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A novel library of chalcone linked thiazole-imidazopyridine (12a–j) derivatives were designed, synthesized, and their structures were characterized by 1H NMR, 13C NMR and mass spectral studies. Further, all compounds were tested for their anticancer effects on four human cancer cell lines including MCF-7 (breast carcinoma), A549 (lung carcinoma), DU-145 (prostate carcinoma) and MDA MB-231 (breast carcinoma) by employing MTT method, using etoposide as the positive control. Among them, compound 12b displayed more potent anticancer activity against four cancer cell lines when compared to the positive control.

Background: Oxadiazole emerged as an important class of heterocyclic compound with diverse biological activities like anticancer, antitubercular, anticonvulsant, anti-tubulin, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant etc. Objective: The objective of this study is to synthesis series of twelve substituted N-[(1,3,4-oxadiazol-2- yl)methyl]benzamines (6a-l) and their evaluation as antiproliferative and antioxidant agents. Methods: The substituted N-[(1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)methyl]benzamines (6a-l) analogues were synthesized as per the reported procedure. The antiproliferative activity was tested against nine different panels cancer cell lines (leukemia, colon, renal, non-small cell lung, breast, CNS, melanoma, prostate, and ovarian cancer) at 10 µM drug concentrations as per the NCI US Protocol. Results: 2-(5-((3-Chloro-4-fluorophenylamino)methyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)phenol (6e) revealed the significant antiproliferative activity among the series of title compounds (6a-l). The compound, 6e showed maximum sensitivity towards CCRF-CEM, MCF-7, MOLT-4, T-47D, and SR cell lines with percent growth inhibitions (%GIs) of 79.92, 56.67, 39.62, 34.71 and 33.35, respectively. Furthermore, the compounds, 6e and 6c showed promising antioxidant activity with an IC50 value of 15.09 and 19.02 µM, respectively in DPPH free radicals (FR) scavenging activity.R Conclusion: The present study may support a significant value in cancer drug discovery programme.

Heterocyclic compounds are well known for their different biological activity. The heterocyclic analogs are the building blocks for synthesis of the pharmaceutical active compounds in the organic chemistry. These derivatives show various type of biological activity like anticancer, antiinflammatory, anti-microbial, anti-convulsant, anti-malarial, anti-hypertensive, etc. From the last decade research showed that the quinoline analogs plays a vital role in the development of newer medicinal active compounds for treating various type of disease. Quinoline reported for their antiviral, anticancer, anti-microbial and anti-inflammatory activity. This review will summarize the various synthetic approaches for synthesis of quinoline derivatives and to check their biological activity. Derivatives of quinoline moiety plays very important role in the development of various types of newer drugs and it can be used as lead compounds for future investigation in the field of drug discovery process.

Antimicrobial agents have been widely investigated for protecting against microbial infections in modern health. Drug-related limitations, poor bioavailability, toxicity to mammalian cells, and frequent bacteria drug resistance are major challenges faced when exploited in nanomedicine forms. Specific attention has been paid to control nanomaterial-based infection against numerous challenging pathogens in addition to improved drug delivery, targeting, and pharmacokinetic (PK) profiles, and thus, efficient antimicrobials have been fabricated using diverse components (metals, metal oxides, synthetic and semisynthetic polymers, natural or biodegradable polymers, etc). The present review covers several nanocarriers delivered through various routes of administration, highlighting major findings to control microbial infection as compared to using the free drug. Results over the past decade support the consistent development of various nanomedicines capable of improving biological significance and therapeutic benefits against an array of microbial strains. Depending on the intended application of nanomedicine, infection control will be challenged by various factors such as weighing the risk-benefits in healthcare settings, nanomaterial-induced (eco)toxicological hazards, frequent development of antibiotic resistance, scarcity of in vivo toxicity data, and a poor understanding of microbial interactions with nanomedicine at the molecular level. This review summarizes well-established informative data for nanomaterials used for infection control and safety concerns of nanomedicines to healthcare sectors followed by the significance of a unique "safe-by-design" approach.

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) mortality and morbidity is a world health misery with an approximate 130–150 million chronically HCV tainted and suffering individuals and it initiate critical liver malfunction like cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma or liver HCV cancer. HCV NS5B protein one of the best studied therapeutic target for the identification of new drug candidates to be added to the combination or multiple combination medication recently approved. During the past few years, NS5B has thus been an important object of attractive medicinal chemistry endeavors, which induced to the surfacing of betrothal preclinical drug molecules. In this scenario, the current review set limit to discuss research published on NS5B and few other therapeutic functional inhibitors concentrating on hit investigation, hit to lead optimization, ADME parameters evaluation, and the SAR data which was out for each compound type and similarity taken into consideration. The discussion outlined in this specific review will surly helpful and vital tool for those medicinal chemists investigators working with HCV research programs mainly pointing on NS5B and set broad spectrum identification of creative anti HCV compounds. This mini review also tells each and every individual compound ability related how much they are active against NS5B and few other targets., Graphical abstract The prime objective of this work is to provide insights on HCV medicinal chemistry. The various chemical classes of HCV inhibitors targeting non-structural polyprotein were reviewed.Image 1, Highlights • Hepatitis C infection causes severe liver cirrhosis and carcinoma. • The new acute HCV infections are raising every year and mortality rate become serious concern. • The plausible list of anti-HCV drugs and clinical agents were listed in this review. • The divergent medicinal scaffolds as anti-HCV agents were presented as per their targets.

Background: Cancer caused nearly 8.8 million deaths in 2015. Limited efficacy, selectivity, drug resistance and toxicity are major complications associated with chemotherapy, potentiating the discovery of anticancer agents. Methods: A new series of N-(7-hydroxy-4-methyl-2-oxoquinolin-1(2H)-yl)acetamide/benzamide analogues (5a-j) was prepared from the precursor, 7-hydroxy-4-methyl-2H-chromen-2-one (3), as anticancer agent. The structural assignment of quinolone analogues (5a-j) was based on spectroscopic data analyses. The cytotoxicity was tested on breast cancer cell lines (MCF7 and MDA-MB- 231) by sulforhodamine B (SRB) assay and three dose-related parameters GI50, TGI, and LC50 were calculated. Results: 2-(2-chlorophenoxy)-N-(7-hydroxy-4-methyl-2-oxoquinolin-1(2H)-yl)acetamide (5a) showed the most potent cytotoxicity against the MCF7 and MDA-MB-231 cancer cell lines with GI50 of 18.7 and 48.1 µM respectively. The glide scores of the compounds, 5a-d were found to be related to the cytotoxicity profile and the emodel scores for ligands, 5a-j were found to be related to significant cytotoxicity. Conclusion: Compound 5a exhibited the most potent cytotoxicity and this report may provide some predictions to design more potent novel quinolines as cytotoxic agents.

A new class of C-dimethylated-chalcones (9a–q) were synthesized by using 2-hydroxy-3,5-dimethyl-4,6-dimethoxy acetophenone as a key intermediate. The compounds were screened for anti-tubercular activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis strain (H37Rv) by Microplate Alamar Blue assay (MABA) method at a concentration of 100–0.8 µg/mL. The chalcones, 9a, 9b, 9c, 9k, 9o, and 9p were found to have higher antitubercular activity than the standard drugs, while the remaining compounds showed moderate activity. The antitubercular activity of the chalcones, 9b (MIC90 = 3.98 µM) and 9o (MIC90 = 3.84 µM) was found to be more than two-fold more active than the standard drugs, streptomycin (MIC90 = 10.75 µM) and ciprofloxacin (MIC90 = 9.43 µM), while their antitubercular activity was found to be more than six-fold more active than pyrazinamide (MIC90 = 25.38 µM). Further, the molecular docking studies employing Mycobacterium tuberculosis protein tyrosine phosphatase (MtbPtp) was carried out to observe docking scores.

New N-(substituted phenyl)-2-(7‑hydroxy-4-methyl-2H-chromen-2-ylidene)hydrazine-1-carboxamides (5a-l) was synthesized in two steps using environmentally friendly ultrasound irradiation. The first step involved solvent free synthesis of 7‑hydroxy-4-methyl-2H-chromen-2-one (3) by using catalytic amount (10% mol) of FeCl3. The second step involved condensation of intermediate 3 and hydrazine carboxamide HCl analogues (4a-l) under ultrasonic influence in the water-ethanol (2:1) solvent system to obtain the title compounds (5a-l) in good yield. The structure of prepared compounds (5a-l) was confirmed by spectroscopic study. The synthetic strategy described here has many advantages, including a simple procedure and high conversion with quick reaction times. The cytotoxicity was tested on 60 NCI cancer cell lines at 10 µM and N-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-(7‑hydroxy-4-methyl-2H-chromen-2-ylidene)hydrazine-1-carboxamide (5b) showed promising activity with maximum sensitivity against CCRF-CEM, UO-31, RPMI-8226, NCI-H522, and HL-60(TB) with growth percent (GP) of 17.50, 79.67, 80.59, 82.35, and 83.70 respectively. In a DPPH free radical scavenging assay, the compounds 5b and 5d showed promising antioxidant activity with IC50 values of 16.32±1.29 and 14.28±1.82 M, respectively. The binding affinity of the target ligands (5a-l) against the active site of FGFR was also investigated using molecular docking. Within the active site of FGFR4, the ligand 5b interacted with four H-bonds with Asp630 (carbonyl function), Glu520 (with amide NH and ArNH), and Ile609 (phenol function), while an imine “N” showed two salt bridges with Asp630 and Glu520.

In continuation of our research to explore new antiproliferative agents, we report herein the synthesis and antiproliferative activity of two new series of N-(substituted phenyl)-5-aryl-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-amine (4a–j) and N-{[5-aryl-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl]methyl}-substituted aniline (4k–t) analogs. The antiproliferative activity of fifteen compounds (4a–h, and 4n) was tested against nine different panels of nearly 60 NCI human cancer cell lines. N-(2-Methoxyphenyl)-5-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-amine (4b) and 4-{5-[(2-Methoxyphenyl)amino]-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl}phenol (4c) showed maximum antiproliferative activity among the series with a mean growth percents (GPs) of 45.20 and 56.73, respectively. The compound 4b showed significant percent growth inhibitions (GIs) on nearly 47 cancer cell lines and were found to have higher sensitivity towards HL-60(TB), MDA-MB-435, OVCAR-3, and K-562 with percent GIs (GIs) of 109.62, 105.90, 91.94, and 88.30, respectively. Similarly the compound, 4c showed significant percent GIs on nearly 42 cancer cell lines and were found to have higher sensitivity towards UO-31, MDA-MB-435, KM12, and K-562 with %GIs of 84.31, 80.52, 78.65, and 77.06, respectively. Both the compounds 4b and 4c showed better antiproliferative activity than the standard drug Imatinib while the antiproliferative activity of compound 4b was found to be nearly comparable to the standard drug 5-flurouracil (5-FU). The antiproliferative activity of five compounds (4o-s) was tested against the breast cancer cell lines (MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231) as per Sulforhodamine B assay (SRB assay). N-{[5-(4-Methoxyphenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl]methyl}-4-methylaniline (4p) was found to have significant antiproliferative activity against MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 with GI50 of 12.9 and 59.3 µM, respectively. Further, the free radical scavenging activity results were significant for the most active compounds, 4b (IC50 = 21.07 µM) and 4c (IC50 = 15.58 µM). The docking studies was also carried against tubulin enzyme and the most active compound (4b) showed good interaction with the residues Lys254, Ala250, Cys241, Val318, Ala316, Asn258, and Lys352 present in the hydrophobic cavity of tubulin.

The new era of heterocyclic moieties which are developed in the decades plays a very important role in the treatment of various diseases. Among them are 1,3,4-oxadiazoles, a heterocyclic five-membered ring which plays an vital role in the development of newer medicinal compounds for treating various biological activities, such as proliferation of cells, tuberculosis, allergy, viral diseases, etc. The present review will summarize the various synthetic approaches which will be correlated with the biological activities so that the information in future may be used by many researches to give a path breaking lead in the field of medicinal chemistry.

A series of novel chalcone derivatives pyrido[4,3-b]pyrazin-5(6H)-one (10a-j) were designed, synthesized and their structures were confirmed by 1H NMR, 13C NMR and mass spectral data. Further, all derivatives were tested for their anticancer activities against five human cancer cell lines such as MCF-7 (breast cancer), A-549 (lung cancer), Colo-205 (colon cancer), A2780 (ovarian cancer) and DU-145 (prostate cancer) by employing MTT assay. The clinically used drug etoposide was used as standard reference and the anticancer activity was expressed as the IC50 in µM. Among the ten compounds examined compounds, 10b, 10c, 10d, 10h, and 10i possessed more promising anticancer activity. A molecular docking study implying ATR kinase was carried out to observe the binding mode of chalcone derivatives pyrido[4,3-b]pyrazin-5(6H)-one (10a-j) on the active site of ATR kinase. The most promising compound, 10h showed π − π stacking interaction of trimethoxy phenyl and pyridone moiety with the residue Trp850, while the carbonyl (α,β-unsaturated carbonyl) and methoxy functions showed H-bond interaction with the residue Ser773 and Thr856 respectively.

Various novel deep eutectic solvents (DESs) have been prepared by combining different molar ratio of benzalkonium chloride and urea, subsequently characterized for some physical and spectroscopic properties. Among newly formed DESs, one of the mixture (1:2) was employed in combination with ultrasound (US), for the synthesis of selective isoxazoline derivatives. The reactions were also performed by nonultrasonic (NUS)/thermal method using conventional solvent system for comparison purposes. Applying DES, as a reaction medium in either of the thermal and ultrasonic assisted methods, an appreciable improvement in the product yield was achieved in a shorter time. The results show some advantages in terms of reaction time and energy consumption when DES and ultrasound combination was used for the synthesis of isoxazolines. Recyclability attributes of DES were also studied which revealed that a marginal decrease in the yield (%) was recorded up-to four runs. The findings of this study support the use of DES in combination with ultrasound technique as a viable green route for the synthesis of isoxazoline derivatives.

In continuance of our search for newer antiproliferative agents we report herein the synthesis and antiproliferative studies of two series (5a–j and 10a–c) of heterocyclic compounds. All the new compounds were characterized by IR, NMR, and mass spectral data. The antiproliferative activity of 10 compounds (5a–j) was carried out on HeLa (cervix cancer cell line) and MDA-MB-435 (melanoma) and LC50, TGI, and GI50 were calculated, while the antiproliferative activity of 3 compounds (10a–c) was carried out against nine different panels of nearly 60 cell lines (NCI-60) according to the National Cancer Institute (NCI US) Protocol at 10 μM. 1-(7-Hydroxy-4-methyl-2-oxoquinolin-1(2H)-yl)-3-(4-methoxylphenyl)urea (5j) was found to have antiproliferative activity with GI50 of 35.1 μM against HeLa (cervix cancer cell line) and 60.4 μM against MDA-MB-435 (melanoma), respectively. The compounds 10a, 10b, and 10c showed antiproliferative activity with comparatively higher selectivity towards HOP-92 (Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer) with percent growth inhibitions (GIs) of 34.14, 35.29, and 31.59, respectively.

Coumarins have received a considerable attention in the last three decades as a lead structures for the discovery of orally bioavailable non-peptidic antiviral agents. A lot of structurally diverse coumarins analogues were found to display remarkable array of affinity with the different molecular targets for antiviral agents and slight modifications around the central motif result in pronounced changes in its antiviral spectrum. This manuscript thoroughly reviews the design, discovery and structure–activity relationship studies of the coumarin analogues as antiviral agents focusing mainly on lead optimization and its development into clinical candidates., Graphical abstract, Highlights • Coumarins are promising chemotype against the viruses. • Coumarins emerged as an orally bioavailable non-peptidic antiviral agents. • This review summarizes the design, discovery, and SAR of coumarin analogues. • Future perspectives of coumarins as possible clinical candidates are also discussed.

Two new series of oxadiazole analogues (4a–e and 4f–j) were designed based on heterocyclic (1,3,4-oxadiazole) linked aryl core of IMC-038525 (tubulin polymerization inhibitor), NSC 784595, and NSC 784597. All the synthesized compounds were synthesized and characterized by IR, NMR, and mass spectral data and the purity of compounds was checked by elemental analysis. Eight compounds were evaluated for their in vitro anticancer activity on 9 different panels of 60 cell lines (60 NCI cancer cell lines) according to the National Cancer Institute (NCI) screening protocol and percent growth (GP) and percent growth inhibition (% GI) was calculated at 10 μM drug concentration. N-{[5-(4-Chlorophenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl]methyl}-4-methoxyaniline (4 g) showed maximum anticancer activity at 10 μM, and showed maximum sensitivity towards SNB-75, MDA-MB-231/ATCC, T-47D, 786–0, MCF7, EKVX, PC-3, HS 578T, MOLT-4, HCT-116, HCT-15, SR, COLO-205, A549/ATCC, SF-295, SNB-19 and RPMI-8226 with % GIs of 65.48, 60.21, 56.38, 50.36, 49.15, 47.36, 45.16, 41.37, 41.20, 40.02, 38.67, 37.39, 36.61, 34.64, 34.21, 33.77, and 32.92 respectively. Furthermore the compound 4 g showed superior anticancer activity than that of the standard drug Imatinib on 50 human cancer cell lines. The oxadiazoles containing methylene (-CH2-) linkage showed comparatively higher anticancer activity.

A series of 16 N 1 -(3-chloro-4-fluorophenyl)- N 4 -substituted semicarbazone derivatives were synthesized and subjected to computational pharmacokinetic studies to predict molecular properties. All the title compounds ( 4a – p ) followed the Lipinski “Rule of Five”. The synthesized compounds were characterized by elemental analyses and spectral data and the compounds ( 4a – p ) were evaluated for antimicrobial activities. Among them the compound 2-(4-hydroxybenzylidene)- N -(3-chloro-4-fluorolphenyl)hydrazinecarboxamide ( 4f ) was found to be the most active compound that showed good antibacterial activity while the compound 2-(4-methoxybenzylidene)- N -(3-chloro-4-fluorolphenyl)hydrazinecarboxamide ( 4g ) was moderately active against fungal strains. We have noticed that the compounds, ( 4f , 4k and 4d ) bearing OH and NO 2 groups on the phenyl ring at position 4 exhibited good antibacterial activity while compound ( 4g ) bearing OCH 3 on the phenyl ring at position 4 exhibited moderate antifungal activity.

In continuance of our search for new anticancer agents, we report herein the design, synthesis, and anticancer evaluation of oxadiazole analogues. Two series (4a-h and 4i-q) of new oxadiazole analogues were designed based on heterocyclic (1,3,4-oxadiazole)-linked aryl core of IMC-038525 (tubulin polymerization inhibitor), NSC 776715, and NSC 776715 and synthesized. All the compounds were fully characterized by infrared, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and mass spectral data and the purity of compounds was checked by elemental analysis (C, H, and N analysis). Further seven compounds were evaluated for anticancer activity on nine different panels of 60 cell lines (60 NCI cancer cell lines) according to the National Cancer Institute screening protocol and percent growth and percent growth inhibition was calculated at 10 µM drug concentration. Ten compounds were evaluated for anticancer activity on two cancer cell lines (HeLa and MDA-MB-435) as per the standard protocol reported at four different drug concentrations (10−7, 10−6, 10−5, and 10−4 µM) and GI50, LC50, and TGI dose-related parameters were calculated. The compound 4j showed maximum anticancer activity at 10 µM, and was found to have higher sensitivity against MOLT-4, IGROV1, HCT-116, and K-562 with percent growth inhibitions of 50.38, 48.45, 46.26, and 46.26 respectively. The compound 4j showed superior anticancer activity than imatinib on 41 human cancer cell lines. The compound 4p showed anticancer activity with GI50 of 36.7 and 46.5 µM against HeLa and MDA-MB-435 cell lines, respectively.

A series of ten novel hydrazide–hydrazones linked indole and indazole moieties were designed and synthesized. All the synthesized compounds were evaluated for their cytotoxicity against four human cancer cell lines (HeLa, MDA-MB-231, MCF-7, and A549). Three of the synthesized compounds showed promising cytotoxicity specifically on some of the tested cell lines with IC 50 values ranging between 1.93 and 25.6 µM. Further, one compound was identified as a promising drug lead which showed promising cytotoxicity with IC 50 value of 1.93 µM towards MCF-7 breast cancer cell line as compared to the standard drug doxorubicin (IC 50 value 0.98 µM). While, all these new compounds showed no cytotoxicity on the normal human embryonic kidney cell line, HEK-293.

Tea is one of the top beverages used around the world every day, which contains a high amount of polyphenols and antioxidants. The main aim of this research is to quantify some marketed black tea (Rabea, Lipton, Alkbous, Green gold and Haritham) for phenolic contents and antioxidant potential evaluation by ultrasound solvent extraction and was compared with conventional extraction. Ultrasonic extraction was optimized by considering frequencies (26 kHz, 40 kHz), temperature (30, 40 and 50 °C), and power (30, 40 and 50%) at a fixed time of 30 min. In both the ultrasonic frequencies, 40 °C temperature and 40% power combination exhibited highest cumulative yield (mg/100 g DW), total phenolic content (mg gallic acid/g DW), flavonoids (mg/g DW) and DPPH radical scavenging activity (%) in all branded tea. Within each brand of tea, at any temperature-power combination at particular frequency results were not significantly different. But, at a similar condition of temperature power results were found significantly different between two frequencies. Furthermore, ultrasonic extraction process was analyzed thermodynamically by selecting some basic parameters. Thermodynamics results showed the extraction process was feasible, spontaneous and irreversible. Also, 26 kHz ultrasonic probe is more appropriate for the extraction purpose and thermodynamically more acceptable as compared to 40 kHz ultrasonic bath. Moreover, Haritham was selected as the best tea brand due to its high polyphenol contents and antioxidant potential. Keywords: Ultrasound extraction, Branded tea, Polyphenol, Antioxidant, Thermodynamic study

In the present investigation we report herein the synthesis and neuroprotection assay of 3-substituted- N -aryl-6,7-dimethoxy-3a,4-dihydro-3 H -indeno[1,2-c]pyrazole-2-carboxamide ( 4a – c ). The anticonvulsant activity and neuroprotection assay were done according to Antiepileptic Drug Development Programme (ADD) protocol reported elsewhere. The compounds showed significant anticonvulsant and neuroprotective activities. The compound 4b showed neuroprotection activity with 26.2 ± 1.9% of total propidium iodide uptake at 100 μM and IC 50 of the compound was calculated using dose response curve by probit analysis and was found to be 159.20 ± 1.21 μM.

Background: 1,3,4-Oxadiazole heterocycles possess a broad spectrum of biological activities. They were reported as potent cytotoxic agents and tubulin inhibitors; hence it is of great interest to explore new oxadiazoles as cytotoxic agents targeting tubulin polymerization. Objective: Two new series of oxadiazoles (5a-h and 12a-h) were synthesized, structurally related to the heterocyclic linked aryl core of IMC-038525, NSC 776715, and NSC 776716, with further modification by incorporating methylene linker. Method: The 2,5-disubstituted-1,3,4-oxadiazoles (5a-h and 12a-h) were synthesized by refluxing an equimolar mixture of the intermediates [(4) and (8a-d)] and aromatic aldehydes in water-ethanol system using sodium bisulphite catalyst. The cytotoxicity evaluation was carried out according to the National Cancer Institute (NCI US) Protocol, while the tubulin polymerization assay kits from Cytoskeleton ™(bk011p) was used to perform an in vitro tubulin polymerization assay. Results: 2-(5-{[(4-Chlorophenyl)amino]methyl}-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)phenol (5f) and 2-[(2,4-dichlorophenoxy) methyl]-5-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole (12c) showed maximum cytotoxicity with the mean percent growth inhibitions (GIs) of 71.56 and 72.68 respectively at 10 µM drug concentrations. Both the compounds (5f and 12c) showed superior cytotoxicity than clinically prevalent anticancer drugs, Imatinib and Gefitinib in one dose assay. The compound 12c showed promising results in five dose assay, with GI50 values varies between 1.61 and >100 µM. Furthermore, the compounds, 5f and 12c also inhibited the polymerization of tubulin with, an IC50 of 2.8 and 2.2 µM, respectively. Conclusion: The oxadiazoles reported herein are tubulin inhibitors and cytotoxic agents. These findings will be helpful in future drug design of more potent tubulin inhibitor cytotoxic agents.

In search of potential therapeutics for inflammatory disease, we report herein the synthesis, characterization and anti-inflammatory activities of a new series of 1-{(5-substituted-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)methyl}-2-(morpholinomethyl)-1H-benzimidazoles (5a-r). The anti-inflammatory activity of the compounds was evaluated using carrageenan induced rat paw edema test. Some compounds showed excellent anti-inflammatory activity in carrageenan induced rat paw edema test. 1-{(5-(2-Chlorophenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)methyl}-2-(morpholinomethyl)-1H-benzimidazole (5g) showed maximum anti-inflammatory (74.17±1.28% inhibition) with reduced ulcerogenic and lipid peroxidation profile and also showed significant COX-2 inhibition with IC50 values of 8.00μM. Compounds 5o and 5q were also found to exhibit good COX-2 inhibition with IC50 values of 11.4 and 13.7μM concentrations. Molecular docking study showed that morpholine and oxadiazole rings linked to the benzimidazole nucleus play an important role in binding with the COX-2.