luo, Maria Kanakidou, Lynn M. Russell, Kirsty J. Pringle, Nicolas Bellouin, J.-J. Morcrette, Holger Tost, Richard C. Easter, Stephen D. Steenrod, Shantanu H. Jathar, Kai Zhang, Tommi Bergman, Peter Adams, K. von Salzen, Xiaoyan Ma, Harri Kokkola, Yves Balkanski, Sanford Sillman, Nga L. Ng, Jose L. Jimenez, Trond Iversen, Jean Sciare, Qi Zhang, X. Zhang, Dominick V. Spracklen, Nikos Mihalopoulos, Kostas Tsigaridis, Drew Shindell, Terje Koren Berntsen, Nikos Daskalakis, Ranjit Bahadur, Ragnhild Bieltvedt Skeie, Øyvind Seland, Mian Chin, Alma Hodzic, Trissevgeni Stavrakou, Rahul A. Zaveri, Stelios Myriokefalitakis, Guangxing Lin, Toshihiko Takemura, Joyce E. Penner, Alf Kirkevåg, Graham Mann, Hualong Zhang, Paulo Artaxo, Dorothy Koch, Christopher R. Hoyle, Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory [Heraklion] (ECPL), Department of Chemistry [Heraklion], University of Crete [Heraklion] (UOC)-University of Crete [Heraklion] (UOC), Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo (USP), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), University of Oslo (UiO), Leibniz-Institut für Astrophysik Potsdam (AIP), Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy / Institut d'Aéronomie Spatiale de Belgique (BIRA-IASB), Research Institute for Applied Mechanics, Atmospheric Chemistry Department [MPIC], Max Planck Institute for Chemistry (MPIC), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft-Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI), Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis (CCCma), Environment and Climate Change Canada, China Meteorological Administration (CMA), Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences (CAMS), University of California [Davis] (UC Davis), University of California, Universidade de São Paulo = University of São Paulo (USP), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and University of California (UC)
Subjects: Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Meteorology, Chemical transport model, FÍSICA ATMOSFÉRICA, 010501 environmental sciences, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, lcsh:Chemistry, Troposphere, PARTICULATE MATTER, CHEMICAL-TRANSPORT MODEL, medicine, Mass concentration (chemistry), GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODEL, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], ATMOSPHERIC AEROSOL, EARTH SYSTEM, CLIMATE MODEL, VOLATILITY BASIS-SET, Particulates, Seasonality, medicine.disease, lcsh:QC1-999, CARBONACEOUS AEROSOLS, Aerosol, Deposition (aerosol physics), lcsh:QD1-999, MASS-SPECTROMETER, 13. Climate action, [SDU.STU.CL]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Climatology, VOLATILITY BASIS-SET, BIOMASS BURNING EMISSIONS, CHEMICAL-TRANSPORT MODEL, GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODEL, CLIMATE MODEL, CARBONACEOUS AEROSOLS, MASS-SPECTROMETER, EARTH SYSTEM, ATMOSPHERIC AEROSOL, PARTICULATE MATTER, Environmental science, Climate model, BIOMASS BURNING EMISSIONS, lcsh:Physics
Abstract: This paper evaluates the current status of global modeling of the organic aerosol (OA) in the troposphere and analyzes the differences between models as well as between models and observations. Thirty-one global chemistry transport models (CTMs) and general circulation models (GCMs) have participated in this intercomparison, in the framework of AeroCom phase II. The simulation of OA varies greatly between models in terms of the magnitude of primary emissions, secondary OA (SOA) formation, the number of OA species used (2 to 62), the complexity of OA parameterizations (gas-particle partitioning, chemical aging, multiphase chemistry, aerosol microphysics), and the OA physical, chemical and optical properties. The diversity of the global OA simulation results has increased since earlier AeroCom experiments, mainly due to the increasing complexity of the SOA parameterization in models, and the implementation of new, highly uncertain, OA sources. Diversity of over one order of magnitude exists in the modeled vertical distribution of OA concentrations that deserves a dedicated future study. Furthermore, although the OA / OC ratio depends on OA sources and atmospheric processing, and is important for model evaluation against OA and OC observations, it is resolved only by a few global models. The median global primary OA (POA) source strength is 56 Tg a−1 (range 34–144 Tg a−1) and the median SOA source strength (natural and anthropogenic) is 19 Tg a−1 (range 13–121 Tg a−1). Among the models that take into account the semi-volatile SOA nature, the median source is calculated to be 51 Tg a−1 (range 16–121 Tg a−1), much larger than the median value of the models that calculate SOA in a more simplistic way (19 Tg a−1; range 13–20 Tg a−1, with one model at 37 Tg a−1). The median atmospheric burden of OA is 1.4 Tg (24 models in the range of 0.6–2.0 Tg and 4 between 2.0 and 3.8 Tg), with a median OA lifetime of 5.4 days (range 3.8–9.6 days). In models that reported both OA and sulfate burdens, the median value of the OA/sulfate burden ratio is calculated to be 0.77; 13 models calculate a ratio lower than 1, and 9 models higher than 1. For 26 models that reported OA deposition fluxes, the median wet removal is 70 Tg a−1 (range 28–209 Tg a−1), which is on average 85% of the total OA deposition. Fine aerosol organic carbon (OC) and OA observations from continuous monitoring networks and individual field campaigns have been used for model evaluation. At urban locations, the model–observation comparison indicates missing knowledge on anthropogenic OA sources, both strength and seasonality. The combined model–measurements analysis suggests the existence of increased OA levels during summer due to biogenic SOA formation over large areas of the USA that can be of the same order of magnitude as the POA, even at urban locations, and contribute to the measured urban seasonal pattern. Global models are able to simulate the high secondary character of OA observed in the atmosphere as a result of SOA formation and POA aging, although the amount of OA present in the atmosphere remains largely underestimated, with a mean normalized bias (MNB) equal to −0.62 (−0.51) based on the comparison against OC (OA) urban data of all models at the surface, −0.15 (+0.51) when compared with remote measurements, and −0.30 for marine locations with OC data. The mean temporal correlations across all stations are low when compared with OC (OA) measurements: 0.47 (0.52) for urban stations, 0.39 (0.37) for remote stations, and 0.25 for marine stations with OC data. The combination of high (negative) MNB and higher correlation at urban stations when compared with the low MNB and lower correlation at remote sites suggests that knowledge about the processes that govern aerosol processing, transport and removal, on top of their sources, is important at the remote stations. There is no clear change in model skill with increasing model complexity with regard to OC or OA mass concentration. However, the complexity is needed in models in order to distinguish between anthropogenic and natural OA as needed for climate mitigation, and to calculate the impact of OA on climate accurately.
Published: 2014

21. Radiative forcing of the direct aerosol effect from AeroCom Phase II simulations

Author: Ragnhild Bieltvedt Skeie, Jin-Ho Yoon, Huisheng Bian, Jean-Francois Lamarque, Xiaohong Liu, Trond Iversen, Richard C. Easter, Susanne E. Bauer, Gan Luo, Yves Balkanski, Xiaoyan Ma, Didier Hauglustaine, Philip Stier, Hui Zhang, Zhili Wang, Michael Schulz, Bjørn Hallvard Samset, Gunnar Myhre, Steven J. Ghan, Guangxing Lin, T. P. C. van Noije, Johann Feichter, Kostas Tsigaridis, Philip J. Rasch, Terje Koren Berntsen, Li Xu, Nicolas Bellouin, A. Ruiz, Fangqun Yu, Hongbin Yu, Cheng Zhou, Kai Zhang, Thomas Diehl, Joyce E. Penner, Alf Kirkevåg, Øyvind Seland, Ping Wang, Marianne Tronstad Lund, Stefan Kinne, Toshihiko Takemura, Mian Chin, Center for International Climate and Environmental Research [Oslo] (CICERO), University of Oslo (UiO), Space Sciences Department [Palo Alto], Lockheed Martin Palo Alto Research Laboratories, Lockheed Martin Corporation-Lockheed Martin Corporation, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Modelling the Earth Response to Multiple Anthropogenic Interactions and Dynamics (MERMAID), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies and Columbia Earth Institute, Goddard Earth Sciences and Technology Center (GEST), University of Maryland [Baltimore County] (UMBC), University of Maryland System-University of Maryland System, Met Office Hadley Centre, Exeter EX1 3PB, United Kingdom, Department of Chemistry, East China Normal University, 200062 Shanghai, China, affiliation inconnue, Universities Space Research Association (USRA), Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Max Planck Institute for Meteorology (MPI-M), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Batelle, Norwegian Meteorological Institute [Oslo] (MET), Department of Geosciences [Oslo], Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO), Max-Planck-Institut für Meteorologie (MPI-M), National Center for Atmospheric Research [Boulder] (NCAR), University of Michigan [Dearborn], University of Michigan System, Centre Interdisciplinaire de Nanoscience de Marseille (CINaM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), State University of New York (SUNY), Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI), Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic, and Space Sciences [Ann Arbor] (AOSS), University of Michigan [Ann Arbor], University of Michigan System-University of Michigan System, Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic and Planetary Physics [Oxford] (AOPP), University of Oxford, Research Institute for Applied Mechanics, Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory [Heraklion] (ECPL), Department of Chemistry [Heraklion], University of Crete [Heraklion] (UOC)-University of Crete [Heraklion] (UOC), Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences (CAMS), Institute of Space and Atmospheric Studies [Saskatoon] (ISAS), Department of Physics and Engineering Physics [Saskatoon], University of Saskatchewan [Saskatoon] (U of S)-University of Saskatchewan [Saskatoon] (U of S), Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand (ICCF), SIGMA Clermont (SIGMA Clermont)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université Clermont Auvergne [2017-2020] (UCA [2017-2020])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Global Changes, School of Life Sciences, Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU), University of Albany, State University of New York, University at Albany [SUNY], State University of New York (SUNY)-State University of New York (SUNY), and University of Oxford [Oxford]
Subjects: [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Atmospheric models, Forcing (mathematics), 010501 environmental sciences, Radiative forcing, Atmospheric sciences, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, lcsh:QC1-999, Aerosol, lcsh:Chemistry, chemistry.chemical_compound, lcsh:QD1-999, chemistry, Nitrate, 13. Climate action, [SDU.STU.CL]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Climatology, Climatology, Phase (matter), Radiative transfer, Sulfate, lcsh:Physics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: We report on the AeroCom Phase II direct aerosol effect (DAE) experiment where 16 detailed global aerosol models have been used to simulate the changes in the aerosol distribution over the industrial era. All 16 models have estimated the radiative forcing (RF) of the anthropogenic DAE, and have taken into account anthropogenic sulphate, black carbon (BC) and organic aerosols (OA) from fossil fuel, biofuel, and biomass burning emissions. In addition several models have simulated the DAE of anthropogenic nitrate and anthropogenic influenced secondary organic aerosols (SOA). The model simulated all-sky RF of the DAE from total anthropogenic aerosols has a range from −0.58 to −0.02 Wm−2, with a mean of −0.27 Wm−2 for the 16 models. Several models did not include nitrate or SOA and modifying the estimate by accounting for this with information from the other AeroCom models reduces the range and slightly strengthens the mean. Modifying the model estimates for missing aerosol components and for the time period 1750 to 2010 results in a mean RF for the DAE of −0.35 Wm−2. Compared to AeroCom Phase I (Schulz et al., 2006) we find very similar spreads in both total DAE and aerosol component RF. However, the RF of the total DAE is stronger negative and RF from BC from fossil fuel and biofuel emissions are stronger positive in the present study than in the previous AeroCom study. We find a tendency for models having a strong (positive) BC RF to also have strong (negative) sulphate or OA RF. This relationship leads to smaller uncertainty in the total RF of the DAE compared to the RF of the sum of the individual aerosol components. The spread in results for the individual aerosol components is substantial, and can be divided into diversities in burden, mass extinction coefficient (MEC), and normalized RF with respect to AOD. We find that these three factors give similar contributions to the spread in results.
Published: 2013

22. A one-year comprehensive chemical characterisation of fine aerosol (PM2.5) at urban, suburban and rural background sites in the region of Paris (France)

Author: Jean-Eudes Petit, Amandine Rosso, Nikos Mihalopoulos, José Nicolas, Sophie Moukhtar, M. Bressi, Jean Sciare, Nicolas Bonnaire, Anais Feron, Véronique Ghersi, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Agence de l'Environnement et de la Maîtrise de l'Energie (ADEME), Chimie Atmosphérique Expérimentale (CAE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), AIRPARIF - Surveillance de la qualité de l'air en Île-de-France, Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory [Heraklion] (ECPL), Department of Chemistry [Heraklion], University of Crete [Heraklion] (UOC)-University of Crete [Heraklion] (UOC), The publication of this article is financed by CNRS-INSU., Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Pollution, Atmospheric Science, food.ingredient, Meteorology, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, media_common.quotation_subject, Mineral dust, 010501 environmental sciences, 01 natural sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, food, Nitrate, 11. Sustainability, Organic matter, Chemical composition, media_common, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, chemistry.chemical_classification, Total organic carbon, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], Sea salt, Aerosol, chemistry, 13. Climate action, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Environmental science, Physical geography
Abstract: Studies describing the chemical composition of fine aerosol (PM2.5) in urban areas are often conducted during few weeks only, and at one sole site, giving thus a narrow view of their temporal and spatial characteristics. This paper presents a one-year (11 September 2009–10 September 2010) survey of the daily chemical composition of PM2.5 in the region of Paris, which is the second most populated "Larger Urban Zone" in Europe. Five sampling sites representative of suburban (SUB), urban (URB), northeast (NER), northwest (NWR) and south (SOR) rural backgrounds were implemented. The major chemical components of PM2.5 were determined including elemental carbon (EC), organic carbon (OC), and the major ions. OC was converted to organic matter (OM) using the chemical mass closure methodology, which leads to conversion factors of 1.95 for the SUB and URB sites, and 2.05 for the three rural ones. On average, gravimetrically determined PM2.5 annual mass concentrations are 15.2, 14.8, 12.6, 11.7 and 10.8 μg m−3 for SUB, URB, NER, NWR and SOR sites, respectively. The chemical composition of fine aerosol is very homogeneous at the five sites and is composed of OM (38–47%), nitrate (17–22%), non-sea-salt sulfate (13–16%), ammonium (10–12%), EC (4–10%), mineral dust (2–5%) and sea salt (3–4%). This chemical composition is in agreement with those reported in the literature for most European environments. On the annual scale, Paris (URB and SUB sites) exhibits its highest PM2.5 concentrations during late autumn, winter and early spring (higher than 15 μg m−3 on average, from December to April), intermediates during late spring and early autumn (between 10 and 15 μg m−3 during May, June, September, October, and November) and the lowest during summer (below 10 μg m−3 during July and August). PM levels are mostly homogeneous at the regional scale, on the whole duration of the project (e.g. for URB plotted against NER sites: slope = 1.06, r2 = 0.84, n = 330), suggesting the importance of mid- or long-range transport, and regional instead of local scale phenomena. During this one-year project, two third of the days exceeding the PM2.5 2015 EU annual limit value of 25 μg m−3 were due to continental import from countries located northeast, east of France. This result questions the efficiency of local, regional and even national abatement strategies during pollution episodes, pointing the need for a wider collaborative work with the neighbourhood countries on these topics. Nevertheless, emissions of local anthropogenic sources lead to higher levels at the URB and SUB sites compared to the others (e.g. 26% higher on average at the URB than at the NWR site for PM2.5, during the whole campaign), which can even be emphasised by specific meteorological conditions such as low boundary layer heights. OM and secondary inorganic species (nitrate, non-sea-salt sulfate and ammonium, noted SIA) are mainly imported by mid- or long-range transport (e.g. for NWR plotted against URB sites: slope = 0.79, r2 = 0.72, n = 335 for OM, and slope = 0.91, r2 = 0.89, n = 335 for SIA) whereas EC is primarily locally emitted (e.g. for SOR plotted against URB sites: slope = 0.27; r2 = 0.03; n = 335). This database will serve deepest investigations of carbonaceous aerosols, metals as well as the main sources and geographical origins of PM in the region of Paris.
Published: 2013

23. Winter weather regimes over the Mediterranean region: Their role for the regional climate and projected changes in the twenty-first century

Author: Nikolaos Hatzianastassiou, Maria Kanakidou, G. Seze, H. Le Treut, Maisa Rojas, Laurent Li, Department of Geophysics, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile, Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique (UMR 8539) (LMD), Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-École polytechnique (X)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC), Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory [Heraklion] (ECPL), Department of Chemistry [Heraklion], University of Crete [Heraklion] (UOC)-University of Crete [Heraklion] (UOC), Laboratory of Meteorology [Ioannina], University of Ioannina, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)
Subjects: Mediterranean climate, Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, [SDU.STU.GP]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph], 0207 environmental engineering, Climate change, Weather and climate, 02 engineering and technology, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, Mediterranean sea, 13. Climate action, Anticyclone, [SDU.STU.CL]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Climatology, Climatology, Environmental science, Climate model, Precipitation, 020701 environmental engineering, [SDU.STU.OC]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Oceanography, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Downscaling
Abstract: International audience; The winter time weather variability over the Mediterranean is studied in relation to the prevailing weather regimes (WRs) over the region. Using daily geopotential heights at 700 hPa from the ECMWF ERA40 Reanalysis Project and Cluster Analysis, four WRs are identified, in increasing order of frequency of occurrence, as cyclonic (22.0 %), zonal (24.8 %), meridional (25.2 %) and anticyclonic (28.0 %). The surface climate, cloud distribution and radiation patterns associated with these winter WRs are deduced from satellite (ISCCP) and other observational (E-OBS, ERA40) datasets. The LMDz atmosphere-ocean regional climate model is able to simulate successfully the same four Mediterranean weather regimes and reproduce the associated surface and atmospheric conditions for the present climate (1961-1990). Both observational- and LMDz-based computations show that the four Mediterranean weather regimes control the region's weather and climate conditions during winter, exhibiting significant differences between them as for temperature, precipitation, cloudiness and radiation distributions within the region. Projections (2021-2050) of the winter Mediterranean weather and climate are obtained using the LMDz model and analysed in relation to the simulated changes in the four WRs. According to the SRES A1B emission scenario, a significant warming (between 2 and 4 °C) is projected to occur in the region, along with a precipitation decrease by 10-20 % in southern Europe, Mediterranean Sea and North Africa, against a 10 % precipitation increase in northern European areas. The projected changes in temperature and precipitation in the Mediterranean are explained by the model-predicted changes in the frequency of occurrence as well as in the intra-seasonal variability of the regional weather regimes. The anticyclonic configuration is projected to become more recurrent, contributing to the decreased precipitation over most of the basin, while the cyclonic and zonal ones become more sporadic, resulting in more days with below normal precipitation over most of the basin, and on the eastern part of the region, respectively. The changes in frequency and intra-seasonal variability highlights the usefulness of dynamics versus statistical downscaling techniques for climate change studies. © 2013 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.
Published: 2013

24. Large gain in air quality compared to an alternative anthropogenic emissions scenario

Author: Stelios Myriokefalitakis, George S. Fanourgakis, Maria Kanakidou, Kostas Tsigaridis, Nikos Daskalakis, Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences - Hellas [Crete] (ICE-HT), Foundation for Research and Technology - Hellas (FORTH), Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory [Heraklion] (ECPL), Department of Chemistry [Heraklion], University of Crete [Heraklion] (UOC)-University of Crete [Heraklion] (UOC), TROPO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Center for Climate Systems Research [New York] (CCSR), Columbia University [New York], NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS), and NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC)
Subjects: Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Air pollution, Climate change, 010501 environmental sciences, medicine.disease_cause, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, Troposphere, lcsh:Chemistry, 11. Sustainability, medicine, Per capita, Hindcast, Air quality index, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Pollutant, Atmospheric dispersion modeling, lcsh:QC1-999, lcsh:QD1-999, 13. Climate action, Climatology, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Environmental science, lcsh:Physics
Abstract: During the last 30 years, significant effort has been made to improve air quality through legislation for emissions reduction. Global three-dimensional chemistry-transport simulations of atmospheric composition over the past 3 decades have been performed to estimate what the air quality levels would have been under a scenario of stagnation of anthropogenic emissions per capita as in 1980, accounting for the population increase (BA1980) or using the standard practice of neglecting it (AE1980), and how they compare to the historical changes in air quality levels. The simulations are based on assimilated meteorology to account for the year-to-year observed climate variability and on different scenarios of anthropogenic emissions of pollutants. The ACCMIP historical emissions dataset is used as the starting point. Our sensitivity simulations provide clear indications that air quality legislation and technology developments have limited the rapid increase of air pollutants. The achieved reductions in concentrations of nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, black carbon, and sulfate aerosols are found to be significant when comparing to both BA1980 and AE1980 simulations that neglect any measures applied for the protection of the environment. We also show the potentially large tropospheric air quality benefit from the development of cleaner technology used by the growing global population. These 30-year hindcast sensitivity simulations demonstrate that the actual benefit in air quality due to air pollution legislation and technological advances is higher than the gain calculated by a simple comparison against a constant anthropogenic emissions simulation, as is usually done. Our results also indicate that over China and India the beneficial technological advances for the air quality may have been masked by the explosive increase in local population and the disproportional increase in energy demand partially due to the globalization of the economy.
Published: 2016

25. Primary versus secondary contributions to particle number concentrations in the European boundary layer

Author: Karine Sellegri, Nadezda Zikova, Kenneth S. Carslaw, Ernest Weingartner, Angela Marinoni, Thomas Hamburger, Thomas Tuch, Paolo Bonasoni, Joonas Merikanto, Urs Baltensperger, A. Sonntag, Marcel M. Moerman, M. G. Frontoso, Colin D. O'Dowd, Vladimír Ždímal, Pasi Aalto, Pontus Roldin, J. Boulon, L. Collins, Carly Reddington, Birgit Wehner, Hugh Coe, Wolfram Birmili, J. P. Putaud, Andreas Minikin, R. Duchi, Christian Plass-Dülmer, Hans-Christen Hansson, Régis Dupuy, Carsten Gruening, Paolo Laj, Markku Kulmala, Peter Tunved, J. S. Henzing, Dominick V. Spracklen, Alfred Wiedensohler, Nikos Mihalopoulos, Erik Swietlicki, S. G. Jennings, Giorgos Kouvarakis, Harald Flentje, Institute for Climate and Atmospheric Science [Leeds] (ICAS), School of Earth and Environment [Leeds] (SEE), University of Leeds-University of Leeds, C2SM, Department of Physics [Helsinki], Falculty of Science [Helsinki], Helsingin yliopisto = Helsingfors universitet = University of Helsinki-Helsingin yliopisto = Helsingfors universitet = University of Helsinki, DLR Institut für Physik der Atmosphäre (IPA), Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt [Oberpfaffenhofen-Wessling] (DLR), School of Earth, Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences [Manchester] (SEAES), University of Manchester [Manchester], Deutscher Wetterdienst [Offenbach] (DWD), Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Centre for Climate and Air Pollution Studies [Galway] (C-CAPS), National University of Ireland [Galway] (NUI Galway), School of Physics [NUI Galway], Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry [Paul Scherrer Institute] (LAC), Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), Institute for Applied Environmental Research [Stockholm], Stockholm University, Laboratoire de glaciologie et géophysique de l'environnement (LGGE), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de météorologie physique (LaMP), Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand 2 (UBP)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), JRC Institute for Environment and Sustainability (IES), European Commission - Joint Research Centre [Ispra] (JRC), Division of Nuclear Physics, Lund University [Lund], Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), TNO Science and Industry, Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory [Heraklion] (ECPL), Department of Chemistry [Heraklion], University of Crete [Heraklion] (UOC)-University of Crete [Heraklion] (UOC), Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals of the AS CR, CNR Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate (ISAC), National Research Council of Italy | Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), NERC ADIENT, University of Helsinki-University of Helsinki, Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand 2 (UBP), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand 2 (UBP)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)
Subjects: Atmospheric Science, Particle number, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, aerosol particles, Aerosol radiative forcing, Earth & Environment, Nucleation, [SDU.STU]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences, boundary layer, Environment, 010501 environmental sciences, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, resolved aerosol microphysics, lcsh:Chemistry, Primary (astronomy), ion-induced nucleation, instrumental development, Cloud condensation nuclei, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, particulate matter, size distributions, Atmosphärische Spurenstoffe, Particulates, lcsh:QC1-999, Aerosol, on-road, Europe, Boundary layer, carbonaceous aerosol, lcsh:QD1-999, 13. Climate action, UES - Urban Environment & Safety, Environmental science, emission factors, atmospheric sulfuric-acid, off-line model, EELS - Earth, Environmental and Life Sciences, lcsh:Physics
Abstract: It is important to understand the relative contribution of primary and secondary particles to regional and global aerosol so that models can attribute aerosol radiative forcing to different sources. In large-scale models, there is considerable uncertainty associated with treatments of particle formation (nucleation) in the boundary layer (BL) and in the size distribution of emitted primary particles, leading to uncertainties in predicted cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) concentrations. Here we quantify how primary particle emissions and secondary particle formation influence size-resolved particle number concentrations in the BL using a global aerosol microphysics model and aircraft and ground site observations made during the May 2008 campaign of the European Integrated Project on Aerosol Cloud Climate Air Quality Interactions (EUCAARI). We tested four different parameterisations for BL nucleation and two assumptions for the emission size distribution of anthropogenic and wildfire carbonaceous particles. When we emit carbonaceous particles at small sizes (as recommended by the Aerosol Intercomparison project, AEROCOM), the spatial distributions of campaign-mean number concentrations of particles with diameter >50 nm (N50) and >100 nm (N100) were well captured by the model (R2≥0.8) and the normalised mean bias (NMB) was also small (−18% for N50 and −1% for N100). Emission of carbonaceous particles at larger sizes, which we consider to be more realistic for low spatial resolution global models, results in equally good correlation but larger bias (R2≥0.8, NMB = −52% and −29%), which could be partly but not entirely compensated by BL nucleation. Within the uncertainty of the observations and accounting for the uncertainty in the size of emitted primary particles, BL nucleation makes a statistically significant contribution to CCN-sized particles at less than a quarter of the ground sites. Our results show that a major source of uncertainty in CCN-sized particles in polluted European air is the emitted size of primary carbonaceous particles. New information is required not just from direct observations, but also to determine the "effective emission size" and composition of primary particles appropriate for different resolution models., JRC.H.2-Air and Climate
Published: 2011

26. Number size distributions and seasonality of submicron particles in Europe 2008-2009

Author: Markku Kulmala, G. de Leeuw, Gyula Kiss, F. Meinhardt, V. Zdimal, Roy M. Harrison, Karine Sellegri, Vidmantas Ulevicius, Heikki Lihavainen, Angela Marinoni, Markus Fiebig, Urs Baltensperger, Adam Kristensson, Colin D. O'Dowd, Ernest Weingartner, Paolo Laj, S. G. Jennings, Ari Asmi, J. P. Putaud, Nikos Kalivitis, P. P. Aalto, David C. S. Beddows, Niku Kivekäs, Kay Weinhold, Eija Asmi, Hans-Christen Hansson, Peter Tunved, Nikos Mihalopoulos, Alfred Wiedensohler, Harald Flentje, Bas Henzing, Erik Swietlicki, A. M. Fjaeraa, Wolfram Birmili, Nadezda Zikova, Ivo Kalapov, Ludwig Ries, Department of Physics [Helsinki], Falculty of Science [Helsinki], Helsingin yliopisto = Helsingfors universitet = University of Helsinki-Helsingin yliopisto = Helsingfors universitet = University of Helsinki, Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Laboratoire de glaciologie et géophysique de l'environnement (LGGE), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU), Laboratoire de météorologie physique (LaMP), Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand 2 (UBP)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry [Paul Scherrer Institute] (LAC), Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals, JRC Institute for Environment and Sustainability (IES), European Commission - Joint Research Centre [Ispra] (JRC), CNR Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate (ISAC), National Research Council of Italy | Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry [Stockholm] (ACES), Stockholm University, Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI), Center for Physical Sciences and Technology [Vilnius] (FTMC), Department of Physics, Lund University [Lund], Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory [Heraklion] (ECPL), Department of Chemistry [Heraklion], University of Crete [Heraklion] (UOC)-University of Crete [Heraklion] (UOC), Institute of Nuclear Research and Nuclear Energy, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences (BAS), Air Chemistry Group of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, University of Pannonia, Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), TNO Science and Industry, School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences [Birmingham], University of Birmingham [Birmingham], National University of Ireland [Galway] (NUI Galway), Meteorologisches Observatorium Hohenpeißenberg (MOHp), Deutscher Wetterdienst [Offenbach] (DWD), German Federal Environmental Agency / Umweltbundesamt (UBA), the Academy of Finland Centre of Excellence program (project no. 1118615), SHARE Project (Ev-K2-CNR), University of Helsinki-University of Helsinki, Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand 2 (UBP), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Center for Physical Sciences and Technology Savanoriu, German Meteorological Service, Hohenpeienberg Observatory, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand 2 (UBP)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)
Subjects: formation events, Mediterranean climate, Atmospheric Science, fine, particulate air-pollution, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Particle number, Earth & Environment, 010501 environmental sciences, Environment, 01 natural sciences, lcsh:Chemistry, Zeppelinobservatoriet, Altitude, medicine, microphysics, [SDU.STU.GL]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Glaciology, atmospheric aerosol measurements, mace head, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Microphysics, resolved aerosol, Mode (statistics), 3580 m asl, Seasonality, respiratory system, medicine.disease, lcsh:QC1-999, Aerosol, physical-characteristics, lcsh:QD1-999, 13. Climate action, station, Climatology, UES - Urban Environment & Safety, Environmental science, Particle, EELS - Earth, Environmental and Life Sciences, lcsh:Physics
Abstract: Two years of harmonized aerosol number size distribution data from 24 European field monitoring sites have been analysed. The results give a comprehensive overview of the European near surface aerosol particle number concentrations and number size distributions between 30 and 500 nm of dry particle diameter. Spatial and temporal distribution of aerosols in the particle sizes most important for climate applications are presented. We also analyse the annual, weekly and diurnal cycles of the aerosol number concentrations, provide log-normal fitting parameters for median number size distributions, and give guidance notes for data users. Emphasis is placed on the usability of results within the aerosol modelling community. We also show that the aerosol number concentrations of Aitken and accumulation mode particles (with 100 nm dry diameter as a cut-off between modes) are related, although there is significant variation in the ratios of the modal number concentrations. Different aerosol and station types are distinguished from this data and this methodology has potential for further categorization of stations aerosol number size distribution types. The European submicron aerosol was divided into characteristic types: Central European aerosol, characterized by single mode median size distributions, unimodal number concentration histograms and low variability in CCN-sized aerosol number concentrations; Nordic aerosol with low number concentrations, although showing pronounced seasonal variation of especially Aitken mode particles; Mountain sites (altitude over 1000 m a.s.l.) with a strong seasonal cycle in aerosol number concentrations, high variability, and very low median number concentrations. Southern and Western European regions had fewer stations, which decreases the regional coverage of these results. Aerosol number concentrations over the Britain and Ireland had very high variance and there are indications of mixed air masses from several source regions; the Mediterranean aerosol exhibit high seasonality, and a strong accumulation mode in the summer. The greatest concentrations were observed at the Ispra station in Northern Italy with high accumulation mode number concentrations in the winter. The aerosol number concentrations at the Arctic station Zeppelin in Ny-AA lesund in Svalbard have also a strong seasonal cycle, with greater concentrations of accumulation mode particles in winter, and dominating summer Aitken mode indicating more recently formed particles. Observed particles did not show any statistically significant regional work-week or weekday related variation in number concentrations studied. Analysis products are made for open-access to the research community, available in a freely accessible internet site. The results give to the modelling community a reliable, easy-to-use and freely available comparison dataset of aerosol size distributions.
Published: 2011

27. Characterization and intercomparison of aerosol absorption photometers: result of two intercomparison workshops

Author: Mika Komppula, G. Jennings, Hristo Angelov, Aki Virkkula, Thomas Müller, S. Rodriquez, Yang Wang, Angela Marinoni, John A. Ogren, Marcel M. Moerman, Nikos Kalivitis, Kornélia Imre, Andreas Petzold, Jean-Marc Pichon, Mar Viana, Paolo Laj, P. Ivanow, Kimmo Teinilä, Andrés Alastuey, Chris Rene Lunder, András Hoffer, R. Wilhelm, A. Wiedensohler, H. Karlsson, S. Martins dos Santos, Ernest Weingartner, Junying Sun, G. de Leeuw, Risto Hillamo, Andreas Nowak, Patrick J. Sheridan, J. E. Engström, Thomas Tuch, Sangeeta Sharma, Shao-Meng Li, M. Bizjak, J. S. Henzing, Carsten Gruening, M. Collaud Coen, Leibniz-Institut für Troposphärenforschung (TROPOS), Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), TNO Science and Industry, University of Helsinki, Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI), Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Spain] (CSIC), Institute for Nuclear Research and Nuclear Energy, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences (BAS), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ljubljana, Payerne Aerological Station, Federal Office of Meteorology and Climatology MeteoSwiss, Department of Meteorology [Stockholm] (MISU), Stockholm University, European Commission - Joint Research Centre [Ispra] (JRC), Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences [Veszprém], University of Pannonia, Environmental Change Institute [Galway], National University of Ireland [Galway] (NUI Galway), School of Physics [NUI Galway], Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory [Heraklion] (ECPL), Department of Chemistry [Heraklion], University of Crete [Heraklion] (UOC)-University of Crete [Heraklion] (UOC), Institute for Applied Environmental Research [Stockholm], Kuopio Unit [FMI], Laboratoire de glaciologie et géophysique de l'environnement (LGGE), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de météorologie physique (LaMP), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand 2 (UBP), Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU), CNR Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate (ISAC), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), The Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), ESRL Global Monitoring Division [Boulder] (GMD), NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory (ESRL), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)-National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), DLR Institut für Physik der Atmosphäre (IPA), Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt [Oberpfaffenhofen-Wessling] (DLR), Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry [Paul Scherrer Institute] (LAC), Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), Meteorologisches Observatorium Hohenpeißenberg (MOHp), Deutscher Wetterdienst [Offenbach] (DWD), Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences (CAMS), WMO GAW (Global Atmosphere Watch) EU, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand 2 (UBP)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), ESRL Global Monitoring Laboratory [Boulder] (GML), Helsingin yliopisto = Helsingfors universitet = University of Helsinki, Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand 2 (UBP)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and National Research Council of Italy | Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR)
Subjects: Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Integrating Nephelometers, aerosol absorption, aerosol properties, aerosol measurement, Fotómetros de absorción, 010501 environmental sciences, medicine.disease_cause, black carbon, soot, 01 natural sciences, law.invention, Size, law, Soot Particles, Aerosoles, lcsh:TA170-171, Absorption (electromagnetic radiation), Chemistry, lcsh:Earthwork. Foundations, Soot, lcsh:Environmental engineering, aerosol climate, Black Carbon Content, Calibration, Filter-Based Measurements, MAAP, photometers, Absorption photometers, Aethalometer, intercomparison, Optics, EUSAAR, medicine, [SDU.STU.GM]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geomorphology, effects, Attenuation Cross-Section, Remote sensing, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Photometers, business.industry, lcsh:TA715-787, Ambient Measurements, Aerosol properties, Atmosphärische Spurenstoffe, Photometer, Aerosol, 13. Climate action, Attenuation coefficient, Particle, Visible-Light Absorption, business, absorption
Abstract: Absorption photometers for real time application have been available since the 1980s, but the use of filter-based instruments to derive information on aerosol properties (absorption coefficient and black carbon, BC) is still a matter of debate. Several workshops have been conducted to investigate the performance of individual instruments over the intervening years. Two workshops with large sets of aerosol absorption photometers were conducted in 2005 and 2007. The data from these instruments were corrected using existing methods before further analysis. The inter-comparison shows a large variation between the responses to absorbing aerosol particles for different types of instruments. The unit to unit variability between instruments can be up to 30% for Particle Soot Absorption Photometers (PSAPs) and Aethalometers. Multi Angle Absorption Photometers (MAAPs) showed a variability of less than 5%. Reasons for the high variability were identified to be variations in sample flow and spot size. It was observed that different flow rates influence system performance with respect to response to absorption and instrumental noise. Measurements with non absorbing particles showed that the current corrections of a cross sensitivity to particle scattering are not sufficient. Remaining cross sensitivities were found to be a function of the total particle load on the filter. The large variation between the response to absorbing aerosol particles for different types of instruments indicates that current correction functions for absorption photometers are not adequate., JRC.DDG.H.2-Climate change and air quality
Published: 2011

28. EUCAARI ion spectrometer measurements at 12 European sites - analysis of new particle formation events

Author: Markku Kulmala, G. Kiss, Giorgos Kouvarakis, Stephanie Gagne, Aadu Mirme, Almut Arneth, G. de Leeuw, Maria Cristina Facchini, Ari Laaksonen, Marcel M. Moerman, G. Wehrle, M. Brinkenberg, N. Törő, G. Stange, Paolo Laj, Tuomo Nieminen, Colin D. O'Dowd, A. Hamed, Eija Asmi, Birgitta Svenningsson, Stefano Decesari, Alfred Wiedensohler, Bas Henzing, Pasi Aalto, Marko Vana, Tuukka Petäjä, Ernest Weingartner, Nicolas Bukowiecki, Karine Sellegri, S. A. K. Hakkinen, C. Plass-Dülmer, Aikaterini Bougiatioti, Martin Gysel, Veli-Matti Kerminen, Nikos Mihalopoulos, Erik Swietlicki, J. Boulon, Urmas Hõrrak, András Hoffer, Sander Mirme, A. Sonntag, Katrianne Lehtipalo, Hanna E. Manninen, Jorma Joutsensaari, Darius Ceburnis, L. Tarozzi, Wolfram Birmili, Department of Physics [Helsinki], Falculty of Science [Helsinki], University of Helsinki-University of Helsinki, Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI), Institute of Physics [Tartu], University of Tartu, Meteorologisches Observatorium Hohenpeißenberg (MOHp), Deutscher Wetterdienst [Offenbach] (DWD), Air Chemistry Group of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, University of Pannonia, Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), TNO Science and Industry, Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI), Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory [Heraklion] (ECPL), Department of Chemistry [Heraklion], University of Crete [Heraklion] (UOC)-University of Crete [Heraklion] (UOC), National University of Ireland [Galway] (NUI Galway), Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystems Analysis, Geobiosphere Science Centre, Department of Physics, Lund University [Lund], CNR Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate (ISAC), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Laboratoire de météorologie physique (LaMP), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand 2 (UBP), Laboratoire de glaciologie et géophysique de l'environnement (LGGE), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry [Paul Scherrer Institute] (LAC), Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), University of Kuopio, Department of Applied Environmental Science [Stockholm] (ITM), Stockholm University, Academy of Finland Centre of Excellence program (project no. 211483, 211484 and 1118615), Helsingin yliopisto = Helsingfors universitet = University of Helsinki-Helsingin yliopisto = Helsingfors universitet = University of Helsinki, National Research Council of Italy | Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand 2 (UBP)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand 2 (UBP)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), and Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Atmospheric Science, nucleation mode particles, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, ultra-fine particles, Atmospheric cluster, Nucleation, aerosol formation, 010501 environmental sciences, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, Spectrometer, Ion, lcsh:Chemistry, Troposphere, sulfuric-acid, Ultrafine particle, Cluster (physics), continental boundary-layer, boreal forest, [SDU.STU.GM]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geomorphology, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Range (particle radiation), long-term, research station, size distributions, Cloud condensation nucleus, lcsh:QC1-999, Charged particle, atmospheric nucleation, Ground-based measurement, lcsh:QD1-999, 13. Climate action, Air quality, Environmental science, Particle, lcsh:Physics
Abstract: We present comprehensive results on continuous atmospheric cluster and particle measurements in the size range ~1–42 nm within the European Integrated project on Aerosol Cloud Climate and Air Quality interactions (EUCAARI) project. We focused on characterizing the spatial and temporal variation of new-particle formation events and relevant particle formation parameters across Europe. Different types of air ion and cluster mobility spectrometers were deployed at 12 field sites across Europe from March 2008 to May 2009. The measurements were conducted in a wide variety of environments, including coastal and continental locations as well as sites at different altitudes (both in the boundary layer and the free troposphere). New-particle formation events were detected at all of the 12 field sites during the year-long measurement period. From the data, nucleation and growth rates of newly-formed particles were determined for each environment. In a case of parallel ion and neutral cluster measurements, we could also estimate the relative contribution of ion-induced and neutral nucleation to the total particle formation. The formation rates of charged particles at 2 nm accounted for 1–30% of the respective total particle formation rates. As a significant new result, we found out that the total particle formation rate varied much more between the different sites than the formation rate of charged particles. This work presents, so far, the most comprehensive effort to experimentally characterize nucleation and growth of atmospheric molecular clusters and nanoparticles at ground-based observation sites on a continental scale.
Published: 2010

29. Assessing the transformation kinetics of 2- and 4-nitrophenol in the atmospheric aqueous phase. Implications for the distribution of both nitroisomers in the atmosphere

Author: Gilles Mailhot, Cecilia Arsene, Davide Vione, Marius Duncianu, Mohamed Sarakha, Claudio Minero, Valter Maurino, Romeo Iulian Olariu, Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory [Heraklion] (ECPL), Department of Chemistry [Heraklion], University of Crete [Heraklion] (UOC)-University of Crete [Heraklion] (UOC), Photochimie moléculaire et macromoléculaire (PMM), Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand 2 (UBP)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand (ICCF), and Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand 2 (UBP)-SIGMA Clermont (SIGMA Clermont)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Atmospheric Science, Reaction mechanism, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Photochemistry, 010501 environmental sciences, Particulates, 01 natural sciences, [SDE.ES]Environmental Sciences/Environmental and Society, Phytotoxic compounds, Aerosol, Atmosphere, chemistry.chemical_compound, Nitrophenol, chemistry, 13. Climate action, Atmospheric chemistry, Environmental chemistry, Nitrated phenols, Degradation (geology), Organic chemistry, Hydroxyl radical, Atmospheric waters, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, General Environmental Science
Abstract: International audience; Different transformation processes for nitrophenols in the atmospheric aqueous phase were considered to assess their relative importance, and their ability to account for the higher occurrence of 4-nitrophenol (4NP) compared to 2-nitrophenol (2NP) in the atmosphere. The importance of the different processes was in the order •OH >•NO3 > direct photolysis > nitration to 2,4-dinitrophenol. 2NP is more reactive than 4NP with the hydroxyl radical, but the difference is low. Accordingly, such a process could account for the higher atmospheric occurrence of 4NP only if the observed atmospheric nitrophenols were what was left of an almost complete degradation by •OH. This would imply the unlikely scenario that the known nitrophenol sources to the atmosphere were only a limited fraction of the actual ones. A more likely, tentative possibility would be connected with the higher occurrence of 4NP on particles. If the reactivity order of nitrophenols in the atmospheric compartments was water droplets > gas phase > particles, particulate matter could act as a reservoir of 4NP. 2NP would undergo degradation in gas phase or solution at a higher rate than 4NP on particles, which could decrease the atmospheric levels of 2NP below those of 4NP.
Published: 2009

30. Tropospheric OH and Cl levels deduced from non-methane hydrocarbon measurements in a marine site

Author: Cecilia Arsene, Bernard Bonsang, Aikaterini Bougiatioti, Nikos Mihalopoulos, Maria Kanakidou, Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory [Heraklion] (ECPL), Department of Chemistry [Heraklion], University of Crete [Heraklion] (UOC)-University of Crete [Heraklion] (UOC), Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Chemistry, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Chimie Atmosphérique Expérimentale (CAE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), and Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)
Subjects: chemistry.chemical_classification, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Atmospheric Science, Daytime, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Radical, Analytical chemistry, 010501 environmental sciences, 01 natural sciences, Methane, lcsh:QC1-999, Propene, Troposphere, lcsh:Chemistry, chemistry.chemical_compound, Hydrocarbon, chemistry, lcsh:QD1-999, 13. Climate action, Climatology, Atom, Diel vertical migration, lcsh:Physics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: In situ continuous hourly measurements of C2–C8 non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHCS) have been performed from March to October 2006 at two coastal locations (natural and rural) on the island of Crete, in the Eastern Mediterranean. Well defined diel variations were observed for several short lived NMHCS (including ethene, propene, n-butane, n-pentane, n-hexane, 2-methyl-pentane). The daytime concentration of hydroxyl (OH) radicals estimated from these experimental data varied from 1.3×106 to ~4.0×106 radical cm−3, in good agreement with box-model simulations. In addition the relative variability of various hydrocarbon pairs (at least 7) was used to derive the tropospheric levels of Cl atoms. The Cl atom concentration has been estimated to range between 0.6×104 and 4.7×104 atom cm−3, in good agreement with gaseous hydrochloric acid (HCl) observations in the area. Such levels of Cl atoms can be of considerable importance for the oxidation capacity of the troposphere on a regional scale.
Published: 2007

31. Size-segregated mass distributions of aerosols over Eastern Mediterranean: seasonal variability and comparison with AERONET columnar size-distributions

Author: G. Kouvarakis, Sanna Saarikoski, Nikos Mihalopoulos, Nikos Kalivitis, Evangelos Gerasopoulos, E. Koulouri, Timo Mäkelä, Risto Hillamo, EGU, Publication, Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory [Heraklion] (ECPL), Department of Chemistry [Heraklion], University of Crete [Heraklion] (UOC)-University of Crete [Heraklion] (UOC), and Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI)
Subjects: [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Pollution, Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Range (biology), [SDU.OCEAN] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, media_common.quotation_subject, 010501 environmental sciences, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, lcsh:QC1-999, AERONET, Aerosol, lcsh:Chemistry, Eastern mediterranean, lcsh:QD1-999, 13. Climate action, Climatology, Environmental science, 14. Life underwater, lcsh:Physics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, media_common
Abstract: This work provides long-term (2004–2006) size segregated measurements of aerosol mass at a remote coastal station in the southern Europe, with the use of size-selective samplings (SDI impactor). Seven distinct modes were identified in the range 0–10 µm and the dominant were the "Accumulation 1" (0.25–0.55 µm) and the "Coarse 2" (3–7 µm) modes. The seasonal characteristics of each mode were thoroughly studied and different sources for submicron and supermicron particles were identified, the first being related to local/regional and transported pollution with maximum in summer and the latter to dust from deserted areas in Northern Africa maximizing in spring. On average, PM2.5 and PM1 accounted for 60% and 40% of PM10 mass, respectively.The representativity of the ground-based measurements for the total column was also investigated by comparing the measured aerosol mass distributions with the AERONET volume size distribution data. Similar seasonal patterns were revealed and AERONET was found adequate for the estimation of background levels of both fine and coarse particles near surface, with certain limitations in the case of pollution or dust abrupt episodes due to its low temporal coverage.
Published: 2007

32. Aerosol physical and optical properties in the Eastern Mediterranean Basin, Crete, from Aerosol Robotic Network Data

Author: Fotiadi, A., Hatzianastassiou, N., Drakakis, E., Matsoukas, C., Pavlakis, K. G., Hatzidimitriou, D., Gerasopoulos, E., Nikolaos Mihalopoulos, Vardavas, I., Department of Physics, Okayama University, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Foundation for Research and Technology - Hellas (FORTH), Laboratory of Meteorology [Ioannina], University of Ioannina, Department of Electrical Engineering, Department of Environment [Mytilene], University of the Aegean, Department of General Applied Science, Institute for Environmental Science and Sustainable Development, Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory [Heraklion] (ECPL), Department of Chemistry [Heraklion], and University of Crete [Heraklion] (UOC)-University of Crete [Heraklion] (UOC)
Subjects: mineral dust, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, aegean sea, sky radiance measurements, 01 natural sciences, light-scattering, 13. Climate action, 0103 physical sciences, negev desert, raman lidar, chemical-composition, summer airborne measurements, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, northern greece, atlantic-ocean, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: International audience; In this study, we investigate the aerosol optical properties, namely aerosol optical thickness (AOT), Angström parameter (?440?870 and size distribution parameters over the Eastern Mediterranean Basin, using spectral measurements from the recently established FORTH (Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas) AERONET station in Crete, for the two-year period 2003?2004. The location of the FORTH-AERONET station offers a unique opportunity to monitor aerosols from different sources. The AOT is maximum during spring, because of the high dust load transported mainly from African deserts, and minimum in winter. There are secondary maxima in AOT at 870 and 1020 nm in October, attributed to dust transport events occurring in autumn. Large values of AOT at 340 and 500 nm persisting during summer are associated with transport of fine aerosols of urban/industrial and biomass burning origin. The dust events are characterised by a drastic increase in AOT at all wavelengths accompanied by a drastic decrease in Angström parameter to values below 0.3. The mean annual values of AOT340, AOT500, AOT870 and ?440?870, are equal to 0.34±0.14, 0.21±0.11, 0.11±0.09 and 1.17±0.53 respectively. The scatterplots of Angström parameter versus aerosol optical thickness indicate a great variety of aerosol types over the study region including dust, urban-industrial/biomass burning, maritime, as well as mixed aerosol types. This is supported by back-trajectory analyses, and agrees with the measurements of experimental campaigns that took place in Crete during summer. The aerosol volume-size distributions are bimodal over all seasons, with a fine and a coarse mode having effective mean radius of 0.13 ?m and 2.12 ?m, respectively, and columnar volume concentrations of about 0.038 and 0.061 ?m3/?m2. There is a general dominance of coarse to fine mode in terms of aerosol volume, in agreement with other maritime locations persisting through the year except for summer. Our analysis shows that the highest values of AOT are related to wind directions from the east, southeast and south, as well as from northwest. Northwestern winds are associated with maximum fine aerosol loads from industrial areas, while eastern, southeastern and southern winds are related to maximum coarse aerosol loads, namely sea salt and desert dust.
Published: 2006

33. Organic aerosol and global climate modelling: a review

Author: Cathrine Lund Myhre, Athanasios Nenes, Sandro Fuzzi, Elisabetta Vignati, Barbara Ervens, Ian Barnes, J. Wilson, Spyros N. Pandis, Yves Balkanski, Maria Kanakidou, Claus J. Nielsen, Erik Swietlicki, Maria Cristina Facchini, R. Van Dingenen, Frank Dentener, J. P. Putaud, Euripides G. Stephanou, J. Horth, Geert K. Moortgat, John H. Seinfeld, R. Winterhalter, Kostas Tsigaridis, Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory [Heraklion] (ECPL), Department of Chemistry [Heraklion], University of Crete [Heraklion] (UOC)-University of Crete [Heraklion] (UOC), California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), Dept. of Chemical Engineering, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Climate Change Unit [Ispra], JRC Institute for Environment and Sustainability (IES), European Commission - Joint Research Centre [Ispra] (JRC)-European Commission - Joint Research Centre [Ispra] (JRC), Istituto di Scienze dell'Atmosfera e del Clima (ISAC), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche [Roma] (CNR), Cooperative Institute for Research in the Atmosphere (CIRA), Colorado State University [Fort Collins] (CSU), Schools of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences and Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology [Atlanta], Dept. of Chemistry, Div. of Nuclear Physics, Dept. of Physics, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Max Planck Institute for Chemistry (MPIC), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Departments of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Science and Engineering, University of Patras, European Commission - Joint Research Centre [Ispra] (JRC), Istituto di Scienze dell'Atmosfera e del Clima [Bologna] (ISAC), National Research Council of Italy | Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand (ICCF), SIGMA Clermont (SIGMA Clermont)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université Clermont Auvergne [2017-2020] (UCA [2017-2020])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Oslo (UiO), Lund University [Lund], Modelling the Earth Response to Multiple Anthropogenic Interactions and Dynamics (MERMAID), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Crete [Heraklion] (UOC), University of Patras [Patras], Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), and Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)
Subjects: [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Atmospheric Science, Primary (chemistry), 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Global climate, 010501 environmental sciences, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, lcsh:QC1-999, Continuous analysis, Aerosol, Atmosphere, lcsh:Chemistry, lcsh:QD1-999, Climate impact, [SDU.STU.CL]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Climatology, 13. Climate action, General Circulation Model, Aerosol mass spectrometry, Environmental science, lcsh:Physics, Caltech Library Services, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: The present paper reviews existing knowledge with regard to Organic Aerosol (OA) of importance for global climate modelling and defines critical gaps needed to reduce the involved uncertainties. All pieces required for the representation of OA in a global climate model are sketched out with special attention to Secondary Organic Aerosol (SOA): The emission estimates of primary carbonaceous particles and SOA precursor gases are summarized. The up-to-date understanding of the chemical formation and transformation of condensable organic material is outlined. Knowledge on the hygroscopicity of OA and measurements of optical properties of the organic aerosol constituents are summarized. The mechanisms of interactions of OA with clouds and dry and wet removal processes parameterisations in global models are outlined. This information is synthesized to provide a continuous analysis of the flow from the emitted material to the atmosphere up to the point of the climate impact of the produced organic aerosol. The sources of uncertainties at each step of this process are highlighted as areas that require further studies. © 2005 Author(s). This work is licensed under a Creative Commons License.
Published: 2004

34. Inorganic bromine in the marine boundary layer: a critical review

Author: Sander, R., Keene, W. C., Pszenny, A. A. P., Arimoto, R., Ayers, G. P., Baboukas, E., Cainey, J. M., Crutzen, P. J., Duce, R. A., Hönninger, G., Huebert, B. J., Maenhaut, W., Nikolaos Mihalopoulos, Turekian, V. C., Dingenen, R., Atmospheric Chemistry Department [MPIC], Max Planck Institute for Chemistry (MPIC), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft-Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Virginia [Charlottesville], Center for Global Change Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), CEMRC/New Mexico State University, 1400 University Drive, CSIRO Atmospheric Research, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation [Canberra] (CSIRO), Cape Grim Baseline Air Pollution Station, 159 Nelson Street, Department of Atmospheric Sciences [College Station], Texas A&M University [College Station], Department of Oceanography [College Station], Institut für Umweltphysik [Heidelberg], Universität Heidelberg [Heidelberg], Department of Oceanography, University of Hawaii, Department of Analytical Chemistry [Ghent], Universiteit Gent = Ghent University [Belgium] (UGENT), Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory [Heraklion] (ECPL), Department of Chemistry [Heraklion], University of Crete [Heraklion] (UOC)-University of Crete [Heraklion] (UOC), National Academy of Sciences, 2101 Constitution Ave. NW, European Commission - Joint Research Centre [Ispra] (JRC), and EGU, Publication
Subjects: [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, 13. Climate action, [SDU.OCEAN] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, 14. Life underwater, 01 natural sciences, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: The cycling of inorganic bromine in the marine boundary layer (mbl) has received increased attention in recent years. Bromide, a constituent of sea water, is injected into the atmosphere in association with sea-salt aerosol by breaking waves on the ocean surface. Measurements reveal that supermicrometer sea-salt aerosol is depleted in bromine by about 50% relative to conservative tracers, whereas marine submicrometer aerosol is often enriched in bromine. Model calculations, laboratory studies, and field observations strongly suggest that these depletions reflect the chemical transformation of particulate bromide to reactive inorganic gases that influence the processing of ozone and other important constituents of marine air. However, currently available techniques cannot reliably quantify many \\chem{Br}-containing compounds at ambient concentrations and, consequently, our understanding of inorganic Br cycling over the oceans and its global significance are uncertain. To provide a more coherent framework for future research, we have reviewed measurements in marine aerosol, the gas phase, and in rain. We also summarize sources and sinks, as well as model and laboratory studies of chemical transformations. The focus is on inorganic bromine over the open oceans, excluding the polar regions. The generation of sea-salt aerosol at the ocean surface is the major tropospheric source producing about 6.2 Tg/a of bromide. The transport of Br from continents (as mineral aerosol, and as products from biomass-burning and fossil-fuel combustion) can be of local importance. Transport of degradation products of long-lived Br-containing compounds from the stratosphere and other sources contribute lesser amounts. Available evidence suggests that, following aerosol acidification, sea-salt bromide reacts to form Br2 and BrCl that volatilize to the gas phase and photolyze in daylight to produce atomic Br and Cl. Subsequent transformations can destroy tropospheric ozone, oxidize dimethylsulfide (DMS) and hydrocarbons in the gas phase and S(IV) in aerosol solutions, and thereby potentially influence climate. The diurnal cycle of gas-phase \\Br and the corresponding particulate Br deficits are correlated. Higher values of Br in the gas phase during daytime are consistent with expectations based on photochemistry. Mechanisms that explain the widely reported accumulation of particulate Br in submicrometer aerosols are not yet understood. We expect that the importance of inorganic Br cycling will vary in the future as a function of both increasing acidification of the atmosphere (through anthropogenic emissions) and climate changes. The latter affects bromine cycling via meteorological factors including global wind fields (and the associated production of sea-salt aerosol), temperature, and relative humidity.
Published: 2003

35. Size resolved mass concentration and elemental composition of atmospheric aerosols over the eastern Mediterranean area

Author: Jaroslav Schwarz, C. Bryant, Mihalis Lazaridis, Nikos Mihalopoulos, Vladimír Ždímal, Konstantinos Eleftheriadis, J. Smolik, Ian Colbeck, V. Havárnek, Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals, Technical University of Crete [Chania], Nuclear Physics Institute AS CR, National Center for Scientific Research 'Demokritos' (NCSR), Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory [Heraklion] (ECPL), Department of Chemistry [Heraklion], University of Crete [Heraklion] (UOC)-University of Crete [Heraklion] (UOC), Department of Biological Sciences, EGU, Publication, and Institute of Nuclear Technology & Radiation Protection
Subjects: Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, 0207 environmental engineering, 02 engineering and technology, 010501 environmental sciences, Mineral dust, Combustion, 01 natural sciences, Research vessel, lcsh:Chemistry, medicine, 14. Life underwater, 020701 environmental engineering, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Elemental composition, [SDU.OCEAN] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Seasonality, medicine.disease, lcsh:QC1-999, Aerosol, Eastern mediterranean, lcsh:QD1-999, 13. Climate action, Climatology, Environmental chemistry, Gravimetric analysis, Environmental science, lcsh:Physics
Abstract: A Berner low pressure impactor was used to collect size-segregated aerosol samples at Finokalia, located on the north-eastern coast of Crete, Greece during July 2000 and January 2001. Several samples were also collected during the summer campaign aboard the research vessel "AEGAIEO" in the Aegean Sea. Gravimetric analysis and inversion techniques yielded daily PM1 and PM10 mass concentrations. The samples were also analysed by PIXE giving the elemental size distributions of Al, Si, K, Ca, Ti, Mn, Fe, Sr, S, Cl, Ni, V, Cu, Cr, Zn, and Pb. The crustal elements and sea-salt had a unimodal supermicron size distribution. Sulphur was found predominantly in submicron fractions. K, V, and Ni exhibited a bimodal distribution with a submicron mode produced by forest fires and oil combustion. The anthropogenic elements had broad and not well-defined distributions. The time series for PM1 and PM10 mass and elemental concentrations showed both daily and seasonal variation. Higher mass concentrations were observed during two incursions of Saharan dust, whilst higher concentrations of S, Cu, Zn, and Pb were encountered in samples collected in air masses arriving from northern Greece or the western coast of Turkey. Elevated concentrations of chlorine were found in samples with air masses either originating above the Atlantic Ocean and arriving at Finokalia via western Europe or recirculating over the western coast of the Black Sea.
Published: 2003

36. Overview of the field measurement campaign in Hyytiälä, August 2001 in the framework of the EU project OSOA

Author: Casimiro Pio, Markku Kulmala, Jorma Joutsensaari, Üllar Rannik, Janne Rinne, Tuukka Petäjä, Petri Vaattovaara, Abel Carvalho, Jim Greenberg, Andreas Römpp, C. Spirig, Maria Apostolaki, Ari Laaksonen, P. Ciccioli, Manolis Tsapakis, Euripides G. Stephanou, Jörg Warnke, Pasi Aalto, Thorsten Hoffmann, M. Dal Maso, Geert K. Moortgat, Alex Guenther, Michael Boy, A. Kouvarakis, EGU, Publication, Dept. of Physical Sciences, University of Kuopio, Institut f¨ur Specktrochemie, Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory [Heraklion] (ECPL), Department of Chemistry [Heraklion], University of Crete [Heraklion] (UOC)-University of Crete [Heraklion] (UOC), Universidade de Aveiro, Max-Planck-Institut für Chemie (MPIC), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Atmospheric Chemistry Division [Boulder], National Center for Atmospheric Research [Boulder] (NCAR), and Instituto di Metodologie Chimiche
Subjects: [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Atmospheric Science, Meteorology, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Secondary organic aerosols, Planetary boundary layer, [SDU.OCEAN] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, 010401 analytical chemistry, Eddy covariance, Particle sampling, 010501 environmental sciences, Solar irradiance, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, lcsh:QC1-999, 0104 chemical sciences, lcsh:Chemistry, chemistry.chemical_compound, Above ground, chemistry, lcsh:QD1-999, 13. Climate action, Environmental science, lcsh:Physics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: As part of the OSOA (Origin and formation of Secondary Organic Aerosols) project, two intensive field campaigns were conducted in Melpitz, Germany and Hyytiälä, Finland. This paper gives an overview of the measurements made during the Hyytiälä campaign, which was held between 1 and 16 August 2001. Various instrumental techniques were used to achieve physical and chemical characterisation of aerosols and to investigate possible precursor gases. During the OSOA campaign in Hyytiälä, particle formation was observed on three consecutive days at the beginning of the campaign (1 to 3 August 2001) and on three days later on. The investigation of the meteorological situation divided the campaign into two parts. During the first three days of August, relatively cold and clean air masses from northwest passed over the station (condensation sink – CS: -1, NOx: -3 were observed. After this period, warmer and more polluted air from south-west to south-east arrived at the station (CS: 0.002–0.01 s-1, NOx: 0.5–4 ppb) and during these 13 days only three events were observed. These events were not as apparent as those that occurred during the earlier period of the campaign. The chemical analyses from different institutes of PM2, PM2.5 and PM10 particles confirmed the assumption that organic matter from the oxidation of various terpenes contributed to the formation of secondary organic aerosols (SOA). Concerning these conclusions among others, the ratio between formic (oxidation product of isoprene and monoterpenes by ozone) and acetic acid (increased by anthropogenic emissions) (ratio=1 to 1.5) and concentration of different carboxylic acids (up to 62 ngm-3) were investigated. Gas/particle partitioning of five photo-oxidation products from α- and β-pinene resulted in higher concentrations of pinonic, nor pinonic and pinic acids in the particle phase than in the gas phase, which indicates a preference to the particle phase for these compounds. The average growth factors (GF) from 100 nm particles in water vapour gave a diurnal pattern with a maximum during daytime and values between 1.2 and 1.7. On average, the amount of secondary organic carbon reached values around 19% of the sampled aerosols and we speculate that formation of SOA with the influence of photo-oxidation products from terpenes was the reason for the observed particle bursts during the campaign. However, correlations between the precursor gases or the favourable condensing species with the monitored nucleation mode particles were not found. For the investigated time period other factors like the condensation sink of newly formed particles to the pre-existing aerosols, temperature and solar irradiance seem to be more important steering parameters for the production of new aerosols. Another open question concerns the vertical distribution of the formation of SOA. For this reason measurements were conducted at different altitudes using a tethered balloon platform with particle sampling and particle counting equipment. They were incorporated with eddy covariance (EC) flux measurements made at 23 m above ground level. The results give first indications that production of new aerosols happens throughout the planetary boundary layer (PBL), whereby different parameters e.g. temperature, CS, solar irradiance or concentration of monoterpenes are responsible for the location of the vertical maximum.
Published: 2003

37. Factors controlling the diurnal variation of CO above a forested area in southeast Europe

Author: Bernard Bonsang, Valérie Gros, Casimiro Pio, Maria Kanakidou, Kostas Tsigaridis, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Chimie Atmosphérique Expérimentale (CAE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Max Planck Institute for Chemistry (MPIC), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory [Heraklion] (ECPL), Department of Chemistry [Heraklion], University of Crete [Heraklion] (UOC)-University of Crete [Heraklion] (UOC), Universidade de Aveiro, Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), and Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)
Subjects: Hydrology, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Diurnal temperature variation, 010501 environmental sciences, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, Aerosol, Troposphere, chemistry.chemical_compound, Deposition (aerosol physics), chemistry, 13. Climate action, Diurnal cycle, Atmospheric chemistry, Environmental science, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, Isoprene, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, General Environmental Science, Morning
Abstract: Carbon monoxide (CO) measurements have been performed in a forested site in central Greece in the framework of the AEROBIC (AEROsol formation from Biogenic Carbon) campaign in summer 1997. The mean CO observed during the whole campaign ranged between 114 and 250 ppbv (mean of 170±27 ppbv), reflecting continental influence. The observed mean diurnal cycle of CO presented a minimum in the early morning due to the efficient deposition of CO in a shallow nocturnal layer sealed from the free tropospheric air during the night (loss rates of about 2 ppbv h−1). In the early morning and in the late afternoon, a sharp and fluctuating increase of CO was observed as the consequence of CO primary sources, likely by local traffic as suggested by the concomitant enhancements of black carbon (BC) and other combustion tracers. The morning pollution peak (6:30–8:30 local time) preceded slightly the opening of the nocturnal layer to the free troposphere, which resulted in CO reduction down to background levels at about 10:00. During the day (10:00–17:00), a slight but regular increase was observed on CO levels. For lack of simultaneous increase of other anthropogenic tracers, this CO enhancement has been attributed to its photochemical formation initiated by the oxidation of reactive biogenic hydrocarbons. This observed net production of CO averaging 1.2 ppbv h−1 is quite well reproduced by a box model containing an explicit chemical scheme of isoprene and α- and β-pinene and taking into account the measured mixing ratios and the reactivity of all biogenic organic reactive compounds when uncertainties in measurements and modelling are considered.
Published: 2002

38. Vertical distribution of carbonyl sulfide in a eucalyptus forest

Author: B.C Nguyen, Nikos Mihalopoulos, Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory [Heraklion] (ECPL), Department of Chemistry [Heraklion], University of Crete [Heraklion] (UOC)-University of Crete [Heraklion] (UOC), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Chimie Atmosphérique Expérimentale (CAE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), and Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)
Subjects: Canopy, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, endocrine system, Global and Planetary Change, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, 15. Life on land, 010501 environmental sciences, 01 natural sciences, Eucalyptus, chemistry.chemical_compound, Above ground, Animal science, chemistry, Photosynthetically active radiation, Diurnal cycle, Botany, Absorption (electromagnetic radiation), [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Morning, Carbonyl sulfide
Abstract: Vertical profiles of carbonyl sulfide (COS) have been obtained in a eucalyptus forest in Portugal within the first 20 m above ground. Significantly lower mixing ratios were observed below the canopy level than above, indicating a net absorption of COS from the eucalyptus trees. The ratio between mean COS concentrations below and above the canopy was 0.86 in mid-afternoon, whereas in the morning and at midnight this ratio increased up to 0.97. COS mixing ratios were by more than 100 pptv higher above the canopy than below it in mid-afternoon, whereas in the morning and at midnight the difference never exceeded 25 pptv. At all levels COS presented a clear diurnal cycle with highest values around mid-afternoon. Experiments conducted in parallel with the enclosure chamber technique confirm the COS absorption from the eucalyptus trees. COS uptake reached its highest values in mid-afternoon, when photosynthetic active radiation (PAR) was maximum.
Published: 2001

39. Field studies on the atmospheric chemistry of volatile organic compounds emitted in a eucalyptus forest (FIELDVOC'94)

Author: Maria Kanakidou, Bernard Bonsang, G. K. Moortgat, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry (MPIC), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Chimie Atmosphérique Expérimentale (CAE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory [Heraklion] (ECPL), Department of Chemistry [Heraklion], University of Crete [Heraklion] (UOC)-University of Crete [Heraklion] (UOC), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Global and Planetary Change, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Field (physics), 15. Life on land, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, Eucalyptus, 13. Climate action, Environmental chemistry, Atmospheric chemistry, Environmental science, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: International audience
Published: 2001

40. Is the near-spherical shape the new black for smoke?

Author: A. Gialitaki, A. Tsekeri, V. Amiridis, R. Ceolato, L. Paulien, A. Kampouri, A. Gkikas, S. Solomos, E. Marinou, M. Haarig, H. Baars, A. Ansmann, T. Lapyonok, A. Lopatin, O. Dubovik, S. Groß, M. Wirth, M. Tsichla, I. Tsikoudi, D. Balis, National Observatory of Athens (NOA), ONERA / DOTA, Université de Toulouse [Toulouse], ONERA-PRES Université de Toulouse, Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Laboratoire d’Optique Atmosphérique - UMR 8518 (LOA), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), DLR Institut für Physik der Atmosphäre (IPA), Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt [Oberpfaffenhofen-Wessling] (DLR), Laboratory of Atmospheric Physics [Thessaloniki], Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Department of Meteorology and Climatology [Thessaloniki], Research Centre for Atmospheric Physics and Climatology [Athens], Academy of Athens, GRASP-SAS, Remote Sensing Developments, Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory [Heraklion] (ECPL), Department of Chemistry [Heraklion], University of Crete [Heraklion] (UOC)-University of Crete [Heraklion] (UOC), Department of Environmental Physics and Meteorology [Zografou campus], Faculty of Physics [Zografou campus], and National and Kapodistrian University of Athens (NKUA)-National and Kapodistrian University of Athens (NKUA)
Subjects: Atmospheric Science, Materials science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, Particle Linear Depolarization Ratio - PLDR, black carbon, 01 natural sciences, lcsh:Chemistry, 010309 optics, Troposphere, [SPI]Engineering Sciences [physics], Soot, Polarization, Smoke, 0103 physical sciences, Suies, Aerosol, Stratosphere, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, [PHYS]Physics [physics], Lidar, Scattering, optical modelling, lcsh:QC1-999, Computational physics, AERONET, Wavelength, Fumées, lcsh:QD1-999, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], 13. Climate action, Depolarization, lcsh:Physics
Abstract: International audience; We examine the capability of near-spherical-shaped particles to reproduce the triple-wavelength particle linear depolarization ratio (PLDR) and lidar ratio (LR) values measured over Europe for stratospheric smoke originating from Canadian wildfires. The smoke layers were detected both in the troposphere and the stratosphere, though in the latter case the particles presented PLDR values of almost 18 % at 532 nm as well as a strong spectral dependence from the UV to the near-IR wavelength. Although recent simulation studies of rather complicated smoke particle morphologies have shown that heavily coated smoke aggregates can produce large PLDR, herein we propose a much simpler model of compact near-spherical smoke particles. This assumption allows for the reproduction of the observed intensive optical properties of stratospheric smoke, as well as their spectral dependence. We further examine whether an extension of the current Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) scattering model to include the near-spherical shapes could be of benefit to the AERONET retrieval for stratospheric smoke cases associated with enhanced PLDR. Results of our study illustrate the fact that triple-wavelength PLDR and LR lidar measurements can provide us with additional insight when it comes to particle characterization.; Nous examinons la capacité des particules de forme quasi-sphérique à reproduire le PLDR (Particle Linear Depolarization Ratio) mesurées en Europe pour la fumée stratosphérique provenant des incendies de forêt au Canada. Des couches de fumée ont été détectées à la fois dans la troposphère et la stratosphère, bien que dans ce dernier cas, les particules présentaient des valeurs PLDR de près de 18% à 532 nm ainsi qu'une forte dépendance spectrale de l'UV à proche infrarouge. L'hypothèse selon laquelle les particules de fumée ont une forme presque sphérique permet la reproduction du PLDR et du rapport Lidar (LR) observés, alors que 20% n'était pas possible lors de l'utilisation de formes plus compliquées. Les résultats présentés ici sont étayés par des découvertes récentes dans la littérature, montrant que jusqu'à présent la forme quasi sphérique (ou des formes étroitement similaires) est la seule morphologie trouvée capable de reproduire les propriétés optiques intensives observées de la fumée stratosphérique, ainsi que leur dépendance spectrale.
Full Text: View/download PDF

41. Naturally driven variability in the global secondary organic aerosol over a decade

Author: J. Lathière, Maria Kanakidou, Didier Hauglustaine, Kostas Tsigaridis, Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory [Heraklion] (ECPL), Department of Chemistry [Heraklion], University of Crete [Heraklion] (UOC)-University of Crete [Heraklion] (UOC), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Modelling the Earth Response to Multiple Anthropogenic Interactions and Dynamics (MERMAID), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Moisture, Chemistry, Biogenic emissions, Vegetation, 010501 environmental sciences, 15. Life on land, Particulates, 01 natural sciences, lcsh:QC1-999, Aerosol, lcsh:Chemistry, Troposphere, Atmosphere, lcsh:QD1-999, 13. Climate action, Environmental chemistry, Water cycle, lcsh:Physics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: In order to investigate the variability of the secondary organic aerosol (SOA) distributions and budget and provide a measure for the robustness of the conclusions on human induced changes of SOA, a global 3-dimensional chemistry transport model describing both the gas and the particulate phase chemistry of the troposphere has been applied. The response of the global budget of SOA to temperature and moisture changes as well as to biogenic emission changes over a decade (1984-1993) has been evaluated. The considered emissions of biogenic non-methane volatile organic compounds (VOC) are driven by temperature, light and vegetation. They vary between 756 and 810 Tg Cy-1 and are therefore about 5.5 times higher than the anthropogenic VOC emissions. All secondary aerosols (sulphuric, nitrates and organics) are computed on-line together with the aerosol associated water. Over the studied decade, the computed natural variations (8%) in the chemical SOA production from biogenic VOC oxidation equal the chemical SOA production from anthropogenic VOC oxidation. Maximum values are calculated for 1990 (warmer and drier) and minimum values for 1986 (colder and wetter). The SOA computed variability results from a 7% increase in biogenic VOC emissions from 1986 to 1990 combined with 8.5% and 6% increases in the wet and dry deposition of SOA and leads to about 11.5% increase in the SOA burden of biogenic origin. The present study also demonstrates the importance of the hydrological cycle in determining the built up and fate of SOA in the atmosphere. It also reveals the existence of significant positive and negative feedback mechanisms in the atmosphere responsible for the non linear relationship between emissions of biogenic VOC and SOA burden.

42. Critical assessment of the current state of scientific knowledge, terminology, and research needs concerning the role of organic aerosols in the atmosphere, climate, and global change

Author: Sarah J. Doherty, Meinrat O. Andreae, Ulrike Lohmann, Markku Kulmala, V.-M. Kerminen, Sandro Fuzzi, Tami C. Bond, Ulrich Pöschl, Lynn M. Russell, Maria Kanakidou, Barry J. Huebert, Michael Boy, Kimitaka Kawamura, Alex Guenther, Istituto di Scienze dell'Atmosfera e del Clima (ISAC), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche [Roma] (CNR), Biogeochemistry Department [Mainz], Max Planck Institute for Chemistry (MPIC), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft-Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Department of Oceanography, University of Hawaii, Department of Physical Sciences [Helsinki], University of Helsinki, Civil and Environmental Engineering [Illinois] (CEE), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign [Urbana], University of Illinois System-University of Illinois System, IGAC Core Project Office, Atmospheric Chemistry Division [Boulder], National Center for Atmospheric Research [Boulder] (NCAR), Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory [Heraklion] (ECPL), Department of Chemistry [Heraklion], University of Crete [Heraklion] (UOC)-University of Crete [Heraklion] (UOC), Institute of Low Temperature Science [Sapporo], Hokkaido University [Sapporo, Japan], Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO), University of California [San Diego] (UC San Diego), University of California-University of California, and Institute of Hydrochemistry
Subjects: [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Atmospheric Science, Sociology of scientific knowledge, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, 010401 analytical chemistry, Global change, Research needs, 010501 environmental sciences, Atmosphere (architecture and spatial design), 01 natural sciences, lcsh:QC1-999, Terminology, 0104 chemical sciences, lcsh:Chemistry, lcsh:QD1-999, 13. Climate action, Environmental science, Critical assessment, Physical geography, Environmental planning, 451.3, lcsh:Physics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: In spite of impressive advances in recent years, our present understanding of organic aerosol (OA) composition, physical and chemical properties, sources and transformation characteristics is still rather limited, and their environmental effects remain highly uncertain. Therefore, the three atmosphere-related projects of the International Geosphere Biosphere Programme (IGBP) – IGAC (International Global Atmospheric Chemistry Project), iLEAPS (Integrated Land Ecosystem Atmosphere Process Study) and SOLAS (Surface Ocean-Lower Atmosphere Study) – organised a workshop with the specific goal of discussing and prioritizing issues related to organic aerosol and their effects on atmospheric processes and climate, providing a basis for future collaborative activities at the international level. Four main topical areas were addressed: (a) sources of OA; (b) formation and transformation of OA; (c) physical and chemical state of OA; (d) atmospheric modelling of OA. Key questions and research priorities regarding these four areas have been synthesized in this paper, and outstanding issues for future research are presented for each topical area. In addition, an effort is made to formulate a basic set of consistent and universally applicable terms and definitions for coherent description of atmospheric OA across different scientific scales and disciplines. In fact, the terminologies used in the past and present scientific literature are not always consistent, and this may lead to misunderstandings and confusion in the communication between specialists from different disciplines and potentially inhibit or retard scientific progress.

43. The influence of natural and anthropogenic secondary sources on the glyoxal global distribution

Author: Mihalis Vrekoussis, Kostas Tsigaridis, John P. Burrows, Rainer Volkamer, Stelios Myriokefalitakis, Ch. Brühl, Folkard Wittrock, Maria Kanakidou, Andreas Richter, Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory [Heraklion] (ECPL), Department of Chemistry [Heraklion], University of Crete [Heraklion] (UOC)-University of Crete [Heraklion] (UOC), University of Bremen, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Max Planck Institute for Chemistry (MPIC), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, University of Colorado [Boulder], NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS), NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Institute of Environmental Physics and Remote Sensing [Bremen] (IUP/IFE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Atmospheric Chemistry Department [MPIC], Max-Planck-Gesellschaft-Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry [Boulder]
Subjects: Pollution, Atmospheric Science, Ozone, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, media_common.quotation_subject, Air pollution, 010501 environmental sciences, medicine.disease_cause, 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, Troposphere, lcsh:Chemistry, chemistry.chemical_compound, medicine, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, Isoprene, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, media_common, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Particulates, lcsh:QC1-999, SCIAMACHY, Aerosol, chemistry, lcsh:QD1-999, 13. Climate action, Environmental chemistry, lcsh:Physics
Abstract: Glyoxal, the smallest dicarbonyl, which has recently been observed from space, is expected to provide indications on volatile organic compounds (VOC) oxidation and secondary aerosol formation in the troposphere. Glyoxal (CHOCHO) is known to be mostly of natural origin and is produced during biogenic VOC oxidation. However, a number of anthropogenically emitted hydrocarbons, like acetylene and aromatics, have been positively identified as CHOCHO precursors. The present study investigates the contribution of pollution to the CHOCHO levels by taking into account the secondary chemical formation of CHOCHO from precursors emitted from biogenic, anthropogenic and biomass burning sources. The impact of potential primary land emissions of CHOCHO is also investigated. A global 3-dimensional chemistry transport model of the troposphere (TM4-ECPL) able to simulate the gas phase chemistry coupled with all major aerosol components is used. The secondary anthropogenic contribution from fossil fuel and industrial VOCs emissions oxidation to the CHOCHO columns is found to reach 20–70% in the industrialized areas of the Northern Hemisphere and 3–20% in the tropics. This secondary CHOCHO source is on average three times larger than that from oxidation of VOCs from biomass burning sources. The chemical production of CHOCHO is calculated to equal to about 56 Tg y−1 with 70% being produced from biogenic hydrocarbons oxidation, 17% from acetylene, 11% from aromatic chemistry and 2% from ethene and propene. CHOCHO is destroyed in the troposphere primarily by reaction with OH radicals (23%) and by photolysis (63%), but it is also removed from the atmosphere through wet (8%) and dry deposition (6%). Potential formation of secondary organic aerosol through CHOCHO losses on/in aerosols and clouds is neglected here due to the significant uncertainties associated with the underlying chemistry. The global annual mean CHOCHO burden and lifetime in the model domain are estimated to be 0.02 Tg (equal to the global burden seen by SCIAMACHY over land for the year 2005) and about 3 h, respectively. The model results are compared with satellite observations of CHOCHO columns. When accounting only for the secondary sources of CHOCHO in the model, the model underestimates CHOCHO columns observed by satellites. This is attributed to an overestimate of CHOCHO sinks or a missing global source of about 20 Tg y−1. Using the current primary emissions of CHOCHO from biomass burning together with the anthropogenic combustion sources of about 7 Tg y−1 leads to an overestimate by the model over hot spot areas.

Catalog

Books, media, physical & digital resources

See catalog results

Searchworks

Select search scope, currently: Articles Catalog books, media & more in Jio Institute collections Articles journal articles & other e-resources

Search

Search Constraints

Refine your results

Search Limiters

Topic

Publication Year Range

Language

Journal

Database

Publisher

43 results on '"Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory [Heraklion] ( ECPL )"'

Search Results

Catalog

Select search scope, currently: Articles

Catalog

books, media & more in Jio Institute collections

Articles

journal articles & other e-resources