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1. Modeling canopy photosynthesis and light interception partitioning among shoots in bi-axis and single-axis apple trees (Malus domestica Borkh.)

Author: Mingyu Han, Sayed Hussain, Evelyne Costes, Xiaolong Ma, Weiwei Yang, Dong Zhang, Doudou Ma, Jidong Shi, Northwest A and F University, Shihezi University, Shaanxi Huasheng (Group) Corp. Fruit Co., Abdul Wali Khan University, Architecture et Fonctionnement des Espèces Fruitières [AGAP] (AFEF), Amélioration génétique et adaptation des plantes méditerranéennes et tropicales (UMR AGAP), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) (31860527), Shaanxi province Key Research and Development Program (2017ZDXM-NY-511019, 2016KTZDNY01-04), China Apple Research System CARS-27, National Key R&D Program Projects 2018YFD1000200, and China Scholarship Council
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, 0301 basic medicine, Canopy, Malus, Physiology, Vegetative reproduction, Plant Science, 01 natural sciences, Training system, 03 medical and health sciences, Vegetative shoot, [SDV.BV]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Vegetal Biology, Fruiting shoot, STAR, Ecology, biology, Forestry, 15. Life on land, biology.organism_classification, 3D digitizing, Horticulture, 030104 developmental biology, Mutual shading, Shoot, Allometry, Shading, Interception, Orchard, Virtual orchard, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract: International audience; Key message Bi-axis training increased vegetative shoot light interception and modeled photosynthetic rate, and reduced fruiting shoot mutual shading and vegetative growth by optimizing canopy structure compared to single-axis in young apple trees. Improving light interception and distribution within canopy are constant objectives of training through manipulating tree architecture. A bi-axis training system with two primary scaffolds has been proposed to improve flowering and dry matter production in apple trees. In this study, 'Fuji' apple trees trained using a bi-axis or single-axis training system were compared. Twelve three-dimensional (3D) virtual apple trees were reconstructed by combining 3D digitizing and allometric relationships for three shoot types (vegetative long shoot, VL; fruiting shoot, FS; vegetative short shoot, VS), to evaluate canopy structure impacts on light interception. Light interception efficiency was evaluated by silhouette to total area ratio (STAR). The potential canopy photosynthetic rate was evaluated by the eco-physiological RATP model. The leaf area of VL in bi-axis trained trees was approximately 40% lower than that in single-axis trees. Lower leaf area and more uniform spatial distribution were noted in VL in bi-axis than in single-axis trees. This led to more even spatial light distribution and more shoots having higher STAR in bi-axis than in single-axis trees, regardless of the whole tree or shoot type. In the virtual orchard, bi-axis trees had a 25% and 10% STAR increase in VS and VL, respectively, but a similar STAR for FS compared to single-axis trees. Mutual shading between neighboring trees in the virtual orchard made of bi-axis trees was significantly lower than that with single-axis trees for FS. The modeled canopy net photosynthetic rate was 26% higher in bi-axis than in single-axis trees. With the increase in tree age, the projected leaf area increased, but the porosity of the canopy decreased, and mutual shading increased for the whole canopy and all shoot types, irrespective of training systems. These results indicated that manipulating scaffolds in apple trees can regulate canopy structure, light interception, and vegetative growth during the early developmental stages.
Published: 2021
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2. A metal-radical hetero-tri-spin SCM with methyl–pyrazole–nitronyl nitroxide bridges

Author: Kang Wang, Xiaohui Huang, Junfang Xie, Jing Han, Licun Li, Jean-Pascal Sutter, Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry, Nankai University, Nankai University (NKU), Laboratoire de chimie de coordination (LCC), Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut de Chimie de Toulouse (ICT-FR 2599), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), National Key R&D Program of China (2018YFA0306002), National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 21773122), Institut de Chimie de Toulouse (ICT), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), and Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: chemistry.chemical_classification, Nitroxide mediated radical polymerization, Materials science, 010405 organic chemistry, Band gap, Demagnetizing field, Crystal structure, Polymer, Pyrazole, 010402 general chemistry, 01 natural sciences, 3. Good health, 0104 chemical sciences, Ion, Inorganic Chemistry, chemistry.chemical_compound, Crystallography, chemistry, [CHIM.COOR]Chemical Sciences/Coordination chemistry, Linker
Abstract: International audience; The preparation, crystal structures, and magnetic properties of a family of hetero-tri-spin 1-D coordination polymers with the formula [Ln(hfac)3Cu(hfac)2(4-NIT-MePyz)2] (Ln = Gd, 1, Tb, 2, Dy, 3; hfac = hexafluoroacetylacetonate; 4-NIT-MePyz = 2-{4-(1-methyl)-pyrazolyl}-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide) are reported. In these complexes, the 4-NIT-MePyz radical acts as a linker to bridge the CuII and LnIII ions through its pyrazole and aminoxyl groups to form a chain structure. Magnetic properties typical of spin-chains are observed for Dy and Tb derivatives but single-chain magnet (SCM) behavior was evidenced only for the Tb compound which is characterized by an energy gap for demagnetization Δτ/kB of 31 K.
Published: 2021
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3. MaXB3 Modulates MaNAC2, MaACS1, and MaACO1 Stability to Repress Ethylene Biosynthesis during Banana Fruit Ripening

Author: Mondher Bouzayen, Zhengguo Li, Julien Pirrello, Wei Wei, Wei Deng, Wei Shan, Jian-fei Kuang, Wang-jin Lu, Zhong-Qi Fan, Jian-ye Chen, South China Agricultural University (SCAU), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Chongqing University [Chongqing], Génomique et Biotechnologie des Fruits (GBF), École nationale supérieure agronomique de Toulouse [ENSAT]-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), and National Key R&D Program of China (grant no. 2016YFD0400100), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant nos. 31830071, 31701652, and 31372111), the National Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province (grant no. 2017A030310353) and the China Agriculture Research System (grant no. CARS–31–11).
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Regulation of gene expression, Ethylene, biology, Physiology, food and beverages, Ripening, Plant Science, 01 natural sciences, Cell biology, Ubiquitin ligase, chemistry.chemical_compound, chemistry, Ubiquitin, Biosynthesis, [SDV.BBM.GTP]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biochemistry, Molecular Biology/Genomics [q-bio.GN], Genetics, biology.protein, [SDV.BV]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Vegetal Biology, Post-translational regulation, Climacteric, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract: Ethylene plays a critical regulatory role in climacteric fruit ripening, and its biosynthesis is fine-tuned at the transcriptional and posttranslational levels. Nevertheless, the mechanistic link between transcriptional and posttranslational regulation of ethylene biosynthesis during fruit ripening is largely unknown. This study uncovers a coordinated transcriptional and posttranslational mechanism of controlling ethylene biosynthesis during banana (Musa acuminata) fruit ripening. NAC (NAM, ATAF, and CUC) proteins MaNAC1 and MaNAC2 repress the expression of MaERF11, a protein previously known to negatively regulate ethylene biosynthesis genes MaACS1 and MaACO1. A RING E3 ligase MaXB3 interacts with MaNAC2 to promote its ubiquitination and degradation, leading to the inhibition of MaNAC2-mediated transcriptional repression. In addition, MaXB3 also targets MaACS1 and MaACO1 for proteasome degradation. Further evidence supporting the role of MaXB3 is provided by its transient and ectopic overexpression in banana fruit and tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), respectively, which delays fruit ripening via repressing ethylene biosynthesis and thus ethylene response. Strikingly, MaNAC1 and MaNAC2 directly repress MaXB3 expression, suggesting a feedback regulatory mechanism that maintains a balance of MaNAC2, MaACS1, and MaACO1 levels. Collectively, our findings establish a multilayered regulatory cascade involving MaXB3, MaNACs, MaERF11, and MaACS1/MaACO1 that controls ethylene biosynthesis during climacteric ripening.
Published: 2020
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4. Long‐chain acyl‐CoA synthetases activate fatty acids for lipid synthesis, remodeling and energy production in Chlamydomonas

Author: Fan Bai, Jin Liu, Yonghua Li-Beisson, Lihua Yu, Jianan Shi, Peking University [Beijing], Bioénergie et Microalgues (EBM), Institut de Biosciences et Biotechnologies d'Aix-Marseille (ex-IBEB) (BIAM), Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), This work is partially supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31770048) and the National Key R&D Program of China (2018YFA0902500), Environnement, Bioénergie, Microalgues et Plantes (EBMP), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)), and Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Physiology, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, Plant Science, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, Ligases, 03 medical and health sciences, Lipid droplet, Coenzyme A, 030304 developmental biology, chemistry.chemical_classification, 0303 health sciences, biology, Catabolism, Chlamydomonas, Fatty Acids, Fatty acid, Lipid metabolism, biology.organism_classification, Chloroplast, Enzyme, chemistry, Biochemistry, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract: International audience; Long-chain acyl-CoA synthetases (LACSs) play many roles in mammals, yeasts and plants, but knowledge on their functions in microalgae remains fragmented. Here via genetic, biochemical and physiological analyses, we unraveled the function and roles of LACSs in the model microalga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. In vitro assays on purified recombinant proteins revealed that CrLACS1, CrLACS2 and CrLACS3 all exhibited bona fide LACS activities toward a broad range of free fatty acids. The Chlamydomonas mutants compromised in CrLACS1, CrLACS2 or CrLACS3 did not show any obvious phenotypes in lipid content or growth under nitrogen (N)-replete condition. But under N-deprivation, CrLACS1 or CrLACS2 suppression resulted in c. 50% less oil, yet with a higher amount of chloroplast lipids. By contrast, CrLACS3 suppression impaired oil remobilization and cell growth severely during N-recovery, supporting its role in fatty acid β-oxidation to provide energy and carbon sources for regrowth. Transcriptomics analysis suggested that the observed lipid phenotypes are likely not due to transcriptional reprogramming but rather a shift in metabolic adjustment. Taken together, this study provided solid experimental evidence for essential roles of the three Chlamydomonas LACS enzymes in lipid synthesis, remodeling and catabolism, and highlighted the importance of lipid homeostasis in cell growth under nutrient fluctuations.
Published: 2021
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5. Up-Conversion Luminescence and C-Band Laser in Er3+-Doped Fluorozirconate Glass Microsphere Resonator

Author: Xin Wang, Haiyan Zhao, Shijie Jia, Elfed Lewis, Angzhen Li, Pengfei Wang, Shunbin Wang, Wenhao Li, Ya-Xian Fan, Ruicong Wang, National Key R&D Program of China, and Science Foundation of China
Subjects: Fabrication, Optical fiber, Materials science, 02 engineering and technology, 01 natural sciences, law.invention, 010309 optics, Resonator, law, Fiber laser, 0103 physical sciences, fluorozirconate glass, Fiber, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, business.industry, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Laser, Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics, Glass microsphere, Optoelectronics, up-conversion luminescence, c-band laser, 0210 nano-technology, business, Luminescence, microsphere resonator
Abstract: peer-reviewed Up-conversion luminescence and C-band microsphere laser output is reported for an Er3+-doped ZrF4-BaF2-YF3-AlF3 (ZBYA) fluorozirconate glass microsphere. The microsphere was fabricated by heating a ZBYA glass filament using a CO2 laser beam. The fabrication process accurately and repeatably produces microspheres of 68 μm diameter. The input and output laser light was coupled to the microsphere using a tapered optical fiber. The coupling position between the tapered fiber and microsphere was adjusted using a sophisticated three-dimensional translation stage. The up-conversion luminescence emission, single-mode and multi-mode laser at C-band (1530 to 1565 nm) were observed when pumped using a 980 nm laser.
Published: 2019
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6. All fibre Q-switched Thulium-doped fibre laser incorporating Thulium–Holmium co-doped fibre as a saturable absorber

Author: Gerald Garrell, Sulaiman Wadi Harun, Shi Li, A.H.A. Rosol, Yu Yin, Bingang Guo, Pengfei Wang, Anas Abdul Latiff, Elfed Lewis, National Key R&D Program of China, National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC), and Harbin Engineering University
Subjects: Engineering Physics, Materials science, chemistry.chemical_element, 02 engineering and technology, 01 natural sciences, 010309 optics, Optics, Fiber laser, 0103 physical sciences, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Q-switched pulse, business.industry, Physics, Doping, Saturable absorption, Electrical and Computer Engineering, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, Pulse (physics), Wavelength, Thulium, Fibre laser, Doped fibre saturable absorber, chemistry, 0210 nano-technology, business, Holmium, Pulse-width modulation
Abstract: A novel all fibre Q-switched Thulium-doped fibre laser (TDFL) is reported which includes a short length of a Thulium–Holmiumco-doped fibre (THDF) as a saturable absorber. A high repetition rate (27.26 kHz) coupled with a low pulse width ( 19 . 06 μ s ) is obtained for single wavelength Q-switched pulse operation at an output wavelength of 1911.5 nm using a pump power of 200 mW. Increasing the pump power from 200 mW to 700 mW results in the repetition rate increasing from 27.26 kHz to 99.67 kHz and the pulse width decreasing from 19 . 06 μ s to 920 ns. The centre wavelength of the single Q-switched pulse was also red shifted from 1911.5 nm to 1932.5 nm with increasing the pump power. A 45 m length single-mode fibre (SMF-28) provided dispersion compensation, and effectively an SMF-THDF-SMF structure is inserted in the cavity which operates in a similar manner to an SMF-MMF-SMF structure, providing a strong multimode interference effect which supports dual-wavelength operation. A stable dual-wavelength Q-switched pulse was achieved at a threshold pump power of 213 mW. The dual-wavelength Q-switched pulse operation was generated at 1911.5 nm and 1914.5 nm with a repetition rate of 8.45 kHz and pulse width of 20 . 02 μ s . The dual-wavelength spacing of this pulse operation was 3 nm, which was in good agreement with calculations based on the multimode interference effect induced by the THDF. The repetition rate increased from 8.45 kHz to 70.65 kHz and the pulse width decreased from 20 . 02 μ s to 870 ns with increasing pump power. At the maximum pump power of 700 mW, the maximum output power was measured as 27.4 mW. The experimental results confirm that the THDF can be utilized as a SA to generate a stable and tunable single-wavelength Q-switched pulse output as well as dual-wavelength Q-switched pulse in the 2 . 0 μ m wavelength region.
Published: 2019
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7. Ultrabroadband mid-infrared emission from Cr2+-doped infrared transparent chalcogenide glass ceramics embedded with thermally grown ZnS nanorods

Author: Lukas Strizik, Xiaosong Lu, Gerald Farrell, Pengfei Wang, Runan Zhang, Tomas Wagner, Haitao Guo, Jing Ren, Zhiqiang Lai, National Key R&D Program of China, National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC), Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities, Harbin Engineering University, and Natural Science Foundation of Heilongjiang Province of China
Subjects: Engineering Physics, Materials science, Infrared, Chalcogenide, Glass ceramics, Chalcogenide glass, 02 engineering and technology, 01 natural sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, 0103 physical sciences, Materials Chemistry, Ceramic, Wurtzite crystal structure, 010302 applied physics, business.industry, Physics, Doping, Optics, Electrical and Computer Engineering, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Mid-infrared (MIR) emission, chemistry, Transmission electron microscopy, visual_art, Ceramics and Composites, visual_art.visual_art_medium, Optoelectronics, Nanorod, 0210 nano-technology, business
Abstract: We report, for the first time to our knowledge, an ultrabroadband mid-infrared (MIR) emission in the range of 1800–2800 nm at room temperature from a Cr2+-doped chalcogenide glass ceramic embedded with pure hexagonal (wurtzite) β-ZnS nanorods and study the emission-dependent properties on the doping concentration of Cr2+. A new family of chalcogenide glasses based on (100 − x) Ge1.5As2S6.5 – x ZnSe (in mol.%) was prepared by melt-quenching method. The Cr2+: β-ZnS nanorods of ˜150 nm in diameter and ˜1 μm in length were grown in the Cr2+-doped glass after thermal annealing. The compositional variations of glass structures and optical properties were studied. The crystalline phase, morphology of the thermally grown nanorods, and the microscopic elemental distributions were characterized using advanced nanoscale transmission electron microscopy analyses.
Published: 2019
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8. Oxygen‐Triggered Switchable Polymerization for the One‐Pot Synthesis of CO 2 ‐Based Block Copolymers from Monomer Mixtures

Author: Rinaldo Poli, Xingping Zhou, Xianhong Wang, Xiaolin Xie, Yong Wang, Yajun Zhao, Zhigang Xue, Huazhong University of Science and Technology [Wuhan] (HUST), Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Laboratoire de chimie de coordination (LCC), Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut de Chimie de Toulouse (ICT-FR 2599), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), National Key R&D Plan (No.2016YFB0302400), NSFC (No.21604027) of China, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Chimie de Toulouse (ICT), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), and Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Ring-opening copolymerization, Radical polymerization, macromolecular substances, 010402 general chemistry, 01 natural sciences, Catalysis, chemistry.chemical_compound, Polymer chemistry, Copolymer, Vinyl acetate, [CHIM.COOR]Chemical Sciences/Coordination chemistry, Methyl acrylate, Alkyl, chemistry.chemical_classification, 010405 organic chemistry, technology, industry, and agriculture, Switchable catalysis, Organometallic-mediated radical polymerization, General Medicine, General Chemistry, Polymer, Block copolymers, 0104 chemical sciences, [CHIM.POLY]Chemical Sciences/Polymers, Monomer, chemistry, Polymerization, Poly(propylene carbonate)
Abstract: International audience; Switchable polymerization affords a unique opportunity to regulate polymer sequence and structure in a one-pot process from mixtures of monomers. Here we report a strategy that uses O2 as an external stimulus to switch the polymerization mechanism from the organometallic mediated radical polymerization (OMRP) of vinyl monomers mediated by (Salen)Co III-R [Salen=N,N'-bis(3,5-di-tertbutylsalicylidene)-1,2-cyclohexanediamine; R = alkyl] to the ringopening copolymerization (ROCOP) of CO2/epoxides. A critical issue is the unprecedented mono oxygen insertion into the Co-C bond, as demonstrated by experimental results and rationalized by DFT calculations, leading to the formation of (Salen)Co III-OR as an active species to initiate ROCOP. Diblock poly(vinyl acetate)-bpolycarbonate could be obtained from ROCOP of CO2/epoxides with preactivation of (Salen)Co end-capped poly(vinyl acetate). Furthermore, a poly(vinyl acetate)-b-poly(methyl acrylate)-bpolycarbonate triblock copolymer has been successfully synthesized via a (Salen)cobalt-mediated sequential polymerization with an O2triggered switch in a one-pot process.
Published: 2019
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9. Multiscale Cholesky Preconditioning for Ill-conditioned Problems

Author: Jiong Chen, Jin Huang, Mathieu Desbrun, Florian Schäfer, Zhejiang University, Inria Saclay - Ile de France, Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria), California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), Laboratoire d'informatique de l'École polytechnique [Palaiseau] (LIX), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École polytechnique (X), Partial funding for Jiong Chen and Jin Huang was provided by National Key R&D Program of China (N° 2020AAA0108901) and NSFC (N° 61732016). Florian Schäfer was partially supported by AFOSR grant FA9550-18-1-0271 and ONR grant N00014-18-1-2363., École polytechnique (X)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), La Géometrie au Service du Numérique (GEOMERIX), École polytechnique (X)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Inria Saclay - Ile de France, and Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Polytechnique de Paris (IP Paris)
Subjects: Discretization, Incomplete Cholesky decomposition, Computer science, Preconditioner, MathematicsofComputing_NUMERICALANALYSIS, 020207 software engineering, Numerical solvers, 010103 numerical & computational mathematics, 02 engineering and technology, Incomplete Cholesky factorization, Solver, Wavelets, System of linear equations, 01 natural sciences, Computer Graphics and Computer-Aided Design, Computational science, Computer graphics, Preconditioned conjugate gradient method, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, Polygon mesh, [INFO]Computer Science [cs], 0101 mathematics, [MATH]Mathematics [math], Cholesky decomposition
Abstract: Article 81; International audience; Many computer graphics applications boil down to solving sparse systems of linear equations. While the current arsenal of numerical solvers available in various specialized libraries and for different computer architectures often allow efficient and scalable solutions to image processing, modeling and simulation applications, an increasing number of graphics problems face large-scale and ill-conditioned sparse linear systems — a numerical challenge which typically chokes both direct factorizations (due to high memory requirements) and iterative solvers (because of slow convergence). We propose a novel approach to the efficient preconditioning of such problems which often emerge from the discretization over unstructured meshes of partial differential equations with heterogeneous and anisotropic coefficients. Our numerical approach consists in simply performing a fine-to-coarse ordering and a multiscale sparsity pattern of the degrees of freedom, using which we apply an incomplete Cholesky factorization. By further leveraging supernodes for cache coherence, graph coloring to improve parallelism and partial diagonal shifting to remedy negative pivots, we obtain a preconditioner which, combined with a conjugate gradient solver, far exceeds the performance of existing carefully-engineered libraries for graphics problems involving bad mesh elements and/or high contrast of coefficients. We also back the core concepts behind our simple solver with theoretical foundations linking the recent method of operator-adapted wavelets used in numerical homogenization to the traditional Cholesky factorization of a matrix, providing us with a clear bridge between incomplete Cholesky factorization and multiscale analysis that we leverage numerically.
Published: 2021
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10. Influences of international agricultural trade on the global phosphorus cycle and its associated issues

Author: Qiyuan Hu, Michael Obersteiner, Chongyang Wang, Philippe Ciais, Ivan A. Janssens, Fei Lun, Xiao Xiao, Josep Peñuelas, Jordi Sardans, Danfeng Sun, Ming Liu, Zhuo Li, Jiayue Tang, China Agricultural University (CAU), CREAF - Centre for Ecological Research and Applied Forestries, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), ICOS-ATC (ICOS-ATC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), University of Antwerp (UA), International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis [Laxenburg] (IIASA), This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China [No. 41801202, No. 41911530693], National Key R&D Program of China [2016YFD0201207] and a Synergy Grant [ERC-2013-SyG-610028 IMBALANCE-P] from the European Research Council., Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, media_common.quotation_subject, Geography, Planning and Development, 010501 environmental sciences, Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law, engineering.material, 01 natural sciences, Agricultural economics, crop P fertilizer footprint, Scarcity, Crop, International agricultural trade, Temperate climate, Economics, media_common.cataloged_instance, European union, global P cycle, China, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, Biology, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, media_common, 2. Zero hunger, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Global and Planetary Change, Ecology, business.industry, virtual P fertilizer flows, 1. No poverty, 15. Life on land, Chemistry, P use efficiency, 13. Climate action, Agriculture, engineering, Food processing, Fertilizer, business
Abstract: International audience; Industrial phosphorus (P) fertilizer has substantially improved global food production, but has also led to environmental impacts. Intensive global agricultural trade has increased and the impacts of trade on aggravating or alleviating future P scarcity must be examined, especially for the most vulnerable countries. We combined data to estimate the global P trade among countries and its impacts on global P flows, based on global agricultural trade, cropland soil P budgets and crop P fertilizer footprints (the amount of industrial P fertilizer applied for producing one unit of P in the harvested crop). The global agricultural P trade represented a fraction of 16% of P in harvested crops in 2014, half of which was exported from the United States of America, Brazil and the European Union and one fifth imported by China. Virtual P fertilizer flows (about 2.60 Tg P y-1) referred to industrial P fertilizers applied to traded crops by exporting countries; thus, 1/3 of global virtual P fertilizer flows were associated with the international soybean trade. P use efficiency (PUE), the ratio of the harvested crop-P to the total external P inputs, is a larger problem for tropical than temperate countries. Global crop trade had brought in a net 0.2 Tg P y-1 savings of industrial P fertilizers globally, compared to crop production in export and import countries. >0.50 Tg y-1 of the gross global accumulation of soil P and P in freshwater were associated with global agricultural trade. Global PUE, however, could be improved considerably, and thus global cooperation and improving PUE could help to solve the problem of future P scarcity. Vulnerable countries should also propose urgent national plans to address their own situations of P scarcity or low PUE.
Published: 2021
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11. Flower strips adjacent to greenhouses help reduce pest populations and insecticide applications inside organic commercial greenhouses

Author: Shu Li, Su Wang, Coline C. Jaworski, Séverin Hatt, Nicolas Desneux, Fan Zhang, Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, University of Oxford [Oxford], Kyoto University [Kyoto], Institut Sophia Agrobiotech (ISA), Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA), National Key R&D Program of China 2017YFD0201000, Technical Innovation Program of Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences 20200110, Youth Scientific Funds Program of BAAFS QNJJ201823, Beijing Municipal Science & Technology Commission Z121105002512039, European Project: 633999,H2020,H2020-SFS-2014-2,EUCLID(2015), University of Oxford, Kyoto University, and Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (1965 - 2019) (UNS)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Biological pest control, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Predation, Cirsium, Abundance (ecology), Companion plant, Predator, 2. Zero hunger, Trap crop, biology, business.industry, Pest control, 15. Life on land, biology.organism_classification, Pesticide, 010602 entomology, Agronomy, Habitat enhancement, Insectary plant, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, PEST analysis, Centaurea cyanus, business, Conservation biological control, Agronomy and Crop Science, Natural enemy
Abstract: International audience; Flower strips can play an important role in agro-ecosystems by supporting populations of pests' natural enemies, thereby enhancing biological control. However, few studies have considered enhancing habitat for natural enemies around greenhouses. We conducted a two-year field experiment to (i) identify potential flowering species enhancing natural enemy populations but not pest populations; and (ii) evaluate how the presence of flower strips adjacent to greenhouses helped reduce pest abundance and insecticide use by attracting natural enemies inside greenhouses. We tested six flowering species in monofloral plots placed in flower strips adjacent to greenhouses and measured pest and predator abundance in monofloral plots but also on eggplants as well as eggplant yield and insecticide use inside greenhouses. All flowering species attracted more pests and predators than strips of naturally occurring weeds.Cosmos bipinnatusandBorago officinalishosted high predator abundance and low pest abundance. Conversely,Tagetes erectaandVerbena x hybridahosted intermediate predator abundance but high pest abundance, andCirsium setosumandCentaurea cyanushosted lower predator and pest abundances. Overall, both predator and pest numbers were higher at high flower density. Pest abundance was reduced by 43% in greenhouses adjacent to flower strips compared with control greenhouses, while predator numbers were 20 times higher, and insecticide use was reduced by 34%, but yields remained unchanged. Flower strips around greenhouses are therefore a promising, economically viable strategy to enhance pest control and to reduce insecticide use, and mixtures of flowering species in flower strips should be further tested to enhance the diversity of the predator community.
Published: 2021
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12. Oxidative cyclo-rearrangement of helicenes into chiral nanographenes

Author: Chengshuo Shen, Yongle Ding, Na Yang, Huibin Qiu, Fuwei Gan, Jeanne Crassous, Guoli Zhang, Shanghai Jiao Tong University [Shanghai], Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes (ISCR), Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes (ENSCR)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), This work was financially supported by the National Key R&D Program of China (2020YFA0908100), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (21704063, 92056110, 22075180), the Innovation Program of Shanghai Municipal Education Commission (202101070002E00084), and the Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality (18JC1415500, 195271040, 20JC1415000)., Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes (ENSCR)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), and Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)
Subjects: Oxidative cyclization, Multidisciplinary, 010405 organic chemistry, Chemistry, Science, General Physics and Astronomy, Aromaticity, General Chemistry, 010402 general chemistry, 01 natural sciences, Combinatorial chemistry, Chemical synthesis, Synthesis of graphene, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Article, 0104 chemical sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, Helicene, Stereochemistry, Molecule, [CHIM]Chemical Sciences, Chirality (chemistry), Diversity-oriented synthesis
Abstract: Nanographenes are emerging as a distinctive class of functional materials for electronic and optical devices. It is of remarkable significance to enrich the precise synthetic chemistry for these molecules. Herein, we develop a facile strategy to recompose helicenes into chiral nanographenes through a unique oxidative cyclo-rearrangement reaction. Helicenes with 7~9 ortho-fused aromatic rings are firstly oxidized and cyclized, and subsequently rearranged into nanographenes with an unsymmetrical helicoid shape through sequential 1,2-migrations. Such skeletal reconstruction is virtually driven by the gradual release of the strain of the highly distorted helicene skeleton. Importantly, the chirality of the helicene precursor can be integrally inherited by the resulting nanographene. Thus, a series of chiral nanographenes are prepared from a variety of carbohelicenes and heterohelicenes. Moreover, such cyclo-rearrangement reaction can be sequentially or simultaneously associated with conventional oxidative cyclization reactions to ulteriorly enrich the geometry diversity of nanographenes, aiming at innovative properties., Nanographenes are emerging as a distinctive class of functional materials for electronic and optical devices. Here, the authors develop a facile strategy to recompose helicenes into a variety of chiral nanographenes through an oxidative cyclo-rearrangement reaction.
Published: 2021
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13. Effect of soil particle-size distribution (PSD) on soil-subsoiler interactions in the discrete element model

Author: Wuquan Wei, Jinpu He, Xuezhen Wang, Yuxiang Huang, National Key R&D Program of China (2016YFD0200601, and 2016YFD020060101)
Subjects: soil bin tests, Soil texture, Agricultural engineering, Soil science, soil disturbance characteristics, 01 natural sciences, complex mixtures, discrete element method (dem), Calibration, discrete element method (DEM), soil cutting forces, nominal radii, calibration, Discrete element model, Subsoiler, 010401 analytical chemistry, Agriculture, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, Bulk density, Discrete element method, 0104 chemical sciences, Distribution (mathematics), Distance ratio, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, Environmental science, Agronomy and Crop Science
Abstract: Particle-size distribution (PSD) is a key parameter affecting soil dynamic attributes and cutting forces of tillage tools in the discrete element model in accordance with our preliminary simulations. To accurately determine PSD, significance and mechanism for the effect of PSD under different nominal radii were investigated using the discrete element method (DEM) and validated using the laboratory soil-bin results. Soil disturbance characteristics (soil rupture distance ratio, height of accumulated soil, soil density change rate) and cutting forces (draft and vertical) under different treatments were predicted and measured respectively. The ANOVA outputs showed that PSD significantly affected draft and vertical forces (p
Published: 2021

14. Performance issues of barrier systems for landfills: A review

Author: Nathalie Touze-Foltz, Haijian Xie, Guillaume Stoltz, Services déconcentrés d'appui à la recherche Ile-de-France-Jouy-en-Josas-Antony (SDAR IdF-Jouy-Antony), Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), INSTITUTE OF HYDROLOGY AND WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING ZHEJIANG UNIVERSITY HANGZHOU CHN, Partenaires IRSTEA, Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA), Risques, Ecosystèmes, Vulnérabilité, Environnement, Résilience (RECOVER), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), and National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC)National Key R&D Program of China 2018YFC1802303Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province LR20E080002center for Balance Architecture, Zhejiang University
Subjects: Barrier system, 0211 other engineering and technologies, Landfill liner, 02 engineering and technology, Landfills, 01 natural sciences, Civil engineering, 12. Responsible consumption, Seismic analysis, Geomembrane, General Materials Science, Leachate, 0101 mathematics, Breakthrough time, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 021101 geological & geomatics engineering, Civil and Structural Engineering, Centrifuge, Protection, [SDE.IE]Environmental Sciences/Environmental Engineering, 010102 general mathematics, [SPI.GCIV.GEOTECH]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Civil Engineering/Géotechnique, Numerical models, Geosynthetics, Geotechnical Engineering and Engineering Geology, High food, 6. Clean water, Transfer, 13. Climate action, Environmental science, ZABR, Stability
Abstract: International audience; The objective of the paper is to give an update in key topics related to performance issues of barrier systems for landfills. The objective of using barrier systems is to minimize the impact of contaminants on the surrounding environment. To achieve this goal puncture protection of the geomembrane must be ensured. An update is first given with respect to this matter. The question of the stability on slope of geosynthetic barrier systems is then discussed and an insight is given in modeling and laboratory measurement of parameters required to perform reliable modeling, especially as regards the case of piggy-back landfills. Geotechnical centrifuge modelling tests are very important for simulation of landfill stability induced by the failure of geosynthetic interfaces and validation of complicated numerical models, especially for the high food waste content landfills. The seismic design or assessment of landfill stability with respect to geosyntheics needs to be investigated. Finally, the question of transfers through bottom barrier systems is addressed, giving an update especially in the analytical solutions developed in the past 10 years in China in this matter. The breakthrough time based design method for landfill liner system was then summarized. The behaviour of double-liner system and its simplified performance-based design method should be further investigated in the high food waste landfills with high leachate level.
Published: 2021
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15. Neoproterozoic plate tectonic process and Phanerozoic geodynamic evolution of the South China Block

Author: Jacques Charvet, Yan Chen, Liangshu Shu, Bo Wang, Jinlong Yao, Michel Faure, Nanjing University (NJU), Northwest University (Xi'an), Institut des Sciences de la Terre d'Orléans - UMR7327 (ISTO), Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières (BRGM) (BRGM)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Géodynamique - UMR7327, Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières (BRGM) (BRGM)-Institut des Sciences de la Terre d'Orléans - UMR7327 (ISTO), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières (BRGM) (BRGM)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Région Centre ARGON, National Natural Science Foundation of China (grants 41772204 and 41972238), National Key R & D Program of China (No. 2016YFC0600202), ANR-10-LABX-0100,VOLTAIRE,Geofluids and Volatil elements – Earth, Atmosphere, Interfaces – Resources and Environment(2010), and ANR-11-EQPX-0036,PLANEX,Planète Expérimentation: simulation et analyse in-situ en conditions extrêmes(2011)
Subjects: 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, [SDU.STU]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences, Paleo-Tethys Ocean, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, 01 natural sciences, Devonian, Paleo-Pacific Ocean, South China Block, Paleontology, Subduction and accretion, Phanerozoic, Far-field effects of plate collisio, 14. Life underwater, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Shore, Proto-Tethys Ocean, geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, Orogeny, Cretaceous, Plate tectonics, Neoproterozoic Paleo-South China Ocean, 13. Climate action, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], Ordovician, General Earth and Planetary Sciences, Geology
Abstract: International audience; The South China Block is situated in the Eastern Asian margin. Since the Neoproterozoic, its tectonic evolution was constrained by successive consumption-closure processes of the Paleo-South China, Proto-Tethys, Paleo-Tethys, and Paleo-Pacific oceans. Studies suggest that this block was initially formed by the Neoproterozoic assembly of the Yangtze and Cathaysia blocks following the subduction-accretion of the Paleo-South China Ocean. Then after, it experienced three tectonic-magmatic events in the Phanerozoic. Among these events, the Late Mesozoic tectonism-magmatism was linked with the consumption of the Paleo-Pacific Ocean, while the Silurian and Early to Middle Triassic events took place in intracontinental settings that were related to far-field effects of the closure of the remote Proto-Tethys and Paleo-Tethys oceans, respectively. The subduction-accretion of the Paleo-South China Ocean, and collision at 980–820 Ma between the Yangtze and Cathaysia blocks formed the Jiangnan Orogenic Belt and the Proto-South China Continent, followed by a rifting tectonics and bimodal volcanism at 810–760 Ma. From 760 Ma to 460 Ma, the South China Block was situated under shore, shallow sea to slope depositional environments. During Late Ordovician to Early Devonian (460–400 Ma), an intracontinental orogeny occurred mainly in the Cathaysia Block as a response to the closure of the Proto-Tethys Ocean. Shortly afterwards, this block underwent a stable carbonate deposition during Early Devonian- Middle Triassic (400–230 Ma) and was thus under a shore or shallow sea environment. In the Middle-Late Triassic (240–220 Ma), the South China Block was affected by the closure of the Paleo-Tethys Ocean, intracontinental deformation and S-type granitic magmatism. During the Cretaceous, a multi-stage basin-and-range framework occurred in the western shore of the Paleo-Pacific Plate.
Published: 2021
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16. Formation of persistent free radicals in sludge biochar by hydrothermal carbonization

Author: Zheng Tang, Hanzhong Jia, Eric Lichtfouse, Yanming Kang, Song Zhao, Qian Yajie, Pin Gao, Donghua University [Shanghai], Northwest A & F University, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University (Xjtu), Centre européen de recherche et d'enseignement des géosciences de l'environnement (CEREGE), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Collège de France (CdF (institution))-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Guangxi Innovation Drive Development Fund (Grant Number AA17204076), GDAS’ Project of Science and Technology Development (Grant Number 2020GDASYL-20200102014), National Key R&D Program of China (Grant Number 2019YFD1100502), and Basic Science Center Program for Ordered Energy Conversion of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Number 51888103)
Subjects: Radical, 02 engineering and technology, Hydrothermal carbonization, 010501 environmental sciences, engineering.material, Persistent free radicals, 01 natural sciences, law.invention, law, Adverse health effect, [SDU.STU.GC]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geochemistry, Biochar, Environmental Chemistry, biochar, Electron paramagnetic resonance, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Chemistry, [SDE.IE]Environmental Sciences/Environmental Engineering, Waste sludge, [CHIM.CATA]Chemical Sciences/Catalysis, Contamination, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, 13. Climate action, Environmental chemistry, [SDV.TOX]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Toxicology, engineering, Fertilizer, Ecotoxicity, 0210 nano-technology
Abstract: International audience; The uses of biochar as soil fertilizer can offset global warming and reduce dependence on limited mineral resources in the future circular economy, yet biochar may contain contaminants that can ultimately enter the food chain. In particular, persistent free radicals are emerging contaminants previously detected in biochar but underlying mechanisms of radical formation are not yet established. Here we studied radical generation during hydrothermal carbonization of waste sludge at 160-220 ºC for 0.5-2 h with solid weight ratios of 10%w-40%w using electron paramagnetic resonance and Fourier transform infrared spectrometry. Results reveal that radical concentration increases with temperature, reaction time, and weight ratio in sludge biochars, reaching a content of 47.2 × 10 15 spins/g for 220 ºC, 2 h heating, and 40%w solid ratio. Moreover, low temperature of about 160 ºC favors the production of oxygen-centered radicals, whereas higher temperature of 220 ºC produces carbon-centered radicals. Our findings imply that biochar ecotoxicity should be assessed prior applications to prevent adverse health effects.
Published: 2021
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17. Modelling predicts tomatoes can be bigger and sweeter if biophysical factors and transmembrane transports are fine‐tuned during fruit development

Author: Eric Gomès, Zhanwu Dai, Annick Moing, Yves Gibon, Jinliang Chen, Michel Génard, Bertrand Beauvoit, Sophie Colombié, Gilles Vercambre, Ecophysiologie et Génomique Fonctionnelle de la Vigne (UMR EGFV), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Institut des Sciences de la Vigne et du Vin (ISVV)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Sciences Agronomiques de Bordeaux-Aquitaine (Bordeaux Sciences Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Biologie du fruit et pathologie (BFP), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Unité de recherche Plantes et Systèmes de Culture Horticoles (PSH), Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, National Key R&D Program of China 2019YFD1000100Chinese Academy of Sciences 151111KYSB20170032, ANR-15-CE20-0009,FRIMOUSS,Modélisation intégrative du fruit pour un système de sélection unifié(2015), and ANR-11-INBS-0012,PHENOME,Centre français de phénomique végétale(2011)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, 0301 basic medicine, Wild species, virtual experiment, Physiology, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Fruit development, Integration, Biomass, Model system, Plant Science, Biology, 01 natural sciences, 03 medical and health sciences, Solanum lycopersicum, metabolic modeling, Métabolisme, [SDV.BV]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Vegetal Biology, Sugar, Carbon flux, 2. Zero hunger, Kinetic model, fruit quality, primary metabolism, food and beverages, Carbon, Plant Breeding, Horticulture, [SDV.BV.AP]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Vegetal Biology/Plant breeding, 030104 developmental biology, water and carbon flux, Fruit, global sensitivity analysis, Carbohydrate Metabolism, Expansive, fruit growth, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract: International audience; The trade-off between yield and quality, a major problem for the production of fleshy fruits, involves fruit expansive growth and sugar metabolism. Here we developed an integrative model by coupling a biophysical model of fleshy fruit growth processes, including water and carbon fluxes and organ expansion, with an enzyme-based kinetic model of sugar metabolism to better understand the interactions between these two processes. The integrative model was initially tested on tomato fruit, a model system for fleshy fruit. The integrative model simulated well the biomass and major carbon metabolites of tomato fruit developing under optimal or stress conditions. The model also performed robustly when simulating the fruit size and sugar concentrations of different tomato genotypes including wild species. The validated model was used to explore ways of uncoupling the size-sweetness trade-off in fruit. Model-based virtual experiments suggested that larger sweeter tomatoes could be obtained by simultaneously manipulating certain biophysical factors and transmembrane transports. The integrative fleshy fruit model provides a promising tool to facilitate targeted bioengineering and breeding of tomatoes and other fruits.
Published: 2021
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18. Large-scale features of Last Interglacial climate: Results from evaluating the lig127k simulations for the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6)-Paleoclimate Modeling Intercomparison Project (PMIP4)

Author: Yarrow Axford, Ayako Abe-Ouchi, Maria-Vittoria Guarino, Qiong Zhang, Elizabeth B. Isaacs, Bette L. Otto-Bliesner, Robert A. Tomas, Jeremy S. Hoffman, Zhongshi Zhang, Anne de Vernal, Nicholas K. H. Yeung, Masa Kageyama, Weipeng Zheng, Katrin J. Meissner, Christian Stepanek, Jian Cao, Chris Brierley, Gerrit Lohmann, Anni Zhao, Laurie Menviel, David Salas y Mélia, Polina Morozova, Louise C. Sime, Eric W. Wolff, Ryouta O'ishi, Silvana Ramos Buarque, Emilie Capron, Allegra N. LeGrande, Charles Williams, Marie Sicard, Polychronis C Tzedakis, Pascale Braconnot, Evgeny Volodin, Chuncheng Guo, Esther C. Brady, Xaoxu Shi, Paolo Scussolini, Aline Govin, Kerim H. Nisancioglu, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Climat et Magnétisme (CLIMAG), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Modélisation du climat (CLIM), Modelling the Earth Response to Multiple Anthropogenic Interactions and Dynamics (MERMAID), National Science Foundation, NSF National Center for Atmospheric Research, NCAR: 1852977 Natural Environment Research Council, NERC: NE/S009736/1 Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek, NWO: ALWOP.164 Sorbonne Université California Earthquake Authority, CEA Carlsbergfondet École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL Royal Society Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales, CNES 742224 European Research Council, ERC NE/P01903X/1, ANR-18-BELM-0001-06 312979 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, CNRS RSF Social Finance: 20-17-00190 Natural Environment Research Council, NERC: NE/P013279/1 Vetenskapsrådet, VR Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung, BMBF Vetenskapsrådet, VR: 2016-07213, 2013-06476, 2017-04232 Achievement Rewards for College Scientists Foundation, ARCS: JPMXD1300000000 JPMXD1420318865 Australian Research Council, ARC: FT180100606 2016YFC1401401 Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, AWI Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, KAKEN: 17H06104 Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Monbusho: 17H06323 Chinese Academy of Sciences, CAS: XDB42000000, XDA19060102 Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, JAMSTEC: 0148-2019-0009 National Natural Science Foundation of China, NSFC: 91958201and 41376002 National Science Foundation, NSF Chinese Academy of Sciences, CAS Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung, SNF Akademie der Naturwissenschaften, SCNAT National Science Foundation, NSF: 1852977 National Center for Atmospheric Research, NCAR, Acknowledgements. Bette L. Otto-Bliesner, Esther C. Brady and Robert Tomas acknowledge the CESM project, which is supported primarily by the National Science Foundation (NSF). This material is based upon work supported by the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR), which is a major facility sponsored by the NSF under Cooperative Agreement No. 1852977. Computing and data storage resources, including the Cheyenne supercomputer (https://doi.org/10.5065/D6RX99HX), were provided by the Computational and Information Systems Laboratory (CISL) at NCAR. Chris M. Brierley acknowledges the financial support of the Natural Environment Research Council through grant NE/S009736/1. Anni Zhao and Chris M. Brierley would like to thank Rachel Eyles for her sterling work curating the local replica of the PMIP archive at UCL., Charles J. R. Williams acknowledges the financial support of the UK Natural Environment Research Council-funded SWEET project (Super-Warm Early Eocene Temperatures), research grant NE/P01903X/1, and the financial support of the Belmont-funded PACMEDY (PAlaeo-Constraints on Monsoon Evolution and Dynamics) project. Aline Govin acknowledges the support of the French national program LEFE/INSU (CircLIG project) and of the Belmont-funded ACCEDE project (ANR-18-BELM-0001-06). Eric Wolff has received funding from the European Research Council under the Horizon 2020 program research and innovation program (grant agreement no. 742224, WACSWAIN). Eric Wolff is also funded by a Royal Society Professorship. Paolo Scussolini acknowledges funding from the NWO (Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek) under grant ALWOP.164. Emilie Capron acknowledges financial support from the ChronoCli-mate project, funded by the Carlsberg Foundation. Pascale Bra-connot and Masa Kageyama acknowledge the HPC resources of TGCC allocated to the IPSL CMIP6 project by GENCI (Grand Equipment National de Calcul Intensif) under the allocations 2016-A0030107732, 2017-R0040110492, and 2018-R0040110492 (project gencmip6). This work was undertaken in the framework of the LABEX L-IPSL and the IPSL Climate Graduate School, under the 'Investissements d’avenir' program with the reference ANR-11-IDEX-0004-17-EURE-0006. This study benefited from the ES-PRI (Ensemble de Services Pour la Recherche à l’IPSL) computing and data center (https://mesocentre.ipsl.fr, last access: 22 December 2020), which is supported by CNRS, Sorbonne Université, École Polytechnique, and CNES and through national and international projects, including the EU-FP7 Infrastructure project IS-ENES2 (grant no. 312979). Marie Sicard is funded by a scholarship from CEA and 'Convention des Services Climatiques' from IPSL., Laurie Menviel acknowledges support from the Australian Research Council FT180100606. The ACCESS-ESM 1.5 experiments were performed on Raijin at the NCI National Facility at the Australian National University, through awards under the National Computational Merit Allocation Scheme, the Intersect allocation scheme, and the UNSW HPC at NCI Scheme. Qiong Zhang acknowledges the support from the Swedish Research Council (Vetenskapsrådet, grant nos. 2013-06476 and 2017-04232). The EC-Earth simulations are performed on ECMWF’s computing and archive facilities and on resources provided by the Swedish National Infrastructure for Computing (SNIC) at the National Supercomputer Centre (NSC) partially funded by the Swedish Research Council through grant agreement no. 2016-07213. Weipeng Zheng acknowledges the financial support from National Key R&D Program for Developing Basic Sciences (grant no. 2016YFC1401401), the Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences (grant nos. XDA19060102 and XDB42000000) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant nos. 91958201and 41376002), and the technical support from the National Key Scientific and Technological Infrastructure project 'Earth System Science Numerical Simulator Facility' (EarthLab). Maria Vittoria Guarino and Louise Sime acknowledge the financial support of the NERC research grant NE/P013279/1. Silvana Ramos Buarque and David Salas y Mélia acknowledge Météo-France/DSI for providing computing and data storage resources. Xiaoxu Shi and Christian Stepanek acknowledge computing and data storage resources for the generation of the AWI-ESM-1/AWI-ESM-2 and MPI-ESM-1-2 simulations of Deutsches Klimarechenzentrum (DKRZ) granted by its Scientific Steering Committee (WLA) under project ID ba1066. The Max Planck Institute for Meteorology in Hamburg is acknowledged for development and provision of the MPI-ESM as well as the ECHAM6/JSBACH, which provides the atmosphere and land surface component of AWI-ESM. Gerrit Lohmann acknowledges funding via the Alfred Wegener Institute’s research program PACES2. Christian Stepanek acknowledges funding by the Helmholtz Climate Initiative REKLIM and the Alfred Wegener Institute’s research program PACES2. Xiaoxu Shi acknowledges financial support through the BMBF funded PACMEDY and PalMOD initiatives. Ayako Abe-Ouchi and Ryouta O’ishi acknowledge the financial support from Arctic Challenge for Sustainability (ArCS) Project (grant JPMXD1300000000), Arctic Challenge for Sustainability II (ArCS II) Project (grant no. JPMXD1420318865), JSPS KAKENHI grant 17H06104 and MEXT KAKENHI grant 17H06323, and the support from JAMSTEC for the use of the Earth Simulator supercomputer. Polina A. Morozova was supported by the state assignment project 0148-2019-0009. Evgeny Volodin was supported by RSF grant 20-17-00190., The authors acknowledge QUIGS (Quaternary Interglacials), a working group of Past Global Changes (PAGES), which in turn received support from the US National Science Foundation, Swiss National Science Foundation, Swiss Academy of Sciences, and the Chinese Academy of Sciences. We are grateful to the World Climate Research Programme (WCRP), which, through its Working Group on Coupled Modelling, coordinated and promoted CMIP6., Financial support. Funding of the publication has been supported by the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR), which is a major facility sponsored by the National Science Foundation under cooperative agreement no. 1852977., Water and Climate Risk, Wolff, Eric [0000-0002-5914-8531], Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository, Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), and Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)
Subjects: IMPACTS, 010506 paleontology, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Orbital forcing, sub-01, EXPERIMENTAL-DESIGN, Stratigraphy, lcsh:Environmental protection, 3705 Geology, POLAR AMPLIFICATION, MIDHOLOCENE, 01 natural sciences, lcsh:Environmental pollution, Paleoclimatology, Sea ice, lcsh:TD169-171.8, SDG 14 - Life Below Water, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, TEMPERATURE, AFRICAN MONSOON, lcsh:Environmental sciences, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, lcsh:GE1-350, 13 Climate Action, Global and Planetary Change, geography, Coupled model intercomparison project, geography.geographical_feature_category, EARTH SYSTEM MODEL, CHRONOLOGY AICC2012, Northern Hemisphere, Paleontology, 37 Earth Sciences, 3709 Physical Geography and Environmental Geoscience, Arctic ice pack, ANTARCTIC ICE, 13. Climate action, Climatology, lcsh:TD172-193.5, 3701 Atmospheric Sciences, Climate sensitivity, Environmental science, Climate model, SENSITIVITY
Abstract: The modeling of paleoclimate, using physically based tools, is increasingly seen as a strong out-of-sample test of the models that are used for the projection of future climate changes. New to the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6) is the Tier 1 Last Interglacial experiment for 127 000 years ago (lig127k), designed to address the climate responses to stronger orbital forcing than the midHolocene experiment, using the same state-of-the-art models as for the future and following a common experimental protocol. Here we present a first analysis of a multi-model ensemble of 17 climate models, all of which have completed the CMIP6 DECK (Diagnostic, Evaluation and Characterization of Klima) experiments. The equilibrium climate sensitivity (ECS) of these models varies from 1.8 to 5.6 ∘C. The seasonal character of the insolation anomalies results in strong summer warming over the Northern Hemisphere continents in the lig127k ensemble as compared to the CMIP6 piControl and much-reduced minimum sea ice in the Arctic. The multi-model results indicate enhanced summer monsoonal precipitation in the Northern Hemisphere and reductions in the Southern Hemisphere. These responses are greater in the lig127k than the CMIP6 midHolocene simulations as expected from the larger insolation anomalies at 127 than 6 ka. New synthesis for surface temperature and precipitation, targeted for 127 ka, have been developed for comparison to the multi-model ensemble. The lig127k model ensemble and data reconstructions are in good agreement for summer temperature anomalies over Canada, Scandinavia, and the North Atlantic and for precipitation over the Northern Hemisphere continents. The model–data comparisons and mismatches point to further study of the sensitivity of the simulations to uncertainties in the boundary conditions and of the uncertainties and sparse coverage in current proxy reconstructions. The CMIP6–Paleoclimate Modeling Intercomparison Project (PMIP4) lig127k simulations, in combination with the proxy record, improve our confidence in future projections of monsoons, surface temperature, and Arctic sea ice, thus providing a key target for model evaluation and optimization.
Published: 2021
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19. Global simulation and evaluation of soil organic matter and microbial carbon and nitrogen stocks using the microbial decomposition model ORCHIMIC v2.0

Author: Yilong Wang, Bertrand Guenet, Y. Huang, P. Ciais, East China Normal University [Shangaï] (ECNU), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Modélisation des Surfaces et Interfaces Continentales (MOSAIC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Laboratoire de géologie de l'ENS (LGENS), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), ICOS-ATC (ICOS-ATC), National Key R&D Program of China. Grant Number: 2020YFC1806700. FP7 Ideas: European Research Council (FP7 Ideas). Grant Number: ERC-2013- SyG610028 'IMBALANCE-P'. National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC). Grant Numbers: 41907313, 41730646. Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality (STCSM). Grant Number: 19ZR1415100., Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL)
Subjects: [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Atmospheric Science, Global and Planetary Change, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Soil organic matter, chemistry.chemical_element, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, 15. Life on land, 01 natural sciences, Decomposition, Nitrogen, chemistry, 13. Climate action, Global simulation, Environmental chemistry, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, Environmental Chemistry, Environmental science, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, Carbon, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, General Environmental Science
Abstract: International audience; Soils contain the largest amount of land carbon, even a small change of this pool can significantly affect atmospheric CO2 and climate change. A good representation of soil organic carbon (SOC) dynamics in Earth system models is therefore crucial to predict future climate change. The dynamics of SOC is largely driven by microbial activities and modulated by N cycles. Nevertheless, very few models have explicitly represented soil microorganisms and N cycles integrated at global scale. Here, we present an update of the microbial-mediated ORCHIMIC model and its application to simulate global gridded SOC stocks, microbial biomass, soil C/N ratio, microbial C/N ratio, and heterotrophic respiration. This is a new attempt to model SOC dynamics with an explicit microbial representation with N dynamics applied at global scale. The model shows relatively good performance in reproducing global SOC and microbial biomass C. The spatial distributions of soil and microbial C/N ratios were not well reproduced because they are sensitive to mineral nitrogen availability controlled by plant uptake, which is not explicitly represented in the model. However, similar relationship between C/N ratios of microbes and soil as observation demonstrated the potential of the model to reproduce global C/N ratios for both microbe and soil pools. Dynamic carbon use efficiency modulated by substrate C/N ratio, consistent with observation, were well represented by mechanistic including microbial dynamics. Modeled suppressed microbial biomass growth under warming climate indicating a weaker positive feedback between soil C pool and climate compared to that predicted by traditional Earth system models.
Published: 2021
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20. Integrative analyses of metabolome and genome‐wide transcriptome reveal the regulatory network governing flavor formation in kiwifruit ( Actinidia chinensis )

Author: Zhengguo Li, Donald Grierson, Julien Pirrello, Chi Zhang, Mondher Bouzayen, Bo Zhang, Yue Xie, Ruochen Wang, Mingchun Liu, Yaoxin Zhang, Junlin Zhang, Peng Shu, Kunsong Chen, Ya Chen, Mingzhang Li, Tao Ma, Kui Du, Yang Zhang, Sichuan University [Chengdu] (SCU), Zhejiang University, Sichuan Provincial Academy of Natural Resource Sciences, Chongqing University [Chongqing], University of Nottingham, UK (UON), Génomique et Biotechnologie des Fruits (GBF), École nationale supérieure agronomique de Toulouse [ENSAT]-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), National Key R&D Program of China (2016YFD0400101), the Science and TechnologyInnovation Talent Project of Sichuan province (2018RZ0144), the Applied Basic Research Category of Science and Technology Program of Sichuan Province (nos. 2020YJ0248, 2021YFYZ0010), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31772372), and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (SCU2020D003).
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Actinidia chinensis, Physiology, Actinidia, Fruit Flavor, Plant Science, Computational biology, fruit ﬂavor, 01 natural sciences, regulatory network, Transcriptome, 03 medical and health sciences, Gene Expression Regulation, Plant, kiwifruit, [SDV.BBM.GTP]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biochemistry, Molecular Biology/Genomics [q-bio.GN], Metabolome, [SDV.BV]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Vegetal Biology, Transcription factor, Flavor, Plant Proteins, 030304 developmental biology, weighted correlation network analysis (WGCNA), 0303 health sciences, biology, Structural gene, food and beverages, Ripening, biology.organism_classification, equipment and supplies, Fruit, metabolome, transcriptome, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract: International audience; Soluble sugars, organic acids and volatiles are important components that determine unique fruit flavor and consumer preferences. However, the metabolic dynamics and underlying regulatory networks that modulate overall flavor formation during fruit development and ripening remain largely unknown for most fruit species. In this study, by integrating flavor-associated metabolism and transcriptome data from 12 fruit developmental and ripening stages of Actinidia chinensis cv Hongyang, we generated a global map of changes in the flavor-related metabolites throughout development and ripening of kiwifruit. Using this dataset, we constructed complex regulatory networks allowing to identify key structural genes and transcription factors that regulate the metabolism of soluble sugars, organic acids and important volatiles in kiwifruit. Moreover, our study revealed the regulatory mechanism involving key transcription factors regulating flavor metabolism. The modulation of flavor metabolism by the identified key transcription factors was confirmed in different kiwifruit species providing the proof of concept that our dataset provides a suitable tool for clarification of the regulatory factors controlling flavor biosynthetic pathways that have not been previously illuminated. Overall, in addition to providing new insight into the metabolic regulation of flavor during fruit development and ripening, the outcome of our study establishes a foundation for flavor improvement in kiwifruit.
Published: 2021
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21. Autocorrelations of Vectorial Boolean Functions

Author: Canteaut, Anne, Kölsch, Lukas, Li, Chao, Li, Chunlei, Li, Kangquan, Qu, Longjiang, Wiemer, Friedrich, Cryptologie symétrique, cryptologie fondée sur les codes et information quantique (COSMIQ), Inria de Paris, Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria), University of Rostock, University of Edinburgh, University of Bergen (UiB), National University of Defense Technology [China], Horst Görtz Institute for IT-security, Ruhr-Universität Bochum [Bochum], The research of Chunlei Li is supported by the Research Council of Norway (No. 247742/O70) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant (No. 61771021).The research of Longjiang Qu is supported by National Key R&D Program China (No.2017YFB0802000), and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) under Grant 61722213, 11531002, 61572026, Patrick Longa, and Carla Ràfols
Subjects: Vectorial Boolean Functions, [INFO.INFO-CR]Computer Science [cs]/Cryptography and Security [cs.CR], Differential-Linear Connectivity Table, 010201 computation theory & mathematics, Autocorrelation Table, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, 020206 networking & telecommunications, 0102 computer and information sciences, 02 engineering and technology, 16. Peace & justice, Absolute Indicator, 01 natural sciences
Abstract: International audience; Recently, BarOn et al. introduced at Eurocrypt'19 a new tool, called the differential-linear connectivity table (DLCT), which allows for taking into account the dependency between the two subciphers E0 and E1 involved in differential-linear attacks. This paper presents a theoretical characterization of the DLCT, which corresponds to an autocorrelation table (ACT) of a vectorial Boolean function. We further provide some new theoretical results on ACTs of vectorial Boolean functions.
Published: 2021
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22. Facile Synthesis of Amphiphilic Fluorescent Phosphorus Dendron-Based Micelles as Antiproliferative Agents: First Investigations

Author: Jean-Pierre Majoral, Régis Laurent, Liang Chen, Mengsi Zhan, Anne-Marie Caminade, Jieru Qiu, Xiangyang Shi, Serge Mignani, Jérôme Bignon, Laboratoire de chimie de coordination (LCC), Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut de Chimie de Toulouse (ICT-FR 2599), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University (CCEB), Donghua University [Shanghai], Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles (ICSN), Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Chimie et de Biochimie Pharmacologiques et Toxicologiques (LCBPT - UMR 8601), Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP), Centro de Química da Madeira, Universidade da Madeira (UMA), NSFC−CNRS 2019 collaboration project (21911530230, 199675), PRC program NSCF-CNRS 2019, National Key R&D Program (2017YFE0196200), Sino-French Cai Yuanpei Programme, Institut de Chimie de Toulouse (ICT), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)
Subjects: Dendrimers, Aromatic compounds, Fluorophore, Biomedical Engineering, Pharmaceutical Science, Bioengineering, Protonation, Antineoplastic Agents, 02 engineering and technology, [CHIM.THER]Chemical Sciences/Medicinal Chemistry, 01 natural sciences, Micelle, Fluorescence, Hydrophobic effect, chemistry.chemical_compound, Microscopy, Electron, Transmission, Dendrimer, Cell Line, Tumor, Amphiphile, Moiety, Animals, Humans, Cells, Cultured, Micelles, Cell Proliferation, Fluorescent Dyes, Pharmacology, Dendrons, 010405 organic chemistry, Chemistry, Organic Chemistry, Phosphorus, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Combinatorial chemistry, 0104 chemical sciences, Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor, 0210 nano-technology, Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions, Biotechnology
Abstract: International audience; We designed and synthesized several families of novel amphiphilic fluorescent phosphorus dendron-based micelles showing relevant antiproliferative activities for use in the field of theranostic nanomedicine. Based on straightforward synthesis pathways, 12 amphiphilic phosphorus dendrons bearing 10 protonated cyclic amino groups (generation one), or 20 protonated amino groups (generation two), and 1 hydrophobic chain carrying 1 fluorophore moiety were created. The amphiphilic dendron micelles had the capacity to aggregate in solution using hydrophilic/hydrophobic interactions, which promoted the formation of polymeric micelles. These dendron-based micelles showed moderate to high antiproliferative activities against a panel of tumor cell lines. This paper presents for the first time the synthesis and our first investigations of new phosphorus dendron-based micelles for cancer therapy applications.
Published: 2021
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23. Decadal variability in land carbon sink efficiency

Author: Lei Zhu, Philippe Ciais, Ana Bastos, Frédéric Chevallier, Julia Pongratz, Ashley P. Ballantyne, Christian Rödenbeck, Wei Li, Thomas Gasser, Masayuki Kondo, Tsinghua University [Beijing] (THU), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), ICOS-ATC (ICOS-ATC), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU), Modélisation INVerse pour les mesures atmosphériques et SATellitaires (SATINV), International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis [Laxenburg] (IIASA), Nagoya University, Max Planck Institute for Meteorology (MPI-M), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry (MPI-BGC), This study is supported by the National Key R&D Program of China (Grant Number 2019YFA0606604, This work is also partly supported by the European Space Agency Climate Change Initiative ESA‐CCI RECCAP2 project (ESRIN/ 4000123002/18/I‐NB), ANR-16-CONV-0003,CLAND,CLAND : Changement climatique et usage des terres(2016), European Project: 610028,EC:FP7:ERC,ERC-2013-SyG,IMBALANCE-P(2014), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), and Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)
Subjects: 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Pinatubo eruption, Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, Sink (geography), Carbon neutrality, 03 medical and health sciences, Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous), GE1-350, Ecosystem, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, Trend reversal, 030304 developmental biology, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, 0303 health sciences, Global and Planetary Change, geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, business.industry, Research, Fossil fuel, Carbon sink, Tropics, 15. Life on land, Land carbon sink efficiency, Environmental sciences, Climate change mitigation, 13. Climate action, General Earth and Planetary Sciences, Environmental science, business
Abstract: Background The climate mitigation target of limiting the temperature increase below 2 °C above the pre-industrial levels requires the efforts from all countries. Tracking the trajectory of the land carbon sink efficiency is thus crucial to evaluate the nationally determined contributions (NDCs). Here, we define the instantaneous land sink efficiency as the ratio of natural land carbon sinks to emissions from fossil fuel and land-use and land-cover change with a value of 1 indicating carbon neutrality to track its temporal dynamics in the past decades. Results Land sink efficiency has been decreasing during 1957–1990 because of the increased emissions from fossil fuel. After the effect of the Mt. Pinatubo eruption diminished (after 1994), the land sink efficiency firstly increased before 2009 and then began to decrease again after 2009. This reversal around 2009 is mostly attributed to changes in land sinks in tropical regions in response to climate variations. Conclusions The decreasing trend of land sink efficiency in recent years reveals greater challenges in climate change mitigation, and that climate impacts on land carbon sinks must be accurately quantified to assess the effectiveness of regional scale climate mitigation policies.
Published: 2020
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24. Superstructured poly(amidoamine) dendrimer-based nanoconstructs as platforms for cancer nanomedicine: A concise review

Author: Serge Mignani, Mingwu Shen, João Rodrigues, Jean-Pierre Majoral, Cong Song, Xiangyang Shi, State Key Laboratory for Fiber & Material Modification of Donghua University, Donghua University [Shanghai], Centro de Química da Madeira, Universidade da Madeira (UMA), Laboratoire de Chimie et de Biochimie Pharmacologiques et Toxicologiques (LCBPT - UMR 8601), Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP), Laboratoire de chimie de coordination (LCC), Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut de Chimie de Toulouse (ICT-FR 2599), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), National Key R&D Program (2017YFE0196200), National Natural Science Foundation of China (21911530230, 81761148028 and 21773026),Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality (19XD1400100 and 19410740200), and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (CUSF-DH-D-2019073), NSFC-CNRS collaboration project (199675), FCT-Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (Base Fund UIDB/00674/2020 and Programmatic Fund UIDP/00674/2020, Portuguese Government Funds), ARDITI-Agência Regional para o Desenvolvimento da Investigação Tecnologia e Inovação through the project M1420-01-0145- FEDER-000005-CQM+ (Madeira 14-20 Program), and CNRS
Subjects: Dendrimers, 010405 organic chemistry, Chemistry, Cancer nanomedicine, Nanotechnology, Enhanced permeability and retention effect, Poly(amidoamine), Self-assembly, Superstructures, 010402 general chemistry, 01 natural sciences, Mr imaging, 0104 chemical sciences, Inorganic Chemistry, PAMAM dendrimer, Synthesis, Dendrimer, Materials Chemistry, Nanomedicine, [CHIM.COOR]Chemical Sciences/Coordination chemistry, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry
Abstract: International audience; Poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) dendrimers, as a family of synthetic macromolecules with highly branched interiors, abundant surface functional groups, and well-controlled architecture, have received immense scientific and technological interests for a range of biomedical applications, in particular cancer nanomedicine. However, due to the drawbacks of single-generation dendrimers with a quite small size (e.g., generation 5 (G5) PAMAM dendrimer has a size of 5.4 nm) such as limited drug loading capacity, restricted tumor passive targeting based on enhanced permeability and retention effect, and lack of versatility to render them with stimuli-responsiveness, superstructured dendrimeric nanoconstructs (SDNs) have been designed to break through these obstacles in their applications in cancer nanomedicine. Here, we review the recent advances related to the creation of SDNs such as dendrimer dumbbells, core–shell tecto dendrimers, dendrimer nanoclusters (NCs), dendrimer nanogels and dendrimer-templated hybrid NCs, and how these SDNs have been designed as nanoplatforms for different biomedical applications related to cancer nanomedicine including MR imaging, drug/gene delivery, combination therapy and theranostics. This review concisely describes the latest key developments in the field and also discusses the possible challenges and perspectives for translation applications.
Published: 2020
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25. Genome analysis of Crassaminicella sp. SY095, an anaerobic mesophilic marine bacterium isolated from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent on the Southwest Indian Ridge

Author: Long-Fei Wu, Xue-Gong Li, Xiao-Qing Qi, Wei-Jia Zhang, Chinese Academy of Sciences [Beijing] (CAS), Aix Marseille Université (AMU), Institute of Deep-Sea Science and Engineering [Chinese Academy of Sciences] [Sanya] (IDSSE), International Associated Laboratory of Evolution and Development of Magnetotactic Multicellular Organisms ( LIA-MagMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences [Beijing] (CAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de chimie bactérienne (LCB), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), National Key R&D Program of China (2018YFC0309904, 2016YFC0304905, and 2016YFC0302502)National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC 41806174, 91751202, and 91751108)LIA0858-MagMC from the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, ANR-10-INBS-0009,France-Génomique,Organisation et montée en puissance d'une Infrastructure Nationale de Génomique(2010), and ANR-11-INBS-0013,IFB (ex Renabi-IFB),Institut français de bioinformatique(2011)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Clostridiaceae, Aquatic Science, Biology, Genome sequencing, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Genome, Chemoorganotroph, 03 medical and health sciences, Hydrothermal Vents, Genetics, Anaerobiosis, Gene, Indian Ocean, Prophage, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 030304 developmental biology, Whole genome sequencing, 0303 health sciences, Whole Genome Sequencing, Ridge (biology), Ribosomal RNA, Peptide transport, Extreme environment, Sporulation, Genome, Bacterial, Chemoheterotroph, Hydrothermal vent
Abstract: International audience; Crassaminicella sp. strain SY095 is an anaerobic mesophilic marine bacterium that was recently isolated from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent on the Southwest Indian Ridge. Here, we present the complete genome sequence of strain SY095. The genome consists of a chromosome of 3,046,753 bp (G + C content of 30.81%) and a plasmid of 36,627 bp (G + C content of 31.29%), encodes 2966 protein, 135 tRNA genes, and 34 rRNA genes. Numerous genes are related to peptide transport, amino acid metabolism, motility, and sporulation. This agrees with the observation that strain SY095 is a spore-forming, motile, and chemoheterotrophic bacterium. Further, the genome harbors multiple prophages that carry all the genes necessary for viral particle synthesis. Some prophages carry additional genes that may be involved in the regulation of sporulation. This is the first reported genome of a bacterium from the genus Crassaminicella, providing insights into the microbial adaptation strategies to the deep-sea hydrothermal vent environment.
Published: 2020
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26. MicroTom Metabolic Network: Rewiring Tomato Metabolic Regulatory Network throughout the Growth Cycle

Author: Dan Su, Ya Chen, Rao Fu, Mingchun Liu, Yan Li, Zixin Zhang, Shengjie You, Lu Zhou, Alisdair R. Fernie, Mondher Bouzayen, Heng Deng, Saleh Alseekh, Yang Zhang, Yong Yuan, Yang Chen, Tao Ma, Sichuan University [Chengdu] (SCU), Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology (MPI-MP), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Center of Plant Systems Biology and Biotechnology [Plovdiv] (CPSBB), Génomique et Biotechnologie des Fruits (GBF), École nationale supérieure agronomique de Toulouse [ENSAT]-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), National Natural Science Foundation of China (31701255, 31772372, and 31670352)., Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (2017SCU04A11 and SCU2019D013), National Key R&D Program of China (2016YFD0400100)., European Project: 664621,H2020,H2020-WIDESPREAD-2014-1,PlantaSYST(2015), École nationale supérieure agronomique de Toulouse (ENSAT), Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), and Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, 0301 basic medicine, Metabolite, Datasets as Topic, Metabolic network, Plant Science, Computational biology, tomato, 01 natural sciences, Transcriptome, 03 medical and health sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, Solanum lycopersicum, Gene Expression Regulation, Plant, [SDV.BBM.GTP]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biochemistry, Molecular Biology/Genomics [q-bio.GN], Metabolome, Molecular Biology, Gene, Transcription factor, transcription factor, 2. Zero hunger, biology, fungi, Phytosterols, food and beverages, Metabolism, 15. Life on land, biology.organism_classification, co-expression, 030104 developmental biology, chemistry, flavonoids, metabolome, Solanum, transcriptome, Metabolic Networks and Pathways, Transcription Factors, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract: Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) is a major horticultural crop worldwide and has emerged as a preeminent model for metabolic research. Although many research efforts have focused on the analysis of metabolite differences between varieties and species, the dynamics of metabolic changes during the tomato growth cycle and the regulatory networks that underlie these changes are poorly understood. In this study, we integrated high-resolution spatio-temporal metabolome and transcriptome data to systematically explore the metabolic landscape across 20 major tomato tissues and growth stages. In the resulting MicroTom Metabolic Network, the 540 detected metabolites and their co-expressed genes could be divided into 10 distinct clusters based on their biological functions. Using this dataset, we constructed a global map of the major metabolic changes that occur throughout the tomato growth cycle and dissected the underlying regulatory network. In addition to verifying previously well-established regulatory networks for important metabolites, we identified novel transcription factors that regulate the biosynthesis of important secondary metabolites such as steroidal glycoalkaloids and flavonoids. Our findings provide insights into spatio-temporal changes in tomato metabolism and generate a valuable resource for the study of metabolic regulatory processes in model plants. High-resolution metabolome and transcriptome data were used to explore the metabolic landscape of 20 major tissues and developmental stages of MicroTom tomato. The MicroTom Metabolic Network dataset provides a global map of the tomato metabolic regulatory network throughout its life cycle and can be used to identify novel transcription factors that regulate important metabolic pathways.
Published: 2020
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27. Robust Matrix Effect-Free Method for Simultaneous Determination of Legacy and Emerging Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Crop and Soil Matrices

Author: Rongliang Qiu, Yun Liu, Can Zhou, Xiongfei Huang, Hang Yu, Shizhong Wang, Yuya Dai, Qingqi Lin, Jean Louis Morel, Chen Lei, School of Environmental Science and Engineering [Guangzhou] (SESE), Sun Yat-Sen University [Guangzhou] (SYSU), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Heavy Metal Contaminated Soil Remediation, Laboratoire Sols et Environnement (LSE), Université de Lorraine (UL)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University (SCAU)-South China Agricultural University (SCAU), and National Key R&D Program of China 2019YFC18039002018YFD0800700National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC)4170309841671313Guangdong Provincial Key RD Program 2019B110207002Ministry of Education, China - 111 ProjectB18060China Postdoctoral Science Foundation2017M622868Sun Yat-sen University Universite de Lorraine
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Pollution, [SDV.SA]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences, Crops, Agricultural, Analyte, Soil test, media_common.quotation_subject, Food Contamination, Mass spectrometry, 01 natural sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, Soil, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Soil Pollutants, Ultrasonics, soils, matrix effect, Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid, media_common, Detection limit, Fluorocarbons, Chromatography, solid-phase extraction cleanup, 010401 analytical chemistry, Extraction (chemistry), Solid Phase Extraction, General Chemistry, crops, 6. Clean water, 0104 chemical sciences, chemistry, 13. Climate action, UPLC-MS/MS, Soil water, emerging per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), Perfluorooctanoic acid, General Agricultural and Biological Sciences, [SDV.AEN]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Food and Nutrition, 010606 plant biology & botany, Environmental Monitoring
Abstract: International audience; Increasing use of emerging per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) has caused extensive concerns around the world. Effective detection methods to trace their pollution characteristics and environmental behaviors in complex soil-crop systems are urgently needed. In this study, a reliable and matrix effect (ME)-free method was developed for simultaneous determination of 14 legacy and emerging PFASs, including perfluorooctanoic acid, perfluorooctane sulfonate, 6 hydrogenous PFASs, 3 chlorinated PFASs, and 3 hexafluoropropylene oxide homologues, in 6 crop (the edible parts) and 5 soil matrices using ultrasonic extraction combined with solid-phase extraction and ultraperformance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (MS)/MS. The varieties of extractants and cleanup cartridges, the dosage of ammonia hydroxide, and the ME were studied to obtain an optimal pretreatment procedure. The developed method had high sensitivity and accuracy with satisfactory method detection limits (2.40-83.03 pg/g dry weight) and recoveries (72-117%) of all target analytes in matrices at five concentrations, that is, 0.1, 1, 10, 100, and 1000 ng/g. In addition, the ME of this method (0.82-1.15) was negligible for all PFASs, even considering 11 different matrices. The successful application of the ME-free method to simultaneously determine the legacy and emerging PFASs in crop and soil samples has demonstrated its excellent practicability for monitoring emerging PFASs in soil-crop systems.
Published: 2020
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28. Lanthanum anomalies as fingerprints of methanotrophy

Author: Jean-Alix Barrat, Germain Bayon, Dong Feng, Laurent Chauvaud, Xudong Wang, Shanghai Ocean University, Unité de recherche Géosciences Marines (Ifremer) (GM), Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER), Laboratoire Géosciences Océan (LGO), Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer - Brest (IFREMER Centre de Bretagne), Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin (LEMAR) (LEMAR), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer (IUEM), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), This work was supported by the 'Laboratoire d’Excellence' LabexMER (ANR-10-LABX-19) and co-funded by grants from the French Government under the programme 'Investissements d’Avenir', by the National Program on Global Change and Air-Sea Interaction (GASI-GEOGE-05-04), the National Key R&D Program of China (2017YFC0306702) and the NSF of China (Grants: 41773091, 41730528, and 41761134084). XW acknowledges the China Scholarship Council for supporting a research visit to IFREMER., Ces travaux ont été soutenus par le 'Laboratoire d'Excellence' LabexMER (ANR-10-LABX-19) et cofinancés par des subventions du gouvernement français dans le cadre du programme 'Investissements d'Avenir', par le Programme national sur le changement global et l'interaction air-mer (GASI-GEOGE-05-04), le Programme national de R&D clé de Chine (2017YFC0306702) et la NSF de Chine (Subventions : 41773091, 41730528, et 41761134084). XW remercie le China Scholarship Council d'avoir soutenu une visite de recherche à l'IFREMER., ANR-10-LABX-0019,LabexMER,LabexMER Marine Excellence Research: a changing ocean(2010), Géosciences Marines (GM), Geo-Ocean (GEO-OCEAN), Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Rare Earth Elements, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, acl, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, mussel, chemistry.chemical_element, 010501 environmental sciences, Geologic record, 01 natural sciences, Deep sea, Methane, méthanotrophie, chemistry.chemical_compound, Symbiosis, Geochemistry and Petrology, [SDU.STU.GC]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geochemistry, Lanthanum, Environmental Chemistry, ICP-MS, methanotrophy, 14. Life underwater, moules, [SDU.STU.OC]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Oceanography, éléments des terres rares, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Chemosynthesis, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Geology, chemistry, 13. Climate action, Environmental chemistry, Greenhouse gas, Anaerobic oxidation of methane, Environmental science, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology
Abstract: International audience; Methane is an important greenhouse gas whose emissions into the oceans and atmosphere are regulated by relatively unconstrained anaerobic and aerobic microbial processes. The aerobic pathway for methane oxidation is thought to be largely dependent upon the use of rare earth elements (REE), but to date the effects of this process on their abundances in bacteria or in organisms living in symbiosis with methanotrophs remain to be evaluated. Here we show that deep sea chemosynthetic mussels prospering at methane seeps display distinctive lanthanum enrichments linked to the enzymatic activities of their symbionts. These results demonstrate that methanotrophy is able to fractionate efficiently REE distributions in organisms and possibly in the environment. Lanthanum anomalies recorded in ancient sediments are potential chemical fossils that could be used in the geological record for tracking early evidence of microbial life.
Published: 2020
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29. Overexpression of bHLH95, a basic helix–loop–helix transcription factor family member, impacts trichome formation via regulating gibberellin biosynthesis in tomato

Author: Xiaoqing He, Yongsheng Liu, Ya Chen, Jie Li, Heng Deng, Mingchun Liu, Julien Pirrello, Dan Su, Shiyu Ying, Mondher Bouzayen, Yao Chen, Yunqi Zhu, Ying Li, Sichuan University [Chengdu] (SCU), John Innes Centre [Norwich], Génomique et Biotechnologie des Fruits (GBF), École nationale supérieure agronomique de Toulouse [ENSAT]-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), National Key R&D Program of China (2016YFD0400100), National Natural Science Foundation of China (31772372), Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (SCU2019D013), and China Scholarship Council
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Physiology, gibberellin biosynthesis, Population, Plant Science, Biology, tomato, 01 natural sciences, trichome, 03 medical and health sciences, Transactivation, Solanum lycopersicum, Gene Expression Regulation, Plant, Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription Factors, [SDV.BV]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Vegetal Biology, transcriptional regulation, [SDV.BBM]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Gibberellin, education, Transcription factor, Gene, transcription factor, 030304 developmental biology, Plant Proteins, 0303 health sciences, education.field_of_study, AcademicSubjects/SCI01210, fungi, food and beverages, Promoter, Trichomes, Phenotype, Research Papers, Trichome, Gibberellins, Cell biology, Growth and Development, 010606 plant biology & botany, Transcription Factors
Abstract: This work provides new insight into the regulation of trichome formation by gibberellin which has not previously been described in tomato., Trichomes are epidermal protuberances on aerial parts of plants known to play an important role in biotic and abiotic stresses. To date, our knowledge of the regulation of trichome formation in crop species is very limited. Through phenotyping of the Solanum pennellii×S. lycopersicum (cv. M82) introgression population, we identified the SlbHLH95 transcription factor as a negative regulator of trichome formation in tomato. In line with this negative role, SlbHLH95 displayed a very low expression in stems where trichomes are present at high density. Overexpression of SlbHLH95 resulted in a dramatically reduced trichome density in stems and a significant down-regulation of a set of trichome-related genes. In addition to the lower trichome density, overexpressing lines also showed pleiotropic alterations affecting both vegetative and reproductive development. While most of these phenotypes were reminiscent of gibberellin (GA)-deficient phenotypes, expression studies showed that two GA biosynthesis genes, SlGA20ox2 and SlKS5, are significantly down-regulated in SlbHLH95-OE plants. Moreover, in line with a decrease in active GA content, the glabrous and dwarf phenotypes were rescued by exogenous GA treatment. In addition, yeast one-hybrid and transactivation assays revealed that SlbHLH95 represses the expression of SlGA20ox2 and SlKS5 via direct binding to their promoters. Taken together, our study established a link between SlbHLH95, GA, and trichome formation, and uncovered the role of this gene in modulating GA biosynthesis in tomato.
Published: 2020
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30. The Venom of the Ectoparasitoid Wasp Pachycrepoideus vindemiae (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) Induces Apoptosis of Drosophilamelanogaster Hemocytes

Author: Marylène Poirié, Gongyin Ye, Qi Fang, Hongwei Yao, Jean-Luc Gatti, Lei Yang, Bin Wan, Liming Qiu, Jiao Zhang, State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Institut Sophia Agrobiotech (ISA), Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA), Major International (Regional) Joint Research Project of National Natural Science Foundation 31620103915, National Key R&D Program of China 2017YFD0200400, Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province LY18C140001, National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) 31830074, Program for Chinese Innovation Team in Key Areas of Science and Technology of Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China 2016RA4008, and Program for Chinese Outstanding Talents in Agricultural Scientific Research of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], venom, Venom, Vacuole, 01 natural sciences, complex mixtures, 03 medical and health sciences, Pachycrepoideus vindemiae, Melanogaster, Envenomation, lcsh:Science, Drosophila melanogaster, ectoparasitoid, Caspase, 030304 developmental biology, 0303 health sciences, biology, apoptosis, biology.organism_classification, cell immunity, 3. Good health, Cell biology, 010602 entomology, Vacuolization, Apoptosis, Insect Science, biology.protein, lcsh:Q
Abstract: The pupal ectoparasitoid Pachycrepoideus vindemiae injects venom into its fly hosts prior to oviposition. We have shown that this venom causes immune suppression in Drosophila melanogaster pupa but the mechanism involved remained unclear. Here, we show using transgenic D. melanogaster with fluorescent hemocytes that the in vivo number of plasmatocytes and lamellocytes decreases after envenomation while it has a limited effect on crystal cells. After in vitro incubation with venom, the cytoskeleton of plasmatocytes underwent rearrangement with actin aggregation around the internal vacuoles, which increased with incubation time and venom concentration. The venom also decreased the lamellocytes adhesion capacity and induced nucleus fragmentation. Electron microscopy observation revealed that the shape of the nucleus and mitochondria became irregular after in vivo incubation with venom and confirmed the increased vacuolization with the formation of autophagosomes-like structures. Almost all venom-treated hemocytes became positive for TUNEL assays, indicating massive induced apoptosis. In support, the caspase inhibitor Z-VAD-FMK attenuated the venom-induced morphological changes suggesting an involvement of caspases. Our data indicate that P. vindemiae venom inhibits D. melanogaster host immunity by inducing strong apoptosis in hemocytes. These assays will help identify the individual venom component(s) responsible and the precise mechanism(s)/pathway(s) involved.
Published: 2020
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31. Revisiting Cationic Phosphorus Dendrimers as a Nonviral Vector for Optimized Gene Delivery Toward Cancer Therapy Applications

Author: Serge Mignani, Li Jin, Anne-Marie Caminade, Cao Liu, Yu Fan, Régis Laurent, Jean-Pierre Majoral, Liang Chen, Xiangyang Shi, Jieru Qiu, State Key Laboratory for Fiber & Material Modification of Donghua University, Donghua University [Shanghai], Laboratoire de chimie de coordination (LCC), Institut de Chimie de Toulouse (ICT), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Chimie et de Biochimie Pharmacologiques et Toxicologiques (LCBPT - UMR 8601), Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Centro de Química da Madeira, Universidade da Madeira (UMA), National Natural Science Foundation of China (21911530230, 81761148028 and 21773026), Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality (19XD1400100 and 17540712000), National Key R&D Program (2017YFE0196200), Sino-French Cai Yuanpei Programme, Collaborative NSFC−CNRS grant, FCT-Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia - CQM Base Fund - UIDB/00674/2020, and Programmatic Fund - UIDP/00674/2020, ARDITI-Agência Regional para o Desenvolvimento da Investigação Tecnologia e Inovação - project M1420-01-0145-FEDER-000005 - Centro de Quımica da Madeira - CQM+ (Madeira 14-20 Program), Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut de Chimie de Toulouse (ICT-FR 2599), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)
Subjects: Dendrimers, Polymers and Plastics, Cell Survival, Genetic enhancement, Bioengineering, 02 engineering and technology, Peptides and proteins, Gene delivery, Transfection, 010402 general chemistry, 01 natural sciences, Green fluorescent protein, Flow cytometry, Biomaterials, HeLa, Neoplasms, Dendrimer, Materials Chemistry, medicine, Genetics, Humans, [CHIM.COOR]Chemical Sciences/Coordination chemistry, Dendrons, medicine.diagnostic_test, biology, Chemistry, Gene Transfer Techniques, Cationic polymerization, Phosphorus, Genetic Therapy, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, biology.organism_classification, 3. Good health, 0104 chemical sciences, Biophysics, 0210 nano-technology, HeLa Cells, Plasmids
Abstract: International audience; Gene delivery, one important cancer-therapy mode, still remains to be challenging because of the shortage of highly efficient and safe nonviral vectors. Here, we revisit the development of cationic phosphorus dendrimers by synthesizing them with different generations (G1–3) and surface ligands (1-(2-aminoethyl) pyrrolidine, 1-(3-aminopropyl) piperidine, or 1-(2-aminoethyl) piperidine) for optimized gene delivery toward cancer-gene-therapy applications. First, the synthesized dendrimer derivatives were employed to condense plasmid DNA (pDNA) encoding enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) to optimize their gene-delivery efficiency by varying the dendrimer generations and surface polycationic ligands. We show that all dendrimer/pDNA polyplexes display good cytocompatibility, and the 1-(2-aminoethyl) pyrrolidine-modified protonated G1 dendrimers (1-G1) display the best gene-delivery efficiency to HeLa cells under the same conditions through flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopic imaging analyses. Hence, 1-G1 dendrimers were then used as a vector to transfect pDNA encoding both EGFP and p53 protein for cancer-gene-therapy applications. Our results reveal that under the optimized conditions, the transfection of pDNA induces the significant p53 protein expression as verified through the resulted cell cycle arrest (regulation of p21 and Cdk4/Cyclin-D1 expression) and Western blotting. The cancer-gene-therapy potential of the polyplexes was finally validated through therapy of a xenografted tumor model after intratumoral injection without systemic toxicity. The developed cationic 1-G1 dendrimers may be adopted as a powerful vector system for gene therapy of cancer, as well as for highly effective gene therapy of other diseases.
Published: 2020
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32. Single-chain magnet behavior in a 2p–3d–4f spin array with a nitronyl nitroxide biradical

Author: Jing Xie, Jean-Pascal Sutter, Licun Li, Juan Sun, Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry, Nankai University, Nankai University (NKU), Laboratoire de chimie de coordination (LCC), Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut de Chimie de Toulouse (ICT-FR 2599), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Chimie de Toulouse (ICT), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), National Key R&D Program of China (2018YFA0306002), National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 21773122 and 21471083), and 111 Project (B12015)
Subjects: Nitroxide mediated radical polymerization, Materials science, 010405 organic chemistry, Ligand, 010402 general chemistry, Ring (chemistry), 01 natural sciences, Magnetic susceptibility, 0104 chemical sciences, 3. Good health, Ion, Inorganic Chemistry, chemistry.chemical_compound, Crystallography, chemistry, Ferromagnetism, Pyridine, [CHIM.COOR]Chemical Sciences/Coordination chemistry, Derivative (chemistry)
Abstract: International audience; Three biradical-bridged heterometallic chains, [LnCu2(hfac)7(bisNITPhPy)]n (LnIII = Gd, 1; Tb, 2; Ho, 3), were synthesized by means of a nitronyl nitroxide biradical bisNITPhPy ([5-(4-pyridyl)-1,3-bis(1′-oxyl-3′-oxide-4′,4′,5′,5′-tetramethyl-4,5-hydro-1H-imidazol-2-yl)]benzene; hfac = hexafluoroacetylacetonate). In these structures, the bisNITPhPy biradical serves as a pentadentate ligand to hold one LnIII ion through two neighboring aminoxyl (NO) moieties in chelating mode, while other two NO groups are coordinated to Cu(hfac)2 units, leading to a 1D Cu–Ln-birad chain. An additional terminal Cu(hfac)2 unit linked to a pyridine-N atom is found at the periphery. The magnetic susceptibility data of compound Gd have been analyzed with a closed ring model comprising three [Cu–Rad–Gd–Rad] units, which indicates ferromagnetic Gd(iii)–nitroxide and Cu(ii)–axial nitroxide interactions. The Tb derivative was found to behave as a single chain magnet with an energy barrier for magnetization reversal of 26 K.
Published: 2020
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33. Au-assisted polymerization of conductive poly(N-phenylglycine) as high-performance positive electrodes for asymmetric supercapacitors

Author: Zhuangde Jiang, Rabah Boukherroub, Yunyun Luo, Mingzhi Yu, Guoxi Luo, Huang Mimi, Libo Zhao, Min Li, Chen Jia, Institut d’Électronique, de Microélectronique et de Nanotechnologie - UMR 8520 (IEMN), Centrale Lille-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France (UPHF)-JUNIA (JUNIA), Université catholique de Lille (UCL)-Université catholique de Lille (UCL), NanoBioInterfaces - IEMN (NBI - IEMN), Université catholique de Lille (UCL)-Université catholique de Lille (UCL)-Centrale Lille-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France (UPHF)-JUNIA (JUNIA), This work is supported by the National Key Research & Development (R&D) Program of China (grant number 2020YFB2009100), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant numbers 91748207, 51890884), the Shaanxi Province Natural Science Basic Research Project (grant numbers 2019JC-06)., and Centrale Lille-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France (UPHF)-JUNIA (JUNIA)-Centrale Lille-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France (UPHF)-JUNIA (JUNIA)
Subjects: Supercapacitor, Conductive polymer, Materials science, Mechanical Engineering, Bioengineering, 02 engineering and technology, General Chemistry, 010402 general chemistry, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Electrochemistry, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, Capacitance, 0104 chemical sciences, [SPI]Engineering Sciences [physics], Polymerization, Chemical engineering, Mechanics of Materials, Electrode, General Materials Science, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, 0210 nano-technology, Current density, Power density
Abstract: Herein, a novel conductive poly(N-phenylglycine) (PNPG) polymer was successfully prepared, by in situ electrochemical polymerization method (+0.75 V versus Ag/AgCl) for 10 min, on flexible stainless-steel plate coated with a thin Au film (Au/SS) to serve as a binder-free pseudocapacitive PNPG/Au/SS electrode for energy storage devices. Compared to the electrode without Au coating, PNPG/Au/SS electrode exhibited better electrochemical performance with larger specific capacitance (495 F g−1 at a current density of 2 A g−1), higher rate performance and lower resistance, which are good indications to act as a positive electrode for asymmetric supercapacitor devices. Combined with activated carbon as a negative electrode, an asymmetric supercapacitor device was constructed. It displayed a specific capacitance of 38 F g−1 at a current density of 0.5 A g−1 and an energy density of 5.3 Wh kg−1 at a power density of 250 W kg−1. Experimentally, two asymmetric supercapacitor devices were connected in series to power a home-made windmill continuously for 8 s, revealing the high potential of this novel conductive polymer material for energy storage application.
Published: 2021
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34. Like Heterochromatin Protein 1b represses fruit ripening via regulating the H3K27me3 levels in ripening-related genes in tomato

Author: Qi Liang, Mondher Bouzayen, Julien Pirrello, Mingchun Liu, Heng Deng, Yang Zhang, Ziyu Liu, Yongsheng Liu, Yuxiang Li, Rao Fu, Donald Grierson, Yaoxin Zhang, Peng Shu, Sichuan University [Chengdu] (SCU), Génomique et Biotechnologie des Fruits (GBF), École nationale supérieure agronomique de Toulouse [ENSAT]-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), University of Nottingham, UK (UON), Anhui Agricultural University [Hefei], National Key R&D Program of China (2016YFD0400100), National Natural Science Foundation of China (31772372, 31671259), and Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (SCU2019D013)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, 0301 basic medicine, Physiology, Heterochromatin, fruit ripening, macromolecular substances, Plant Science, 01 natural sciences, epigenetic regulation, Epigenesis, Genetic, Histones, 03 medical and health sciences, LHP1, Solanum lycopersicum, RNA interference, Gene Expression Regulation, Plant, [SDV.BBM]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Epigenetics, PcG proteins, Plant Proteins, 2. Zero hunger, biology, food and beverages, Ripening, Ethylenes, Plants, Genetically Modified, Chromatin, Cell biology, 030104 developmental biology, Histone, Fruit, biology.protein, Climacteric, tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), Chromatin immunoprecipitation, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract: International audience; Polycomb group (PcG) proteins play vital roles in plant development via epigenetically repressing the transcription of target genes. However, to date, their function in fruit ripening is largely unknown.Combining reverse genetic approaches, physiological methods, yeast two-hybrid, co-immunoprecipitation, and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays, we show that Like Heterochromatin Protein 1b (SlLHP1b), a tomato Polycomb Repressive Complex 1 (PRC1)-like protein with a ripening-related expression pattern, represses fruit ripening via colocalization with epigenetic mark H3K27me3.RNA interference (RNAi)-mediated downregulation of SlLHP1b advanced ripening initiation, climacteric ethylene production, and fruit softening, whereas SlLHP1b overexpression delayed these events. Ripening-related genes were significantly upregulated in SlLHP1b RNAi fruits and downregulated in overexpressing fruits compared with wild-type. Furthermore, SlLHP1b protein interacts with ripening regulator MSI1, a subunit of the PRC2 complex. Moreover, SlLHP1b also binds the epigenetic histone mark H3K27me3 in vivo and chromatin immunoprecipitation-quantitative PCR results showed binding occurs preferentially to regions of ripening-associated chromatin marked by histone H3K27me3. Furthermore, the H3K27me3 levels in chromatin of ripening-related genes is negatively correlated with accumulation of their transcripts in SlLHP1b down or upregulated fruits during ripening.Our findings reveal a novel regulatory function of SlLHP1b in fruit and provide new insights into the PcG-mediated epigenetic regulation of climacteric fruit ripening.
Published: 2020
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35. Enhanced covalent interface, crosslinked network and gas barrier property of functionalized graphene oxide/styrene-butadiene rubber composites triggered by thiol-ene click reaction

Author: Shipeng Wen, Long Zheng, Zongchao Xu, Liqun Zhang, Stephen Jerrams, Su Tian, Li Liu, National Key R&D Program of China, and National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC)
Subjects: Styrene-butadiene, Materials science, Composite number, Oxide, 02 engineering and technology, 010402 general chemistry, 01 natural sciences, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering, chemistry.chemical_compound, Natural rubber, Materials Science and Engineering, Ultimate tensile strength, Click reaction, Materials Chemistry, Rubber composites, Composite material, Mechanical Engineering, Gas barrier properties, Polymer and Organic Materials, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, 0104 chemical sciences, Functionalized graphene oxide, chemistry, Mechanics of Materials, Covalent bond, visual_art, Ceramics and Composites, Click chemistry, visual_art.visual_art_medium, 0210 nano-technology, Dispersion (chemistry)
Abstract: The high gas barrier property of a rubber composite is of great significance for reducing the exhaust gas emissions due to tire rolling resistance and hence the contribution this factor makes to environmental protection. Enhanced covalent interfaces and crosslinked networks are crucial to the gas barrier property of rubber composites. In this research, γ-mercaptopropyltriethoxysilane (MPS) modified GO (MGO)/styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) composites were prepared by a synergetic strategy of latex compounding method and thiol-ene click reaction. It was found that the mercapto groups in MGO reacted with the vinyl groups in SBR molecules through thiol-ene click reaction during the crosslinking process at 150 °C, thus forming strong chemical interactions at the interface in the form of GO-MPS-rubber and enhanced crosslinked networks. Meanwhile, the strong interface promoted the dispersion of MGO in SBR. The uniform dispersion of MGO, strong interface between MGO and SBR molecules and enhanced crosslinked networks resulted in improved mechanical and gas barrier properties. When filling 5 phr fillers, the tensile strength and gas barrier properties of an MGO/SBR composite improved by 19.0% and 37.5%, respectively, relative to the comparing GO/SBR composite.
Published: 2020

36. Province-level fossil fuel CO2 emission estimates for China based on seven inventories

Author: Xiaolin Ma, Xiaohui Lin, Wenjun Meng, Qiang Zhang, Greet Janssens-Maenhout, Pengfei Han, Shu Tao, Bo Zheng, Ning Zeng, Wen Zhang, Guocheng Wang, Qixiang Cai, Fang Zhao, Dabo Guan, Lin Wu, Haikun Wang, Tomohiro Oda, Yuli Shan, Rong Wang, Di Liu, Monica Crippa, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Maryland [College Park], University of Maryland System, Universities Space Research Association (USRA), European Commission - Joint Research Centre [Ispra] (JRC), Tsinghua University [Beijing] (THU), School of Environmental Science and Engineering [Nanjing University] (SESE - NUIST), Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology (NUIST), Peking University [Beijing], University of Groningen [Groningen], Fudan University [Shanghai], Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, East China Normal University [Shangaï] (ECNU), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China, MOST: 2017YFB0504000, This work was supported by the National Key R&D Program of China from the Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China, China (No. 2017YFB0504000 ). We thank Dr. Zhu Liu in manuscript discussion. We thank Dr. Bofeng Cai from the Chinese Academy for Environmental Planning for kindly providing CHRED data and suggestions for improving the manuscript., University of Maryland College Park, Civil and Environmental Engineering, MD, USA, Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), and Energy and Sustainability Research Institute Groni
Subjects: Fossil fuel CO2, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Strategy and Management, Distribution (economics), ENERGY-CONSUMPTION, 010501 environmental sciences, INDUSTRY, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering, Standard deviation, UNCERTAINTIES, COMBUSTION, COAL, 11. Sustainability, Range (statistics), Energy statistics, China, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, General Environmental Science, PEAK, Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment, business.industry, Fossil fuel, TRENDS, Provincial emissions, 13. Climate action, Greenhouse gas, Multiple inventories, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Spatial disaggregation, Environmental science, GROWTH, Physical geography, business, Fossil fuel CO, Climate mitigations
Abstract: China pledges to reach a peak in CO2 emissions by 2030 and to make its best efforts to reach this peak earlier. Previous studies have paid much attention to the total amount of China's CO2 emissions, but usually only one dataset is used in each evaluation. The pledged national reduction target is administratively divided into provincial targets. Accurate interpretation of province-level carbon emissions is essential for making policies and achieving the reduction target. However, the spatiotemporal pattern of provincial emissions and the associated uncertainty are still poorly understood. Thus, an assessment of province-level CO2 emissions considering local statistical data and emission factors is urgently needed. Here, we collected and analyzed 7 published emission datasets to comprehensively evaluate the spatiotemporal distribution of provincial CO2 emissions. We found that the provincial emissions ranged from 20 to 649 Mt CO2 and that the standard deviations (SDs) ranged from 8 to 159 Mt. Furthermore, the emissions estimated from provincial-data-based inventories were more consistent than those from the spatial disaggregation of national energy statistics, with mean SDs of 26 and 65 Mt CO2 in 2012, respectively. Temporally, emissions in most provinces increased from 2000 to approximately 2012 and leveled off afterwards. The interannual variation in provincial CO2 emissions was captured by provincial-data-based inventories but generally missed by national-data-based inventories. When compared with referenced inventories, the discrepancy for provincial estimates could reach −57%–162% for national-data-based inventories but were less than 45% for provincial-data-based inventories. Using comprehensive data sets, the range presented here incorporated more factors and showed potential systematic biases. Our results indicate that it is more suitable to use provincial inventories when making policies for subnational CO2 reductions or when performing atmospheric CO2 simulations. To reduce uncertainties in provincial emission estimates, we suggest the use of local optimized coal emission factors and validations of inventories by direct measurement data and remote sensing results.
Published: 2020
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37. Switchable Polymerization Triggered by Fast and Quantitative Insertion of Carbon Monoxide into Cobalt–Oxygen Bonds

Author: Jing Xu, Yajun Zhao, Xiaolin Xie, Shuaishuai Zhu, Xingping Zhou, Rinaldo Poli, Yong Wang, Huazhong University of Science and Technology [Wuhan] (HUST), Shandong Agricultural University (SDAU), Laboratoire de chimie de coordination (LCC), Institut de Chimie de Toulouse (ICT), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), Ministère de l'Education nationale, de l’Enseignement supérieur et de la Recherche (M.E.N.E.S.R.), National Key R&D Plan (No.2016YFB0302400), NSFC (No.21604027) of China, Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (HUST:2019JYCXJJ015), CNRS (Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique), Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut de Chimie de Toulouse (ICT-FR 2599), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), and Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: 010405 organic chemistry, Migratory insertion, Radical polymerization, chemistry.chemical_element, General Chemistry, General Medicine, [CHIM.CATA]Chemical Sciences/Catalysis, 010402 general chemistry, 01 natural sciences, Catalysis, 0104 chemical sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, [CHIM.POLY]Chemical Sciences/Polymers, chemistry, Polymerization, Intramolecular force, Polymer chemistry, Copolymer, Cobalt, Photoinitiator, Carbon monoxide
Abstract: International audience; A strategy that uses carbon monoxide (CO) as a molecular trigger to switch the polymerization mechanism of a cobalt Salen complex [salen=(R,R)-N,N '-bis(3,5-di-tert-butylsalicylidene)-1,2-cyclohexanediamine] from ring-opening copolymerization (ROCOP) of epoxides/anhydrides to organometallic mediated controlled radical polymerization (OMRP) of acrylates is described. The key phenomenon is a rapid and quantitative insertion of CO into the Co-O bond, allowing for in situ transformation of the ROCOP active species (Salen)Co-III-OR into the OMRP photoinitiator (Salen)Co-III-CO2R. The proposed mechanism, which involves CO coordination to (Salen)Co-III-OR and subsequent intramolecular rearrangement via migratory insertion has been rationalized by DFT calculations. Regulated by both CO and visible light, on-demand sequence control can be achieved for the one-pot synthesis of polyester-b-polyacrylate diblock copolymers (D
Published: 2020
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38. High-spatiotemporal-resolution mapping of global urban change from 1985 to 2015

Author: Zhenzhong Zeng, Xuecao Li, Xiaoping Liu, Philippe Ciais, Yimin Chen, Yinghuai Huang, Kangning Huang, Guohua Hu, Xia Li, Xiaocong Xu, Peng Gong, Qiusheng Wu, Peirong Lin, Anping Chen, Jun Chen, Kai Gong, Lyndon Estes, Alan D. Ziegler, Shaojian Wang, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Agence Nationale de la Recherche, ANR Southern University of Science and Technology, SUSTech 2017YFA0604404, 2019YFA0607203, This research was funded by the National Key R&D Program of China (grant no. 2017YFA0604404 and grant no. 2019YFA0607203). Z.Z. was supported by the start-up fund provided by Southern University of Science and Technology (grant no. G02296001). We thank the French ANR Convergence Institute CLAND project for support. We thank many students (for example, Z. Lin) for their days and nights validating our GAUD product via high-resolution satellite image interpretation. We also thank K. C. Seto and M. Hansen for their constructive comments on this paper., ANR-16-CONV-0003,CLAND,CLAND : Changement climatique et usage des terres(2016), and Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)
Subjects: 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Environmental change, Geography, Planning and Development, Population, 010501 environmental sciences, Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law, 01 natural sciences, Urban planning, Urbanization, Natural hazard, 11. Sustainability, Population growth, education, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Nature and Landscape Conservation, Sustainable development, Global and Planetary Change, education.field_of_study, Ecology, Flood myth, Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment, business.industry, Environmental resource management, 15. Life on land, Urban Studies, Geography, 13. Climate action, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], business, Food Science
Abstract: High-resolution global maps of annual urban land coverage provide fundamental information of global environmental change and contribute to applications related to climate mitigation and urban planning for sustainable development. Here we map global annual urban dynamics from 1985 to 2015 at a 30 m resolution using numerous surface reflectance data from Landsat satellites. We find that global urban extent has expanded by 9,687 km2 per year. This rate is four times greater than previous reputable estimates from worldwide individual cities, suggesting an unprecedented rate of global urbanization. The rate of urban expansion is notably faster than that of population growth, indicating that the urban land area already exceeds what is needed to sustain population growth. Looking ahead, using these maps in conjunction with integrated assessment models can facilitate greater understanding of the complex environmental impacts of urbanization and help urban planners avoid natural hazards; for example, by limiting new development in flood risk zones. The world keeps urbanizing. This study finds that since 1985 global urban lands have expanded four times faster than previously recognized and faster than population is growing.
Published: 2020
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39. NiS2 as a broadband saturable absorber for ultrafast pulse lasers

Author: Yujin Chen, Masaki Tokurakawa, Han Zhang, Yu Yin, Gerald Farrell, Elfed Lewis, Sulaiman Wadi Harun, Shi Li, Qiuyun Ouyang, Cong Wang, Pengfei Wang, National Key R&D Program of China, National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC), and Science Foundation Ireland
Subjects: Ytterbium, Materials science, chemistry.chemical_element, 02 engineering and technology, 01 natural sciences, law.invention, 010309 optics, Dissipative soliton, law, NiS2, 0103 physical sciences, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Ultrafast pulse, business.industry, Computer Sciences, Physics, Pulse duration, Saturable absorption, Optics, Electrical and Computer Engineering, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Laser, Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, Pulse (physics), chemistry, Optoelectronics, Photonics, 0210 nano-technology, business, Mode-locked fibre laser, Ultrashort pulse
Abstract: Nickel disulfide (NiS2) has recently been found to possess strong nonlinear saturable absorption properties. This feature is highly attractive for nonlinear photonics applications. Ultrafast pulse generation is successfully demonstrated in this article for both Ytterbium- and Erbium-doped fibre lasers using micro-fibre deposited nickel disulfide (NiS2) as a saturable absorber (SA). The fabricated SA device has a modulation depth of 23% at 1.06 μm and 30.8% at 1.55 μm. Stable dissipative soliton operation was achieved at 1064.5 nm with a pulse duration of 11.7 ps and another stable conventional soliton pulse train was also obtained at 1560.2 nm with a pulse duration of 524 fs. These results demonstrate that the microfibre-based NiS2 has a broadband nonlinear response and can function as an efficient SA, therefore it has significant potential for use in ultrafast laser pulse generation.
Published: 2020

40. Causes of slowing-down seasonal CO2 amplitude at Mauna Loa

Author: Xiangyi Li, Shushi Peng, Sebastian Lienert, Ralph F. Keeling, Dan Zhu, Philippe Ciais, Atul K. Jain, Pierre Friedlingstein, Yilong Wang, Vivek K. Arora, Xuhui Wang, Julia E. M. S. Nabel, Yue He, Benjamin Poulter, Etsushi Kato, Nicolas Vuichard, Wolfgang Buermann, Martin Heimann, Danica Lombardozzi, Ning Zeng, Stephen Sitch, Vanessa Haverd, Kai Wang, Andy Wiltshire, Frédéric Chevallier, Shilong Piao, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), ICOS-ATC (ICOS-ATC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Modélisation INVerse pour les mesures atmosphériques et SATellitaires (SATINV), Modélisation des Surfaces et Interfaces Continentales (MOSAIC), Higher Education Discipline Innovation Project: B14001 National Aeronautics and Space Administration, NASA: NNX17AE74G 2017YFA0604702 Grand Ãquipement National De Calcul Intensif, GENCI National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, NOAA National Natural Science Foundation of China, NSFC: 41530528, This study was supported by the National Key R&D Program of China (2017YFA0604702), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (41530528), and the 111 Project (B14001). This study was granted access to HPC resources of CCRT under allocation A0050102201 made by GENCI (Grand ?quipement National de Calcul Intensif). The CO2 measurements used in this study from Mauna Loa have been supported in recent years by NASA under grant NNX17AE74G, by Earth Networks, and by NOAA. The Mauna Loa observatory is maintained and operated by NOAA., Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Higher Education Discipline Innovation Project: B14001 National Aeronautics and Space Administration, NASA: NNX17AE74G 2017YFA0604702 Grand Ãquipement National De Calcul Intensif, GENCI National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, NOAA National Natural Science Foundation of China, NSFC: 41530528
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, land use change, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Atmospheric circulation, atmospheric circulation, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, Biome, Climate change, Atmospheric sciences, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Carbon cycle, slowing-down, seasonal CO2 amplitude, Environmental Chemistry, Land use, land-use change and forestry, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, General Environmental Science, Global and Planetary Change, Ecology, Mauna Loa, Northern Hemisphere, Vegetation, 15. Life on land, Amplitude, climate change, 13. Climate action, Environmental science
Abstract: International audience; Changing amplitude of the seasonal cycle of atmospheric CO2 (SCA) in the northern hemisphere is an emerging carbon cycle property. Mauna Loa (MLO) station (20°N, 156°W), which has the longest continuous northern hemisphere CO2 record, shows an increasing SCA before the 1980s (p
Published: 2020
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41. Novel layered 2D materials for ultrafast photonics

Author: Cong Wang, Pengfei Wang, Elfed Lewis, Shi Li, Yu Yin, National Natural Science Foundation of China, and National Key R&D Program of China
Subjects: Materials science, QC1-999, Physics::Optics, Nanotechnology, 02 engineering and technology, 01 natural sciences, saturable absorbe, law.invention, Nanomaterials, 010309 optics, law, 0103 physical sciences, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, business.industry, 2d materials, Physics, nonlinear optics, Nonlinear optics, Saturable absorption, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Laser, 2D materials, Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, laser, saturable absorber, Photonics, 0210 nano-technology, business, Ultrashort pulse, Biotechnology
Abstract: A range of new 2D materials have recently been reported, including topological insulators, transition-metal dichalcogenides, black phosphorus, MXenes, and metal-organic frameworks, which have demonstrated high optical nonlinearity and Pauli blocking for widespread use as saturable absorbers in pulsed lasers. 2D materials are emerging as a promising platform for ultrashort-pulse fiber laser technology. This review presents a catalog of the various pulsed laser applications based on the series of emerging 2D materials. In addition, novel optical devices using layered materials, such as optical modulators, optical switches, and all-optical devices, are also included. It is anticipated that the development of 2D materials will intensify in the future, providing potentially new and wide-ranging efficacy for 2D materials in ultrafast photonic technology.
Published: 2020

42. Human activities aggravate nitrogen-deposition pollution to inland water over China

Author: Tiantian Yang, Feng Zhou, Yanlong Jia, Tao Yang, Philippe Ciais, Xudong Zhou, Guirui Yu, Chiyuan Miao, Butterbach-Bahl Klaus, Yang Gao, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), ICOS-ATC (ICOS-ATC), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), National Natural Science Foundation of China, NSFC: 41871080, 41922003 Youth Innovation Promotion Association of the Chinese Academy of Sciences National Key Research and Development Program of China, NKRDPC: 2016YFC0500202, This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (41922003 and 41871080), the National Key R&D Program of China (2016YFC0500202) and the Youth Innovation Promotion Association of the CAS. The authors thank all anonymous reviewers for their helpful remarks., Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), and Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, Nitrogen deposition, Pollution, dam, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, AcademicSubjects/SCI00010, media_common.quotation_subject, 01 natural sciences, N deposition, 03 medical and health sciences, Pollution in China, ddc:550, Leaching (agriculture), water area, China, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, media_common, Multidisciplinary, Water area, human activity, 15. Life on land, 6. Clean water, Earth sciences, 030104 developmental biology, 13. Climate action, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], Environmental chemistry, Soil water, Earth Sciences, Environmental science, Terrestrial ecosystem, N concentration, AcademicSubjects/MED00010, Research Article
Abstract: In the past three decades, China has built more than 87 000 dams with a storage capacity of ≈6560 km3 and the total surface area of inland water has increased by 6672 km2. Leaching of N from fertilized soils to rivers is the main source of N pollution in China, but the exposure of a growing inland water area to direct atmospheric N deposition and N leaching caused by N deposition on the terrestrial ecosystem, together with increased N deposition and decreased N flow, also tends to raise N concentrations in most inland waters. The contribution of this previously ignored source of N deposition to freshwaters is estimated in this study, as well as mitigation strategies. The results show that the annual amounts of N depositions ranged from 4.9 to 16.6 kg · ha−1 · yr−1 in the 1990s to exceeding 20 kg · ha−1 · yr−1 in the 2010s over most of regions in China, so the total mass of ΔN (the net contribution of N deposition to the increase in N concentration) for lakes, rivers and reservoirs change from 122.26 Gg N · yr−1 in the 1990s to 237.75 Gg N · yr−1 in the 2010s. It is suggested that reducing the N deposition from various sources, shortening the water-retention time in dams and decreasing the degree of regulation for rivers are three main measures for preventing a continuous increase in the N-deposition pollution to inland water in China.
Published: 2020
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43. Enhanced gas barrier properties of graphene oxide/rubber composites with strong interfaces constructed by graphene oxide and sulfur

Author: Liqun Zhang, Stephen Jerrams, Zongchao Xu, Long Zheng, Shipeng Wen, Li Liu, National Basic Research Program of China, National Natural Science Foundation of China, and National Key R&D Program of China
Subjects: Materials science, Fabrication, General Chemical Engineering, Oxide, chemistry.chemical_element, Hybrids, 02 engineering and technology, 010402 general chemistry, 01 natural sciences, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering, law.invention, chemistry.chemical_compound, Natural rubber, law, Materials Science and Engineering, Ultimate tensile strength, Environmental Chemistry, Rubber composites, Composite material, Graphene oxide, Tear resistance, Barrier properties, Graphene, Polymer and Organic Materials, General Chemistry, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Sulfur, 0104 chemical sciences, chemistry, Covalent bond, visual_art, visual_art.visual_art_medium, 0210 nano-technology
Abstract: Constructing strong interfacial interactions and complex filler networks is crucial to establishing high gas barrier properties in rubber composites. In this research, sulfur-graphene oxide (S-GO) hybrids were prepared by in situ growth of sulfur on the surfaces of GO sheets. The S-GO hybrids were also introduced into butadiene styrene rubber (SBR) using a green method of latex compounding. Results showed that sulfur could melt and spread on the surface of the GO during the crosslinking process at high temperatures. This process prevented the aggregation of GO and resulted in a fine dispersion of GO and complex filler networks in S-GO/SBR composites. More importantly, the sulfur particles on the GO surface not only aided the crosslinking of rubber molecules, but also chemically reacted with the GO radicals generated at high temperatures. This occurred by the homolytic cleavage of oxygen-containing groups, which thereby constructed covalent interfaces between the GO and SBR molecules. Due to these strong interfaces and complex filler networks, the tensile and tear strength of S-GO/SBR composites increased by 66.2% and 26.6%, respectively, when compared with conventional GO/SBR composites. The gas permeability coefficient of S-GO/SBR composites was decreased dramatically by 50.7% and 23.3% by comparison with that of pure SBR and GO/SBR composites, respectively. The apparent improvement demonstrated that the facile and effective method used in this research may open up new opportunities for the development of multifunctional rubber crosslinking agent as well as the fabrication of rubber composites with high performance.
Published: 2020

44. Annual oil palm plantation maps in Malaysia and Indonesia from 2001 to 2016

Author: Y. Xu, L. Yu, W. Li, P. Ciais, Y. Cheng, P. Gong, Tsinghua University [Beijing] (THU), The Joint Center for Global Change Studies, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), ICOS-ATC (ICOS-ATC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), This research has been supported by the National Key R&D Program of China (grant nos. 2017YFA0604401 and 2019YFA0606601) and the Tsinghua University Initiative Scientific Research Program (grant no. 2019Z02CAU)., Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Synthetic aperture radar, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, 0211 other engineering and technologies, 02 engineering and technology, Land cover, 01 natural sciences, Deforestation, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, lcsh:Environmental sciences, 021101 geological & geomatics engineering, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Downstream (petroleum industry), [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, lcsh:GE1-350, 2. Zero hunger, business.industry, lcsh:QE1-996.5, Forestry, 15. Life on land, lcsh:Geology, Biofuel, 13. Climate action, Greenhouse gas, General Earth and Planetary Sciences, Environmental science, Moderate-resolution imaging spectroradiometer, business, Change detection
Abstract: Increasing global demand of vegetable oils and biofuels results in significant oil palm expansion in southeastern Asia, predominately in Malaysia and Indonesia. The land conversion to oil palm plantations has posed risks to deforestation (50 % of the oil palm was taken from forest during 1990–2005; Koh and Wilcove, 2008), loss of biodiversity and greenhouse gas emission over the past decades. Quantifying the consequences of oil palm expansion requires fine-scale and frequently updated datasets of land cover dynamics. Previous studies focused on total changes for a multi-year interval without identifying the exact time of conversion, causing uncertainty in the timing of carbon emission estimates from land cover change. Using Advanced Land Observing Satellite (ALOS) Phased Array type L-band Synthetic Aperture Radar (PALSAR), ALOS-2 PALSAR-2 and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) datasets, we produced an annual oil palm area dataset (AOPD) at 100 m resolution in Malaysia and Indonesia from 2001 to 2016. We first mapped the oil palm extent using PALSAR and PALSAR-2 data for 2007–2010 and 2015–2016 and then applied a disturbance and recovery algorithm (Breaks For Additive Season and Trend – BFAST) to detect land cover change time points using MODIS data during the years without PALSAR data (2011–2014 and 2001–2006). The new oil palm land cover maps are assessed to have an accuracy of 86.61 % in the mapping step (2007–2010 and 2015–2016). During the intervening years when MODIS data are used, 75.74 % of the detected change time matched the timing of actual conversion using Google Earth and Landsat images. The AOPD revealed spatiotemporal oil palm dynamics every year and shows that plantations expanded from 2.59 to 6.39×106 ha and from 3.00 to 12.66×106 ha in Malaysia and Indonesia, respectively (i.e. a net increase of 146.60 % and 322.46 %) between 2001 and 2016. The higher trends from our dataset are consistent with those from the national inventories, with limited annual average difference in Malaysia (0.2×106 ha) and Indonesia (−0.17×106 ha). We highlight the capability of combining multiple-resolution radar and optical satellite datasets in annual plantation mapping to a large extent by using image classification and statistical boundary-based change detection to achieve long time series. The consistent characterization of oil palm dynamics can be further used in downstream applications. The annual oil palm plantation maps from 2001 to 2016 at 100 m resolution are published in the Tagged Image File Format with georeferencing information (GeoTIFF) at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3467071 (Xu et al., 2019).
Published: 2019
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45. Perceptual interactions among food odors: Major influences on odor intensity evidenced with a set of 222 binary mixtures of key odorants

Author: Ke Tang, Thierry Thomas-Danguin, Yan Xu, Yue Ma, Jiangnan University, Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation [Dijon] (CSGA), Université de Bourgogne (UB)-AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC), and The National Key R&D Program (2016YFD0400504) , National Firstclass Discipline Program of Light Industry Technology and Engineering (LITE 2018-12) , China Scholarship Council (201806790033) , and Postgraduate Research & Practice Innovation Program of Jiangsu Provence (KYCX18_1788).
Subjects: Adult, Male, Masking (art), Adolescent, media_common.quotation_subject, synergy, dominance, 01 natural sciences, Analytical Chemistry, pleasantness, Young Adult, 0404 agricultural biotechnology, Perception, Humans, Food science, partial addition, Set (psychology), odor interaction, Trained subjects, media_common, Principal Component Analysis, Chemistry, 010401 analytical chemistry, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, General Medicine, masking, 040401 food science, 0104 chemical sciences, Intensity (physics), Smell, Odor, Sensory Thresholds, Food products, Odorants, Female, [SDV.AEN]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Food and Nutrition, Food Analysis, Food Science
Abstract: International audience; This study explored the impact of perceptual interactions on the odor intensity of 222 binary mixtures designed from 72 odorants found in food products. Odor intensity was rated by 30 trained subjects. The results showed that in most cases, the components' odor was perceived within the mixture and their intensity remained the same as in the unmixed situation in 54.3% of cases. Masking was the second major effect (44.8%) and occurred more frequently when components' pleasantness was significantly different. Synergy occurred in a small number of cases (0.9%) and only for four compounds. The overall odor intensity of the mixture was determined to be equal to the strongest component in most cases (73.9%), while partial addition was observed as the second most frequent effect (21.7%), especially when the components had equal intensity. Overall, this work provides general rules about the outcome to expect when mixing key components of food aromas.
Published: 2021
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46. Phosphorus dendrimer-based copper(II) complexes enable ultrasound-enhanced tumor theranostics

Author: Xiangyang Shi, Lianfang Du, Fangfang Yin, Lizhou Lin, Serge Mignani, Mingwu Shen, Yu Fan, Han Wang, Yu Zhu, Jean-Pierre Majoral, State Key Laboratory for Fiber & Material Modification of Donghua University, Donghua University [Shanghai], Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Laboratoire de Chimie et de Biochimie Pharmacologiques et Toxicologiques (LCBPT - UMR 8601), Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP), Laboratoire de chimie de coordination (LCC), Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut de Chimie de Toulouse (ICT-FR 2599), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), National Natural Science Foundation of China (21911530230, 81761148028 and 21773026), National Key R&D Program (2017YFE0196200), and Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality (19XD1400100 and 19410740200)
Subjects: UTMD, Biomedical Engineering, Pharmaceutical Science, Bioengineering, 02 engineering and technology, 010402 general chemistry, 01 natural sciences, Downregulation and upregulation, Phosphorus dendrimers, Dendrimer, medicine, Chemotherapy, PTEN, [CHIM.COOR]Chemical Sciences/Coordination chemistry, General Materials Science, Cu(II) complexes, biology, Chemistry, Cancer, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, medicine.disease, 0104 chemical sciences, Cancer cell, biology.protein, Cancer research, Nanomedicine, 0210 nano-technology, Sonoporation, Intracellular, MR imaging, Biotechnology
Abstract: International audience; Design of simple-component theranostic agents with enhanced tumor accumulation represents a novel strategy in the area of precision nanomedicine for effective tumor theranostics. Herein, we report an innovative theranostic strategy based on ultrasound-enhanced tumor accumulation of a theranostic agent of phosphorus dendrimer-copper(II) complexes (1G3-Cu). The employed 1G3-Cu complexes represent a drug-free nanotheranostic agent with a simple composition possessing an r1 relaxivity of 0.7024 mM−1 s−1 for T1-weighted magnetic resonance (MR) imaging and an IC50 of 1.24 μM to inhibit the growth of a pancreatic cancer cell line. We show that cancer cells can be inhibited by the 1G3-Cu complexes through the activation of the apoptotic process with the upregulation of Bax, P53 and PTEN, downregulation of Bcl-2, and decrease of intracellular ATP. With the assistance of ultrasound targeted microbubble destruction (UTMD) technology that can increase cell membrane permeability temporarily via sonoporation effect, the 1G3-Cu complexes enable enhanced tumor MR imaging and chemotherapy due to their improved tumor accumulation. With the proven minimal toxicity to normal tissues at imaging and therapeutic doses, the prepared 1G3-Cu complexes may be potentially employed for UTMD-enhanced theranostics of different types of cancer.
Published: 2020
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47. Evidence for molecular structural variations in the cytoarchitectures of a Jurassic plant

Author: Vivi Vajda, Anders Engdahl, Martin J. Whitehouse, Yuangao Qu, Nicola McLoughlin, Mark A. van Zuilen, Institute of Deep-Sea Science and Engineering [Chinese Academy of Sciences] [Sanya] (IDSSE), Chinese Academy of Sciences [Beijing] (CAS), Swedish Museum of Natural History, 114 18 Stockholm, Sweden, Department of Geology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6139, South Africa, Albany Museum, Grahamstown 6139, South Africa, Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPGP), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-IPG PARIS-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden, Department of Earth and Ecosystem Sciences [Lund], Lund University [Lund], and This project is financially supported by the National Key R&D Program of China (2018YFC0309800), the Hundred Talent Program C of China (Y810011BRC), the Swedish Research Council (VR 2015-04264), the Bergen Research Foundation (Norway), the European Research Council under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program (grant agreement 646894), and the Department of Science and Technology–National Research Foundation Centre for Excellence in Palaeosciences at the University of Witwatersrandthe (South Africa). The NordSIM laboratory at the Swedish Museum of Natural History is a Vetenskapsrådet (VR)-funded research infrastructure, of which this is publication 593. We highly appreciate the technical assistance of the University of Bergen, the Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, the MAX Lab at Lund University, and the NordSIM lab. Many thanks to Gang Lü for helping us with data processing, and to the Botanical Garden in Lund for providing extant royal fern samples
Subjects: Sweden, Permineralization, Taphonomy, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, biology, Osmunda, Lineage (evolution), Osmundaceae, Annan geovetenskap och miljövetenskap, [SDU.STU]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences, Geology, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, biology.organism_classification, 01 natural sciences, Fossilization, Geochemistry, Evolutionary biology, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], Organelle, Fern, Mitosis, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Osmunda regalis, Other Earth and Related Environmental Sciences
Abstract: In this study, we investigate the molecular structural characteristics of organic remains in various cellular organelles from a 180 Ma Jurassic royal fern belonging to the Osmundaceae family of ferns, and compare their carbon isotopic compositions to a now-living species of royal fern (Osmunda regalis). We discovered molecular structural variations indicated by Raman and infrared spectral parameters obtained from various fossilized cellular organelles. The organic remains preserved in the chromosomes and cell nuclei show marked structural heterogeneities compared to the cell walls during different stages of the cell cycle. The fossil and extant fern have similar δ13C values obtained from bulk samples, supporting evolutionary stasis in this plant lineage and an unchanged metabolic pathway of carbon assimilation since the Jurassic. The organic remains in the cellular organelles of the fossil seem to be less heterogeneous than those in the extant fern, likely due to the preferential preservation of certain cellular compounds during fossilization. Taphonomic processes appear to have diminished the subcellular isotopic heterogeneities. Our research sheds light on the functioning of ancient plant cellular organelles during mitosis, provides insights to the taphonomic processes operating at molecular and isotopic levels, and shows the practicability of in situ techniques in studying the evolution and behaviors of ancient cells. This project is also financially supported by the National Key R&D Program of China (2018YFC0309800), the Hundred Talent Program C of China (Y810011BRC), the Swedish Research Council (VR 2015-04264), the Bergen Research Foundation (Norway), the European Research Council under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program (grant agreement 646894), and the Department of Science and Technology–National Research Foundation Centre for Excellence in Palaeosciences at the University of Witwatersrandthe (South Africa). The NordSIM laboratory at the Swedish Museum of Natural History is a Vetenskapsrådet (VR)-funded research infrastructure.
Published: 2019
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48. A twelve-wavelength Thulium-doped fibre laser based on a microfibre coil resonator incorporating black phosphorus

Author: Pengfei Wang, Yu Yin, Gerald Garrell, Shi Li, Elfed Lewis, National Key R&D Program of China, National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC), and Harbin Engineering University
Subjects: Engineering Physics, Materials science, business.product_category, Nonlinear optics, 02 engineering and technology, 01 natural sciences, law.invention, 010309 optics, Resonator, Optics, law, Fiber laser, 0103 physical sciences, Microfiber, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Comb filter, Microfibre coil resonator, Extinction ratio, business.industry, Physics, Black phosphorus, Electrical and Computer Engineering, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Laser, Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, Fibre laser, Channel spacing, 0210 nano-technology, business, Lasing threshold
Abstract: A novel multi-wavelength continuous Thulium-doped fibre laser incorporating a microfibre coil resonator based on black phosphorus (MCR-BP) material has been successfully fabricated and demonstrated. A twelve-wavelength spectrum with 0.54 nm channel spacing has been achieved by simply adjusting the pump source power. A single peak extinction ratio of more than 40 dB was observed. The superior performance of the MCR-BP described in this article compared to conventional MCR based fibre lasers can be attributed the inclusion of the Black Phosphorous Material. The enhanced lasing is primarily due to the twin properties of the MCR-BP device combining a comb-like filter effect and a four-wave-mixing (FWM) effect caused by the nonlinearity of black phosphorus. The experimental results indicate that the novel device can be successfully used as a comb filter and an FWM source to realize a multi-wavelength continuous fibre laser due to the low cost and ease of fabrication of the MCR-BP device.
Published: 2019

49. Third-order optical nonlinearity properties of CdCl2-modifed Ge–Sb–S chalcogenide glasses

Author: Runan Zhang, Yindong Zhang, M. Secu, Aurelian Catalin Galca, Lu Yang, Jing Ren, Jianhui Li, Xiaosong Lu, Gerald Farrell, Pengfei Wang, National Natural Science Foundation of China, Natural Science Foundation of Heilongjiang Province of China, Romanian Ministry of Research and Innovation, National Key R&D Program of China, Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities, Open Fund of the State Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelectronics, 111 project, and Romania-China Bilateral Project
Subjects: Materials science, Chalcogenide, Halide, 02 engineering and technology, 01 natural sciences, Two-photon absorption, Z-scan technique, chemistry.chemical_compound, 0103 physical sciences, Materials Chemistry, Figure of merit, Chalcohalide glasses, Third-order optical nonlinearity, 010302 applied physics, business.industry, Physics, Optics, Electrical and Computer Engineering, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Condensed Matter Physics, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, Wavelength, chemistry, Femtosecond, Ceramics and Composites, Optoelectronics, 0210 nano-technology, business, Ternary operation
Abstract: We developed a new type of chalcohalide glasses with physicochemical and nonlinear optical properties that are tunable by composition. It is found that more than 60 mol.% CdCl2 heavy metal halide can be dissolved into the ternary Ge–Sb–S system and forming stable glasses. The visible-light transparency range is extended to shorter wavelengths with the addition of CdCl2, which is beneficial for the optical quality control and infra-red (IR) system alignment. The third-order optical nonlinearity (TONL) is studied using the femtosecond Z-scan method. The results show that both the nonlinear refractive index and two photon absorption co-efficient decrease with CdCl2. Benefiting from the favorable property-tailoring effects of CdCl2, the TONL figure of merit (FOM) can be improved to meet the requirement (FOM < 1) for all-optical switching and IR photonic applications.
Published: 2019

50. Precise assembly and joining of silver nanowires in three dimensions for highly conductive composite structures

Author: Xi Huang, Lan Jiang, Dawei Li, Huan Liu, Ying Liu, Lisha Fan, Wei Xiong, Yongfeng Lu, Yao Lu, Jean-François Silvain, Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Nebraska [Lincoln], University of Nebraska System-University of Nebraska System, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology [Wuhan] (HUST), School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology (BIT), Institut de Chimie de la Matière Condensée de Bordeaux (ICMCB), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Institut Polytechnique de Bordeaux-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and This research was financially supported by the National Key R&D Program of China (2017YFB1104300), the National Science Foundation (CMMI 1825608), Nebraska Center for Energy Sciences Research, and National Natural Science Foundation of China (61774067).
Subjects: Microelectromechanical systems, Nanoelectromechanical systems, Nanostructure, Materials science, joining, Nanotechnology, 02 engineering and technology, [CHIM.MATE]Chemical Sciences/Material chemistry, Conductivity, 010402 general chemistry, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, silver nanowires, 01 natural sciences, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering, 0104 chemical sciences, Nanolithography, [CHIM.POLY]Chemical Sciences/Polymers, precise assembly, Femtosecond, nanofabrication, 0210 nano-technology, Nanoscopic scale, Electrical conductor, three dimensional
Abstract: Three-dimensional (3D) electrically conductive micro/nanostructures are now a key component in a broad range of research and industry fields. Direct laser writing by two-photon polymerization (TPP) has been established as one of the most promising methods for achieving 3D fabrication in micro/nanoscales, due to its ability to produce arbitrary and complex 3D structures with sub wavelength resolution. However, the lack of TPP-compatible and functional materials represents a significant barrier to realizing the functionality of the fabricated devices, such as high electrical conductivity, high environmental sensitivity, and high mechanical strength, etc. In this work, a novel method was developed to realize metallic 3D micro/nanostructures with silver-thiol-acrylate composites via TPP followed by femtosecond laser nanojoining. Complex 3D micro/nanoscale conductive structures have been successfully fabricated with ~200 nm resolution. The loading of silver nanowires (AgNWs) and joining of junctions successfully enhanced the electrical conductivity of the composites from insulating to 92.9 S m-1 at room temperature. Moreover, for the first time, a reversible switching to a higher conductivity was observed, up to ~103-105 S m-1 at 523 K. The temperature-dependent conductivity of the composite was analyzed using the variable range hopping and thermal activation models. The as-developed nanomaterial assembly and joining method in this study paves a way toward a wide range of device applications, including 3D electronics, sensors, memristors, micro/nanoelectromechanical systems (MEMS/NEMS), and biomedical devices, etc.
Published: 2019
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