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1. The design, construction, and commissioning of the KATRIN experiment

Author

Stefan Welte, N. Titov, N. Trost, Suren Chilingaryan, S. Zadoroghny, J. Mostafa, B. Bieringer, L.I. Minter, B. L. Wall, M. Šefčík, M. Zacher, S. Bauer, C. Rodenbeck, A. P. Vizcaya Hernández, M. Fedkevych, M. Held, H. Bouquet, B. Krasch, P. C.-O. Ranitzsch, F. Block, T. Höhn, K. Vogt, A. Beglarian, C. Weinheimer, Thierry Lasserre, F. Eichelhardt, H. Bolz, Igor Tkachev, M. A. Howe, P. Plischke, C. Bettin, D.A. Peterson, P. Renschler, F. M. Fränkle, J. Grimm, Guido Drexlin, F. Edzards, A. Verbeek, B. Ostrick, K. Mehret, C. Köhler, B.A. VanDevender, M. Erhard, A. Felden, U. Naumann, R. Grössle, J. Kleinfeller, M. Hackenjos, M. Böttcher, Holger Neumann, Volker Hannen, L. La Cascio, B. Bender, K. Helbing, M. Meloni, H. Weingardt, P. Oelpmann, A. Osipowicz, R. Rinderspacher, Klaus Blaum, N.M. Boyd, A. Off, Joseph A. Formaggio, Michael Sturm, M. Deffert, A. Kumb, H. Frenzel, S. Horn, S. Dyba, V. Sibille, Andreas Kopmann, P. J. Doe, H. Bechtler, T. Houdy, D. Hinz, F. Heizmann, Lutz Bornschein, M. Prall, M. Klein, W. Gil, K. Gauda, G.A. Cox, A. Kovalík, K. Schlösser, A. I. Berlev, K.J. Wierman, M. Kaiser, S. Schneidewind, U. Besserer, R. Berendes, S. Fischer, A. Schaller, A. Jansen, S. Bobien, K. Altenmüller, Y.-R. Yen, O. Rest, E. L. Martin, K. Urban, A. Menshikov, R. G. H. Robertson, Reiner Vianden, A. Kosmider, M. Ryšavý, S. Groh, Ferenc Glück, Alan Poon, H.-W. Ortjohann, D. Hillesheimer, Alexey Lokhov, J. Reich, W. Seller, T. Brunst, G. P. Zeller, M. Slezák, J. A. Dunmore, S. Niemes, J. Bast, P. Rohr, S. Lichter, M. Korzeczek, M. Aker, M. Babutzka, Florian Priester, Marc Weber, K. Debowski, T. D. Van Wechel, Susanne Mertens, S. Görhardt, M. Descher, B. Hillen, D. Vénos, A. Marsteller, F. Friedel, A. Huber, S. Hickford, M. Machatschek, F. Harms, B. Lehnert, Felix Spanier, M. Mark, P. Schäfer, J. Hartmann, R. Sack, R. Gehring, H. Seitz-Moskaliuk, J.F. Amsbaugh, L. A. Thorne, J. Letnev, Marco Röllig, C. Röttele, E. Ellinger, B. Leiber, Alejandro Saenz, T. James, Beate Bornschein, Sascha Wüstling, M. Zboril, M. Kleesiek, W. Xu, T. S. Caldwell, Werner Rodejohann, Matthias Arenz, Ondřej Lebeda, L. Schlüter, M. Kraus, Joachim Wolf, N. Haußmann, Daniel Siegmann, J. Kellerer, A. Fulst, H. Krause, M. Sun, M. Steidl, O. Kazachenko, Benjamin Monreal, D. Díaz Barrero, E. Malcherek, J. Bohn, M. Leber, O. Dragoun, Denis Tcherniakhovski, T.J. Corona, J. Behrens, G. C. Harper, N. Kunka, M. Sagawe, Magnus Schlösser, Diana Parno, J. Wendel, Steffen Grohmann, S. Holzmann, L. Köllenberger, T.H. Burritt, D. Eversheim, Marcus Beck, Thomas Thümmler, L. Kuckert, R. Hiller, N. Wandkowsky, Z. Chaoui, K. Eitel, D. Hilk, M. Hötzel, Kathrin Valerius, C. Weiss, S. Rupp, M. Kleifges, C. Karl, M. Schrank, L. Schimpf, R. J. Lewis, J. F. Wilkerson, H. Schön, L. Kippenbrock, K. Schönung, R. Gumbsheimer, G. B. Franklin, C. Melzer, Helmut H. Telle, J. Schwarz, W. Q. Choi, J. M. Lopez Poyato, D. Häßler, B. Schulz, Ralph Engel, K. Müller, Sanshiro Enomoto, T. L. Le, K. Bokeloh, A. W. Myers, AstroParticule et Cosmologie (APC (UMR_7164)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP), Institut de Recherches sur les lois Fondamentales de l'Univers (IRFU), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay, KATRIN, The KATRIN collaboration, and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)

Subjects
Speichertechnik - Abteilung Blaum, Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, Project commissioning, Computer science, FOS: Physical sciences, beam transport, KATRIN, 01 natural sciences, Technical design, High Energy Physics - Experiment, Nuclear physics, mass: scale, High Energy Physics - Experiment (hep-ex), 0103 physical sciences, [PHYS.HEXP]Physics [physics]/High Energy Physics - Experiment [hep-ex], Mass scale, ddc:530, neutrino: mass, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-INS-DET]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Instrumentation and Detectors [physics.ins-det], 010306 general physics, Instrumentation, Mathematical Physics, detector: design, activity report, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Physics, Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det), stability, sensitivity, Mass measurement, Beamline, Neutrino
Abstract

The KArlsruhe TRItium Neutrino (KATRIN) experiment, which aims to make a direct and model-independent determination of the absolute neutrino mass scale, is a complex experiment with many components. More than 15 years ago, we published a technical design report (TDR) [https://publikationen.bibliothek.kit.edu/270060419] to describe the hardware design and requirements to achieve our sensitivity goal of 0.2 eV at 90% C.L. on the neutrino mass. Since then there has been considerable progress, culminating in the publication of first neutrino mass results with the entire beamline operating [arXiv:1909.06048]. In this paper, we document the current state of all completed beamline components (as of the first neutrino mass measurement campaign), demonstrate our ability to reliably and stably control them over long times, and present details on their respective commissioning campaigns., Comment: Added missing acknowledgement, corrected performance statement in chapter 4.2.5, updated author list and references

Published
2021
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2. $\beta$-Decay Spectrum, Response Function and Statistical Model for Neutrino Mass Measurements with the KATRIN Experiment

Author

M. Kleesiek, M. Erhard, Guido Drexlin, S. Groh, M. Hötzel, Kathrin Valerius, J. Behrens, Susanne Mertens, Joseph A. Formaggio, Alan Poon, C. Weinheimer, Ferenc Glück, and K. Eitel

Subjects
Particle physics, Physics and Astronomy (miscellaneous), Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, lcsh:Astrophysics, Context (language use), Interval (mathematics), 01 natural sciences, Atomic, Particle and Plasma Physics, lcsh:QB460-466, 0103 physical sciences, lcsh:Nuclear and particle physics. Atomic energy. Radioactivity, ddc:530, Nuclear, Sensitivity (control systems), 010306 general physics, Engineering (miscellaneous), Physics, Quantum Physics, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Molecular, Function (mathematics), Nuclear & Particles Physics, ddc, Distribution (mathematics), Physics - Data Analysis, Statistics and Probability, lcsh:QC770-798, Neutrino, Electron neutrino, KATRIN
Abstract

The objective of the Karlsruhe Tritium Neutrino (KATRIN) experiment is to determine the effective electron neutrino mass $m(\nu_\text{e})$ with an unprecedented sensitivity of $0.2\,\text{eV}$ (90\% C.L.) by precision electron spectroscopy close to the endpoint of the $\beta$ decay of tritium. We present a consistent theoretical description of the $\beta$ electron energy spectrum in the endpoint region, an accurate model of the apparatus response function, and the statistical approaches suited to interpret and analyze tritium $\beta$ decay data observed with KATRIN with the envisaged precision. In addition to providing detailed analytical expressions for all formulae used in the presented model framework with the necessary detail of derivation, we discuss and quantify the impact of theoretical and experimental corrections on the measured $m(\nu_\text{e})$. Finally, we outline the statistical methods for parameter inference and the construction of confidence intervals that are appropriate for a neutrino mass measurement with KATRIN. In this context, we briefly discuss the choice of the $\beta$ energy analysis interval and the distribution of measuring time within that range., Comment: 27 pages, 22 figures, 2 tables

Published
2018

3. Modelling of gas dynamical properties of the KATRIN tritium source and implications for the neutrino mass measurement

Author

M. Hötzel, Kathrin Valerius, Felix Sharipov, Guido Drexlin, L. Kuckert, Ferenc Glück, M. Kleesiek, and F. Heizmann

Subjects
010302 applied physics, Physics, Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, FOS: Physical sciences, Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det), Electron, Condensed Matter Physics, 01 natural sciences, C-4, Surfaces, Coatings and Films, law.invention, Nuclear physics, Effective mass (solid-state physics), Free molecular flow, law, 0103 physical sciences, ddc:530, Tritium, Neutrino, 010306 general physics, Instrumentation, Electron neutrino, KATRIN
Abstract

The KATRIN experiment aims to measure the effective mass of the electron antineutrino from the analysis of electron spectra stemming from the beta-decay of molecular tritium with a sensitivity of 200 meV. Therefore, a daily throughput of about 40 g of gaseous tritium is circulated in a windowless source section. An accurate description of the gas flow through this section is of fundamental importance for the neutrino mass measurement as it significantly influences the generation and transport of beta-decay electrons through the experimental setup. In this paper we present a comprehensive model consisting of calculations of rarefied gas flow through the different components of the source section ranging from viscous to free molecular flow. By connecting these simulations with a number of experimentally determined operational parameters the gas model can be refreshed regularly according to the measured operating conditions. In this work, measurement and modelling uncertainties are quantified with regard to their implications for the neutrino mass measurement. We find that the systematic uncertainties related to the description of gas flow are represented by $\Delta m_{\nu}^2=(-3.06\pm 0.24)\cdot10^{-3}$ eV$^2$, and that the gas model is ready to be used in the analysis of upcoming KATRIN data., Comment: 28 pages, 13 figures

Published
2018

4. Commissioning of the vacuum system of the KATRIN Main Spectrometer

Author

Marcus Beck, M. Suesser, D. Eversheim, E. Malcherek, A. Kosmider, D. Hilk, M. Hötzel, A. Kovalík, W. Seiler, Kathrin Valerius, S. Fischer, R. G. H. Robertson, M. Hackenjos, C. Weiss, S. Rupp, F. Heizmann, S. Rosendahl, Sebastian Mirz, M. Prall, A. W. P. Poon, Thomas Thümmler, R. Grössle, B. Krasch, A. Osipowicz, M. Fedkevych, K. Helbing, Beate Bornschein, Sascha Wüstling, Guido Drexlin, A. Off, John E. Barrett, J. Schwarz, Holger Neumann, N. Wandkowsky, A. González Ureña, A. Unru, N. Titov, T. Bergmann, J. F. Wilkerson, W. Herz, Igor Tkachev, J. Bonn, K. Wierman, M. Erhard, K. Müller, M. Ryšavý, M. Steidl, A. K. Skasyrskaya, Andreas Kopmann, Bernhard Holzapfel, N. Trost, Benjamin Monreal, L. Kippenbrock, K. Schönung, D. Winzen, A. Špalek, S. Vöcking, R. Gumbsheimer, J. Reich, S. Zadoroghny, Joseph A. Formaggio, Michael Sturm, O. Dragoun, M. Zacher, M. Schrank, J. Sentkerestiová, S. Ebenhöch, P. Plischke, Sanshiro Enomoto, M. Bahr, N. S. Oblath, L. Kuckert, Ernst W. Otten, K. Bokeloh, S. Bauer, D. Vénos, J. Behrens, Volker Hannen, Ondřej Lebeda, W. Gil, A. Huber, N. Kernert, S. Hickford, P. C.-O. Ranitzsch, K. Eitel, J. Letnev, H. Seitz-Moskaliuk, N. Steinbrink, E. Ellinger, Helmut H. Telle, S. Dyba, Lutz Bornschein, S. Büsch, S. Niemes, H. Krause, M. Neuberger, T.H. Burritt, A. Felden, H.-W. Ortjohann, Marco Röllig, F. M. Fränkle, J. Blümer, M. Kraus, K. Schlösser, D. Furse, O. Rest, L. La Cascio, Mathias Noe, M. Mark, F. Harms, B. Kuffner, V.M. Lobashev, N. Haußmann, Alexey Lokhov, E. L. Martin, Reiner Vianden, Joachim Wolf, M. Slezák, L. de Viveiros, M. Kleesiek, T.J. Corona, Magnus Schlösser, Diana Parno, J. Wendel, Marcel Krause, Laura Bodine, M. Babutzka, Steffen Grohmann, Florian Priester, Marc Weber, Susanne Mertens, S. Görhardt, B. Hillen, B. L. Wall, M. Arenz, P. J. Doe, T. Höhn, A. Jansen, Ferenc Glück, Ch. Weinheimer, M. A. Howe, M. Klein, A. Beglarian, Stefan Welte, Suren Chilingaryan, M. Zbořil, U. Besserer, S. Groh, M. Ghilea, B. Leiber, Haystack Observatory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Laboratory for Nuclear Science, Barrett, John Patrick, Formaggio, Joseph A, Furse, Daniel Lawrence, and Solomon-Oblath, Noah

Subjects
010302 applied physics, Physics, Light nucleus, Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, Spectrometer, Spectrometers, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Vacuum-based, FOS: Physical sciences, Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det), 01 natural sciences, Energy analysis, Nuclear physics, 0103 physical sciences, Energy spectrum, Gas systems and purification, Neutrino detectors, ddc:620, 010306 general physics, Instrumentation, Mathematical Physics, Engineering & allied operations, KATRIN, detectors
Abstract

The KATRIN experiment will probe the neutrino mass by measuring the β-electron energy spectrum near the endpoint of tritium β-decay. An integral energy analysis will be performed by an electro-static spectrometer (``Main Spectrometer''), an ultra-high vacuum vessel with a length of 23.2 m, a volume of 1240 m[superscript 3], and a complex inner electrode system with about 120 000 individual parts. The strong magnetic field that guides the β-electrons is provided by super-conducting solenoids at both ends of the spectrometer. Its influence on turbo-molecular pumps and vacuum gauges had to be considered. A system consisting of 6 turbo-molecular pumps and 3 km of non-evaporable getter strips has been deployed and was tested during the commissioning of the spectrometer. In this paper the configuration, the commissioning with bake-out at 300 °C, and the performance of this system are presented in detail. The vacuum system has to maintain a pressure in the 10[superscript −11] mbar range. It is demonstrated that the performance of the system is already close to these stringent functional requirements for the KATRIN experiment, which will start at the end of 2016., United States. Department of Energy (DE-FG02-97ER41020), United States. Department of Energy (DE-FG02-94ER40818), United States. Department of Energy (DE-SC0004036), United States. Department of Energy (DE-FG02-97ER41041), United States. Department of Energy (DE-FG02-97ER41033)

Published
2016
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