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1. Reversible electroadhesion of hydrogels to animal tissues for suture-less repair of cuts or tears

Author

Leah K. Borden, Ankit Gargava, and Srinivasa R. Raghavan

Subjects
Science, General Physics and Astronomy, 02 engineering and technology, 010402 general chemistry, 01 natural sciences, Seal (mechanical), Article, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Biomaterials, Suture (anatomy), Cornea, Materials Testing, medicine, Animals, Humans, Aorta, Electroadhesion, Multidisciplinary, Chemistry, Soft materials, Cartilage, Adhesiveness, Hydrogels, General Chemistry, Adhesion, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Sutureless Surgical Procedures, 0104 chemical sciences, medicine.anatomical_structure, Acoustic Impedance Tests, Self-healing hydrogels, Feasibility Studies, Wounds and Injuries, Tears, Cattle, Shear Strength, 0210 nano-technology, Biomedical materials, Biomedical engineering
Abstract

Electroadhesion, i.e., adhesion induced by an electric field, occurs between non-sticky cationic and anionic hydrogels. Here, we demonstrate electroadhesion between cationic gels and animal (bovine) tissues. When gel and tissue are placed under an electric field (DC, 10 V) for 20 s, the pair strongly adhere, and the adhesion persists indefinitely thereafter. Applying the DC field with reversed polarity eliminates the adhesion. Electroadhesion works with the aorta, cornea, lung, and cartilage. We demonstrate the use of electroadhesion to seal cuts or tears in tissues or model anionic gels. Electroadhered gel-patches provide a robust seal over openings in bovine aorta, and a gel sleeve is able to rejoin pieces of a severed gel tube. These studies raise the possibility of using electroadhesion in surgery while obviating the need for sutures. Advantages include the ability to achieve adhesion on-command, and moreover the ability to reverse this adhesion in case of error., The authors demonstrate strong adhesion of cationic hydrogels to bovine tissues under a DC electric field. Such electroadhesion can be reversed by switching the polarity of the field. This approach could enable simpler surgeries, where sutures are not needed.

Published
2021

2. Using Microemulsion Phase Behavior as a Predictive Model for Lecithin–Tween 80 Marine Oil Dispersant Effectiveness

Author

Geoffrey D. Bothun, Kamilah Y. Amen, Srinivasa R. Raghavan, Louis G Corcoran, Brian A Saldana Almaraz, Vijay T. John, R. Lee Penn, and Alon V. McCormick

Subjects
Polysorbates, 02 engineering and technology, Hexadecane, 010402 general chemistry, 01 natural sciences, Dispersant, Surface-Active Agents, chemistry.chemical_compound, Phase (matter), Lecithins, Electrochemistry, Petroleum Pollution, General Materials Science, Oil dispersants, Microemulsion, Spectroscopy, Chemistry, Surfaces and Interfaces, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Condensed Matter Physics, 0104 chemical sciences, Petroleum, Chemical engineering, 0210 nano-technology, Dispersion (chemistry), Water Pollutants, Chemical
Abstract

Marine oil dispersants typically contain blends of surfactants dissolved in solvents. When introduced to the crude oil-seawater interface, dispersants facilitate the breakup of crude oil into droplets that can disperse in the water column. Recently, questions about the environmental persistence and toxicity of commercial dispersants have led to the development of "greener" dispersants consisting solely of food-grade surfactants such as l-α-phosphatidylcholine (lecithin, L) and polyoxyethylenated sorbitan monooleate (Tween 80, T). Individually, neither L nor T is effective at dispersing crude oil, but mixtures of the two (LT blends) work synergistically to ensure effective dispersion. The reasons for this synergy remain unexplained. More broadly, an unresolved challenge is to be able to predict whether a given surfactant (or a blend) can serve as an effective dispersant. Herein, we investigate whether the LT dispersant effectiveness can be correlated with thermodynamic phase behavior in model systems. Specifically, we study ternary "DOW" systems comprising LT dispersant (D) + a model oil (hexadecane, O) + synthetic seawater (W), with the D formulation being systematically varied (across 0:100, 20:80, 40:60, 60:40, 80:20, and 100:0 L:T weight ratios). We find that the most effective LT dispersants (60:40 and 80:20 L:T) induce broad Winsor III microemulsion regions in the DOW phase diagrams (Winsor III implies that the microemulsion coexists with aqueous and oil phases). This correlation is generally consistent with expectations from hydrophilic-lipophilic deviation (HLD) calculations, but specific exceptions are seen. This study then outlines a protocol that allows the phase behavior to be observed on short time scales (ca. hours) and provides a set of guidelines to interpret the results. The complementary use of HLD calculations and the outlined fast protocol are expected to be used as a predictive model for effective dispersant blends, providing a tool to guide the efficient formulation of future marine oil dispersants.

Published
2021

3. Rheological Properties of Cartilage Glycosaminoglycans and Proteoglycans

Author

Ferenc Horkay, Jack F. Douglas, and Srinivasa R. Raghavan

Subjects
musculoskeletal diseases, integumentary system, Polymers and Plastics, Chemistry, viruses, Cartilage, Organic Chemistry, 02 engineering and technology, 010402 general chemistry, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, 01 natural sciences, 0104 chemical sciences, Inorganic Chemistry, Glycosaminoglycan, medicine.anatomical_structure, Rheology, Materials Chemistry, medicine, Biophysics, Synovial fluid, 0210 nano-technology
Abstract

Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are molecules that govern the load-bearing and frictional properties of cartilage and the lubricating properties of synovial fluid of joints. Most GAGs in the body form pr...

Published
2021

4. Light-Triggered Rheological Changes in a System of Cationic Wormlike Micelles Formulated with a Photoacid Generator

Author

Srinivasa R. Raghavan, Manazael Zuliani Jora, and Edvaldo Sabadini

Subjects
Materials science, Cationic polymerization, Photoacid generator, 02 engineering and technology, Surfaces and Interfaces, 010402 general chemistry, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Condensed Matter Physics, 01 natural sciences, Micelle, Article, 0104 chemical sciences, Rheology, Chemical engineering, Electrochemistry, General Materials Science, 0210 nano-technology, Spectroscopy
Abstract

“Smart” fluids displaying large changes in their rheological properties in response to external stimuli have been of great interest in recent years. For example, “smart” wormlike micelles (WLMs) that respond to pH can be readily formulated by combining a cationic surfactant such as cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) with an aromatic compound such as 1,2-dihydroxybenzene (DHB). Here, we show that a pH-responsive aqueous formulation as mentioned above can be simultaneously made responsive to ultraviolet (UV) light by incorporating a photoacid generator (PAG) into the system. A commercially available PAG, diphenyliodonium-2-carboxylate, is used here. Upon exposure to UV light, this PAG irreversibly photolyzes into iodobenzene (IB) and benzoic acid (BA), with the formation of BA, leading to a drop in pH. WLMs formed by mixtures of CTAB, DHB, and the PAG are systematically characterized before and after UV irradiation. As the PAG photolyzes, an increase in the viscosity of WLMs occurs by a factor of 1000. We show that the ratio of the zero-shear viscosity η0 (after UV/before UV) depends on the initial pH of the sample. The UV-induced increase in η0 can be attributed to the growth of WLMs in solution, which in turn is influenced by both the ionization state of DHB and the presence of IB and BA.

Published
2020

5. Liposomes Entrapped in Biopolymer Hydrogels Can Spontaneously Release into the External Solution

Author

E. Hunter Lauten, Brady C. Zarket, Samiul Amin, Sivaramakrishnan Muthukrishnan, Benjamin R. Thompson, and Srinivasa R. Raghavan

Subjects
food.ingredient, Nanoparticle, 02 engineering and technology, engineering.material, 010402 general chemistry, 01 natural sciences, Gelatin, Biopolymers, food, Electrochemistry, Agar, General Materials Science, Lipid bilayer, Spectroscopy, chemistry.chemical_classification, Liposome, Chemistry, Hydrogels, Surfaces and Interfaces, Polymer, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Condensed Matter Physics, 0104 chemical sciences, Chemical engineering, Liposomes, Self-healing hydrogels, Phosphatidylcholines, engineering, Biopolymer, 0210 nano-technology, Gels
Abstract

Hydrogels of biopolymers such as agar and gelatin are widely used in many applications, and in many cases, the gels are loaded with nanoparticles. The polymer chains in these gels are cross-linked by physical bonds into three-dimensional networks, with the mesh size of these networks typically being 10-100 nm. One class of "soft" nanoparticles are liposomes, which have an aqueous core surrounded by a lipid bilayer. Solutes encapsulated in the liposomal core can be delivered externally over time. In this paper, we create liposomes with diameters ∼150 nm from an unsaturated phospholipid (lecithin) and embed them in agar gels (the aqueous phase also contains 0-50% of glycerol, which is an active ingredient in cosmetic products). Upon placing this gel in quiescent water, we find that the liposomes release out of the gel into the water over a period of 1-3 days, even though the gel remains intact.

Published
2020

6. The Unusual Rheology of Wormlike Micelles in Glycerol: Comparable Timescales for Chain Reptation and Segmental Relaxation

Author

Niti R Agrawal, Xiu Yue, and Srinivasa R. Raghavan

Subjects
Work (thermodynamics), Aqueous solution, Materials science, Rheometry, Relaxation (NMR), 02 engineering and technology, Surfaces and Interfaces, 010402 general chemistry, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Condensed Matter Physics, 01 natural sciences, Micelle, 0104 chemical sciences, Reptation, Rheology, Chemical physics, Electrochemistry, General Materials Science, 0210 nano-technology, Elastic modulus, Spectroscopy
Abstract

Wormlike micelles (WLMs) are polymer-like chains formed by surfactant self-assembly in water. Recently, we have shown that WLMs can also be self-assembled in polar organic liquids like glycerol using a cationic surfactant and an aromatic salt. In this work, we focus on the dynamic rheology of the WLMs in glycerol and demonstrate that their rheology is very different from that of WLMs in water. Aqueous WLMs that are entangled into transient networks exhibit the rheology of a perfect Maxwell fluid having a single relaxation time tR-thereby, their elastic modulus G' and viscous modulus G″ intersect at a crossover frequency ωc = 1/tR. WLMs in glycerol also form entangled networks, but they are not Maxwell fluids; instead, they exhibit a double-crossover of G' and G″ (at ωc1 and ωc2) within the ω-window accessible by rheometry (10-2 to 102 rad/s). The first crossover at ωc1 (∼1 rad/s) corresponds to the terminal relaxation time (i.e., the timescale for chains to disentangle from the transient network and relax by reptation). At the other extreme, at frequencies above ωc2 (which is ∼10 rad/s), the rheology is dominated by the segmental motion of the chains. This "breathing regime" has rarely been accessed via experiments for aqueous WLMs because it falls around 105 rad/s. We believe that glycerol, a solvent that is much more viscous than water, exerts a crucial influence in pushing ωc2 to 1000-fold lower frequencies. On the basis of the rheology, we also hypothesize that WLMs in glycerol are shorter and weakly entangled compared to WLMs in water. Moreover, we suggest that WLMs in glycerol are "unbreakable" chains-i.e., the chains remain mostly intact instead of breaking and re-forming frequently-and this polymer-like behavior explains why the samples are quite unlike Maxwell fluids.

Published
2020

7. Spontaneous Formation of Stable Vesicles and Vesicle Gels in Polar Organic Solvents

Author

Niti R Agrawal, Marzhana Omarova, Faraz Burni, Vijay T. John, and Srinivasa R. Raghavan

Subjects
Formamide, food.ingredient, Lipid Bilayers, Phospholipid, 02 engineering and technology, 010402 general chemistry, 01 natural sciences, Lecithin, chemistry.chemical_compound, food, Dynamic light scattering, Electrochemistry, General Materials Science, Lipid bilayer, Spectroscopy, Phospholipids, Vesicle, Surfaces and Interfaces, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Condensed Matter Physics, 0104 chemical sciences, Solvent, chemistry, Chemical engineering, Liposomes, Solvents, 0210 nano-technology, Ethylene glycol, Gels
Abstract

The self-assembly of lipids into nanoscale vesicles (liposomes) is routinely accomplished in water. However, reports of similar vesicles in polar organic solvents like glycerol, formamide, and ethylene glycol (EG) are scarce. Here, we demonstrate the formation of nanoscale vesicles in glycerol, formamide, and EG using the common phospholipid lecithin (derived from soy). The samples we study are simple binary mixtures of lecithin and the solvent, with no additional cosurfactants or salt. Lecithin dissolves readily in the solvents and spontaneously gives rise to viscous fluids at low lipid concentrations (∼2-4%), with structures ∼200 nm detected by dynamic light scattering. At higher concentrations (>10%), lecithin forms clear gels that are strongly birefringent at rest. Dynamic rheology confirms the elastic response of gels, with their elastic modulus being ∼20 Pa at ∼10% lipid. Images from cryo-scanning electron microscopy (cryo-SEM) indicate that concentrated samples are "vesicle gels," where multilamellar vesicles (MLVs, also called "onions"), with diameters between 50 and 600 nm, are close-packed across the sample volume. This structure can explain both the elastic rheology as well as the static birefringence of the samples. The discovery of vesicles and vesicle gels in polar solvents widens the scope of systems that can be created by self-assembly. Interestingly, it is much easier to form vesicles in polar solvents than in water, and the former are stable indefinitely, whereas the latter tend to aggregate or coalesce over time. The stability is attributed to refractive index-matching between lipid bilayers and the solvents, i.e., these vesicles are relatively "invisible" and thus experience only weak attractions. The ability to use lipids (which are "green" or eco-friendly molecules derived from renewable natural sources) to thicken and form gels in polar solvents could also prove useful in a variety of areas, including cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and lubricants.

Published
2021

8. Biofilm Formation by Hydrocarbon-Degrading Marine Bacteria and Its Effects on Oil Dispersion

Author

Diane A. Blake, Geoffrey D. Bothun, Vijay T. John, Marzhana Omarova, Alon V. McCormick, Arijit Bose, Srinivasa R. Raghavan, Igor Kevin Mkam Tsengam, and Lauren T. Swientoniewski

Subjects
chemistry.chemical_classification, biology, Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment, Chemistry, Exopolymer, General Chemical Engineering, Biofilm, 02 engineering and technology, General Chemistry, Biodegradation, 010402 general chemistry, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, biology.organism_classification, 01 natural sciences, 0104 chemical sciences, Marine bacteriophage, Hydrocarbon, Environmental chemistry, Oil droplet, Environmental Chemistry, Alcanivorax, 0210 nano-technology, Bacteria
Abstract

Biodegradation of oil by marine bacteria is a significant pathway to oil spill remediation. Marine hydrocarbon degrading bacteria are known to form biofilms consisting of exopolymer and interconnected bacterial cells. This work indicates that microbial biofilm aids in the stabilization of dispersed oil droplets through the formation of biofilm at the oil–water interface and is therefore an environmentally benign and sustainable method to aid dispersion of spilled oil. Using a model hydrocarbon degrading organism Alcanivorax borkumensis, we show, through a combination of optical and high-resolution cryogenic scanning electron microscopy, that these microbes sequester into biofilm at the oil–water interface. We show that the bacterial culture incubated for 3 days and containing biofilm can disperse oil slicks moderately well (40–50%) as estimated by the baffled flask test and can thus be used as an environmentally benign response to oil spills. The dispersion occurs through bacterial adsorption at the oil–w...

Published
2019

9. Responsive capsules that enable hermetic encapsulation of contents and their thermally triggered burst-release

Author

Srinivasa R. Raghavan, Kerry C. DeMella, John P. Goertz, Benjamin R. Thompson, and Ian M. White

Subjects
Materials science, Melting temperature, 02 engineering and technology, engineering.material, 010402 general chemistry, 01 natural sciences, Hermetic seal, law.invention, law, General Materials Science, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, chemistry.chemical_classification, Wax, Aqueous solution, Process Chemistry and Technology, Polymer, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, 0104 chemical sciences, Solvent, chemistry, Chemical engineering, Mechanics of Materials, visual_art, Reagent, engineering, visual_art.visual_art_medium, Biopolymer, 0210 nano-technology
Abstract

Aqueous capsules made from polymers typically allow their encapsulated cargo (e.g., drugs, dyes, proteins) to slowly diffuse out into the solvent through the capsule shell. In many applications, there is a need for a ‘hermetic’ seal to protect the cargo from the solvent over extended periods of time. Ideally, this hermetic seal should also be capable of being broken on-demand to enable cargo release. We demonstrate a new design for capsules having the above combination of properties. The key is to create the capsule shell from wax materials (alkanes and fatty acids) with a defined melting temperature Tm. Capsules can be loaded with any desired material, including strong acids or bases, reactive or unstable reagents (such as H2O2), and biopolymer gels. When sealed capsules are placed in water, no leakage is observed for over six weeks. The capsules can also encapsulate volatile liquids and remain air-tight over at least three weeks. On the other hand, under mild heat (above Tm, e.g., to 45 °C), the shell melts, releasing the core contents into the surrounding solvent. This provides a convenient thermal on–off “switch” for delivering contents from the capsules. The utility of these capsules is shown by implementing a nitrate-detection assay using hazardous chemicals (including H2SO4) sealed in the capsules. These “smart” capsules thus constitute a modular, mass-producible platform that could be useful in diverse applications.

Published
2019

10. Single-Step Synthesis of Alginate Microgels Enveloped with a Covalent Polymeric Shell: A Simple Way to Protect Encapsulated Cells

Author

William E. Bentley, Medha Rath, Chen-Yu Tsao, Srinivasa R. Raghavan, and So Hyun Ahn

Subjects
chemistry.chemical_classification, Acrylate, Materials science, Aqueous solution, Artificial cell, Alginates, Polymers, 02 engineering and technology, Polyethylene glycol, Polymer, Chemistry Techniques, Synthetic, 010402 general chemistry, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, 01 natural sciences, 0104 chemical sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, Monomer, chemistry, Polymerization, Chemical engineering, General Materials Science, Calcium, 0210 nano-technology, Cell encapsulation, Gels
Abstract

Microgels of biopolymers such as alginate are widely used to encapsulate cells and other biological payloads. Alginate is an attractive material for cell encapsulation because it is nontoxic and convenient: spherical alginate gels are easily created by contacting aqueous droplets of sodium alginate with divalent cations such as Ca2+. Alginate chains in the gel become cross-linked by Ca2+ cations into a 3-D network. When alginate gels are placed in a buffer, however, the Ca2+ cross-links are eliminated by exchange with Na+, thereby weakening and degrading the gels. With time, encapsulated cells are released into the external solution. Here, we describe a simple solution to the above problem, which involves forming alginate gels enveloped by a thin shell of a covalently cross-linked gel. The shell is formed via free-radical polymerization using conventional monomers such as acrylamide (AAm) or acrylate derivatives, including polyethylene glycol diacrylate (PEGDA). The entire process is performed in a single step at room temperature (or 37 °C) under mild, aqueous conditions. It involves combining the alginate solution with a radical initiator, which is then introduced as droplets into a reservoir containing Ca2+ and monomers. Within minutes of either simple incubation or exposure to ultraviolet (UV) light, the droplets are converted into alginate-polymer microcapsules with a core of alginate and a shell of the polymer (AAm or PEGDA). The microcapsules are mechanically more robust than conventional alginate/Ca2+ microgels, and while the latter swell and degrade when placed in buffers or in chelators like sodium citrate, the former remain stable under all conditions. We encapsulate both bacteria and mammalian cells in these microcapsules and find that the cells remain viable and functional over time. Lastly, a variation of the synthesis technique is shown to generate multilayered microcapsules with a liquid core surrounded by concentric layers of alginate and AAm gels. We anticipate that the approaches presented here will find application in a variety of areas including cell therapies, artificial cells, drug delivery, and tissue engineering.

Published
2021

11. Foams with Enhanced Rheology for Stopping Bleeding

Author

Matthew B. Dowling, Srinivasa R. Raghavan, Hema Choudhary, and Michael B. Rudy

Subjects
Materials science, Alginates, Swine, Biocompatible Materials, Hemorrhage, 02 engineering and technology, 010402 general chemistry, 01 natural sciences, Hemostatics, Hydrophobic effect, Chitosan, chemistry.chemical_compound, Surface-Active Agents, Rheology, Amphiphile, Animals, General Materials Science, chemistry.chemical_classification, Hemostatic Agent, Coacervate, Aqueous solution, Polymer, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, 0104 chemical sciences, Chemical engineering, chemistry, Liver, Cattle, Gases, 0210 nano-technology
Abstract

Bleeding from injuries to the torso region is a leading cause of fatalities in the military and in young adults. Such bleeding cannot be stopped by applying direct pressure (compression) of a bandage. An alternative is to introduce a foam at the injury site, with the expansion of the foam counteracting the bleeding. Foams with an active hemostatic agent have been tested for this purpose, but the barrier created by these foams is generally not strong enough to resist blood flow. In this paper, we introduce a new class of foams with enhanced rheological properties that enable them to form a more effective barrier to blood loss. These aqueous foams are delivered out of a double-barrelled syringe by combining precursors that produce bubbles of gas (CO2) in situ. In addition, one barrel contains a cationic polymer (hydrophobically modified chitosan, hmC) and the other an anionic polymer (hydrophobically modified alginate, hmA). Both these polymers function as hemostatic agents due to their ability to connect blood cells into networks. The amphiphilic nature of these polymers also enables them to stabilize gas bubbles without the need for additional surfactants. hmC-hmA foams have a mousse-like texture and exhibit a high modulus and yield stress. Their properties are attributed to the binding of hmC and hmA chains (via electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions) to form a coacervate around the gas bubbles. Rheological studies are used to contrast the improved rheology of hmC-hmA foams (where a coacervate arises) with those formed by hmC alone (where there is no such coacervate). Studies with animal wound models also confirm that the hmC-hmA foams are more effective at curtailing bleeding than the hmC foams due to their greater mechanical integrity.

Published
2021

12. How Do Amphiphilic Biopolymers Gel Blood? An Investigation Using Optical Microscopy

Author

Matthew B. Dowling, Srinivasa R. Raghavan, and Ian C. MacIntire

Subjects
In situ, 02 engineering and technology, 010402 general chemistry, 01 natural sciences, law.invention, Chitosan, chemistry.chemical_compound, Biopolymers, Optical microscope, law, Amphiphile, Electrochemistry, Side chain, General Materials Science, Lipid bilayer, Cluster analysis, Spectroscopy, chemistry.chemical_classification, Microscopy, Surfaces and Interfaces, Polymer, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Condensed Matter Physics, 0104 chemical sciences, chemistry, Biophysics, 0210 nano-technology, Gels, Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions
Abstract

Amphiphilic biopolymers such as hydrophobically modified chitosan (hmC) have been shown to convert liquid blood into elastic gels. This interesting property could make hmC useful as a hemostatic agent in treating severe bleeding. The mechanism for blood gelling by hmC is believed to involve polymer-cell self-assembly, i.e., insertion of hydrophobic side chains from the polymer into the lipid bilayers of blood cells, thereby creating a network of cells bridged by hmC. Here, we probe the above mechanism by studying dilute mixtures of blood cells and hmC in situ using optical microscopy. Our results show that the presence of hydrophobic side chains on hmC induces significant clustering of blood cells. The extent of clustering is quantified from the images in terms of the area occupied by the 10 largest clusters. Clustering increases as the fraction of hydrophobic side chains increases; conversely, clustering is negligible in the case of the parent chitosan that lacks hydrophobes. Moreover, the longer the hydrophobic side chains, the greater the clustering (i.e., C12 > C10 > C8 > C6). Clustering is negligible at low hmC concentrations but becomes substantial above a certain threshold. Finally, clustering due to hmC can be reversed by adding the supramolecule α-cyclodextrin, which is known to capture hydrophobes in its binding pocket. Overall, the results from this work are broadly consistent with the earlier mechanism, albeit with a few modifications.

Published
2020

13. Surface-modified nanoerythrosomes for potential optical imaging diagnostics

Author

Andrea Porcheddu, Srinivasa R. Raghavan, Peter Jönsson, Marco Fornasier, Anna Casu, Karin Schillén, and Sergio Murgia

Subjects
congenital, hereditary, and neonatal diseases and abnormalities, Azides, Materials science, Biocompatibility, Nanoparticle, Nanotechnology, 02 engineering and technology, 010402 general chemistry, 01 natural sciences, Biomaterials, Colloid and Surface Chemistry, Optical imaging, Fluorescence microscope, Animals, skin and connective tissue diseases, Fluorescent Dyes, Surface modified, Optical Imaging, nutritional and metabolic diseases, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Fluorescence, 0104 chemical sciences, Surfaces, Coatings and Films, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, Alkynes, Surface modification, Cattle, Click Chemistry, 0210 nano-technology, Preclinical imaging
Abstract

Nanoerythrosomes (NERs), vesicle-like nanoparticles derived from red blood cells, represent a new and interesting vector for therapeutic molecules and imaging probes, mainly thanks to their high stability and excellent biocompatibility. Aiming to present a proof-of-concept of the use of NERs as diagnostic tools for in vitro/in vivo imaging purposes, we report here several functionalization routes to decorate the surfaces of NERs derived from bovine blood with two different fluorophores: 7-amino-4-methylcumarin and dibenzocyclooctinecyanine5.5. Notably, the fluorophores were cross-linked to the NERs surface with glutaraldehyde and, in the case of dibenzocyclooctinecyanine5.5, also using a click-chemistry route, termed strain-promoted azide-alkyne cycloaddition. The physicochemical characterization highlighted the high stability of the NERs derivatives in physiological conditions. Furthermore, the loading efficiency of the fluorophores on the NERs surface was evaluated using both UV–Vis spectroscopy and fluorescence microscopy.

Published
2020

14. A shape-shifting composite hydrogel sheet with spatially patterned plasmonic nanoparticles

Author

Guangyu Wu, Srinivasa R. Raghavan, Yang Yang, Yijing Liu, Hongyu Guo, Zhihong Nie, and Kerry C. DeMella

Subjects
Materials science, Composite number, Biomedical Engineering, Metal Nanoparticles, Nanotechnology, macromolecular substances, 02 engineering and technology, 010402 general chemistry, complex mixtures, 01 natural sciences, law.invention, law, Humans, General Materials Science, Plasmon, Plasmonic nanoparticles, technology, industry, and agriculture, Hydrogels, General Chemistry, General Medicine, Photothermal therapy, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Laser, 0104 chemical sciences, Colloidal gold, Deformation (engineering), 0210 nano-technology, Contact print
Abstract

We report a simple and reliable approach to fabricate composite hydrogel sheets with spatially patterned regions of plasmonic gold nanoparticles using a combination of contact printing and diffusion-controlled galvanic replacement reaction. In response to near-infrared laser irradiation, the localized increase in temperature induced the controlled shape deformation of the composite hydrogels, due to the combined effect of photothermal heating of the loaded gold nanoparticles and the thermal responsiveness of the hydrogel matrix. The same hydrogel can be designed to exhibit different modes of shape deformation depending on the direction of light irradiation, which has rarely been reported previously. The composite hydrogels may find applications in biomedicine and soft robots.

Published
2020

15. Nature-Inspired Hydrogels with Soft and Stiff Zones that Exhibit a 100-Fold Difference in Elastic Modulus

Author

Salimeh Gharazi, Brady C. Zarket, Kerry C. DeMella, and Srinivasa R. Raghavan

Subjects
Materials science, Nanocomposite, 02 engineering and technology, Fold (geology), 010402 general chemistry, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, 01 natural sciences, Biological materials, 0104 chemical sciences, Shear modulus, Compressive strength, Self-healing hydrogels, General Materials Science, Nature inspired, Composite material, 0210 nano-technology, Elastic modulus
Abstract

Many biological materials, such as the squid beak and the spinal disc, have a combination of stiff and soft parts with very different mechanical properties, for example, the elastic modulus (stiffness) of the stiffest part of the squid beak is about 100 times that of the softest part. Researchers have attempted to mimic such structures using hydrogels but have not succeeded in synthesizing bulk gels with such large variations in moduli. Here, we present a general approach that can be used to form hydrogels with two or more zones having appreciably different mechanical characters. For this purpose, we use a technique developed in our lab for creating hybrid hydrogels with distinct zones. For the soft zone of the gel, we form a polymer network using a conventional acrylic monomer [ N, N'-dimethylacrylamide (DMAA)] and with laponite (LAP) nanoparticles as the cross-linkers. For the stiff zone, we combine DMAA, LAP, and a methacrylated silica precursor ([3-(methacryloyloxy)-propyl]trimethoxy-silane). When this mixture is polymerized, nanoscale silica particles (∼300 nm in diameter) are formed, and these serve as additional cross-links between the polymer chains, making this network very stiff. The unique character of each zone is preserved in the hybrid gel, and different zones are covalently linked to each other, thereby ensuring robust interfaces. Rheological measurements show that the elastic modulus of the stiff zone can be more than 100 times that of the soft zone. This ratio of moduli is the highest reported to date in a single, continuous gel and is comparable to the ratio in the squid beak. We present different variations of our soft-stiff hybrid gels, including multizone cylinders and core-shell discs. Such soft-stiff gels could have utility in bioengineering, such as in interfacing stiff medical implants with soft tissues.

Published
2018

16. Does the Solvent in a Dispersant Impact the Efficiency of Crude-Oil Dispersion?

Author

Srinivasa R. Raghavan, Jay C Fernandes, Alon V. McCormick, Futoon O Aljirafi, Geoffrey D. Bothun, Vijay T. John, and Niti R Agrawal

Subjects
Chemistry, 02 engineering and technology, Surfaces and Interfaces, 010402 general chemistry, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Condensed Matter Physics, Crude oil, 01 natural sciences, Dispersant, 0104 chemical sciences, Solvent, Hildebrand solubility parameter, Chemical engineering, Electrochemistry, Flash point, General Materials Science, Seawater, Solubility, 0210 nano-technology, Volatility (chemistry), Spectroscopy
Abstract

Dispersants, used in the mitigation of oil spills, are mixtures of amphiphilic molecules (surfactants) dissolved in a solvent. The recent large-scale use of dispersants has raised environmental concerns regarding the safety of these materials. In response to these concerns, our lab has developed a class of eco-friendly dispersants based on blends of the food-grade surfactants, soy lecithin (L) and Tween 80 (T), in a solvent. We have shown that these "L/T dispersants" are very efficient at dispersing crude oil into seawater. The solvent for dispersants is usually selected based on factors like toxicity, volatility, or viscosity of the overall mixture. However, with regard to the dispersion efficiency of crude oil, the solvent is considered to play a negligible role. In this paper, we re-examine the role of solvent in the L/T system and show that it can actually have a significant impact on the dispersion efficiency. That is, the dispersion efficiency can be altered from poor to excellent simply by varying the solvent while keeping the same blend of surfactants. We devise a systematic procedure for selecting the optimal solvents by utilizing Hansen solubility parameters. The optimal solvents are shown to have a high affinity for crude oil and limited hydrophilicity. Our analysis further enables us to identify solvents that combine high dispersion efficiency, good solubility of the L/T surfactants, a low toxicity profile, and a high flash point.

Published
2019

17. Manipulating electrolyte and solid electrolyte interphase to enable safe and efficient Li-S batteries

Author

Chunsheng Wang, Srinivasa R. Raghavan, Guangbin Ji, Haiyang Wang, Jing Wang, Jing Zheng, Kerry C. DeMella, Xiulin Fan, Singyuk Hou, and Kang Xu

Subjects
Materials science, Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment, 02 engineering and technology, Electrolyte, 010402 general chemistry, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Electrochemistry, 01 natural sciences, Cathode, Energy storage, 0104 chemical sciences, law.invention, Anode, chemistry.chemical_compound, Chemical engineering, chemistry, law, Electrode, General Materials Science, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, 0210 nano-technology, Dissolution, Polysulfide
Abstract

Li-S batteries have been considered promising candidates for the next-generation energy storage devices because of their extremely high energy densities and low cost. However, Li dendrite formation/dissolution and shuttle of high-order polysulfides prevent their practical applications. Herein, we demonstrate a highly concentrated electrolyte, 12 M lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (LiFSI) salt in DME solvent (12 M LiFSI/DME), that can effectively suppress both the Li dendritic growth on the anode and the polysulfide shuttle reactions on the cathode side. The highly concentrated electrolyte along with the robust solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) formed therein play the key role in achieving high coulombic efficiencies for both Li stripping/plating (> 99.2%) and S cathode (> 99.7%). Based on the in-depth understanding of the interactions between electrodes and highly concentrated electrolyte, we designed a novel dilute electrolyte (1 M LiFSI/HFE + DME), which achieves similar electrochemical performances in Li-S batteries as the concentrated electrolytes. These Li-S batteries with the highest CE for Li anode and sulfur cathode maintains a high reversible capacity of 786 mA h/g at 0.1 A/g after 300 cycles, or 644 mA h/g at 300th cycle even at 1 A/g without any detectable shuttle reactions.

Published
2018

18. Remote sensing and in situ platform based study on impact of Bay of Bengal cyclones (Phailin, Helen, Lehar, and Madi) on ocean chlorophyll and associated physical parameters

Author

B. R. Raghavan, Prakash Chauhan, R. K. Sarangi, and S. K. Shrinidhi

Subjects
Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Mixed layer, 0211 other engineering and technologies, Halocline, 02 engineering and technology, 01 natural sciences, Sea surface temperature, Oceanography, Ocean color, Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous), Cyclone, Environmental science, Upwelling, Thermocline, Argo, 021101 geological & geomatics engineering, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Water Science and Technology
Abstract

Impact of four major cyclones: Phailin, Helen, Lehar, and Madi have been studied in terms of changes in ocean productivity utilizing Indian satellite Oceansat-2 ocean color monitor and MODIS-Aqua data during October–December 2013. The 8-day and monthly composite chlorophyll images have been generated owing to the pre-, during, and post-stages of four cyclones; out of which, three were very severe cyclonic storms and the Helen was severe cyclonic storm. The chlorophyll concentration increased two- to threefolds due to the aftereffect of cyclone in the coastal water, and the concentration was very high (around 2–3 mg/m3). To understand the possible links of cyclones to cooling and upwelling, MODIS-Aqua sea surface temperature (SST) images have been processed. The SST images have shown the cooling effect near the cyclone track pass, over Bay of Bengal. The cooling was observed by 2–3 degree Celsius during the above cyclones. To understand the in situ surface water and water column salinity and temperature variability, the Argo float data are plotted and interpreted. The surface contour shows the lowering of salinity and temperature with effects of cyclones. In addition, the Argo depth profile data have shown possible mixed layer deepening in few profiles around halocline and thermocline depths. This study will be useful for mapping potential fishing zone, ocean biogeochemistry and other useful applications and research.

Published
2018

19. A new design for an artificial cell: polymer microcapsules with addressable inner compartments that can harbor biomolecules, colloids or microbial species

Author

William E. Bentley, Srinivasa R. Raghavan, Jessica L. Terrell, Hyuntaek Oh, and Annie Xi Lu

Subjects
chemistry.chemical_classification, Artificial cell, Chemistry, Biomolecule, Nanotechnology, 02 engineering and technology, General Chemistry, Polymer, engineering.material, 010402 general chemistry, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, 01 natural sciences, 0104 chemical sciences, Membrane, Organelle, engineering, Biophysics, Compartment (development), Autoinducer, Biopolymer, 0210 nano-technology
Abstract

Eukaryotic cells have an architecture consisting of multiple inner compartments (organelles) such as the nucleus, mitochondria, and lysosomes. Each organelle is surrounded by a distinct membrane and has unique internal contents; consequently, each organelle has a distinct function within the cell. In this study, we create biopolymer microcapsules having a compartmentalized architecture as in eukaryotic cells. To make these capsules, we present a biocompatible method that solely uses aqueous media (i.e., avoids the use of oil phases), requires no sacrificial templates, and employs a minimal number of steps. Our approach exploits the electrostatic complexation of oppositely charged polymers dissolved in aqueous media. Specifically, droplets of an anionic biopolymer are generated using a simple microcapillary device, with the droplets being sheared off the capillary tip by pulses of gas (air or nitrogen). The liquid droplets are then introduced into a reservoir whereupon they encounter multivalent cations as well as a cationic biopolymer; thereby, a solid shell is formed around each droplet by electrostatic interactions between the polymers while the core is ionically cross-linked into a gel. In the next step, a discrete number of these capsules are encapsulated within a larger outer capsule by repeating the same process with a wider capillary. Our approach allows us to control the overall diameter of these multicompartment capsules (MCCs) (∼300-500 μm), the diameters of the inner compartments (∼100-300 μm), and the number of inner compartments in an MCC (1 to >5). More importantly, we can encapsulate different payloads in each of the inner compartments, including colloidal particles, enzymes, and microbial cells, in all cases preserving their native functions. A hallmark of biological cells is the existence of cascade processes, where products created in one organelle are transported and used in another. As an initial demonstration of the capabilities afforded by our MCCs, we study a simple cascade process involving two strains of bacteria (E. coli), which communicate through small molecules known as autoinducers. In one compartment of the MCC, we cultivate E. coli that produces autoinducer 2 (AI-2) in the presence of growth media. The AI-2 then diffuses into an adjacent compartment within the MCC wherein a reporter strain of E. coli is cultivated. The reporter E. coli imbibes the AI-2 and in turn, produces a fluorescence response. Thus, the action (AI-2 production) and response (fluorescence signal) are localized within different compartments in the same MCC. We believe this study is an important advance in the path towards an artificial cell.

Published
2017

20. Wormlike micelles versus water-soluble polymers as rheology-modifiers: similarities and differences

Author

Ji Wang, Yujun Feng, Niti R Agrawal, and Srinivasa R. Raghavan

Subjects
Persistence length, chemistry.chemical_classification, Polyacrylamide, General Physics and Astronomy, 02 engineering and technology, Polymer, Neutron scattering, 010402 general chemistry, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, 01 natural sciences, Micelle, 0104 chemical sciences, Viscosity, chemistry.chemical_compound, chemistry, Rheology, Chemical engineering, Pulmonary surfactant, Polymer chemistry, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, 0210 nano-technology
Abstract

Wormlike micelles (WLMs) formed from surfactants have attracted much attention for their ability to thicken water in a manner similar to water-soluble polymers. It is known that WLMs are cylindrical filaments that can attain very long contour lengths (∼few μm), akin to chains of polymers with ultra-high molecular weights (UHMWs). In this study, we aim to make a direct comparison between the thickening capabilities of WLMs and UHMW polymers. The chosen surfactant is erucyl dimethyl amidopropyl betaine (EDAB), a C22-tailed zwitterionic surfactant known to form particularly long WLMs independent of salt. The chosen polymer is nonionic polyacrylamide (PAM) having an UHMW of 12 MDa. Both EDAB WLMs and the PAM show strong thickening capability in saline water at 25 °C, but the WLMs are more efficient. For example, a 1.0 wt% EDAB WLM sample has a similar zero-shear viscosity η0 (∼40 000 mPa s) to a 2.5 wt% PAM solution. When temperature is increased, both samples show an exponential reduction in viscosity, but the WLMs are more sensitive to temperature. Microstructural differences between the two systems are confirmed by data from small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) and cryo-transmission electron microscopy (cryo-TEM). As expected, the key differences are that the WLM chains have a larger core radius (Rcore) and in turn, a longer persistence length (lp) than the PAM chains.

Published
2017

21. Programming the Shape Transformation of a Composite Hydrogel Sheet via Erasable and Rewritable Nanoparticle Patterns

Author

Srinivasa R. Raghavan, Kuikun Yang, Zhihong Nie, Hongyu Guo, Kerry C. DeMella, Jian Cheng, and Teng Li

Subjects
Materials science, Composite number, Soft robotics, Nanoparticle, Shape transformation, Nanotechnology, 02 engineering and technology, Photothermal therapy, 010402 general chemistry, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, 01 natural sciences, 0104 chemical sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, chemistry, Tissue engineering, Self-healing hydrogels, General Materials Science, 0210 nano-technology, Iron oxide nanoparticles
Abstract

Hydrogels with shapes that can be adapted to their environment have attracted great attention from both academia and industry. We report herein a new and robust strategy to reprogram the light-induced shape transformation of a thermoresponsive composite hydrogel sheet with erasable and rewritable patterns of iron oxide nanoparticles as photothermal agents. Numerous distinct and reversible shape transformations are achieved from a single hydrogel sheet by repeatably writing in the sheet with different nanoparticle patterns. The shape transformations were verified by finite element modeling. The present strategy is simple, fast, and efficient in reprogramming the shape change of the thermoresponsive hydrogel material. The composite hydrogel sheet may find applications in soft robotics, tissue engineering, and controlled release.

Published
2019

22. Rapid Electroformation of Biopolymer Gels in Prescribed Shapes and Patterns: A Simpler Alternative to 3-D Printing

Author

William E. Bentley, Sohyun Ahn, Srinivasa R. Raghavan, and Ankit Gargava

Subjects
Materials science, Alginates, 02 engineering and technology, engineering.material, 010402 general chemistry, medicine.disease_cause, 01 natural sciences, law.invention, Diffusion, chemistry.chemical_compound, Biopolymers, law, Mold, medicine, Electrochemistry, General Materials Science, Direct current, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Cathode, 0104 chemical sciences, Anode, Electrophoresis, Kinetics, Chemical engineering, chemistry, Printing, Three-Dimensional, engineering, Agarose, Biopolymer, 0210 nano-technology, Rheology, Layer (electronics), Gels
Abstract

We demonstrate the use of electric fields to rapidly form gels of the biopolymer alginate (Alg) in specific three-dimensional (3-D) shapes and patterns. In our approach, we start with a gel of the biopolymer agarose, which is thermoresponsive and hence can be molded into a specific shape. The agarose mold is then loaded with Ca2+ cations and placed in a beaker containing an Alg solution. The inner surface of the beaker is surrounded by aluminum foil (cathode), and a copper wire (anode) is stuck in the agarose mold. These are connected to a direct current (DC) power source, and when a potential of ∼10 V is applied, an Alg gel is formed in a shape that replicates the mold. Gelation occurs because the Ca2+ ions electrophoretically migrate away from the mold, whereupon they cross-link the Alg chains adjacent to the mold. At low Ca2+ (0.01 wt %), the Alg gel layer grows outward from the mold surface at a steady rate of about 0.8 mm/min, and the gel stops growing when the field is switched off. After a gel of d...

Published
2019

23. Wormlike Micelles of a Cationic Surfactant in Polar Organic Solvents: Extending Surfactant Self-Assembly to New Systems and Subzero Temperatures

Author

Yujun Feng, Xiu Yue, Srinivasa R. Raghavan, and Niti R Agrawal

Subjects
chemistry.chemical_classification, Formamide, Aqueous solution, 02 engineering and technology, Surfaces and Interfaces, 010402 general chemistry, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Condensed Matter Physics, 01 natural sciences, Krafft temperature, Micelle, 0104 chemical sciences, Solvent, chemistry.chemical_compound, chemistry, Chemical engineering, Pulmonary surfactant, Electrochemistry, General Materials Science, Counterion, 0210 nano-technology, Ethylene glycol, Spectroscopy
Abstract

Wormlike micelles (WLMs) are long, flexible cylindrical chains formed by the self-assembly of surfactants in semidilute solutions. Scientists have been fascinated by WLMs because of their similarities to polymers, while at the same time, the viscoelastic properties of WLM solutions have made them useful in a variety of industrial applications. To date, most studies on WLMs have been performed in water (i.e., a highly polar liquid), while there are a few examples of "reverse" WLMs in oils (i.e., highly nonpolar liquids). However, in organic solvents with lower polarity than water such as glycerol, formamide, and ethylene glycol, there have been no reports of WLMs thus far. Here, we show that it is indeed possible to induce a long-tailed cationic surfactant to assemble into WLMs in several of these solvents. To form WLMs, the surfactant is combined with a "binding" salt, i.e., one with a large organic counterion that is capable of binding to the micelles. Examples of such salts include sodium salicylate and sodium tosylate, and we find self-assembly to be maximized when the surfactant and salt concentrations are near-equimolar. Interestingly, the addition of a simple, inorganic salt such as sodium chloride (NaCl) to the same surfactant does not induce WLMs in polar solvents (although it does so in water). Thus, the design rules for WLM formation in polar solvents are distinct from those in water. Aqueous WLMs have been characterized at temperatures from 25 °C and above, but few studies have examined WLMs at much lower (e.g., subzero) temperatures. Here, we have selected a surfactant with a very low Krafft point (i.e., the surfactant does not crystallize out of solution upon cooling due to a cis-unsaturation in its tail) and a low-freezing solvent, viz. a 90/10 mixture of glycerol and ethylene glycol. In these mixtures, we find evidence for WLMs that persist down to temperatures as low as -20 °C. Rheological techniques as well as small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) have been used to characterize the WLMs under these conditions. Much like their aqueous counterparts, WLMs in polar solvents show viscoelastic properties, and accordingly, these fluids could find applications as synthetic lubricants or as improved antifreezing fluids.

Published
2019

24. Freestanding organogels by molecular velcro of unsaturated amphiphiles

Author

George John, Padmanava Pradhan, Malick Samateh, Sitakanta Satapathy, Leela Rakesh, Vijai Shankar Balachandran, Kizhmuri P. Divya, Srinivasa R. Raghavan, Sai Sateesh Sagiri, Shashi P. Karna, and Michael S. Sellers

Subjects
chemistry.chemical_classification, Degree of unsaturation, 02 engineering and technology, General Chemistry, 010402 general chemistry, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Condensed Matter Physics, 01 natural sciences, Micelle, 0104 chemical sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, Monomer, chemistry, Polymerization, Amide, Amphiphile, Polymer chemistry, Side chain, 0210 nano-technology, Alkyl
Abstract

A simple amphiphile, N-cardanyltaurine amide (NCT) with different degrees of cis-unsaturation in its tail resulted in the formation of strong organogels. Interestingly, this is in contrast to the commonly accepted notion that introducing unsaturation in alkyl chains enhances fluidity in lipid assemblies. The physico-chemical and first-principles DFT calculations confirmed the pegging of ‘kinked’ unsaturated side chains, where the hydrophobic interlocking as in Velcro fasteners leads to a network of cylindrical micelles, resulting in self-standing organogels. Textural profile analysis and spectroscopic details substantiated the dynamic assembly to resemble a 3D network of gelators rather than being a cross-linked or polymerized matrix of monomers.

Published
2019

25. 'Killer' Microcapsules That Can Selectively Destroy Target Microparticles in Their Vicinity

Author

Srinivasa R. Raghavan, Chandamany Arya, and Hyuntaek Oh

Subjects
Materials science, Alginates, Ionic bonding, Capsules, 02 engineering and technology, engineering.material, 010402 general chemistry, 01 natural sciences, Chitosan, Glucose Oxidase, chemistry.chemical_compound, Biopolymers, Glucuronic Acid, General Materials Science, Glucose oxidase, Chelation, biology, Hexuronic Acids, Microbead (research), 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Natural killer T cell, 0104 chemical sciences, chemistry, Biochemistry, Glutaral, Biophysics, biology.protein, engineering, Biopolymer, Glutaraldehyde, 0210 nano-technology
Abstract

We have developed microscale polymer capsules that are able to chemically degrade a certain type of polymeric microbead in their immediate vicinity. The inspiration here is from the body’s immune system, where killer T cells selectively destroy cancerous cells or cells infected by pathogens while leaving healthy cells alone. The “killer” capsules are made from the cationic biopolymer chitosan by a combination of ionic cross-linking (using multivalent tripolyposphate anions) and subsequent covalent cross-linking (using glutaraldehyde). During capsule formation, the enzyme glucose oxidase (GOx) is encapsulated in these capsules. The target beads are made by ionic cross-linking of the biopolymer alginate using copper (Cu2+) cations. The killer capsules harvest glucose from their surroundings, which is then enzymatically converted by GOx into gluconate ions. These ions are known for their ability to chelate Cu2+ cations. Thus, when a killer capsule is next to a target alginate bead, the gluconate ions diffuse...

Published
2016

26. Enzyme-Triggered Folding of Hydrogels: Toward a Mimic of the Venus Flytrap

Author

Zhihong Nie, Ankit Gargava, Catherine P. Nguyen, Jasmin C. Athas, Brady C. Zarket, and Srinivasa R. Raghavan

Subjects
Materials science, food.ingredient, 02 engineering and technology, Polyethylene glycol, 010402 general chemistry, 01 natural sciences, Gelatin, Mice, chemistry.chemical_compound, food, Polymer chemistry, Animals, Venus flytrap, General Materials Science, chemistry.chemical_classification, biology, GLYCOL DIMETHACRYLATE, Bilayer, Biomolecule, Temperature, Water, Hydrogels, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, biology.organism_classification, 0104 chemical sciences, Enzyme, chemistry, Self-healing hydrogels, Biophysics, 0210 nano-technology, Droseraceae
Abstract

External triggers such as pH or temperature can induce hydrogels to swell or shrink rapidly. Recently, these triggers have also been used to alter the three-dimensional (3-D) shapes of gels: for example, a flat gel sheet can be induced to fold into a tube. Self-folding gels are reminiscent of natural structures such as the Venus flytrap, which folds its leaves to entrap its prey. They are also of interest for applications in sensing or microrobotics. However, to advance the utility of self-folding gels, the range of triggers needs to be expanded beyond the conventional ones. Toward this end, we have designed a class of gels that change shape in response to very low concentrations of specific biomolecules. The gels are hybrids of three different constituents: (A) polyethylene glycol diacrylate (PEGDA); (B) gelatin methacrylate-co-polyethylene glycol dimethacrylate (GelMA-co-PEGDMA); and (C) N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPA). The thin-film hybrid is constructed as a bilayer or sandwich of two layers, with an A/B layer (alternating strips of A and B) sandwiched above a layer of gel C. Initially, when this hybrid gel is placed in water, the C layer is much more swollen than the A/B layer. Despite the swelling mismatch, the sheet remains flat because the A/B layer is very stiff. When collagenase enzyme is added to the water, it cleaves the gelatin chains in B, thus reducing the stiffness of the A/B layer. As a result, the swollen C layer is able to fold over the A/B layer, causing the sheet to transform into a specific shape. The typical transition is from flat sheet to closed hollow tube, and the time scale for this transition decreases with increasing enzyme concentration. Shape transitions are induced by enzyme levels as low as 0.75 U/mL. Interestingly, a shape transition is also induced by adding the lysate of murine fibroblast cells, which contains enzymes from the matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) family at levels around 0.1 U/mL (MMPs are similar to collagenase in their ability to cleave gelatin). We further show that transitions from flat sheets to other shapes such as helices and pancakes can be engineered by altering the design pattern of the gel. Additionally, we have made a rudimentary analog of the Venus flytrap, with two flat gels ("leaves") flanking a central folding gel ("hinge"). When enzyme is added, the hinge bends and brings the leaves together, trapping objects in the middle.

Published
2016

27. Smart Hydrogel-Based Valves Inspired by the Stomata in Plants

Author

Chandamany Arya, Ankit Gargava, and Srinivasa R. Raghavan

Subjects
Acrylamide, Acrylamides, Biomimetic materials, Materials science, Plant Stomata, Photoacid generator, Hydrogels, Nanotechnology, 02 engineering and technology, 010402 general chemistry, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Critical value, 01 natural sciences, 0104 chemical sciences, Solvent, Membrane, Chemical engineering, Biomimetic Materials, Self-healing hydrogels, General Materials Science, Solvent composition, 0210 nano-technology
Abstract

We report the design of hydrogels that can act as "smart" valves or membranes. Each hydrogel is engineered with a pore (about 1 cm long and1 mm thick) that remains closed under ambient conditions but opens under specific conditions. Our design is inspired by the stomatal valves in plant leaves, which regulate the movement of water and gases in and out of the leaves. The design features two different gels, active and passive, which are attached concentrically to form a disc-shaped hybrid film. The pore is created in the central active gel, and the conditions for opening the pore can be tuned based on the chemistry of this gel. For example, if the active gel is made from N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPA), the actuation of the pore depends on the temperature of water relative to 32 °C, which is the lower-critical solution temperature (LCST) of NIPA. The concentric design of our hybrid provides directionality to the volumetric transition of the active gel, i.e., it ensures that the pore opens as the active gel shrinks. In turn, contact with hot water (T32 °C) opens the pore and allows the water to pass through the gel. Conversely, the pore remains closed when the water is cold (T32 °C). The gel thereby acts as a "smart" valve that is able to regulate the flow of solvent depending on its properties. We have extended the concept to other stimuli that can cause gel-swelling transitions including solvent composition, pH, and light. Additionally, when two different gel-based valves are arranged in series, the assembly acts as a logical "AND" gate, i.e., water flows through the valve-combination only if it simultaneously satisfies two distinct conditions (such as its pH being below a critical value and its temperature being above a critical value).

Published
2016

28. Chitosan-Alginate Microcapsules Provide Gastric Protection and Intestinal Release of ICAM-1-Targeting Nanocarriers, Enabling GI Targeting In Vivo

Author

Hyuntaek Oh, Silvia Muro, Rasa Ghaffarian, Edgar Perez Herrero, and Srinivasa R. Raghavan

Subjects
Drug, Biodistribution, Materials science, media_common.quotation_subject, 02 engineering and technology, Pharmacology, 010402 general chemistry, Endocytosis, behavioral disciplines and activities, 01 natural sciences, Gastrointestinal epithelium, Article, Biomaterials, Chitosan, chemistry.chemical_compound, In vivo, mental disorders, Electrochemistry, media_common, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Condensed Matter Physics, Controlled release, 0104 chemical sciences, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, chemistry, Nanocarriers, 0210 nano-technology
Abstract

When administered intravenously, active targeting of drug nanocarriers (NCs) improves biodistribution and endocytosis. Targeting may also improve oral delivery of NCs to treat gastrointestinal (GI) pathologies or for systemic absoption. However, GI instability of targeting moieties compromises this strategy. We explored whether encapsulation of antibody-coated NCs in microcapsules would protect against gastric degradation, providing NCs release and targeting in intestinal conditions. We used nanoparticles coated with antibodies against intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (anti-ICAM) or non-specific IgG. NCs (~160-nm) were encapsulated in ~180-μm microcapsules with an alginate core, in the absence or presence of a chitosan shell. We found >95% NC encapsulation within microcapsules and

Published
2016

29. Colloidal Properties of Nanoerythrosomes Derived from Bovine Red Blood Cells

Author

Dao Hoang, Hsuan-Chen Wu, Srinivasa R. Raghavan, William E. Bentley, Yuan-Chia Kuo, and Warren D. D'Souza

Subjects
congenital, hereditary, and neonatal diseases and abnormalities, Erythrocytes, Nanostructure, Biocompatibility, Sonication, Nanotechnology, 02 engineering and technology, 010402 general chemistry, 01 natural sciences, Colloid, Drug Delivery Systems, Electrochemistry, Animals, General Materials Science, Colloids, skin and connective tissue diseases, Spectroscopy, Drug Carriers, Liposome, Chemistry, Cryoelectron Microscopy, nutritional and metabolic diseases, Surfaces and Interfaces, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Condensed Matter Physics, 0104 chemical sciences, Membrane, Liposomes, biological sciences, Drug delivery, Biophysics, Nanomedicine, Cattle, 0210 nano-technology
Abstract

Liposomes are nanoscale containers that are typically synthesized from lipids using a high-shear process such as extrusion or sonication. While liposomes are extensively used in drug delivery, they do suffer from certain problems including limited colloidal stability and short circulation times in the body. As an alternative to liposomes, we explore a class of container structures derived from erythrocytes (red blood cells). The procedure involves emptying the inner contents of these cells (specifically hemoglobin) and resuspending the empty structures in buffer, followed by sonication. The resulting structures are termed nanoerythrosomes (NERs), i.e., they are membrane-covered nanoscale containers, much like liposomes. Cryo-transmission electron microscopy (cryo-TEM) and small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) are employed for the first time to study these NERs. The results reveal that the NERs are discrete spheres (∼110 nm diameter) with a unilamellar membrane of thickness ∼4.5 nm. Remarkably, the biconcave disc-like shape of erythrocytes is also exhibited by the NERs under hypertonic conditions. Moreover, unlike typical liposomes, NERs show excellent colloidal stability in both buffer as well as in serum at room temperature, and are also able to withstand freeze-thaw cycling. We have explored the potential for using NERs as colloidal vehicles for targeted delivery. Much like conventional liposomes, NER membranes can be decorated with fluorescent or other markers, solutes can be encapsulated in the cores of the NERs, and NERs can be targeted to specifically bind to mammalian cells. Our study shows that NERs are a promising and versatile class of nanostructures. NERs that are harvested from a patient's own blood and reconfigured for nanomedicine can potentially offer several benefits including biocompatibility, minimization of immune response, and extended circulation time in the body.

Published
2015

30. Cation-induced folding of alginate-bearing bilayer gels: an unusual example of spontaneous folding along the long axis

Author

Shailaa Kummar, Jasmin C. Athas, Srinivasa R. Raghavan, and Catherine P. Nguyen

Subjects
Long axis, Short axis, Materials science, Bilayer, 02 engineering and technology, General Chemistry, Fold (geology), engineering.material, 010402 general chemistry, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Condensed Matter Physics, 01 natural sciences, 0104 chemical sciences, Active layer, Crystallography, medicine, engineering, Directionality, Biopolymer, Swelling, medicine.symptom, 0210 nano-technology
Abstract

The spontaneous folding of flat gel films into tubes is an interesting example of self-assembly. Typically, a rectangular film folds along its short axis when forming a tube; folding along the long axis has been seen only in rare instances when the film is constrained. Here, we report a case where the same free-swelling gel film folds along either its long or short axis depending on the concentration of a solute. Our gels are sandwiches (bilayers) of two layers: a passive layer of cross-linked N,N'-dimethylyacrylamide (DMAA) and an active layer of cross-linked DMAA that also contains chains of the biopolymer alginate. Multivalent cations like Ca2+ and Cu2+ induce these bilayer gels to fold into tubes. The folding occurs instantly when a flat film of the gel is introduced into a solution of these cations. The likely cause for folding is that the active layer stiffens and shrinks (because the alginate chains in it get cross-linked by the cations) whereas the passive layer is unaffected. The resulting mismatch in swelling degree between the two layers creates internal stresses that drive folding. Cations that are incapable of cross-linking alginate, such as Na+ and Mg2+, do not induce gel folding. Moreover, the striking aspect is the direction of folding. When the Ca2+ concentration is high (100 mM or higher), the gels fold along their long axis, whereas when the Ca2+ concentration is low (40 to 80 mM), the gels fold along their short axis. We hypothesize that the folding axis is dictated by the inhomogeneous nature of alginate-cation cross-linking, i.e., that the edges get cross-linked before the faces of the gel. At high Ca2+ concentration, the stiffer edges constrain the folding; in turn, the gel folds such that the longer edges are deformed less, which explains the folding along the long axis. At low Ca2+ concentration, the edges and the faces of the gel are more similar in their degree of cross-linking; therefore, the gel folds along its short axis. An analogy can be made to natural structures (such as leaves and seed pods) where stiff elements provide the directionality for folding.

Published
2018

31. Shape-Changing Tubular Hydrogels

Author

Srinivasa R. Raghavan, Neville J. Fernandes, and Bani H. Cipriano

Subjects
Materials science, stimuli-responsive polymers, Polymers and Plastics, Organic Chemistry, Ionic bonding, Bioengineering, 02 engineering and technology, 010402 general chemistry, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Smart material, 01 natural sciences, Article, 0104 chemical sciences, Biomaterials, chemistry.chemical_compound, Monomer, chemistry, hybrid hydrogels, smart materials, Self-healing hydrogels, Solvent composition, Composite material, Tube (container), 0210 nano-technology
Abstract

We describe the creation of hollow tubular hydrogels in which different zones along the length of the tube are composed of different gels. Our method to create these gels is adapted from a technique developed previously in our lab for creating solid hybrid hydrogels. The zones of our tubular gel are covalently bonded at the interfaces; as a result, these interfaces are highly robust. Consequently, the tube can be picked up, manipulated and stretched without suffering any damage. The hollow nature of these gels allows them to respond 2⁻30-fold faster to external stimuli compared to a solid gel of identical composition. We study the case where one zone of the hybrid tube is responsive to pH (due to the incorporation of an ionic monomer) while the other zones are not. Initially, the entire tube has the same diameter, but when pH is changed, the diameter of the pH-responsive zone alone increases (i.e., this zone bulges outward) while the other zones maintain their original diameter. The net result is a drastic change in the shape of the gel, and this can be reversed by reverting the pH to its original value. Similar localized changes in gel shape are shown for two other stimuli: temperature and solvent composition. Our study points the way for researchers to design three-dimensional soft objects that can reversibly change their shape in response to stimuli.

Published
2018

32. Microstructural characteristics of surfactant assembly into a gel-like mesophase for application as an oil spill dispersant

Author

Marzhana Omarova, Gary L. McPherson, Jyotsana Lal, Yueheng Zhang, Srinivasa R. Raghavan, Xin Li, Olasehinde Owoseni, Arijit Bose, and Vijay T. John

Subjects
Materials science, Drop (liquid), Mesophase, 02 engineering and technology, 010402 general chemistry, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Microstructure, 01 natural sciences, Small-angle neutron scattering, Dispersant, 0104 chemical sciences, Surfaces, Coatings and Films, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, Biomaterials, Surface tension, Colloid and Surface Chemistry, Chemical engineering, Pulmonary surfactant, Lamellar structure, 0210 nano-technology
Abstract

Hypothesis Polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monooleate (Tween 80) can be incorporated into the gel-like phase formed by L-α-phosphatidylcholine (PC) and dioctyl sulfosuccinate sodium salt (DOSS) for potential application as a gel-like dispersant for oil spill treatment. Such gel-like dispersants offer advantages over existing liquid dispersants for mitigating oil spill impacts. Experiments Crude oil-in-saline water emulsions stabilized by the surfactant system were characterized by optical microscopy and turbidity measurements while interfacial tensions were measured by the spinning drop and pendant drop techniques. The microstructure of the gel-like surfactant mesophase was elucidated using small angle neutron scattering (SANS), cryo scanning electron microscopy (cryo-SEM), and 31P nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Findings The gel-like phase consisting of PC, DOSS and Tween 80 is positively buoyant on water and breaks down on contact with floating crude oil layers to release the surfactant components. The surfactant mixture effectively lowers the crude oil-saline water interfacial tension to the 10−2 mN/m range, producing stable crude oil-in-saline water emulsions with an average droplet size of about 7.81 µm. Analysis of SANS, cryo-SEM and NMR spectroscopy data reveals that the gel-like mesophase has a lamellar microstructure that transition from rolled lamellar sheets to onion-like, multilamellar structures with increasing Tween 80 content.

Published
2018

33. Clustering of Cyclodextrin-Functionalized Microbeads by an Amphiphilic Biopolymer: Real-Time Observation of Structures Resembling Blood Clots

Author

Chandamany Arya, Hubert Huang, Camila A. Saez Cabesas, and Srinivasa R. Raghavan

Subjects
Materials science, Polymers, 02 engineering and technology, engineering.material, 010402 general chemistry, 01 natural sciences, Hydrophobic effect, Biopolymers, Polymer chemistry, Amphiphile, Side chain, Cluster (physics), General Materials Science, chemistry.chemical_classification, Cyclodextrins, Cyclodextrin, Thrombosis, Polymer, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Microspheres, 0104 chemical sciences, chemistry, engineering, Self-assembly, Biopolymer, 0210 nano-technology, Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions
Abstract

Colloidal particles can be induced to cluster by adding polymers in a process called bridging flocculation. For bridging to occur, the polymer must bind strongly to the surfaces of adjacent particles, such as via electrostatic interactions. Here, we introduce a new system where bridging occurs due to specific interactions between the side chains of an amphiphilic polymer and supramolecules on the particle surface. The polymer is a hydrophobically modified chitosan (hmC) while the particles are uniform polymeric microbeads (∼160 μm in diameter) made by a microfluidic technique and functionalized on their surface by α-cyclodextrins (CDs). The CDs have hydrophobic binding pockets that can capture the n-alkyl hydrophobes present along the hmC chains. Clustering of CD-coated microbeads in water by hmC is visualized in real time using optical microscopy. Interestingly, the clustering follows two distinct stages: first, the microbeads are bridged into clusters by hmC chains, which occurs by the interaction of individual chains with the CDs on adjacent particles. Thereafter, additional hmC from the solution adsorbs onto the surfaces of the microbeads and an hmC "mesh" grows around the clusters. This growing nanostructured mesh can trap surrounding microsized objects and sequester them within the overall cluster. Such clustering is reminiscent of blood clotting where blood platelets initially cluster at a wound site, whereupon they induce growth of a protein (fibrin) mesh around the clusters, which entraps other passive cells. Clustering does not occur with the native chitosan (lacking hydrophobes) or with the bare particles (lacking CDs); these results confirm that the clustering is indeed due to hydrophobic interactions between the hmC and the CDs. Microbead clustering via amphiphilic biopolymers could be applicable in embolization, which is a surgical technique used to block blood flow to a particular area of the body, or in agglutination assays.

Published
2017

35. Extrusion-Based 3D Printing of Hierarchically Porous Advanced Battery Electrodes

Author

Dylan Kirsch, Yi Lin, John W. Connell, Shaomao Xu, Laurence Q. Garcia, Jiaqi Dai, Brady C. Zarket, Liangbing Hu, Srinivasa R. Raghavan, Boyang Liu, Tingting Gao, Yonggang Yao, Yiju Li, Steven D. Lacey, and Joseph T. Morgenstern

Subjects
Materials science, Nanoporous, Graphene, Mechanical Engineering, Oxide, Nanotechnology, 02 engineering and technology, 010402 general chemistry, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, 01 natural sciences, 0104 chemical sciences, law.invention, Nanomaterials, chemistry.chemical_compound, chemistry, Mechanics of Materials, law, Nano, General Materials Science, Extrusion, 0210 nano-technology, Porosity, Nanoscopic scale
Abstract

A highly porous 2D nanomaterial, holey graphene oxide (hGO), is synthesized directly from holey graphene powder and employed to create an aqueous 3D printable ink without the use of additives or binders. Stable dispersions of hydrophilic hGO sheets in water (≈100 mg mL-1 ) can be readily achieved. The shear-thinning behavior of the aqueous hGO ink enables extrusion-based printing of fine filaments into complex 3D architectures, such as stacked mesh structures, on arbitrary substrates. The freestanding 3D printed hGO meshes exhibit trimodal porosity: nanoscale (4-25 nm through-holes on hGO sheets), microscale (tens of micrometer-sized pores introduced by lyophilization), and macroscale (

Published
2017

36. Amphiphilic Polypeptoids Serve as the Connective Glue to Transform Liposomes into Multilamellar Structures with Closely Spaced Bilayers

Author

Srinivasa R. Raghavan, Sunting Xuan, Gary L. McPherson, Yueheng Zhang, Michelle E. Saito, Xin Li, Olasehinde Owoseni, Marzhana Omarova, Jibao He, Donghui Zhang, and Vijay T. John

Subjects
Liposome, Chemistry, Cryoelectron Microscopy, Lipid Bilayers, 02 engineering and technology, Surfaces and Interfaces, 010402 general chemistry, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Condensed Matter Physics, 01 natural sciences, 0104 chemical sciences, Crystallography, Microscopy, Electron, Transmission, Amphiphile, Liposomes, Electrochemistry, Phosphatidylcholines, Random points, General Materials Science, 0210 nano-technology, Lipid bilayer, Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions, Spectroscopy, Unilamellar Liposomes, Macromolecule
Abstract

We report the ability of hydrophobically modified polypeptoids (HMPs), which are amphiphilic pseudopeptidic macromolecules, to connect across lipid bilayers and thus form layered structures on liposomes. The HMPs are obtained by attaching hydrophobic decyl groups at random points along the polypeptoid backbone. Although native polypeptoids (with no hydrophobes) have no effect on liposomal structure, the HMPs remodel the unilamellar liposomes into structures with comparable diameters but with multiple concentric bilayers. The transition from single-bilayer to multiple-bilayer structures is revealed by small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) and cryo-transmission electron microscopy (cryo-TEM). The spacing between bilayers is found to be relatively uniform at ∼6.7 nm. We suggest that the amphiphilic nature of the HMPs explains the formation of multibilayered liposomes; i.e., the HMPs insert their hydrophobic tails into adjacent bilayers and thereby serve as the connective glue between bilayers. At higher HMP concentrations, the liposomes are entirely disrupted into much smaller micellelike structures through extensive hydrophobe insertion. Interestingly, these small structures can reattach to fresh unilamellar liposomes and self-assemble to form new two-bilayer liposomes. The two-bilayer liposomes in our study are reminiscent of two-bilayer organelles such as the nucleus in eukaryotic cells. The observations have significance in designing new nanoscale drug delivery carriers with multiple drugs on separate lipid bilayers and extending liposome circulation times with entirely biocompatible materials.

Published
2017

37. Assessment of Turbulence Model Performance Adopted Near Wall Treatment for a Sharp 90° 3-D Turning Diffuser

Author

Vijay R. Raghavan, Yahaya Ramli, Safiah Othman, Sharifah Adzila, Zainal Ambri Abdul Karim, Normayati Nordin, Ishkrizat Taib, and Suzairin Md Seri

Subjects
Near wall, Materials science, business.industry, Turbulence, Flow (psychology), Turbulence modeling, 02 engineering and technology, Mechanics, Computational fluid dynamics, Curvature, 01 natural sciences, 010305 fluids & plasmas, Diffuser (thermodynamics), 020303 mechanical engineering & transports, Optics, 0203 mechanical engineering, Particle image velocimetry, 0103 physical sciences, business
Abstract

The primary aim of this paper is to assess the performance of k-e turbulence models by means of adopting various near wall treatments to simulate the flow within a sharp 90° 3-D turning diffuser. The Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) results were validated quantitatively and qualitatively with the experimental results (using Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV)). The standard k-e adopted curvature correction and enhanced wall treatment of y+ ≈ 1.2–1.7 appears as the best validated model, producing minimal deviation with comparable flow structures to the experimental cases.

Published
2017

38. Onion-like multilayered polymer capsules synthesized by a bioinspired inside-out technique

Author

Srinivasa R. Raghavan and Brady C. Zarket

Subjects
Materials science, Science, Shell (structure), General Physics and Astronomy, Nanotechnology, Core (manufacturing), 02 engineering and technology, 010402 general chemistry, 01 natural sciences, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Article, chemistry.chemical_compound, Composite material, chemistry.chemical_classification, Multidisciplinary, General Chemistry, Polymer, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Layer thickness, 0104 chemical sciences, Monomer, chemistry, Polymerization, Resilience (materials science), 0210 nano-technology
Abstract

Diverse structures in nature, such as the spinal disc and the onion have many concentric layers, and are created starting from the core and proceeding outwards. Here, we demonstrate an inside-out technique for creating multilayered polymer capsules. First, an initiator-loaded gel core is placed in a solution of monomer 1. The initiator diffuses outward and induces polymerization, leading to a shell of polymer 1. Thereafter, the core-shell structure is loaded with fresh initiator and placed in monomer 2, which causes a concentric shell of polymer 2 to form around the first shell. This process can be repeated to form multiple layers, each of a distinct polymer, and of controlled layer thickness. We show that these multilayered capsules can exhibit remarkable mechanical resilience as well as stimuli-responsive properties. The release of solutes from these capsules can be tailored to follow specific profiles depending on the chemistry and order of adjacent layers., Multiple concentric layers are present in a variety of structures present in nature, including the onion. Here, the authors show an inside-out strategy to synthesize multilayered polymer capsules, with different layers having specific composition and thereby specific responses to stimuli such as pH and temperature.

Published
2016

39. AN S-MATRIX ANALYSIS OF THE Z-RESONANCE

Author

D. McNally, R. Fabbretti, Stefan Kirsch, G. Viertel, F. J. Rodriguez, H. R. Gustafson, H. El Mamouni, S. Morganti, G. M. Bilei, D. Antreasyan, Andrea Contin, I. Bechtluft, F. Cesaroni, Luca Lista, J. Schwenke, S. Easo, An.A. Vorobyov, D. Fernandez, X. Y. Cui, M. Gruenewald, Qi An, P. Arce, V. Plyaskin, J. Y. Liao, S. Patricelli, L. Martinez-Laso, D. Goujon, J. M. Ma, Yanwen Liu, Q. Ye, P. Kapinos, O. Adriani, Egidio Longo, A. Kasser, Lucas Taylor, F. C. Erné, Roberto Castello, P. Duinker, C. Warner, A. Atamanchuk, C. Dionisi, Pablo Garcia-Abia, Alain Hervé, Emilio Leonardi, Simonetta Gentile, Sabine Riemann, Vincenzo Innocente, L. Fredj, S. Pensotti, Valery Schegelsky, Antonino Zichichi, Ph Fisher, H. Rykaczewski, Guofan Hu, Giovanni Organtini, K. N. Qureshi, S. Goldfarb, A. Klimentov, P. Schmitz, P. Vikas, G. Tsipolitis, Georgi Sultanov, T. S. Dai, R. A. Khan, V. R. Krastev, M. T. Dova, V. P. Andreev, O. Rind, M. Chemarin, R. Bock, G. M. Chen, A. Sopczak, U. K. Chaturvedi, Maurizio Biasini, A. Bay, Samuel C.C. Ting, Marta Felcini, M. Bosetti, T. E. Coan, J. G. Branson, Kenneth Francis Read, L. Djambazov, Y. Karyotakis, K. Freudenreich, L. Z. Sun, Y. S. Lu, H. O. Cohn, M. M. Ilyas, A. Gougas, D. Hauschildt, Davide Piccolo, Lamberto Luminari, M. Vivargent, M. Sachwitz, Francesco Becattini, X. R. Shi, Z. W. Yin, Felicitas Pauss, K. Sudhakar, G. Passaleva, Carlo Civinini, M. Maolinbay, G. Raven, M. Aguilar-Benitez, M. S. Sarakinos, L. J. Gutay, A. Degré, S. Chung, P.V.K.S. Baba, Attilio Santocchia, Jean Fay, M. Dhina, F. Cotorobai, X. T. Cui, S. Rosier-Lees, P. Le Coultre, K. Hangarter, J. K. Kim, R. Starosta, D. Luckey, Gy L. Bencze, Y. J. Pei, Reinhard W. Schulte, Konrad Deiters, Raffaello D'Alessandro, M. Möller, N. Zaitsev, U. Becker, D. Gele, Jianming Qian, T. Angelescu, G. Hu, H. Anderhub, A. Krivshich, J. B. Ye, I. Duran, L. Romero, C. Maña, I. C. Brock, Herwig Schopper, M. Rattaggi, H. Postema, M. White, J. H. Field, C. Y. Chien, C. Leggett, Z. Y. Lin, Alberto Aloisio, A. Ricker, H. Kuijten, R. Barillère, S. N. Ganguli, E. Gonzalez, Steven Ahlen, Leonardo Merola, Yu. Kamyshkov, J. Mnich, A. Kirkby, Carlos Willmott, F. J. Eppling, G. J. Zhou, L. W. Jones, D. S. Yan, S. M. Ting, Speranza Falciano, G. B. Mills, A. Lebedev, Dong-Chul Son, T. Kramer, K. Mazumdar, J. J. Blaising, H. F. Chen, M. Guanziroli, F. Ferroni, Marcella Diemoz, E. Dénes, R. Sehgal, A. Buytenhuijs, Giovanni Ambrosi, M. N. Kienzle-Focacci, M. MacDermott, R. Rosmalen, Stefano Giagu, H. T. Li, R. Leiste, Christoph Paus, T. Azemoon, A. Rubbia, X. W. Tang, S. X. Wu, C. G. Yang, W. Friebel, P. Zemp, K. S. Kumar, J. G. Xu, M. Fukushima, R. de Asmundis, Wt Lin, B. L. Betev, Y. Zeng, J. P. Martin, A. Tsaregorodtsev, Bolek Wyslouch, S. Wynhoff, A. Nippe, D. Duchesneau, M. Wadhwa, S. C. Tonwar, K. Y. Lee, Frank Filthaut, B. P. Roe, C. Wang, Thomas Ferguson, D. Z. Shen, Chenjie Gu, C. F. He, Alexander Malinin, B. Monteleoni, I. Sheer, P. A. Piroué, B. Zhou, Elisabetta Gallo, P. Marchesini, D. DiBitonto, Ph. Rosselet, M. Steuer, G. Forconi, Yuehong Xie, G. Chiefari, S. Shevchenko, M. A. Niaz, A. Bujak, Oliver Kornadt, M. Pohl, Mariagrazia Alviggi, B. C.C. van der Zwaan, C. Neyer, I. Vetlitsky, W. van Rossum, P. G. Rancoita, Pierluigi Paolucci, M. Gailloud, R. C. Ball, G. Sartorelli, X. L. Wang, F. Behner, T. Paul, Marcos Cerrada, Y. Mi, J. A. Bakken, Y. F. Wang, M. Sassowsky, J. Bao, E. Shumilov, V. Shoutko, B. C. Riemers, Axel König, F. Sticozzi, B. N. Jin, J. Weber, W. Y. Chen, Ren-Yuan Zhu, Luciano Barone, W. Kittel, T. J. Wenaus, Werner Lustermann, A. Pevsner, M. Lenti, Stefan Roth, A. Nadtochy, C. Spartiotis, J. M. Le Goff, M. Bourquin, K. Strauch, Andrea Baschirotto, Adrian Biland, Chenliang Wang, D. H. Wright, Ming Zeng, N. Gheordanescu, Z. M. Wang, A. A. Syed, P. Extermann, P. Lecomte, H. Nowak, I. Leedom, B. Z. Yang, M. Caria, M. Tonutti, Yu. Galaktionov, G. Schwering, M. Rescigno, D. Perret-Gallix, G. Terzi, G. S. Sanders, S. J. Fan, A. M. Cartacci, R. Raghavan, Laurent Vuilleumier, M. Röhner, P. G. Seiler, G. Fernandex, S. Reucroft, F. Wittgenstein, S. Shotkin, L. Ludovici, E. Drago, B.C. Stringfellow, H. Hofer, K. L. Tung, J. A. Rubio, F. Plasil, Mingshui Chen, A. Koulbardis, J. Alcaraz, J. S. Lee, G. F. Susinno, A. Arefiev, M. Yzerman, A. Gurtu, Els Koffeman, M. Fabre, M. Schneegans, D. M. Lee, Dimitri Bourilkov, L. Antonov, R. Morand, Z. L. Xue, W. Wallraff, H. A. Rizvi, N. Yunus, G. Carlino, A. Marin, A. Kunin, M. Pauluzzi, Jun Guo, H. R. Dimitrov, O. Fackler, H. J. Schreiber, S. Banerjee, A. Engler, V. Koutsenko, J. M. Salicio, N. E. Moulai, Hafeez R Hoorani, E. Fiandrini, Zp Zhang, Helmut Vogel, Howard A. Stone, V. K. Gupta, B. Lindemann, L. Urbán, M. Capell, D. Boutigny, J. C. Sens, R. T. Van de Walle, Y. G. Kim, G. Finocchiaro, V. Pojidaec, R. Mount, Marcel Merk, A. C. Weber, G. Gratta, M. T. Choi, Cheng Chen, A. Mihul, E. Brambilla, B. Hartmann, Tariq Aziz, A. Hasan, D. Ren, H. S. Fesefeldt, W. J. Metzger, S. Ro, R. Bizzarri, F. DeNotaristefani, Roberto Battiston, K. Riles, J. Perrier, Z. Z. Xu, J. Wenninger, F. Marzano, Y. H. Chang, I. Scott, George Alverson, Francesca Nessi-Tedaldi, J. S. Kapustinsky, R. Malik, J. D. Burger, W. J. Burger, J. Shukla, C. Zaccardelli, G. Coignet, W. Krenz, U. Vikas, Peter Denes, G. Sauvage, Z. D. Qi, J. T. He, Gerjan Bobbink, B. Borgia, S. Khokhar, T.R. McMahon, S. Müller, F. L. Linde, R. Weill, G. Rahal-Callot, Z. F. Gong, J. M. Lubbers, W. W. Kinnison, S. C. Yeh, J. Behrens, P. J. Li, Paolo Bagnaia, J. Ulbricht, David Stickland, P. Berges, Marco Meschini, Crisostomo Sciacca, P. Lebrun, R. Klöckner, D. Kirkby, Harvey B Newman, K. Hilgers, Xd Cai, Zhuoxiang Ren, E. Nagy, R. Becker, A. L. Anderson, D. J. Schotanus, J. M. You, Marco Pieri, K. Schultze, H. Suter, BT Bouwens, F. Marion, G. A. Yang, Igor Vorobiev, G. Mirabelli, D. Lanske, M. Hebert, Christopher George Tully, Guo-Ming Chen, Panos A Razis, V. Soulimov, J. F. Zhou, I. Clare, J. Busenitz, Wolfgang Lohmann, H. Vogt, U. Uwer, A. Chen, B. Bertucci, S. C. Kim, J. Salicio, Nicanor Colino, S. Schulte, K. Lübelsmeyer, Piero Spillantini, J. Tóth, Y. Mir, C. H. Ye, D. Pandoulas, T. Spickermann, Michael Dittmar, Bernard Ille, K. Janssen, Stéphane Jézéquel, J. D. Swain, P. McBride, A. Böhm, J. Berdugo, S. Lanzano, D.W. Schmitz, G. Pascale, G.G.G. Massaro, Claudio Luci, Robert Clare, W. G. Ma, Thomas Hebbeker, Paul Lecoq, R. W. Kraemer, M. Napolitano, I. Josa-Mutuberria, H. S. Chen, L. Servoli, Shu Li, G. Landi, M. L. Brooks, Simone Paoletti, Manjit Kaur, Daqiang Zhang, E. Valente, Laboratoire d'Annecy de Physique des Particules (LAPP), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Physique Nucléaire de Lyon (IPNL), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3), CMS, Institut de Physique des 2 Infinis de Lyon (IP2I Lyon), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), L3, Adriani, O., Aguilarbenitez, M., Ahlen, S., Alcaraz, J., Aloisio, Alberto, Alverson, G., Alviggi, Mariagrazia, Ambrosi, G., An, Q., Anderhub, H., Anderson, A. L., Andreev, V. P., Angelescu, T., Antonov, L., Antreasyan, D., Arce, P., Arefiev, A., Atamanchuk, A., Azemoon, T., Aziz, T., P. V. K., Bagnaia, P., Bakken, J. A., Ball, R. C., Banerjee, S., Bao, J., Barillere, R., Barone, L., Baschirotto, A., Battiston, R., Bay, A., Becattini, F., Bechtluft, J., Becker, R., Becker, U., Behner, F., Behrens, J., Bencze, G. L., Berdugo, J., Berges, P., Bertucci, B., Betev, B. L., Biasini, M., Biland, A., Bilei, G. M., Bizzarri, R., Blaising, J. J., Bobbink, G. J., Bock, R., Bohm, A., Borgia, B., Bosetti, M., Bourilkov, D., Bourquin, M., Boutigny, D., Bouwens, B., Brambilla, E., Branson, J. G., Brock, I. C., Brooks, M., Bujak, A., Burger, J. D., Burger, W. J., Busenitz, J., Buytenhuijs, A., Cai, X. D., Capell, M., Caria, M., Carlino, G., Cartacci, A. M., Castello, R., Cerrada, M., Cesaroni, F., Chang, Y. H., Chaturvedi, U. K., Chemarin, M., Chen, A., Chen, C., Chen, G., Chen, G. M., Chen, H. F., Chen, H. S., Chen, M., Chen, W. Y., Chiefari, Giovanni, Chien, C. Y., Choi, M. T., Chung, S., Civinini, C., Clare, I., Clare, R., Coan, T. E., Cohn, H. O., Coignet, G., Colino, N., Contin, A., Cotorobai, F., Cui, X. T., Cui, X. Y., Dai, T. S., Dalessandro, R., Deasmundis, R., Degre, A., Deiters, K., Denes, E., Denes, P., Denotaristefani, F., Dhina, M., Dibitonto, D., Diemoz, M., Dimitrov, H. R., Dionisi, C., Dittmar, M., Djambazov, L., Dova, M. T., Drago, E., Duchesneau, D., Duinker, P., Duran, I., Easo, S., Elmamouni, H., Engler, A., Eppling, F. J., Erne, F. C., Extermann, P., Fabbretti, R., Fabre, M., Falciano, S., Fan, S. J., Fackler, O., Fay, J., Felcini, M., Ferguson, T., Fernandez, D., Fernandez, G., Ferroni, F., Fesefeldt, H., Fiandrini, E., Field, J. H., Filthaut, F., Finocchiaro, G., Fisher, P. H., Forconi, G., Fredj, L., Freudenreich, K., Friebel, W., Fukushima, M., Gailloud, M., Galaktionov, Y., Gallo, E., Ganguli, S. N., Garciaabia, P., Gele, D., Gentile, S., Gheordanescu, N., Giagu, S., Goldfarb, S., Gong, Z. F., Gonzalez, E., Gougas, A., Goujon, D., Gratta, G., Gruenewald, M., Gu, C., Guanziroli, M., Guo, J. K., Gupta, V. K., Gurtu, A., Gustafson, H. R., Gutay, L. J., Hangarter, K., Hartmann, B., Hasan, A., Hauschildt, D., C. F., He, J. T., He, Hebbeker, T., Hebert, M., Herve, A., Hilgers, K., Hofer, H., Hoorani, H., Hu, G., G. Q., Hu, Ille, B., Ilyas, M. M., Innocente, V., Janssen, H., Jezequel, S., Jin, B. N., Jones, L. W., Josamutuberria, I., Kasser, A., Khan, R. A., Kamyshkov, Y., Kapinos, P., Kapustinsky, J. S., Karyotakis, Y., Kaur, M., Khokhar, S., Kienzlefocacci, M. N., Kim, J. K., Kim, S. C., Kim, Y. G., Kinnison, W. W., Kirkby, A., Kirkby, D., Kirsch, S., Kittel, W., Klimentov, A., Klockner, R., Konig, A. C., Koffeman, E., Kornadt, O., Koutsenko, V., Koulbardis, A., Kraemer, R. W., Kramer, T., Krastev, V. R., Krenz, W., Krivshich, A., Kuijten, H., Kumar, K. S., Kunin, A., Landi, G., Lanske, D., Lanzano, S., Lebedev, A., Lebrun, P., Lecomte, P., Lecoq, P., Lecoultre, P., Lee, D. M., Lee, J. S., Lee, K. Y., Leedom, I., Leggett, C., Legoff, J. M., Leiste, R., Lenti, M., Leonardi, E., Li, C., H. T., Li, P. J., Li, Liao, J. Y., Lin, W. T., Lin, Z. Y., Linde, F. L., Lindemann, B., Lista, L., Liu, Y., Lohmann, W., Longo, E., Y. S., Lu, Lubbers, J. M., Lubelsmeyer, K., Luci, C., Luckey, D., Ludovici, L., Luminari, L., Lustermann, W., J. M., Ma, W. G., Ma, Macdermott, M., Malik, R., Malinin, A., Mana, C., Maolinbay, M., Marchesini, P., Marion, F., Marin, A., Martin, J. P., Martinezlaso, L., Marzano, F., G. G. G., Mazumdar, K., Mcbride, P., Mcmahon, T., Mcnally, D., Merk, M., Merola, Leonardo, Meschini, M., Metzger, W. J., Mi, Y., Mihul, A., Mills, G. B., Mir, Y., Mirabelli, G., Mnich, J., Moller, M., Monteleoni, B., Morand, R., Morganti, S., Moulai, N. E., Mount, R., Muller, S., Nadtochy, A., Nagy, E., Napolitano, Marco, Nessitedaldi, F., Newman, H., Neyer, C., Niaz, M. A., Nippe, A., Nowak, H., Organtini, G., Pandoulas, D., Paoletti, S., Paolucci, P., Pascale, G., Passaleva, G., Patricelli, Sergio, Paul, T., Pauluzzi, M., Paus, C., Pauss, F., Pei, Y. J., Pensotti, S., Perretgallix, D., Perrier, J., Pevsner, A., Piccolo, D., Pieri, M., Piroue, P. A., Plasil, F., Plyaskin, V., Pohl, M., Pojidaev, V., Postema, H., Z. D., Qi, Qian, J. M., Qureshi, K. N., Raghavan, R., Rahalcallot, G., Rancoita, P. G., Rattaggi, M., Raven, G., Razis, P., Read, K., Ren, D., Ren, Z., Rescigno, M., Reucroft, S., Ricker, A., Riemann, S., Riemers, B. C., Riles, K., Rind, O., Rizvi, H. A., Ro, S., Rodriguez, F. J., Roe, B. P., Rohner, M., Romero, L., Rosierlees, S., Rosmalen, R., Rosselet, P., Vanrossum, W., Roth, S., Rubbia, A., Rubio, J. A., Rykaczewski, H., Sachwitz, M., Salicio, J., Salicio, J. M., Sanders, G. S., Santocchia, A., Sarakinos, M. S., Sartorelli, G., Sassowsky, M., Sauvage, G., Schegelsky, V., Schmitz, D., Schmitz, P., Schneegans, M., Schopper, H., Schotanus, D. J., Shotkin, S., Schreiber, H. J., Shukla, J., Schulte, R., Schulte, S., Schultze, K., Schwenke, J., Schwering, G., Sciacca, Crisostomo, Scott, I., Sehgal, R., Seiler, P. G., Sens, J. C., Servoli, L., Sheer, I., Shen, D. Z., Shevchenko, S., Shi, X. R., Shumilov, E., Shoutko, V., Son, D., Sopczak, A., Soulimov, V., Spartiotis, C., Spickermann, T., Spillantini, P., Starosta, R., Steuer, M., Stickland, D. P., Sticozzi, F., Stone, H., Strauch, K., Stringfellow, B. C., Sudhakar, K., Sultanov, G., Sun, L. Z., Susinno, G. F., Suter, H., Swain, J. D., Syed, A. A., Tang, X. W., Taylor, L., Terzi, G., S. C. C., Ting, S. M., Tonutti, M., Tonwar, S. C., Toth, J., Tsaregorodtsev, A., Tsipolitis, G., Tully, C., Tung, K. L., Ulbricht, J., Urban, L., Uwer, U., Valente, E., Vandewalle, R. T., Vetlitsky, I., Viertel, G., Vikas, P., Vikas, U., Vivargent, M., Vogel, H., Vogt, H., Vorobiev, I., Vorobyov, A. A., Vuilleumier, L., Wadhwa, M., Wallraff, W., Wang, C., Wang, C. R., Wang, X. L., Wang, Y. F., Wang, Z. M., Warner, C., Weber, A., Weber, J., Weill, R., Wenaus, T. J., Wenninger, J., White, M., Willmott, C., Wittgenstein, F., Wright, D., S. X., Wu, Wynhoff, S., Wyslouch, B., Xie, Y. Y., J. G., Xu, Z. Z., Xu, Xue, Z. L., Yan, D. S., Yang, B. Z., Yang, C. G., Yang, G., C. H., Ye, J. B., Ye, Ye, Q., Yeh, S. C., Yin, Z. W., You, J. M., Yunus, N., Yzerman, M., Zaccardelli, C., Zaitsev, N., Zemp, P., Zeng, M., Zeng, Y., Zhang, D. H., Zhang, Z. P., Zhou, B., Zhou, G. J., Zhou, J. F., Zhu, R. Y., Zichichi, A., B. C. C., and IHEF (IoP, FNWI)

Subjects
Z boson, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Particle physics, E+E ANNIHILATION, FERMION PAIR PRODUCTION, Electron–positron annihilation, QED CORRECTIONS, 01 natural sciences, Nuclear physics, ASYMMETRIES, 0103 physical sciences, [PHYS.HEXP]Physics [physics]/High Energy Physics - Experiment [hep-ex], 010306 general physics, GeneralLiterature_REFERENCE(e.g.,dictionaries,encyclopedias,glossaries), Ciencias Exactas, S-matrix, Ansatz, Physics, Annihilation, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Física, Polarization (waves), Helicity, S matrix, Z-PEAK, Amplitude, Z-LINE-SHAPE, High Energy Physics::Experiment, Particle Physics - Experiment, Lepton
Abstract

The S matrix ansatz is a rigorously model independent approach to describe the cross-sections and asymmetries in e+e- annihilation. Using the cross-sections and asymmetries measured with the L3 detector during the 1990 and 1991 running period, we determine the mass and the width of the Z boson, the contributions of the Z exchange and of the yZ interference. Including the polarization of the t lepton in the analysis, the leptonic helicity amplitudes of the scattering process are determined assuming lepton universality. The results are compared with other model independent ansatzes as realized in ZFITTER. A systematic bias of the Z mass due to the yZ interference term is detected, which leads to an underestimation of the error on mz for model independent determinations., Facultad de Ciencias Exactas

Published
2016

40. SEARCH FOR NEUTRAL CHARMLESS B-DECAYS AT LEP

Author

S. Easo, Kati Lassila-Perini, D.W. Schmitz, G. Pascale, V. Plyaskin, Samuel C.C. Ting, J. Y. Zeng, N. Shivarov, Claudio Luci, M. Rescigno, M. T. Dova, G. Passaleva, M. W. Gruenewald, I. Josa-Mutuberria, J. Rodin, Robert Clare, W. G. Ma, Thomas Hebbeker, Paul Lecoq, R. W. Kraemer, M. Napolitano, M. T. Choi, Francesca Nessi-Tedaldi, F. C. Erné, P. Schmitz, Alexei Klimentov, S. Petrak, H. S. Chen, B. Lindemann, J. D. Burger, G. Rahal-Callot, H. El Mamouni, S. Pensotti, Valery Schegelsky, Antonino Zichichi, Alessandra Doria, Tariq Aziz, N. Scholz, S. R. Hou, M. Wadhwa, D. J. Schotanus, H. O. Cohn, Marcella Diemoz, M. Vivargent, L. Servoli, Igor Vorobiev, K. Freudenreich, C. Maña, I. C. Brock, T. Angelescu, E. Lieb, J. Casaus, Yu. Kamyshkov, Helmut Vogel, S. Mele, Kajari Mazumdar, Dai-Sik Kim, F. Di Lodovico, H. Rykaczewski, Giovanni Organtini, G. M. Bilei, A. Arefiev, Yu. Efremenko, Aa Vorobyov, A. Tsaregorodtsey, P. Bartalini, P. Levtchenko, Panos A Razis, F. Ferroni, P. Laurikainen, S. Müller, B. L. Betev, A. Lebedev, Dong-Chul Son, T. Kramer, R. Barillère, E. Brambilla, E. Valente, D. McNally, O. Toker, Y. Zeng, C. G. Yang, Xd Cai, J. J. Blaising, Stefano Giagu, K. Riles, G. Viertel, R. Fabbretti, C. Lapoint, S. Morganti, Y. Karyotakis, J. Berdugo, F. Marzano, Z. A. Liu, X. Y. Yao, Luca Lista, Mariagrazia Alviggi, G. Coignet, W. Krenz, M. Möller, J. G. Xu, H. F. Chen, M. Lenti, A. Buytenhuijs, Stefan Roth, G. Schwering, K. Schultze, H. Suter, G. F. Susinno, D. Goujon, Vincenzo Innocente, D. Fernandez, Juven Wang, I. Vetlitsky, J. Schwenke, S. Costantini, E. J. Sanchez, S. X. Wu, Marco Meschini, D. Kirkby, J. M. Le Goff, Crisostomo Sciacca, N. Gheordanescu, J. C. Pinto, Jasper Kirkby, J.V. Allaby, S. Patricelli, Sabine Riemann, R. Weill, F. Muheim, Roberto Battiston, Gerjan Bobbink, Dimitri Bourilkov, B. Borgia, S. S. Gau, M. Sassowsky, A. J.W. van Mil, H. De Boeck, Y. J. Pei, H. Kuijten, A. C. Weber, J. Busenitz, W. van Rossum, C. Burgos, Adrian Biland, G. Chiefari, S. Shevchenko, F. Behner, A. M. Cartacci, Andrea Baschirotto, Mingshui Chen, J. Gerald, R. Faccini, G. G.G. Massaro, P. G. Seiler, J. A. Rubio, M. Pauluzzi, M. N. Kienzle-Focacci, J. Ulbricht, R. Raghavan, D. DiBitonto, Ph. Rosselet, E. Fiandrini, Luca Malgeri, M. Steuer, F. J. Rodriguez, Laurent Vuilleumier, H. R. Gustafson, Joel Goldstein, P. Marchesini, Y. G. Kim, Attilio Santocchia, Jean Fay, D. Boutigny, Y. H. Chang, George Alverson, Roger Moore, Christopher George Tully, Marco Pieri, Yu. Galaktionov, G. Sauvage, J. Alcaraz, K. Banicz, An.A. Vorobyov, L. Fredj, A. Favara, Z. Z. Xu, G. Tsipolitis, D. Perret-Gallix, M. Schneegans, D. Ren, Y. Zhou, F. Cesaroni, M. Chamizo, Wolfgang Lohmann, J. Shukla, J. S. Kapustinsky, J. F. Zhou, V. Soulimov, B. De La Cruz, G. Hu, H. Vogt, G. Landi, B. Bertucci, V. Pojidaev, Simone Paoletti, O. Adriani, G. Mirabelli, Bryan R. Smith, S. C. Kim, Lucas Taylor, K. Sudhakar, B. Alpat, Emilio Leonardi, A. P. Colijn, Harvey B Newman, K. Hilgers, Nicanor Colino, L. J. Gutay, Francesca Cavallari, C. Leggett, Nicolas Produit, R. Bock, I. Clare, Suchandra Dutta, W. Lu, U. Becker, P. G. Rancoita, Manjit Kaur, A. Engler, M. Capell, J. B. Ye, Federico Cindolo, S. Mangla, K. Y. Lee, L. Baksay, F. Cotorobai, J. P. Martin, Georgi Sultanov, K. Lübelsmeyer, Piero Spillantini, Carlos Willmott, Speranza Falciano, G. Cara Romeo, B. P. Roe, I. Duran, G. Forconi, Gerard Fernandez, H. S. Fesefeldt, E. Pistolesi, G. Y. Zhu, E. Shumilov, Zheng Wang, S. C. Tonwar, W. C. van Hoek, V. Shoutko, T. S. Dai, J. C. Sens, Frank Filthaut, R. A. Khan, D. Antreasyan, B. C. Riemers, R. Leiste, Christoph Paus, H. Anderhub, Zhenyu Zhang, A. Adam, Maurizio Biasini, Jozsef Toth, Marta Felcini, A. Kunin, Thomas Ferguson, J. P. Ernenwein, P. Extermann, F. J. Eppling, G. J. Zhou, L. W. Jones, R. Völkert, C. Cecchi, B. N. Jin, H. Nowak, B. Schoeneich, P. Kapinos, Hafeez R Hoorani, Christoph Schäfer, B. Z. Yang, M. Tonutti, M. E. Sarakinos, H. Hofer, D. P. Stickland, P. Duinker, Simonetta Gentile, D. Pandoulas, B. Monteleoni, F. Sticozzi, S. Reucroft, J. M. Salicio, P. Ladron de Guevara, Andre Sopczak, W. J. Metzger, S. Goldfarb, Pierluigi Paolucci, H. Janssen, M. Gailloud, Kenneth Francis Read, Francesco Becattini, T. Spickermann, Michael Dittmar, S. M. Ting, Cheng Chen, A. Mihul, W. J. Burger, C. Zaccardelli, J. S. Lee, A. Gougas, J. T. He, Egidio Longo, Subir Sarkar, H. Tuchscherer, R. Morand, W. Wallraff, Peter Denes, F. L. Linde, R. Mount, Giovanni Ambrosi, L. Romero, Nicola Cavallo, J. D. Swain, P. de Jong, M. M. Ilyas, A. Buijs, Howard A. Stone, W. W. Kinnison, S. C. Yeh, F. Tonisch, A. Chan, E. Gonzalez, Paolo Bagnaia, A. Pevsner, V. P. Andreev, S. P. Ahlen, P. Zemp, Y. F. Wang, R. de Asmundis, Wt Lin, S. Banerjee, Zp Zhang, M. Bourquin, A. Böhm, G. Castellini, K. Strauch, Joachim Mnich, Lamberto Luminari, Raffaello D'Alessandro, A. Robohm, A. Bujak, Oliver Kornadt, M. Pohl, Z. F. Gong, S. Wynhoff, Leonardo Merola, L. Tauscher, C-Q. Li, V. K. Gupta, R. C. Ball, Pierre Lecomte, M. Chemarin, A. Kasser, Konrad Deiters, W. Kittel, T. Azemoon, T. Paul, Werner Lustermann, G. Gratta, S. Ro, R. Bizzarri, Gianpaolo Carlino, F. DeNotaristefani, E. Nagy, Marcos Cerrada, Y. Mi, Axel König, Luisa Cifarelli, G. M. Chen, A. Macchiolo, M. Fabre, T. E. Coan, J. G. Branson, Manas Maity, P. Berges, Davide Piccolo, S. N. Ganguli, Peter H. Fisher, Roberto Castello, Steve Nahn, A. Nippe, Alexander Malinin, A. Degré, X. L. Wang, M. Rattaggi, J. M. You, M. Caria, A. Koulbardis, An. Zalite, V. Koutsenko, O. Rind, Aaron Dominguez, Felicitas Pauss, S. Rosier-Lees, P. Le Coultre, M. Basile, J. K. Kim, D. Luckey, Gy L. Bencze, Reinhard W. Schulte, E. Dénes, D. Duchesneau, L. Z. Sun, A. Boucham, C. Dionisi, Pablo Garcia-Abia, Alain Hervé, A. Bay, Carlo Civinini, M. Maolinbay, G. Raven, M. Aguilar-Benitez, Herwig Schopper, H. Postema, S. Röhner, F. Wittgenstein, L. Ludovici, E. Drago, R. Ostonen, A. Marin, L. Urbán, M. Lebeau, Ren-Yuan Zhu, Luciano Barone, A. Gurtu, Els Koffeman, V. Commichau, B. Hartmann, A. Hasan, I. Dorne, M. Redaelli, U. K. Chaturvedi, Y. S. Lu, J. H. Field, C. Y. Chien, A. Kirkby, B. Stoyanov, P. Lebrun, V. Brigljevic, M. Röhner, R. T. Van de Walle, M. Acciarri, Guo-Ming Chen, U. Uwer, A. Chen, D. van Dierendonck, J. Salicio, Alberto Aloisio, A. Ricker, X. W. Tang, P. A. Piroué, B. Zhou, B. C.C. van der Zwaan, L3 (IHEF, IoP, FNWI), Acciarri, M., Adam, A., Adriani, O., Aguilarbenitez, M., Ahlen, S., Alpat, B., Alcaraz, J., Allaby, J., Aloisio, Alberto, Alverson, G., Alviggi, Mariagrazia, Ambrosi, G., Anderhub, H., Andreev, V. P., Angelescu, T., Antreasyan, D., Arefiev, A., Azemoon, T., Aziz, T., Bagnaia, P., Baksay, L., Ball, R. C., Banerjee, S., Banicz, K., Barillere, R., Barone, L., Bartalini, P., Baschirotto, A., Basile, M., Battiston, R., Bay, A., Becattini, F., Becker, U., Behner, F., Bencze, G. L., Berdugo, J., Berges, P., Bertucci, B., Betev, B. L., Biasini, M., Biland, A., Bilei, G. M., Bizzarri, R., Blaising, J. J., Bobbink, G. J., Bock, R., Bohm, A., Borgia, B., Boucham, A., Bourilkov, D., Bourquin, M., Boutigny, D., Brambilla, E., Branson, J. G., Brigljevic, V., Brock, I. C., Buijs, A., Bujak, A., Burger, J. D., Burger, W. J., Burgos, C., Busenitz, J., Buytenhuijs, A., Cai, X. D., Capell, M., Romeo, G. C., Caria, M., Carlino, G., Cartacci, A. M., Casaus, J., Castellini, G., Castello, R., Cavallari, F., Cavallo, N., Cecchi, C., Cerrada, M., Cesaroni, F., Chamizo, M., Chan, A., Chang, Y. H., Chaturvedi, U. K., Chemarin, M., Chen, A., Chen, C., Chen, G., Chen, G. M., Chen, H. F., Chen, H. S., Chen, M., Chiefari, Giovanni, Chien, C. Y., Choi, M. T., Cifarelli, L., Cindolo, F., Civinini, C., Clare, I., Clare, R., Coan, T. E., Cohn, H. O., Coignet, G., Colijn, A. P., Colino, N., Commichau, V., Constantini, S., Cotorobai, F., Delacruz, B., Dai, T. S., Dalessandro, R., Deasmundis, R., Deboeck, H., Degre, A., Deiters, K., Denes, E., Denes, P., Denotaristefani, F., Dibitonto, D., Diemoz, M., Vandierendonck, D., Dilodovico, F., Dionisi, C., Dittmar, M., Dominguez, A., Doria, A., Dorne, I., Dova, M. T., Drago, E., Duchesneau, D., Duinker, P., Duran, I., Dutta, S., Easo, S., Efremenko, Y., Elmamouni, H., Engler, A., Eppling, F. J., Erne, F. C., Ernenwein, J. P., Extermann, P., Fabbretti, R., Fabre, M., Faccini, R., Falciano, S., Favara, A., Fay, J., Felcini, M., Ferguson, T., Fernandez, D., Fernandez, G., Ferroni, F., Fesefeldt, H., Fiandrini, E., Field, J. H., Filthaut, F., Fisher, P. H., Forconi, G., Fredj, L., Freudenreich, K., Gailloud, M., Galaktionov, Y., Ganguli, S. N., Garciaabia, P., Gau, S. S., Gentile, S., Gerald, J., Gheordanescu, N., Giagu, S., Goldfarb, S., Goldstein, J., Gong, Z. F., Gonzalez, E., Gougas, A., Goujon, D., Gratta, G., Gruenewald, M. W., Gupta, V. K., Gurtu, A., Gustafson, H. R., Gutay, L. J., Hartmann, B., Hasan, A., J. T., He, Hebbeker, T., Herve, A., Hilgers, K., Vanhoek, W. C., Hofer, H., Hoorani, H., Hou, S. R., Hu, G., Ilyas, M. M., Innocente, V., Janssen, H., Jin, B. N., Jones, L. W., Dejong, P., Josamutuberria, I., Kasser, A., Khan, R. A., Kamyshkov, Y., Kapinos, P., Kapustinsky, J. S., Karyotakis, Y., Kaur, M., Kienzlefocacci, M. N., Kim, D., Kim, J. K., Kim, S. C., Kim, Y. G., Kinnison, W. W., Kirkby, A., Kirkby, D., Kirkby, J., Kittel, W., Klimentov, A., Konig, A. C., Koffeman, E., Kornadt, O., Koutsenko, V., Koulbardis, A., Kraemer, R. W., Kramer, T., Krenz, W., Kuijten, H., Kunin, A., Deguevara, P. L., Landi, G., Lapoint, C., Lassilaperini, K., Laurikainen, P., Lebeau, M., Lebedev, A., Lebrun, P., Lecomte, P., Lecoq, P., Lecoultre, P., Lee, J. S., Lee, K. Y., Leggett, C., Legoff, J. M., Leiste, R., Levtchenko, P., Li, C., Lieb, E., Lin, W. T., Linde, F. L., Lenti, M., Leonardi, E., Lindemann, B., Lista, L., Liu, Z. A., Lohmann, W., Longo, E., Lu, W., Y. S., Lu, Lubelsmeyer, K., Luci, C., Luckey, D., Ludovici, L., Luminari, L., Lustermann, W., W. G., Ma, Macchiolo, A., Maity, M., Malgeri, L., Malinin, A., Mana, C., Mangla, S., Maolinbay, M., Marchesini, P., Marin, A., Martin, J. P., Marzano, F., G. G. G., Mazumdar, K., Mcnally, D., Mele, S., Merola, Leonardo, Meschini, M., Metzger, W. J., Mi, Y., Mihul, A., A. J. W., Mirabelli, G., Mnich, J., Moller, M., Monteleoni, B., Moore, R., Morand, R., Morganti, S., Mount, R., Muller, S., Muheim, F., Nagy, E., Nahn, S., Napolitano, Marco, Nessitedaldi, F., Newman, H., Nippe, A., Nowak, H., Organtini, G., Ostonen, R., Pandoulas, D., Paoletti, S., Paolucci, P., Pascale, G., Passaleva, G., Patricelli, Sergio, Paul, T., Pauluzzi, M., Paus, C., Pauss, F., Pei, Y. J., Pensotti, S., Perretgallix, D., Petrak, S., Pevsner, A., Piccolo, D., Pieri, M., Pinto, J. C., Piroue, P. A., Pistolesi, E., Plyaskin, V., Pohl, M., Pojidaev, V., Postema, H., Produit, N., Raghavan, R., Rahalcallot, G., Rancoita, P. G., Rattaggi, M., Raven, G., Razis, P., Read, K., Redaelli, M., Ren, D., Rescigno, M., Reucroft, S., Ricker, A., Riemann, S., Riemers, B. C., Riles, K., Rind, O., Ro, S., Robohm, A., Rodin, J., Rodriguez, F. J., Roe, B. P., Rohner, M., Rohner, S., Romero, L., Rosierlees, S., Rosselet, P., Vanrossum, W., Roth, S., Rubio, J. A., Rykaczewski, H., Salicio, J., Salicio, J. M., Sanchez, E., Santocchia, A., Sarakinos, M. E., Sarkar, S., Sassowsky, M., Sauvage, G., Schafer, C., Schegelsky, V., Schmitz, D., Schmitz, P., Schneegans, M., Schoeneich, B., Scholz, N., Schopper, H., Schotanus, D. J., Schulte, R., Schultze, K., Schwenke, J., Schwering, G., Sciacca, Crisostomo, Seiler, P. G., Sens, J. C., Servoli, L., Shevchenko, S., Shivarov, N., Shoutko, V., Shukla, J., Shumilov, E., Son, D., Sopczak, A., Soulimov, V., Smith, B., Spickermann, T., Spillantini, P., Steuer, M., Stickland, D. P., Sticozzi, F., Stone, H., Stoyanov, B., Strauch, K., Sudhakar, K., Sultanov, G., Sun, L. Z., Susinno, G. F., Suter, H., Swain, J. D., Tang, X. W., Tauscher, L., Taylor, L., S. C. C., Ting, S. M., Toker, O., Tonisch, F., Tonutti, M., Tonwar, S. C., Toth, J., Tsaregorodtsev, A., Tsipolitis, G., Tully, C., Tuchscherer, H., Ulbricht, J., Urban, L., Uwer, U., Valente, E., Vandewalle, R. T., Vetlitsky, I., Viertel, G., Vivargent, M., Volkert, R., Vogel, H., Vogt, H., Vorobiev, I., Vorobyov, A. A., Vuilleumier, L., Wadhwa, M., Wallraff, W., Wang, J. C., Wang, X. L., Wang, Y. F., Wang, Z. M., Weber, A., Weill, R., Willmott, C., Wittgenstein, F., S. X., Wu, Wynhoff, S., Xu, J., Z. Z., Xu, Yang, B. Z., Yang, C. G., Yao, X. Y., J. B., Ye, Yeh, S. C., You, J. M., Zaccardelli, C., Zalite, A., Zemp, P., Zeng, J. Y., Zeng, Y., Zhang, Z., Zhang, Z. P., Zhou, B., Zhou, G. J., Zhou, J. F., Zhou, Y., Zhu, G. Y., Zhu, R. Y., Zichichi, A., and B. C. C.

Subjects
Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Particle physics, Meson, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Higgs boson, L3 experiment, Hadron, Física, large electron positron collider, MESONS, 01 natural sciences, CP-VIOLATION, TheoryofComputation_ANALYSISOFALGORITHMSANDPROBLEMCOMPLEXITY, 0103 physical sciences, Large Electron–Positron Collider, High Energy Physics::Experiment, Atomic physics, Nuclear Experiment, 010306 general physics, GeneralLiterature_REFERENCE(e.g.,dictionaries,encyclopedias,glossaries), Particle Physics - Experiment, Ciencias Exactas, L3 EXPERIMENT
Abstract

A search for rare charmless decays of B0d and B0s mesons has been performed in the exclusive channels B0d(s) →ηη0, B0d(s) →ηπ0 and B0d(s) →π0π0. The data sample consisted of three million hadronic Z decays collected by the L3 experiment at LEP from 1991 through 1994. No candidate event has been observed and the following upper limits at 90% confidence level on the branching ratios have been set: Br(B0d→ηη) −4, Br(B0s →ηη) < 1.5 x 10−3, Br(B0d→ηπ0) < 2.5 x 10−4, Br(B0s→ηπ0) < 1.0 x 10−3, Br(B0d→π0π0) < 6.0 x 10−5, Br(B0s→π0π0) < 2.1 x 10−4. These are the first experimental limits on Bd0→ηη and on the Bs0 neutral charmless modes., Facultad de Ciencias Exactas

Published
2016

41. Light-Directed Self-Assembly of Robust Alginate Gels at Precise Locations in Microfluidic Channels

Author

Hyuntaek Oh, Vishal Javvaji, Srinivasa R. Raghavan, Don L. DeVoe, and Annie Xi Lu

Subjects
inorganic chemicals, chemistry.chemical_classification, Materials science, Microfluidics, Nanotechnology, 02 engineering and technology, 010402 general chemistry, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, medicine.disease_cause, 01 natural sciences, 0104 chemical sciences, Divalent, Ion, chemistry, Chemical engineering, medicine, Molecule, General Materials Science, Chelation, 0210 nano-technology, Selectivity, Elastic modulus, Ultraviolet
Abstract

Recently there has been much interest in using light to activate self-assembly of molecules in a fluid, leading to gelation. The advantage of light over other stimuli lies in its spatial selectivity, i.e., its ability to be directed at a precise location, which could be particularly useful in microfluidic applications. However, existing light-responsive fluids are not suitable for these purposes since they do not convert into sufficiently strong gels that can withstand shear. Here, we address this deficiency by developing a new light-responsive system based on the well-known polysaccharide, alginate. The fluid is composed entirely of commercially available components: alginate, a photoacid generator (PAG), and a chelated complex of divalent strontium (Sr(2+)) cations. Upon exposure to ultraviolet (UV) light, the PAG dissociates to release H(+) ions, which in turn induce the release of free Sr(2+) from the chelate. The Sr(2+) ions self-assemble with the alginate chains to give a stiff gel with an elastic modulus ∼2000 Pa and a yield stress ∼400 Pa (this gel is strong enough to be picked up and held by one's fingers). The above fluid is sent through a network of microchannels and a short segment of a specific channel is exposed to UV light. At that point, the fluid is locally transformed into a strong gel in a few minutes, and the resulting gel blocks the flow through that channel while other channels remain open. When the UV light is removed, the gel is gradually diluted by the flow and the channel reopens. We have thus demonstrated a remote-controlled fluidic valve that can be closed by shining light and reopened when the light is removed. In addition, we also show that light-induced gelation of our alginate fluid can be used to deposit biocompatible payloads at specific addresses within a microchannel.

Published
2016

42. The potential of simplified concepts for daylight harvesting

Author

R Raghavan, C Eaton, Owen Howlett, and RP Leslie

Subjects
0211 other engineering and technologies, 02 engineering and technology, Daylight harvesting, Energy consumption, 01 natural sciences, Automotive engineering, 010309 optics, Electric light, 021105 building & construction, 0103 physical sciences, Environmental science, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Current (fluid), Daylighting
Abstract

Daylighting systems offer tremendous potential for reducing the energy consumption of electric lighting, but their usage has been inhibited by high costs and imperfect performance of current technologies. This paper presents predictions of energy savings for two proposed daylighting technologies, a daylight-sensing switch and an automatic blinds system, which employ simple, inexpensive components and designs. Assumptions of solar irradiance, blind position, blind operation behaviour, and light switching behaviour were combined with illuminance data and daylight factors to develop an algorithm for calculating the potential energy usages of six different systems in commercial private offices and open plan offices. Results show that the combined usage of the proposed technologies perform with an average annual energy saving of 24% compared with manual switching and blinds operation in Albany, New York. Compared with a photosensor-operated dimming system, the proposed technologies combined show better performance during summer months. Comparisons were also made for the systems in six US climatic regions.

Published
2005

43. Determination of alpha-s from hadronic event shapes measured on the Z0 resonance

Author

B. Monteleoni, F. Sticozzi, C. Spartiotis, R. Morand, Z. L. Xue, Howard A. Stone, Roberto Battiston, Gerjan Bobbink, B. Borgia, J. Ulbricht, I. Clare, J. Busenitz, P. Göttlicher, J. M. Salicio, A. Arefiev, A. Kasser, Guofan Hu, C. Neyer, R. Mount, V. Plyaskin, Y. J. Pei, Raffaello D'Alessandro, M. Vivargent, Stefan Kirsch, B. N. Jin, M. Sachwitz, C. Grinnell, A. M. Cartacci, R. Raghavan, H. Nowak, Z. F. Gong, H. Anderhub, T. E. Coan, J. G. Branson, H. R. Gustafson, U. Herten, M. Bocciolini, M. T. Dova, D.N. Mao, Leonardo Merola, A. C. König, Laurent Vuilleumier, Y. H. Chang, Z. W. Yin, S. N. Ganguli, H. O. Cohn, F. Marzano, G. Coignet, W. Krenz, M. N. Kienzle-Focacci, R. Rosmalen, W. Wallraff, George Alverson, A. Degré, An.A. Vorobyov, T. Matsuda, A. Tsaregorodtsev, J. S. Kapustinsky, M. Gailloud, S. Banerjee, Yongqing Wu, E. Sajan, Samuel C.C. Ting, X. T. Cui, T. Kramer, J. J. Blaising, Tariq Aziz, R. Barillère, T. Azemoon, P. Schmitz, Lucas Taylor, Steven Goldfarb, M. Caria, Steven Ahlen, R. L. Sumner, G. H. Wang, W. Kittel, S. Schulte, K. Schmiemann, Dimitri Bourilkov, A. Koulbardis, D. Linnhofer, G. Herten, Federico Carminati, K. Freudenreich, D. Gele, E. Nagy, J. Wenninger, V. Pojidaev, Marcos Cerrada, W. Friebel, G. M. Bilei, M. Fabre, M. Schneegans, O. Adrian, Yu. Kamyshkov, N. E. Moulai, D. M. Lee, P. Zemp, Mw Gruenewald, V. Koutsenko, E. Fiandrini, Mariagrazia Alviggi, Andrea Contin, D. P. Stickland, S. X. Wu, G. B. Mills, Crisostomo Sciacca, Marco Pieri, D. Z. Shen, J. A. Bakken, J.P. Burq, R. de Asmundis, Y. Mir, C. H. Ye, M. Möller, S. Patricelli, M. Sassowsky, R. Fabbretti, C. G. Yang, G. Sauvage, R.B. Sutton, D. DiBitonto, Yu. Galaktionov, J. Alcaraz, Ph. Rosselet, Atul Gurtu, K. Deiters, M. Steuer, Q. Ye, Wen-Gan Ma, C. Maña, I. Vetlitsky, K. S. Kumar, G. Forconi, Alberto Aloisio, Harvey B Newman, K. Hilgers, H. F. Chen, J. D. Burger, J. Weber, G. Rahal-Callot, D. Fernandez, D. Perret-Gallix, A. Ricker, Yanwen Liu, Adrian Biland, B. P. Roe, W. Y. Chen, Th. Meinholz, B. Zhou, Cheng Chen, W. J. Burger, Sabine Riemann, S. J. Fan, X. W. Tang, I. Sheer, P. A. Piroué, C. Zaccardelli, F. Ferroni, B. C.C. van der Zwaan, W. W. Kinnison, G. Chiefari, S. Shevchenko, K. Schultze, H. Suter, A. Bujak, Oliver Kornadt, M. Pohl, Y. Zeng, A. Krivshich, F. Behner, Pablo Garcia-Abia, Alain Hervé, T. Angelov, D. Lanske, Sc Yeh, R. Malik, L. Romero, H. El Mamouni, A. Engler, I. C. Brock, A. Bay, Wt Lin, J. M. Lubbers, Jianming Qian, G. Hu, B. L. Betev, Carlo Civinini, M. Maolinbay, G. Raven, M. Bourquin, K. Strauch, J. C. Sens, P. Arce, D. Goujon, N. Yunus, G. Gratta, M. Aguilar-Benitez, H. S. Fesefeldt, Egidio Longo, Herwig Schopper, M. White, Zhuoxiang Ren, Carlos Willmott, M. Wadhwa, D. J. Schotanus, J. M. You, Vincenzo Innocente, S. Röhner, Speranza Falciano, Y. F. Wang, N. Produit, V. R. Krastev, F. Wittgenstein, L. Ludovici, M. Chmeissani, H. T. Li, D. Antreasyan, E. Drago, G. A. Yang, L. Niessen, A. Sopczak, L. J. Gutay, Ren-Yuan Zhu, Luciano Barone, Qi An, U. Becker, A. Marin, T. Driever, M. M. Ilyas, A. A. Syed, H. Janssen, Jiunn-Wei Chen, I. Duran, K.S. Yang, M. Rescigno, P. Kapinos, B.C. Stringfellow, H. R. Dimitrov, O. Fackler, L. Urbán, P. Duinker, F. J. Eppling, L. W. Jones, D. S. Yan, M. Yzerman, F. Crijns, S. M. Ting, A. Klimentov, Jun Guo, B. Lindemann, G. Passaleva, E. Dénes, R. Sehgal, G. Finocchiaro, Kenneth Francis Read, Q.Y. Yang, L. Z. Sun, D. Hauschildt, Marcel Merk, J. Perrier, Els Koffeman, R. Weill, C-Q. Li, Yuehong Xie, Christine Buisson, S. S. Gau, T. J. Wenaus, V. K. Gupta, A. L. Anderson, F. Marion, H. J. Schreiber, J. F. Zhou, M. MacDermott, P.V.K.S. Baba, H. L. Zhuang, M. A. Niaz, E. Brambilla, R. Bizzarri, F. DeNotaristefani, A. Hasan, Y. D. Xu, F. Cesaroni, J. Y. Liao, Emilio Leonardi, J. Schütte, P. Berges, R. Bock, L. Baksay, U. K. Chaturvedi, Y. S. Lu, M. Fukushima, M. Lenti, A. Nadtochy, Xiaoli Li, D. Duchesneau, J. M. Le Goff, D. H. Wright, G. S. Sanders, P. G. Seiler, J. A. Rubio, A. Malinin, Jérôme Rose, Kajari Mazumdar, S. Khokhar, T.R. McMahon, X. J. Yan, S. Müller, X. L. Wang, Xd Cai, J. H. Field, C. Y. Chien, J. Behrens, P. J. Li, P. Lebrun, BT Bouwens, U. Uwer, A. Chen, J. Salicio, Maurizio Biasini, Marta Felcini, Francesco Becattini, M. Capell, J. Krizmanic, Valery Schegelsky, Antonino Zichichi, Ph Fisher, H. Rykaczewski, Giovanni Organtini, Y. Karyotakis, E. Gonzalez, S. Chung, Attilio Santocchia, Jean Fay, M. Dhina, D. Boutigny, S. Lanzano, P. Vikas, G. Tsipolitis, Z. Y. Lin, L. Antonov, K. Sudhakar, J.H. Wang, Zhongyukun Xu, P. K. Malhotra, H. A. Rizvi, Y. Mi, J. B. Ye, A. Kunin, Gerard Fernandez, F. Plasil, Mingshui Chen, Hafeez R Hoorani, Jozsef Toth, J. Lettry, Elisabetta Gallo, M. Pauluzzi, Chenliang Wang, S. Reucroft, S. Shotkin, W. J. Metzger, D. Ren, S. C. Tonwar, J. Shukla, M. S. Sarakinos, M.L. Chen, U. Vikas, Frank Filthaut, Marcella Diemoz, M. Guanziroli, Zheng Wang, Giovanni Ambrosi, J. P. Martin, Zhenyu Zhang, E. Valente, D. McNally, A. C. Weber, Bolek Wyslouch, Qian Wang, E. Shumilov, X. R. Shi, V. Shoutko, X. Leytens, G. Viertel, Felicitas Pauss, Chenjie Gu, C. F. He, Marco Meschini, P. Extermann, G. Mirabelli, I. Leedom, B. Z. Yang, H. Hofer, K. L. Tung, S. Rosier-Lees, Hans J. Vogel, S. Morganti, D. Kirkby, D.W. Schmitz, P. Le Coultre, M. Tonutti, J. Schwenke, K. N. Qureshi, G.G.G. Massaro, A. Pevsner, K. Lübelsmeyer, Piero Spillantini, X. Y. Cui, Igor Vorobiev, Claudio Luci, S. Beingessner, Robert Clare, Barry Blumenfeld, Thomas Hebbeker, Paul Lecoq, R. W. Kraemer, K. Hangarter, M. Napolitano, M. Hebert, E. Soderstrom, H. S. Chen, L. Servoli, L. Martinez-Laso, Panos A Razis, J. Mnich, A. Atamanchuk, P. Marchesini, R. Starosta, P. Blömeke, D. Luckey, Gy L. Bencze, A. Rubbia, T. Foreman, Ming Zeng, Reinhard W. Schulte, M. Röhner, Christopher George Tully, Stéphane Jézéquel, J. Bao, F. C. Erné, Simonetta Gentile, R.J. Wu, J. Berdugo, Y.F. Mao, Z.Q. Yang, R. T. Van de Walle, Lamberto Luminari, G. Schwering, Wolfgang Lohmann, H. Vogt, B. Bertucci, I. Scott, Nicanor Colino, G. Landi, M. L. Brooks, R. C. Ball, Simone Paoletti, O. Rind, Pierre Lecomte, G. Sartorelli, Charles Timmermans, Manjit Kaur, C. Dionisi, D. Pandoulas, Georgi Sultanov, Fl Linde, T. S. Dai, R. A. Khan, T. Spickermann, V. P. Andreev, Daqiang Zhang, Bernard Ille, M. Chemarin, G. M. Chen, Peter Denes, Paolo Bagnaia, J. D. Swain, P. McBride, T. Fergusson, A. Böhm, R. Leiste, Laboratoire d'Annecy de Physique des Particules (LAPP), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Physique Nucléaire de Lyon (IPNL), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3), CMS, Institut de Physique des 2 Infinis de Lyon (IP2I Lyon), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), L3, O., Adriani, M., Aguilarbenitez, S., Ahlen, H., Akbari, J., Alcaraz, Aloisio, Alberto, G., Alverson, Alviggi, Mariagrazia, G., Ambrosi, Q., An, H., Anderhub, A. L., Anderson, V. P., Andreev, T., Angelov, L., Antonov, D., Antreasyan, P., Arce, A., Arefiev, A., Atamanchuk, T., Azemoon, T., Aziz, P. V., K., P., Bagnaia, J. A., Bakken, L., Baksay, R. C., Ball, S., Banerjee, J., Bao, R., Barillere, L., Barone, R., Battiston, A., Bay, F., Becattini, U., Becker, F., Behner, J., Behren, S., Beingessner, G. L., Bencze, J., Berdugo, P., Berge, B., Bertucci, B. L., Betev, M., Biasini, A., Biland, G. M., Bilei, R., Bizzarri, J. J., Blaising, P., Blomeke, B., Blumenfeld, G. J., Bobbink, M., Bocciolini, R., Bock, A., Bohm, B., Borgia, D., Bourilkov, M., Bourquin, D., Boutigny, B., Bouwen, E., Brambilla, J. G., Branson, I. C., Brock, M., Brook, C., Buisson, A., Bujak, J. D., Burger, W. J., Burger, J. P., Burq, J., Busenitz, X. D., Cai, M., Capell, M., Caria, F., Carminati, A. M., Cartacci, M., Cerrada, F., Cesaroni, Y. H., Chang, U. K., Chaturvedi, M., Chemarin, A., Chen, C., Chen, G. M., Chen, H. F., Chen, H. S., Chen, J., Chen, M., Chen, M. L., Chen, W. Y., Chen, Chiefari, Giovanni, C. Y., Chien, M., Chmeissani, S., Chung, C., Civinini, I., Clare, R., Clare, T. E., Coan, H. O., Cohn, G., Coignet, N., Colino, A., Contin, F., Crijn, X. T., Cui, X. Y., Cui, T. S., Dai, R., Dalessandro, R., Deasmundi, A., Degre, K., Deiter, E., Dene, P., Dene, F., Denotaristefani, M., Dhina, D., Dibitonto, M., Diemoz, H. R., Dimitrov, C., Dionisi, M. T., Dova, E., Drago, T., Driever, D., Duchesneau, P., Duinker, I., Duran, H., Elmamouni, A., Engler, F. J., Eppling, F. C., Erne, P., Extermann, R., Fabbretti, M., Fabre, S., Falciano, S. J., Fan, O., Fackler, J., Fay, M., Felcini, T., Ferguson, D., Fernandez, G., Fernandez, F., Ferroni, H., Fesefeldt, E., Fiandrini, J., Field, F., Filthaut, G., Finocchiaro, P. H., Fisher, G., Forconi, T., Foreman, K., Freudenreich, W., Friebel, M., Fukushima, M., Gailloud, Y., Galaktionov, E., Gallo, S. N., Ganguli, P., Garciaabia, S. S., Gau, D., Gele, S., Gentile, S., Goldfarb, Z. F., Gong, E., Gonzalez, P., Gottlicher, D., Goujon, G., Gratta, C., Grinnell, M., Gruenewald, C., Gu, M., Guanziroli, J. K., Guo, V. K., Gupta, A., Gurtu, H. R., Gustafson, L. J., Gutay, K., Hangarter, A., Hasan, D., Hauschildt, C. F., He, T., Hebbeker, M., Hebert, G., Herten, U., Herten, A., Herve, K., Hilger, H., Hofer, H., Hoorani, G., Hu, G. Q., Hu, B., Ille, M. M., Ilya, V., Innocente, H., Janssen, S., Jezequel, B. N., Jin, L. W., Jone, A., Kasser, R. A., Khan, Y., Kamyshkov, P., Kapino, J. S., Kapustinsky, Y., Karyotaki, M., Kaur, S., Khokhar, M. N., Kienzlefocacci, W. W., Kinnison, D., Kirkby, S., Kirsch, W., Kittel, A., Klimentov, A. C., Konig, E., Koffeman, O., Kornadt, V., Koutsenko, A., Koulbardi, R. W., Kraemer, T., Kramer, V. R., Krastev, W., Krenz, A., Krivshich, J., Krizmanic, K. S., Kumar, A., Kunin, G., Landi, D., Lanske, S., Lanzano, P., Lebrun, P., Lecomte, P., Lecoq, P., Lecoultre, D. M., Lee, I., Leedom, J. M., Legoff, R., Leiste, M., Lenti, E., Leonardi, J., Lettry, X., Leyten, C., Li, H. T., Li, P. J., Li, X. G., Li, J. Y., Liao, W. T., Lin, Z. Y., Lin, F. L., Linde, B., Lindemann, D., Linnhofer, Y., Liu, W., Lohmann, E., Longo, Y. S., Lu, J. M., Lubber, K., Lubelsmeyer, C., Luci, D., Luckey, L., Ludovici, L., Luminari, W. G., Ma, M., Macdermott, P. K., Malhotra, R., Malik, A., Malinin, C., Mana, D. N., Mao, Y. F., Mao, M., Maolinbay, P., Marchesini, F., Marion, A., Marin, J. P., Martin, L., Martinezlaso, F., Marzano, G. G., G., T., Matsuda, K., Mazumdar, P., Mcbride, T., Mcmahon, D., Mcnally, T., Meinholz, M., Merk, Merola, Leonardo, M., Meschini, W. J., Metzger, Y., Mi, G. B., Mill, Y., Mir, G., Mirabelli, J., Mnich, M., Moller, B., Monteleoni, R., Morand, S., Morganti, N. E., Moulai, R., Mount, S., Muller, A., Nadtochy, E., Nagy, Napolitano, Marco, H., Newman, C., Neyer, M. A., Niaz, L., Niessen, H., Nowak, G., Organtini, D., Pandoula, S., Paoletti, G., Passaleva, Patricelli, Sergio, M., Pauluzzi, F., Pau, Y. J., Pei, D., Perretgallix, J., Perrier, A., Pevsner, M., Pieri, P. A., Piroue, F., Plasil, V., Plyaskin, M., Pohl, V., Pojidaev, N., Produit, J. M., Qian, K. N., Qureshi, R., Raghavan, G., Rahalcallot, G., Raven, P., Razi, K., Read, D., Ren, Z., Ren, M., Rescigno, S., Reucroft, A., Ricker, S., Riemann, O., Rind, H. A., Rizvi, B. P., Roe, M., Rohner, S., Rohner, L., Romero, J., Rose, S., Rosierlee, R., Rosmalen, P., Rosselet, A., Rubbia, J. A., Rubio, H., Rykaczewski, M., Sachwitz, E., Sajan, J., Salicio, J. M., Salicio, G. S., Sander, A., Santocchia, M. S., Sarakino, G., Sartorelli, M., Sassowsky, G., Sauvage, V., Schegelsky, K., Schmiemann, D., Schmitz, P., Schmitz, M., Schneegan, H., Schopper, D. J., Schotanu, S., Shotkin, H. J., Schreiber, J., Shukla, R., Schulte, S., Schulte, K., Schultze, J., Schutte, J., Schwenke, G., Schwering, Sciacca, Crisostomo, I., Scott, R., Sehgal, P. G., Seiler, J. C., Sen, L., Servoli, I., Sheer, D. Z., Shen, S., Shevchenko, X. R., Shi, E., Shumilov, V., Shoutko, E., Soderstrom, A., Sopczak, C., Spartioti, T., Spickermann, P., Spillantini, R., Starosta, M., Steuer, D. P., Stickland, F., Sticozzi, H., Stone, K., Strauch, B. C., Stringfellow, K., Sudhakar, G., Sultanov, R. L., Sumner, L. Z., Sun, H., Suter, R. B., Sutton, J. D., Swain, A. A., Syed, X. W., Tang, L., Taylor, C., Timmerman, S. C., C., S. M., Ting, M., Tonutti, S. C., Tonwar, J., Toth, A., Tsaregorodtsev, G., Tsipoliti, C., Tully, K. L., Tung, J., Ulbricht, L., Urban, U., Uwer, E., Valente, R. T., Vandewalle, I., Vetlitsky, G., Viertel, P., Vika, U., Vika, M., Vivargent, H., Vogel, H., Vogt, I., Vorobiev, A. A., Vorobyov, L., Vuilleumier, M., Wadhwa, W., Wallraff, C. R., Wang, G. H., Wang, J. H., Wang, Q. F., Wang, X. L., Wang, Y. F., Wang, Z. M., Wang, A., Weber, J., Weber, R., Weill, T. J., Wenau, J., Wenninger, M., White, C., Willmott, F., Wittgenstein, D., Wright, R. J., Wu, S. X., Wu, Y. G., Wu, B., Wyslouch, Y. Y., Xie, Y. D., Xu, Z. Z., Xu, Z. L., Xue, D. S., Yan, X. J., Yan, B. Z., Yang, C. G., Yang, G., Yang, K. S., Yang, Q. Y., Yang, Z. Q., Yang, C. H., Ye, J. B., Ye, Q., Ye, S. C., Yeh, Z. W., Yin, J. M., You, N., Yunu, M., Yzerman, C., Zaccardelli, P., Zemp, M., Zeng, Y., Zeng, D. H., Zhang, Z. P., Zhang, B., Zhou, J. F., Zhou, R. Y., Zhu, H. L., Zhuang, A., Zichichi, B. C., C., and IHEF (IoP, FNWI)

Subjects
Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Particle physics, LUND MONTE-CARLO, Electron–positron annihilation, TO-BACK JETS, Hadron, Jet (particle physics), 01 natural sciences, Resonance (particle physics), ELECTRON-POSITRON-ANNIHILATION, Nuclear physics, 0103 physical sciences, [PHYS.HEXP]Physics [physics]/High Energy Physics - Experiment [hep-ex], Resummation, 010306 general physics, GeneralLiterature_REFERENCE(e.g.,dictionaries,encyclopedias,glossaries), Physics, Quantum chromodynamics, QUANTUM CHROMODYNAMICS, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, JET PRODUCTION-RATES, High Energy Physics::Phenomenology, E+E-ANNIHILATION, QCD, FREE PERTURBATION-THEORY, Hadronization, ENERGY CORRELATIONS, Experimental uncertainty analysis, High Energy Physics::Experiment, FRAGMENTATION, Particle Physics - Experiment
Abstract

We present a study of the global event shape variables thrust and heavy jet mass, of energy-energy correlations and of jet multiplicities based on 250 000 hadronic Z 0 decays. The data are compared to new QCD calculations including resummation of leading and next-to-leading logarithms to all orders. We determine the strong coupling constant α s (91.2 GeV) = 0.125±0.003 (exp) ± 0.008 (theor). The first error is the experimental uncertainty. The second error is due to hadronization uncertainties and approximations in the calculations of the higher order corrections.

Published
1992

44. A measurement of the Z0 leptonic partial widths and the vector and axial vector coupling constants

Author

Aa Vorobyov, Francesco Marzano, T. Angelov, J.M. Qian, Philip Kaaret, A. Engler, N. Smirnov, W. Krenz, G. Hu, J.M. Thenard, A.M. Cartacci, Carlos Willmott, L. Ludovici, H.R. Dimitrov, L. Urbàn, V. Plyaskin, U. Becker, G. Rahal-Callot, D.N. Mao, C. Souyri, E. Thomas, Sandra Consuegra Rodríguez, H. T. Li, R.J. Wu, F. J. Eppling, D. S. Yan, S.S. Gau, An.A. Vorobyov, T. Matsuda, F. Cesaroni, L. Leistam, S. M. Ting, Federico Carminati, M. Gailloud, M.L. Chen, Yu. Galaktionov, L. Baksay, K. Schultze, V.G. Shevchenko, Boleslaw Wyslouch, H.J. Schreiber, C.Y. Chien, H.F. Chen, Y.P. Tong, P.G. Seiler, J. Alcaraz, S. Patricelli, E. Tarkovsky, A. Heavey, Q. Ye, V. Schegelsky, M. Gettner, D. Lanske, O. Adriani, G.Q. Hu, T. Kramer, J.C. Sens, Peter Denes, M. Sachwitz, C. Maña, Qi An, S. Lökös, R. Raghavan, Marcella Diemoz, Paolo Bagnaia, J. J. Blaising, T. Ferguson, M. G. Alviggi, K.S. Yang, Samuel C.C. Ting, Th. Rombach, J. P. Burq, G. Von Dardel, K. N. Qureshi, Steven Goldfarb, Marco Meschini, D. Kirkby, J. Schütte, G. Landi, F.G. Hartjes, Laurent Vuilleumier, U. Herten, T. Böhringer, X.R. Shi, D.W. Schmitz, B. N. Jin, H. Haan, Simonetta Gentile, E. Isiksal, D.H. Zhang, Igor Vorobiev, Lamberto Luminari, Y. Peng, S. Schulte, C. Pols, P. Marchesini, B. Stöhr, Ming Zeng, P. Vikas, R. Leiste, Robert Clare, X. Lue, M. Röhner, S. C. Yeh, Antonino Zichichi, J.M. Lubbers, F. Bruyant, V. Morgunov, T. Foreman, Kenneth Francis Read, Egidio Longo, U. K. Chaturvedi, H. Rykaczewski, D. Harting, Thomas Hebbeker, Panos A Razis, Y.J. Pei, Y. S. Lu, Paul Lecoq, G. Conforto, J. Fehlmann, I. Vetlitsky, P. Blömeke, R. L. Sumner, W. Ruckstuhl, S. Rosier-Lees, T. Riemann, M. Napolitano, P. Schmitz, B. Bertucci, Alexei Klimentov, K. Deiters, D. Zhang, D. P. Stickland, P. Le Coultre, Yu. Kamyshkov, R.C. Ball, Adrian Biland, G. Schwering, J. Ulbricht, Raffaello D'Alessandro, Dimitri Bourilkov, C. Camps, Nicanor Colino, L. Zehnder, Y.F. Mao, H. Vogt, R. T. Van de Walle, S. X. Wu, A. Gordeev, M. Micke, Lawrence W. Jones, J. Wenninger, Y. Karyotakis, K. Sudhakar, Y. Mir, C. H. Ye, G. Fernandez, G. H. Wang, K. Hangarter, H. S. Chen, Helmut Vogel, Oliver Kornadt, M. Pohl, R. Liu, Mw Gruenewald, R. Starosta, V. Pojidaev, Jérôme Rose, R. Wilhelm, C. Grinnell, Y. Mi, K. Freudenreich, Leonardo Merola, K.D. Shmakov, S. J. Fan, W. Walk, S. Banerjee, Zp Zhang, Ph. Rosselet, G. J. Bobbink, M. M. Ilyas, Pierre Lecomte, Wesley James Metzger, L.S. Hsu, L. Montanet, D. Luckey, Gy L. Bencze, G. Herten, J. P. Martin, B. Spiess, J.Y. Liao, P.V.K.S. Baba, M. Steuer, J. Onvlee, M. Bourquin, C. G. Yang, I. C. Brock, C. Chen, X. D. Cai, G. Forconi, J. Weber, Z.Q. Yang, E. Valente, M. Chemarin, E. Perrin, K. Strauch, Tariq Aziz, W. Friebel, G. Faber, M. Fabre, Corinne Goy, B. Borgia, V. Lalieu, T.J. Wenaus, S. L. Wu, Speranza Falciano, Vincenzo Innocente, R. Fabbretti, T. Azemoon, Patricia McBride, S. Morganti, Jd Burger, M. Capell, Georgi Sultanov, Jozsef Toth, Charles Timmermans, A. Kuhn, R. A. Khan, H. Akbari, G. Sauvage, V. Koutsenko, Z.Z. Xu, Gaihe Yang, J. Lettry, Claudio Luci, Suresh C Tonwar, R. Weill, G.B. Mills, A. Malinin, Mingshui Chen, M. Dhina, A. van Laak, Qun Wang, R. Dolin, Marcos Cerrada, D. Perret-Gallix, H. S. Fesefeldt, Axel König, D. J. Schotanus, J. A. Bakken, Elisabetta Gallo, R.B. Sutton, W. Lohmann, P. Lebrun, V. P. Andreev, X. L. Wang, E. Jagel, Crisostomo Sciacca, Yanwen Liu, P. J. Li, J. Schwenke, X. Y. Cui, Fridolin Dittus, J. Fay, Marco Pieri, Chenliang Wang, M. Fukushima, P. Schmitt, M. Glaubman, K. Mazumbar, G. M. Chen, S. Reucroft, Harvey B Newman, K. Hilgers, D. Güsewell, A. Chen, M. Vollmar, F. Ferroni, I. Clare, W. Wallraff, D. Wright, H. Fenker, D. Antreasyan, J. M. Le Goff, Alberto Aloisio, S. Beingessner, A. Grimes, Y. Zeng, Z.F. Gong, Th. Meinholz, S.Y. Zhang, A. L. Anderson, J. A. Rubio, P. Göttlicher, J.H. Wang, J. Mnich, P. K. Malhotra, D. Ren, Ying Wu, X. W. Tang, J. G. Branson, J. Von Rango, I. Sheer, J. F. Zhou, M. Herbert, K. Lübelsmeyer, Piero Spillantini, P. A. Piroué, G. Viertel, A. Kunin, P. Duinker, M. MacDermott, Z. W. Yin, S. N. Ganguli, H. van der Graaf, C. Rippich, B. L. Betev, A. Degré, Giovanni Paternoster, J. Bao, U. Uwer, D. Kaplan, A. Contin, Alexander Savin, G. Morand, M. Elkacimi, P. Extermann, I. Leedom, H. Hofer, K. L. Tung, R. Morand, Z. L. Xue, Howard A. Stone, D. Pandoulas, J. Salicio, T.S. Dai, Y. H. Chang, George Alverson, T. Spickermann, S. Kwan, Ren-Yuan Zhu, Luciano Barone, Vineet Kumar, M. Guanziroli, R. Magahiz, G.G.G. Massaro, F. Carbonara, F.C. Erné, Q.Y. Yang, L. Martinez, A. Gurtu, F. L. Linde, V. Commichau, A. Böhm, G. Coignet, E. Shumilov, J. Zoll, M. Bocciolini, J. H. Field, M. Schöntag, W. Böhlen, V. Shoutko, Luciano Romero, C. F. He, Giorgio Gratta, A. Pevsner, M. Tonutti, Barry Blumenfeld, L. Antonov, A. Marchionni, V.R. Krastev, E. Gonzalez, B. Ille, S. Lanzano, Bernardo Adeva, R. W. Kraemer, V. Khoze, C-Q. Li, R. Bizzarri, S. Hancke, F. DeNotaristefani, P. Berges, M. Maire, L. Li, D. Boutigny, J.F. Li, H. Suter, Y.F. Wang, U. Micke, D. Linnhofer, R. Mount, W.D. Nowak, J. Berdugo, B. Monteleoni, W. Kittel, G. Chiefari, S. Shevchenko, M. Schneegans, R. Schulte, Zhuoxiang Ren, J. M. You, N. Produit, A. A. Syed, K. Lanius, F. Crijns, Marcel Merk, J. Perrier, C. Zabounidis, D. Goujon, Bz Yang, A. Sopczak, X. Leytens, H. Anderhub, C. Dionisi, Alain Hervé, G. Mirabelli, A. Bay, D. Campana, Carlo Civinini, M. Maolinbay, X.G. Li, M. Aguilar-Benitez, I. Duran, P. F. Klok, Herwig Schopper, M. White, Petr Levchenko, F. Wittgenstein, E. Drago, L. Niessen, Z.Y. Lin, T. Driever, M. Harris, E. Dénes, B. P. Roe, W.G. Ma, E. Nagy, M. Vivargent, Christine Buisson, Z. M. Wang, A. Arefiev, Laboratoire d'Annecy de Physique des Particules (LAPP), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Physique Nucléaire de Lyon (IPNL), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3), L3, IHEF (IoP, FNWI), B., Adeva, O., Adriani, M., Aguilarbenitez, H., Akbari, J., Alcaraz, Aloisio, Alberto, G., Alverson, Alviggi, Mariagrazia, Q., An, H., Anderhub, A. L., Anderson, V. P., Andreev, T., Angelov, L., Antonov, D., Antreasyan, A., Arefiev, T., Azemoon, T., Aziz, P. V., K., P., Bagnaia, J. A., Bakken, L., Baksay, R. C., Ball, S., Banerjee, J., Bao, L., Barone, A., Bay, U., Becker, S., Beingessner, G. L., Bencze, J., Berdugo, P., Berge, B., Bertucci, B. L., Betev, A., Biland, R., Bizzarri, J. J., Blaising, P., Blomeke, B., Blumenfeld, G. J., Bobbink, M., Bocciolini, W., Bohlen, A., Bohm, T., Bohringer, B., Borgia, D., Bourilkov, M., Bourquin, D., Boutigny, J. G., Branson, I. C., Brock, F., Bruyant, C., Buisson, J. D., Burger, J. P., Burq, X. D., Cai, D., Campana, C., Camp, M., Capell, F., Carbonara, F., Carminati, A. M., Cartacci, M., Cerrada, F., Cesaroni, Y. H., Chang, U. K., Chaturvedi, M., Chemarin, A., Chen, C., Chen, G. M., Chen, H. F., Chen, H. S., Chen, M., Chen, M. L., Chen, Chiefari, Giovanni, C. Y., Chien, C., Civinini, I., Clare, R., Clare, G., Coignet, N., Colino, V., Commichau, G., Conforto, A., Contin, F., Crijn, X. Y., Cui, T. S., Dai, R., Dalessandro, A., Degre, K., Deiter, E., Dene, P., Dene, F., Denotaristefani, M., Dhina, M., Diemoz, H. R., Dimitrov, C., Dionisi, F., Dittu, R., Dolin, E., Drago, T., Driever, P., Duinker, I., Duran, M., Elkacimi, A., Engler, F. J., Eppling, F. C., Erne, P., Extermann, R., Fabbretti, G., Faber, S., Falciano, S. J., Fan, M., Fabre, J., Fay, J., Fehlmann, H., Fenker, T., Ferguson, G., Fernandez, F., Ferroni, H., Fesefeldt, J., Field, G., Forconi, T., Foreman, K., Freudenreich, W., Friebel, M., Fukushima, M., Gailloud, Y., Galaktionov, E., Gallo, S. N., Ganguli, S. S., Gau, S., Gentile, M., Gettner, M., Glaubman, S., Goldfarb, Z. F., Gong, E., Gonzalez, A., Gordeev, P., Gottlicher, D., Goujon, C., Goy, G., Gratta, A., Grime, C., Grinnell, M., Gruenewald, M., Guanziroli, A., Gurtu, D., Gusewell, H., Haan, S., Hancke, K., Hangarter, M., Harri, D., Harting, F. G., Hartje, C. F., He, A., Heavey, T., Hebbeker, M., Hebert, G., Herten, U., Herten, A., Herve, K., Hilger, H., Hofer, L. S., Hsu, G., Hu, G. Q., Hu, B., Ille, M. M., Ilya, V., Innocente, E., Isiksal, E., Jagel, B. N., Jin, L. W., Jone, P., Kaaret, R. A., Khan, Y., Kamyshkov, D., Kaplan, Y., Karyotaki, V., Khoze, D., Kirkby, W., Kittel, A., Klimentov, P. F., Klok, A. C., Konig, O., Kornadt, V., Koutsenko, R. W., Kraemer, T., Kramer, V. R., Krastev, W., Krenz, A., Kuhn, V., Kumar, A., Kunin, S., Kwan, A., Vanlaak, V., Lalieu, G., Landi, K., Laniu, D., Lanske, S., Lanzano, P., Lebrun, P., Lecomte, P., Lecoq, P., Lecoultre, I., Leedom, J. M., Legoff, L., Leistam, R., Leiste, J., Lettry, P. M., Levchenko, X., Leyten, C., Li, H. T., Li, J. F., Li, L., Li, P. J., Li, X. G., Li, J. Y., Liao, R., Liu, Y., Liu, Z. Y., Lin, F. L., Linde, D., Linnhofer, W., Lohmann, S., Loko, E., Longo, Y. S., Lu, J. M., Lubber, K., Lubelsmeyer, C., Luci, D., Luckey, L., Ludovici, X., Lue, L., Luminari, W. G., Ma, M., Macdermott, R., Magahiz, M., Maire, P. K., Malhotra, A., Malinin, C., Mana, D. N., Mao, Y. F., Mao, M., Maolinbay, P., Marchesini, A., Marchionni, J. P., Martin, L., Martinez, F., Marzano, G. G., G., T., Matsuda, K., Mazumdar, P., Mcbride, T., Meinholz, M., Merk, Merola, Leonardo, M., Meschini, W. J., Metzger, Y., Mi, M., Micke, U., Micke, G. B., Mill, Y., Mir, G., Mirabelli, J., Mnich, L., Montanet, B., Monteleoni, G., Morand, R., Morand, S., Morganti, V., Morgunov, R., Mount, E., Nagy, Napolitano, Marco, H., Newman, L., Niessen, W. D., Nowak, J., Onvlee, D., Pandoula, Paternoster, Giovanni, Patricelli, Sergio, Y. J., Pei, Y., Peng, D., Perretgallix, J., Perrier, E., Perrin, A., Pevsner, M., Pieri, P. A., Piroue, V., Plyaskin, M., Pohl, V., Pojidaev, C. L., A., N., Produit, J. M., Qian, K. N., Qureshi, R., Raghavan, G., Rahalcallot, J., Vonrango, P., Razi, K., Read, D., Ren, Z., Ren, S., Reucroft, T., Riemann, C., Rippich, S., Rodriguez, B. P., Roe, M., Rohner, T., Rombach, L., Romero, J., Rose, S., Rosierlee, P., Rosselet, J. A., Rubio, W., Ruckstuhl, H., Rykaczewski, M., Sachwitz, J., Salicio, G., Sauvage, A., Savin, V., Schegelsky, P., Schmitt, D., Schmitz, P., Schmitz, M., Schneegan, M., Schontag, H., Schopper, D. J., Schotanu, H. J., Schreiber, R., Schulte, S., Schulte, K., Schultze, J., Schutte, J., Schwenke, G., Schwering, Sciacca, Crisostomo, P. G., Seiler, J. C., Sen, I., Sheer, V., Shevchenko, S., Shevchenko, X. R., Shi, K., Shmakov, V., Shoutko, E., Shumilov, N., Smirnov, A., Sopczak, C., Souyri, T., Spickermann, B., Spie, P., Spillantini, R., Starosta, M., Steuer, D. P., Stickland, B., Stohr, H., Stone, K., Strauch, K., Sudhakar, G., Sultanov, R. L., Sumner, H., Suter, R. B., Sutton, A. A., Syed, X. W., Tang, E., Tarkovsky, J. M., Thenard, E., Thoma, C., Timmerman, S. C., C., S. M., Ting, Y. P., Tong, M., Tonutti, S. C., Tonwar, J., Toth, K. L., Tung, J., Ulbricht, L., Urban, U., Uwer, E., Valente, R. T., Vandewalle, H., Vandergraaf, I., Vetlitsky, G., Viertel, P., Vika, M., Vivargent, H., Vogel, H., Vogt, M., Vollmar, G., Vondardel, I., Vorobiev, A. A., Vorobyov, A., Vorobyov, L., Vuilleumier, W., Walk, W., Wallraff, C. R., Wang, G. H., Wang, J. H., Wang, Q. F., Wang, X. L., Wang, Y. F., Wang, Z. M., Wang, J., Weber, R., Weill, T. J., Wenau, J., Wenninger, M., White, R., Wilhelm, C., Willmott, F., Wittgenstein, D., Wright, R. J., Wu, S. L., Wu, S. X., Wu, Y. G., Wu, B., Wyslouch, Z. Z., Xu, Z. L., Xue, D. S., Yan, B. Z., Yang, C. G., Yang, G., Yang, K. S., Yang, Q. Y., Yang, Z. Q., Yang, Q., Ye, C. H., Ye, S. C., Yeh, Z. W., Yin, J. M., You, C., Zabounidi, L., Zehnder, M., Zeng, Y., Zeng, D., Zhang, D. H., Zhang, S. Y., Zhang, Z. P., Zhang, J. F., Zhou, R. Y., Zhu, A., Zichichi, and J., Zoll

Subjects
Physics, Coupling constant, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Particle physics, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, media_common.quotation_subject, Electron–positron annihilation, Detector, Charge (physics), 01 natural sciences, Asymmetry, 0103 physical sciences, [PHYS.HEXP]Physics [physics]/High Energy Physics - Experiment [hep-ex], Atomic physics, 010306 general physics, Pseudovector, Particle Physics - Experiment, media_common, Lepton
Abstract

We have measured the partial widths of the Z 0 into lepton pairs, and the forward-backward charge asymmetry for the process e + e − → μ + μ − using the L3 detector at LEP. We obtain an average Γ ll of 83.0±2.1±1.1 MeV.From this result and the asymmetry measurement, we extract the values of the vector and axial vector couplings of the Z 0 to leptons: g rmv =−0.066 −0.027 +0.046 and g rmA = −0.495 −0.007 +0.007 .

Published
1990

45. New two-color dimer models with critical ground states

Author

Scott L. Arouh, Christopher L. Henley, and R. Raghavan

Subjects
Physics, Field (physics), Component (thermodynamics), Condensed Matter (cond-mat), Monte Carlo method, FOS: Physical sciences, Statistical and Nonlinear Physics, Condensed Matter, Renormalization group, 01 natural sciences, Square lattice, 010305 fluids & plasmas, Superposition principle, 0103 physical sciences, Statistical physics, 010306 general physics, Anisotropy, Critical exponent, Mathematical Physics
Abstract

We define two new models on the square lattice, in which each allowed configuration is a superposition of a covering by ``white'' dimers and one by ``black'' dimers. Each model maps to a solid-on-solid (SOS) model in which the ``height'' field is two dimensional. Measuring the stiffness of the SOS fluctuations in the rough phase provides critical exponents of the dimer models. Using this ``height'' representation, we have performed Monte Carlo simulations. They confirm that each dimer model has critical correlations and belongs to a new universality class. In the "dimer-loop" model (which maps to a loop model) one height component is smooth but has unusual correlated fluctuations; the other height component is rough. In the ``noncrossing-dimer'' model, the heights are rough having two different elastic constants; an unusual form of its elastic theory implies anisotropic critical correlations., Comment: 19 pages, plain TeX; 8 figures and 1 table in 20 PostScript files. Replacement to add journal ref

Published
1997

46. Observation of multiple hard photon final states at GeV at LEP

Author

M. Campanelli, D. Antreasyan, Sc Yeh, L. Romero, Marcella Diemoz, P. G. Rancoita, Wt Lin, B. Schoeneich, P. Kapinos, Samuel C.C. Ting, H. Kuijten, A. Lebedev, Dong-Chul Son, T. Kramer, B. N. Jin, H. Nowak, P. Duinker, I. Korolko, Simonetta Gentile, P. Rosselet, Z. P. Zhang, R. Barillère, A. C. Weber, Ren-Yuan Zhu, Luciano Barone, J. J. Blaising, Aaron Dominguez, M. N. Kienzle-Focacci, A. Klimentov, S. Mele, Kajari Mazumdar, Stefano Giagu, C. Lapoint, Felicitas Pauss, M. Bourquin, A. Straessner, Luca Lista, D. Fernandez, Juven Wang, Sabine Riemann, C-Q. Li, T. van Rhee, P. Extermann, Christoph Schäfer, B. Z. Yang, H. Hofer, K. L. Tung, H. Janssen, Kenneth Francis Read, Alessandra Doria, S. Müller, E. Valente, K. Strauch, Mariagrazia Alviggi, W. Wallraff, W. G. Ma, M. Basile, J. Gerald, Dai-Sik Kim, V. K. Gupta, R. Faccini, G. Mirabelli, D. McNally, X. L. Wang, G. G.G. Massaro, S. Banerjee, A. Gurtu, V. Commichau, M. Lebeau, A. Tsaregorodtsev, K. Y. Lee, I. Vetlitsky, M. Pauluzzi, Xd Cai, K. Hangarter, Joachim Mnich, G. Viertel, Y. J. Pei, W. van Rossum, G.M. Chan, S. C. Blyth, Adrian Biland, Z. A. Liu, A. Vorvolakos, X. Y. Yao, Hans J. Vogel, S. Morganti, J. K. Kim, D. Luckey, J. G. Xu, Reinhard W. Schulte, Marco Meschini, Tariq Aziz, J. Schwenke, G. M. Bilei, S. Ro, F. DeNotaristefani, M. Lenti, K. Lübelsmeyer, S. Costantini, R. Leiste, Christoph Paus, B. L. Betev, D. Ren, A. Robohm, Gianpaolo Carlino, B. Hartmann, A. Hasan, Y. Kamyshkov, Gobinda Majumder, A. Engler, J. Shukla, P. Marchesini, N. Gheordanescu, V. Brigljevic, B. De La Cruz, G. Hu, Giovanni Ambrosi, N. Scholz, J. M. You, A. Macchiolo, Manas Maity, S. Petrak, Lamberto Luminari, A. M. Cartacci, R. Raghavan, A. C. König, Andre Sopczak, Joel Goldstein, A. Favara, Z. Z. Xu, V. Pojidaev, M. Capell, J.V. Allaby, Vincenzo Innocente, Yu. Galaktionov, S. P. Ahlen, S. Patricelli, A. Boucham, W. Kittel, M. Caria, H. S. Fesefeldt, E. Pistolesi, A. P. Colijn, D.W. Schmitz, G. Pascale, N. Shivarov, Claudio Luci, Crisostomo Sciacca, J. A. Rubio, E. Nagy, F. Cesaroni, Marco Pieri, S. R. Hou, M. Wadhwa, D. J. Schotanus, M. Chamizo, J. Alcaraz, B. Monteleoni, F. Sticozzi, P. Berges, Steve Nahn, Roberto Castello, F. Muheim, Igor Vorobiev, M. Sassowsky, A. J.W. van Mil, J. Rodin, C. Dionisi, P. Levtchenko, S.X. Wu, Robert Clare, Alain Hervé, F. DiLodovico, P. Bartalini, Thomas Hebbeker, Paul Lecoq, R. W. Kraemer, A. Nippe, R. T. Van de Walle, Panos A Razis, A. Koulbardis, Konrad Deiters, R. C. Ball, J. S. Lee, Pierre Lecomte, Christopher George Tully, Alexander Malinin, L. Fredj, S. Easo, J. P. Ernenwein, Kati Lassila-Perini, M. Fabre, P. Lebrun, M. Napolitano, P. LeCoultre, Emilio Leonardi, R. Bock, D. Sciarrino, M. T. Choi, Francesca Nessi-Tedaldi, Alberto Aloisio, O. Toker, A. Ricker, Speranza Falciano, F. C. Erné, V. Plyaskin, Werner Lustermann, Behcet Alpat, L. J. Gutay, Howard A. Stone, A. Mihul, G. Alemanni, Y. Karyotakis, P. Schmitz, U. Becker, H. Anderhub, W. J. Burger, M. Vivargent, A. Bay, M. Acciarri, Pierluigi Paolucci, M. Möller, J. Berdugo, V. Koutsenko, D. Duchesneau, H. S. Chen, L. Servoli, L. Baksay, F. Cotorobai, Wolfgang Lohmann, B. Bertucci, S. C. Kim, E. J. Sanchez, H. ElMamouni, A. Buijs, C. Zaccardelli, M. T. Dova, A. Köngeter, F. Tonisch, I. Duran, Roberto Battiston, G. Schwering, W. W. Kinnison, J. D. Burger, T. Siedenburg, G. F. Susinno, H. O. Cohn, H. Vogt, G. Rahal-Callot, U. Uwer, A. Chen, D. van Dierendonck, G. Forconi, J. Salicio, R. Mount, X. W. Tang, Nicola Cavallo, A. Buytenhuijs, An. Zalite, Nicanor Colino, P. A. Piroué, B. Zhou, G. Landi, H. K. Park, Egidio Longo, H. Tuchscherer, Simone Paoletti, Suchandra Dutta, J. Kirby, F. J. Eppling, L. W. Jones, Gerjan Bobbink, B. Borgia, P. H. Fisher, J. Ulbricht, P. de Jong, S. M. Ting, Maurizio Biasini, Carlo Civinini, Raffaello D'Alessandro, Michael Dittmar, Marta Felcini, G. Raven, Francesca Cavallari, S. Roth, I. Dorne, U. K. Chaturvedi, A. Pevsner, K. Freudenreich, Manjit Kaur, G. Chiefari, C. Furetta, J. C. Pinto, K. Schultze, G. Castellini, Francesco Becattini, S. Shevchenko, M. M. Ilyas, S. S. Gau, Leonardo Merola, Z. F. Gong, P. Zemp, J. P. Martin, R. de Asmundis, Y. S. Lu, J. D. Swain, A. Kasser, D. Peach, A. Chan, M.E. Sarakinos, L. Tauscher, G. Y. Zhu, E. Shumilov, F. Behner, Andrea Baschirotto, Roger Moore, M. Aguilar-Benitez, T. Azemoon, I. Clare, Jozsef Toth, Herwig Schopper, D. Pandoulas, M. Rescigno, H. Suter, Y. F. Wang, V. Shoutko, J. C. Sens, B. C. Riemers, J. H. Field, C. Y. Chien, G.C. Romeo, A. Adam, B. Stoyanov, S. Schmidt-Kaerst, A. Böhm, R. Völkert, H. Postema, T. Paul, Marcos Cerrada, H. F. Chen, J. Busenitz, Y. Mi, Georgi Sultanov, P. De Ladron Guevara, Fl Linde, T. S. Dai, Peter Denes, R. A. Khan, M. Tonutti, Y. Zhou, J. G. Branson, S. Wynhoff, B. Lindemann, Paolo Bagnaia, G. Gratta, W. Lu, Davide Piccolo, Dimitri Bourilkov, P. Spillantini, X. Chereau, Federico Cindolo, A. Kunin, V. P. Andreev, S. Mangla, M. Chemarin, L. Z. Sun, H. DeBoeck, S. N. Ganguli, D. P. Stickland, Luisa Cifarelli, S. Reucroft, S. C. Tonwar, E. Fiandrini, Luca Malgeri, W. C. van Hoek, Frank Filthaut, Hafeez R Hoorani, G. M. Chen, A. Kirby, A. Degré, Thomas Ferguson, M. Schneegans, Harvey B Newman, Bryan R. Smith, K. Sudhakar, M. Rattaggi, M. von der Mey, J. B. Ye, W. J. Metzger, D. Kirby, Z. M. Wang, A. Gougas, C. Maña, S. Röhner, B. P. Roe, F. Wittgenstein, L. Ludovici, E. Drago, C. Cecchi, S. Goldfarb, I. C. Brock, Subir Sarkar, A. Bujak, M. Pohl, R. Ostonen, A. Marin, S. Pensotti, Valery Schegelsky, Antonino Zichichi, H. Rykaczewski, Giovanni Organtini, J.M. LeGoff, S. Rosier-Lees, Attilio Santocchia, Jean Fay, Y. G. Kim, Nicolas Produit, Y. H. Chang, George Alverson, J. S. Kapustinsky, F. Ferroni, Y. Zeng, A. Arefiev, Yu. Efremenko, R. R. McNeil, T. Angelescu, E. Lieb, E. Brambilla, J. Casaus, K. Riles, F. Marzano, G. Coignet, W. Krenz, C. G. Yang, D. DiBitonto, M. Steuer, F. J. Rodriguez, K. Banicz, An.A. Vorobyov, O. Adriani, Lucas Taylor, D. Perret-Gallix, G. Passaleva, M. W. Gruenewald, and I. Josa-Mutuberria

Subjects
Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Range (particle radiation), Particle physics, Luminosity (scattering theory), Photon, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Electron–positron annihilation, Scalar (mathematics), 01 natural sciences, Nuclear physics, Angular distribution, 0103 physical sciences, High Energy Physics::Experiment, 010306 general physics, Event (particle physics)
Abstract

We have studied the process e+e− → nγ (n ≥ 2) at an average center-of-mass energy of 133 GeV using the L3 detector at LEP. For an integrated luminosity of 4.95 pb−1 we find one γγγγ(γ) final state with only hard photons. The rates of both γγγ and γγ events are consistent with QED expectations. The cross section of the reaction e+e− → γγ(γ) in the polar range 16° < θγ < 164° is measured to be 22.6 ± 2.2 pb. Decays into photons of narrow scalar resonances with masses between 90 and 130 GeV are not observed. The observation of the event with four energetic photons is consistent with QED although the kinematic configuration of the photons is atypical.

Published
1996

47. Measurement of the branching ratiosb →e ν X, μ ν X, τ ν X andν X

Author

G. Schwering, L. Z. Sun, Maurizio Biasini, G. Ambrosi, Marta Felcini, Roger Moore, F. J. Rodriguez, Francesco Becattini, Georgi Sultanov, Fl Linde, F. C. Erné, T. S. Dai, R. A. Khan, An.A. Vorobyov, V. P. Andreev, Lamberto Luminari, W. Lu, K. Freudenreich, Z. M. Wang, Sc Yeh, F. Cesaroni, M. Chamizo, Mingshui Chen, J. Gerald, R. Faccini, X. L. Wang, G. G.G. Massaro, O. Adriani, Lucas Taylor, Alessandra Doria, H. F. Chen, M. Chemarin, G. M. Chen, Federico Cindolo, R. C. Ball, Pierre Lecomte, Raffaello D'Alessandro, Leonardo Merola, L. Romero, Wt Lin, M. Bourquin, K. Strauch, Emilio Leonardi, R. Bock, D. Sciarrino, M. Pauluzzi, W. van Rossum, Adrian Biland, S. C. Blyth, Marco Meschini, D. Kirkby, P. G. Rancoita, Christopher George Tully, G. F. Susinno, Wolfgang Lohmann, C. Furetta, J. C. Pinto, B. Bertucci, S. Wynhoff, S. C. Kim, Nicanor Colino, Aaron Dominguez, Felicitas Pauss, S. Mangla, S. C. Tonwar, W. C. van Hoek, Frank Filthaut, Thomas Ferguson, N. Scholz, S. R. Hou, M. Wadhwa, D. J. Schotanus, C. Maña, I. C. Brock, S. Röhner, F. Wittgenstein, L. Tauscher, T. Azemoon, Joachim Mnich, A. Robohm, P. Lebrun, E. Valente, L. Baksay, F. Cotorobai, D. Ren, J. Shukla, Werner Lustermann, Behcet Alpat, A. Nippe, Alexander Malinin, W. G. Ma, P. Le Coultre, M. Basile, K. Hangarter, S. Easo, Kati Lassila-Perini, V. Plyaskin, L. Ludovici, E. Drago, R. Ostonen, A. Marin, B. N. Jin, H. Nowak, T. Paul, Y. G. Kim, Marcos Cerrada, Y. Mi, M. Acciarri, Guo-Ming Chen, G. M. Bilei, M. T. Choi, Francesca Nessi-Tedaldi, D. McNally, G. Viertel, T. Angelescu, E. Lieb, A. Buytenhuijs, Z. A. Liu, A. Vorvolakos, X. Y. Yao, A. P. Colijn, G. Carlino, J. Busenitz, Peter Denes, Paolo Bagnaia, U. Uwer, A. Chen, D. van Dierendonck, J. Salicio, A. C. Weber, H. Anderhub, S. S. Gau, J. K. Kim, D. Luckey, J. Casaus, Yu. Kamyshkov, Y. J. Pei, J.V. Allaby, S. Patricelli, C. Lapoint, M. T. Dova, Gobinda Majumder, W. Kittel, Y. H. Chang, George Alverson, J. S. Kapustinsky, Roberto Battiston, J. D. Burger, T. Siedenburg, G. Rahal-Callot, Hans J. Vogel, S. Morganti, J. Schwenke, S. Costantini, G. Chiefari, S. Shevchenko, J. G. Xu, M. Lenti, G. Mirabelli, A. Engler, Francesca Cavallari, C. Leggett, S. Roth, Ren-Yuan Zhu, Luciano Barone, G. Cara Romeo, B. P. Roe, A. Boucham, C. Dionisi, Alain Hervé, J. Rodin, An. Zalite, A. Straessner, L. Fredj, C. Cecchi, H. O. Cohn, F. Behner, Andrea Baschirotto, A. Pevsner, Luca Lista, C. G. Yang, F. Ferroni, J. M. Le Goff, N. Gheordanescu, M. Rescigno, K. Lübelsmeyer, C-Q. Li, T. van Rhee, H. Suter, M. Vivargent, D. Fernandez, Juven Wang, Y. Zeng, M. Campanelli, Gerjan Bobbink, B. Borgia, Yu. Galaktionov, H. De Boeck, J. A. Rubio, V. K. Gupta, M. Capell, Subir Sarkar, M. Schneegans, Y. Zhou, M. E. Sarakinos, P. Laurikainen, S. Ro, F. DeNotaristefani, J. P. Martin, G. Y. Zhu, E. Shumilov, A. Gurtu, W. Wallraff, Marcella Diemoz, Z. P. Zhang, S. Mele, P. Landron De Guevara, E. Nagy, Sabine Riemann, Bryan R. Smith, H. S. Fesefeldt, E. Pistolesi, Pierluigi Paolucci, Roberto Castello, A. Bujak, M. Pohl, J. M. You, A. Bay, Carlo Civinini, G. Raven, M. Aguilar-Benitez, G. Gratta, M. Fabre, A. Macchiolo, P. Zemp, V. Shoutko, J. C. Sens, B. Hartmann, A. Gougas, A. Hasan, Herwig Schopper, B. De La Cruz, Kajari Mazumdar, S. Müller, Michael Dittmar, B. C. Riemers, K. Sudhakar, A. Buijs, G. Hu, R. de Asmundis, H. Postema, M. Caria, Luisa Cifarelli, P. de Jong, R. Barillère, D. P. Stickland, A. Adam, P. Marchesini, Manas Maity, D. Kiss, V. Brigljevic, Xd Cai, A. Lebedev, Dong-Chul Son, T. Kramer, S. Banerjee, Zp Zhang, Dai-Sik Kim, J. J. Blaising, O. Rind, M. von der Mey, J. Ulbricht, A. Koulbardis, P. Berges, Steve Nahn, L. J. Gutay, U. Becker, R. Völkert, I. Dorne, J. Alcaraz, J. P. Ernenwein, J. D. Swain, Stefano Giagu, M. Tonutti, U. K. Chaturvedi, J. B. Ye, D. Peach, I. Duran, A. Chan, Igor Vorobiev, Y. S. Lu, Speranza Falciano, R. T. Van de Walle, R. Mount, Mariagrazia Alviggi, V. Koutsenko, Nicola Cavallo, H. Vogt, F. J. Eppling, L. W. Jones, G. Forconi, P. H. Fisher, S. M. Ting, P. Levtchenko, Y. F. Wang, Panos A Razis, A. Mihul, G. Alemanni, W. J. Burger, H. K. Park, Tariq Aziz, D. Antreasyan, A. Böhm, S. P. Ahlen, J. H. Field, C. Y. Chien, A. Kirkby, G. Castellini, I. Vetlitsky, Jasper Kirkby, M. Sassowsky, A. J.W. van Mil, Jozsef Toth, H. El Mamouni, B. Stoyanov, B. Schoeneich, D. Pandoulas, P. Kapinos, P. Duinker, C. Zaccardelli, A. Kasser, G. Pascale, W. W. Kinnison, N. Shivarov, Claudio Luci, Z. F. Gong, I. Korolko, Simonetta Gentile, B. L. Betev, Y. Karyotakis, Robert Clare, Thomas Hebbeker, F. Di Lodovico, Paul Lecoq, R. W. Kraemer, J. Berdugo, A. Klimentov, H. Janssen, Kenneth Francis Read, I. Clare, J. G. Branson, M. Napolitano, S. Petrak, E. J. Sanchez, H. Kuijten, Davide Piccolo, S. Reucroft, S. N. Ganguli, A. Kunin, D. Duchesneau, H. S. Chen, L. Servoli, A. Degré, M. N. Kienzle-Focacci, G. Landi, A. Csilling, Simone Paoletti, Suchandra Dutta, M. Rattaggi, V. Soulimov, M. Lebeau, A. Tsaregorodtsev, Manjit Kaur, K. Y. Lee, Vincenzo Innocente, Crisostomo Sciacca, Marco Pieri, Hafeez R Hoorani, P. Bartalini, A. M. Cartacci, R. Raghavan, Konrad Deiters, A. C. König, Alberto Aloisio, Dimitri Bourilkov, W. J. Metzger, Andre Sopczak, P. Spillantini, Joel Goldstein, X. W. Tang, P. A. Piroué, B. Zhou, S. Goldfarb, A. Favara, Z. Z. Xu, R. Leiste, Samuel C.C. Ting, E. Fiandrini, Gyorgy Vesztergombi, Luca Malgeri, Christoph Paus, V. Pojidaev, G. Passaleva, M. W. Gruenewald, I. Josa-Mutuberria, S. Pensotti, Antonino Zichichi, G. Sauvage, H. Rykaczewski, Giovanni Organtini, B. Monteleoni, F. Sticozzi, A. Arefiev, Yu. Efremenko, S. Rosier-Lees, Harvey B Newman, Aa Vorobyov, J. S. Lee, E. Brambilla, Attilio Santocchia, Jean Fay, D. Boutigny, K. Riles, Howard A. Stone, F. Tonisch, F. Marzano, G. Coignet, W. Krenz, Nicolas Produit, S. X. Wu, D. DiBitonto, Ph. Rosselet, M. Steuer, K. Banicz, D. Perret-Gallix, F. Muheim, P. Extermann, B. Z. Yang, H. Hofer, K. L. Tung, Egidio Longo, H. Tuchscherer, and M. M. Ilyas

Subjects
Physics, Semileptonic decay, Particle physics, Muon, Missing energy, Physics and Astronomy (miscellaneous), 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Hadron, Electron, Branching (polymer chemistry), 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, Measure (mathematics), Nuclear physics, 0103 physical sciences, Neutrino, 010306 general physics
Abstract

The inclusive semileptonic branching ratios b→eνX,μ νX,τ νX andνX have been measured at LEP with the L3 detector. The analysis is based on 2-jet hadronic Z decays obtained in the data collected between 1991 and 1992. Three separate event samples are analysed, containing electrons, muons and large missing energy (neutrinos), respectively. From the electron sample, we measure Br(b→eνX)=(10.89±0.20±0.51)% and, from the muon sample, Br(b→μ νX)=(10.82±0.15±0.59)%, where the first error is statistical and the second is systematic. From the missing energy sample, we measure Br(b→νX)=(23.08±0.77±1.24)%, assuming the relative semileptonic decay rates e:μ:τ=1:1:(0.25±0.05), according to theoretical expectations. From a combined analysis of all three samples and constraining the relative semileptonic rates, we measure Br(b→eνX)=Br(b→μ νX)=(10.68±0.11±0.46)%. Alternatively, we can remove the constraint on the relative semileptonic rates and measure Br(b→τ νX)=(1.7±0.5±1.1)%.

Published
1996

48. Search for unstable sequential neutral and charged heavy leptons in e+e− annihilation at and 136 GeV

Author

M Acciarri, A Adam, O Adriani, M Aguilar-Benitez, S Ahlen, B Alpat, J Alcaraz, G Alemanni, J Allaby, A Aloisio, G Alverson, M.G Alviggi, G Ambrosi, H Anderhub, V.P Andreev, T Angelescu, D Antreasyan, A Arefiev, T Azemoon, T Aziz, P Bagnaia, L Baksay, R.C Ball, S Banerjee, K Banicz, R Barillère, L Barone, P Bartalini, A Baschirotto, M Basile, R Battiston, A Bay, F Becattini, U Becker, F Behner, J Berdugo, P Berges, B Bertucci, B.L Betev, M Biasini, A Biland, G.M Bilei, J.J Blaising, S.C Blyth, G.J Bobbink, R Bock, A Böhm, B Borgia, A Boucham, D Bourilkov, M Bourquin, E Brambilla, J.G Branson, V Brigljevic, I.C Brock, A Buijs, A Bujak, J.D Burger, W.J Burger, J Busenitz, A Buytenhuijs, X.D Cai, M Campanelli, M Capell, G Cara Romeo, M Caria, G Carlino, A.M Cartacci, J Casaus, G Castellini, R Castello, F Cavallari, N Cavallo, C Cecchi, M Cerrada, F Cesaroni, M Chamizo, A Chan, Y.H Chang, U.K Chaturvedi, M Chemarin, A Chen, G Chen, G.M Chen, H.F Chen, H.S Chen, X Chereau, G Chiefari, C.Y Chien, M.T Choi, L Cifarelli, F Cindolo, C Civinini, I Clare, R Clare, H.O Cohn, G Coignet, A.P Colijn, N Colino, V Commichau, S Costantini, F Cotorobai, B de la Cruz, T.S Dai, R D'Alessandro, R de Asmundis, H De Boeck, A Degré, K Deiters, P Denes, F DeNotaristefani, D DiBitonto, M Diemoz, D van Dierendonck, F Di Lodovico, C Dionisi, M Dittmar, A Dominguez, A Doria, I Dorne, M.T Dova, E Drago, D Duchesneau, P Duinker, I Duran, S Dutta, S Easo, Yu Efremenko, H El Mamouni, A Engler, F.J Eppling, F.C Erné, J.P Ernenwein, P Extermann, M Fabre, R Faccini, S Falciano, A Favara, J Fay, M Felcini, C Furetta, T Ferguson, D Fernandez, F Ferroni, H Fesefeldt, E Fiandrini, J.H Field, F Filthaut, P.H Fisher, G Forconi, L Fredj, K Freudenreich, Yu Galaktionov, S.N Ganguli, S.S Gau, S Gentile, J Gerald, N Gheordanescu, S Giagu, S Goldfarb, J Goldstein, Z.F Gong, A Gougas, G Gratta, M.W Gruenewald, V.K Gupta, A Gurtu, L.J Gutay, K Hangarter, B Hartmann, A Hasan, T Hebbeker, A Hervé, W.C van Hoek, H Hofer, H Hoorani, S.R Hou, G Hu, M.M Ilyas, V Innocente, H Janssen, B.N Jin, L.W Jones, P de Jong, I Josa-Mutuberria, A Kasser, R.A Khan, Yu Kamyshkov, P Kapinos, J.S Kapustinsky, Y Karyotakis, M Kaur, M.N Kienzle-Focacci, D Kim, J.K Kim, S.C Kim, Y.G Kim, W.W Kinnison, A Kirkby, D Kirkby, J Kirkby, W Kittel, A Klimentov, A.C König, A Köngeter, I Korolko, V Koutsenko, A Koulbardis, R.W Kraemer, T Kramer, W Krenz, H Kuijten, A Kunin, P Ladron de Guevara, G Landi, C Lapoint, K Lassila-Perini, M Lebeau, A Lebedev, P Lebrun, P Lecomte, P Lecoq, P Le Coultre, J.S Lee, K.Y Lee, J.M Le Goff, R Leiste, M Lenti, E Leonardi, P Levtchenko, C Li, E Lieb, W.T Lin, F.L Linde, B Lindemann, L Lista, Z.A Liu, W Lohmann, E Longo, W Lu, Y.S Lu, K Lübelsmeyer, C Luci, D Luckey, L Ludovici, L Luminari, W Lustermann, W.G Ma, S Macchiolo, M Maity, G Majumder, L Malgeri, A Malinin, C Maña, S Mangla, P Marchesini, A Marin, J.P Martin, F Marzano, G.G.G Massaro, K Mazumdar, D McNally, R.R McNeil, S Mele, L Merola, M Meschini, W.J Metzger, M von der Mey, Y Mi, A Mihul, A.J.W van Mil, G Mirabelli, J Mnich, M Möller, B Monteleoni, R Moore, S Morganti, R Mount, S Müller, F Muheim, E Nagy, S Nahn, M Napolitano, F Nessi-Tedaldi, H Newman, A Nippe, H Nowak, G Organtini, R Ostonen, D Pandoulas, S Paoletti, P Paolucci, H.K Park, G Pascale, G Passaleva, S Patricelli, T Paul, M Pauluzzi, C Paus, F Pauss, D Peach, Y.J Pei, S Pensotti, D Perret-Gallix, S Petrak, A Pevsner, D Piccolo, M Pieri, J.C Pinto, P.A Piroué, E Pistolesi, V Plyaskin, M Pohl, V Pojidaev, H Postema, N Produit, R Raghavan, G Rahal-Callot, P.G Rancoita, M Rattaggi, G Raven, P Razis, K Read, D Ren, M Rescigno, S Reucroft, T van Rhee, A Ricker, S Riemann, B.C Riemers, K Riles, S Ro, A Robohm, J Rodin, F.J Rodriguez, B.P Roe, S Röhner, L Romero, S Rosier-Lees, Ph Rosselet, W van Rossum, S Roth, J.A Rubio, H Rykaczewski, J Salicio, E Sanchez, A Santocchia, M.E Sarakinos, S Sarkar, M Sassowsky, C Schäfer, V Schegelsky, S Schmidt-Kaerst, D Schmitz, P Schmitz, M Schneegans, B Schoeneich, N Scholz, H Schopper, D.J Schotanus, R Schulte, K Schultze, J Schwenke, G Schwering, C Sciacca, D Sciarrino, J.C Sens, L Servoli, S Shevchenko, N Shivarov, V Shoutko, J Shukla, E Shumilov, T Siedenburg, D Son, A Sopczak, B Smith, P Spillantini, M Steuer, D.P Stickland, F Sticozzi, H Stone, B Stoyanov, A Straessner, K Strauch, K Sudhakar, G Sultanov, L.Z Sun, G.F Susinno, H Suter, J.D Swain, X.W Tang, L Tauscher, L Taylor, Samuel C.C Ting, S.M Ting, O Toker, F Tonisch, M Tonutti, S.C Tonwar, J Tóth, A Tsaregorodtsev, C Tully, H Tuchscherer, K.L Tung, J Ulbricht, U Uwer, E Valente, R.T Van de Walle, I Vetlitsky, G Viertel, M Vivargent, R Völkert, H Vogel, H Vogt, I Vorobiev, A.A Vorobyov, An.A Vorobyov, A Vorvolakos, M Wadhwa, W Wallraff, J.C Wang, X.L Wang, Y.F Wang, Z.M Wang, A Weber, F Wittgenstein, S.X Wu, S Wynhoff, J Xu, Z.Z Xu, B.Z Yang, C.G Yang, X.Y Yao, J.B Ye, S.C Yeh, J.M You, C Zaccardelli, An Zalite, P Zemp, Y Zeng, Z Zhang, Z.P Zhang, B Zhou, Y Zhou, G.Y Zhu, R.Y Zhu, and A Zichichi

Subjects
Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Particle physics, Range (particle radiation), Annihilation, Muon, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Electron–positron annihilation, High Energy Physics::Phenomenology, Electron, 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, Nuclear physics, MAJORANA, 0103 physical sciences, High Energy Physics::Experiment, Neutrino, Nuclear Experiment, 010306 general physics, Lepton
Abstract

A search for unstable sequential neutral and charged heavy leptons has been made at center-of-mass energies 130 and 136 GeV with the L3 detector at LEP. The neutral leptons are assumed to decay via mixing to electrons and muons. No evidence for their existence was found. We exclude unstable Dirac neutrinos for masses below 59.3 (57.9) GeV and unstable Majorana neutrinos below 48.6 (47.2) GeV if the neutrino couples to the electron(muon) family. We exclude unstable charged heavy leptons for masses below 61 GeV for a wide range of the associated neutral lepton mass.

Published
1996

49. Search for supersymmetric particles at at LEP

Author

M Acciarri, A Adam, O Adriani, M Aguilar-Benitez, S Ahlen, B Alpat, J Alcaraz, G Alemanni, J Allaby, A Aloisio, G Alverson, M.G Alviggi, G Ambrosi, H Anderhub, V.P Andreev, T Angelescu, D Antreasyan, A Arefiev, T Azemoon, T Aziz, P Bagnaia, L Baksay, R.C Ball, S Banerjee, K Banicz, R Barillère, L Barone, P Bartalini, A Baschirotto, M Basile, R Battiston, A Bay, F Becattini, U Becker, F Behner, J Berdugo, P Berges, B Bertucci, B.L Betev, M Biasini, A Biland, G.M Bilei, J.J Blaising, S.C Blyth, G.J Bobbink, R Bock, A Böhm, B Borgia, A Boucham, D Bourilkov, M Bourquin, E Brambilla, J.G Branson, V Brigljevic, I.C Brock, A Buijs, A Bujak, J.D Burger, W.J Burger, J Busenitz, A Buytenhuijs, X.D Cai, M Campanelli, M Capell, G.Cara Romeo, M Caria, G Carlino, A.M Cartacci, J Casaus, G Castellini, R Castello, F Cavallari, N Cavallo, C Cecchi, M Cerrada, F Cesaroni, M Chamizo, A Chan, Y.H Chang, U.K Chaturvedi, M Chemarin, A Chen, C Chen, G Chen, G.M Chen, H.F Chen, H.S Chen, X Chereau, G Chiefari, C.Y Chien, M.T Choi, L Cifarelli, F Cindolo, C Civinini, I Clare, R Clare, H.O Cohn, G Coignet, A.P Colijn, N Colino, V Commichau, S Costantini, F Cotorobai, B de la Cruz, T.S Dai, R D'Alessandro, R de Asmundis, H De Boeck, A Degré, K Deiters, P Denes, F DeNotaristefani, D DiBitonto, M Diemoz, D van Dierendonck, F Di Lodovico, C Dionisi, M Dittmar, A Dominguez, A Doria, I Dorne, M.T Dova, E Drago, D Duchesneau, P Duinker, I Duran, S Dutta, S Easo, Yu Efremenko, H El Mamouni, A Engler, F.J Eppling, F.C Erné, J.P Ernenwein, P Extermann, M Fabre, R Faccini, S Falciano, A Favara, J Fay, M Felcini, T Ferguson, D Fernandez, F Ferroni, H Fesefeldt, E Fiandrini, J.H Field, F Filthaut, P.H Fisher, G Forconi, L Fredj, K Freudenreich, Yu Galaktionov, S.N Ganguli, S.S Gau, S Gentile, J Gerald, N Gheordanescu, S Giagu, S Goldfarb, J Goldstein, Z.F Gong, A Gougas, G Gratta, M.W Gruenewald, V.K Gupta, A Gurtu, L.J Gutay, K Hangarter, B Hartmann, A Hasan, J.T He, T Hebbeker, A Hervé, W.C van Hoek, H Hofer, H Hoorani, S.R Hou, G Hu, M.M Ilyas, V Innocente, H Janssen, B.N Jin, L.W Jones, P de Jong, I Josa-Mutuberria, A Kasser, R.A Khan, Yu Kamyshkov, P Kapinos, J.S Kapustinsky, Y Karyotakis, M Kaur, M.N Kienzle-Focacci, D Kim, J.K Kim, S.C Kim, Y.G Kim, W.W Kinnison, A Kirkby, D Kirkby, J Kirkby, W Kittel, A Klimentov, A.C König, A Köngeter, I Korolko, V Koutsenko, A Koulbardis, R.W Kraemer, T Kramer, W Krenz, H Kuijten, A Kunin, P.Ladron de Guevara, G Landi, C Lapoint, K Lassila-Perini, M Lebeau, A Lebedev, P Lebrun, P Lecomte, P Lecoq, P Le Coultre, J.S Lee, K.Y Lee, J.M Le Goff, R Leiste, M Lenti, E Leonardi, P Levtchenko, C Li, E Lieb, W.T Lin, F.L Linde, B Lindemann, L Lista, Z.A Liu, W Lohmann, E Longo, W Lu, Y.S Lu, K Lübelsmeyer, C Luci, D Luckey, L Ludovici, L Luminari, W Lustermann, W.G Ma, A Macchiolo, M Maity, G Majumder, L Malgeri, A Malinin, C Maña, S Mangla, P Marchesini, A Marin, J.P Martin, F Marzano, G.G.G Massaro, K Mazumdar, D McNally, R.R McNeil, S Mele, L Merola, M Meschini, W.J Metzger, M von der Mey, Y Mi, A Mihul, A.J.W van Mil, G Mirabelli, J Mnich, M Möller, B Monteleoni, R Moore, S Morganti, R Mount, S Müller, F Muheim, E Nagy, S Nahn, M Napolitano, F Nessi-Tedaldi, H Newman, A Nippe, H Nowak, G Organtini, R Ostonen, D Pandoulas, S Paoletti, P Paolucci, H.K Park, G Pascale, G Passaleva, S Patricelli, T Paul, M Pauluzzi, C Paus, F Pauss, D Peach, Y.J Pei, S Pensotti, D Perret-Gallix, S Petrak, A Pevsner, D Piccolo, M Pieri, J.C Pinto, P.A Piroué, E Pistolesi, V Plyaskin, M Pohl, V Pojidaev, H Postema, N Produit, R Raghavan, G Rahal-Callot, P.G Rancoita, M Rattaggi, G Raven, P Razis, K Read, M Redaelli, D Ren, M Rescigno, S Reucroft, A Ricker, S Riemann, B.C Riemers, K Riles, S Ro, A Robohm, J Rodin, F.J Rodriguez, B.P Roe, S Röhner, L Romero, S Rosier-Lees, Ph Rosselet, W van Rossum, S Roth, J.A Rubio, H Rykaczewski, J Salicio, E Sanchez, A Santocchia, M.E Sarakinos, S Sarkar, M Sassowsky, C Schäfer, V Schegelsky, S Schmidt-Kaerst, D Schmitz, P Schmitz, M Schneegans, B Schoeneich, N Scholz, H Schopper, D.J Schotanus, R Schulte, K Schultze, J Schwenke, G Schwering, C Sciacca, D Sciarrino, J.C Sens, L Servoli, S Shevchenko, N Shivarov, V Shoutko, J Shukla, E Shumilov, T Siedenburg, D Son, A Sopczak, B Smith, P Spillantini, M Steuer, D.P Stickland, F Sticozzi, H Stone, B Stoyanov, A Straessner, K Strauch, K Sudhakar, G Sultanov, L.Z Sun, G.F Susinno, H Suter, J.D Swain, X.W Tang, L Tauscher, L Taylor, Samuel C.C Ting, S.M Ting, O Toker, F Tonisch, M Tonutti, S.C Tonwar, J Tóth, A Tsaregorodtsev, C Tully, H Tuchscherer, K.L Tung, J Ulbricht, U Uwer, E Valente, R.T Van de Walle, I Vetlitsky, G Viertel, M Vivargent, R Völkert, H Vogel, H Vogt, I Vorobiev, A.A Vorobyov, An.A Vorobyov, A Vorvolakos, M Wadhwa, W Wallraff, J.C Wang, X.L Wang, Y.F Wang, Z.M Wang, A Weber, F Wittgenstein, S.X Wu, S Wynhoff, J Xu, Z.Z Xu, B.Z Yang, C.G Yang, X.Y Yao, J.B Ye, S.C Yeh, J.M You, C Zaccardelli, An Zalite, P Zemp, J.Y Zeng, Y Zeng, Z Zhang, Z.P Zhang, B Zhou, G.J Zhou, Y Zhou, G.Y Zhu, R.Y Zhu, and A Zichichi

Subjects
Quark, Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Particle physics, Luminosity (scattering theory), 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Electron–positron annihilation, High Energy Physics::Phenomenology, Supersymmetry, 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, law.invention, Nuclear physics, Chargino, law, 0103 physical sciences, Neutralino, High Energy Physics::Experiment, 010306 general physics, Collider
Abstract

A search for supersymmetric particles (charginos, neutralinos, sleptons and stop quarks) has been performed with data collected by the L3 detector during the November 1995 run of the LEP collider at centre of mass energies between 130 and 140 GeV with a total integrated luminosity of 5.1 pb−1. We observe no signal for supersymmetric particles and we set improved exclusion limits on their production cross sections and masses.

Published
1996

50. Measurement of muon-pair production at at LEP

Author

M. Acciarri, A. Adam, O. Adriani, M. Aguilar-Benitez, S. Ahlen, B. Alpat, J. Alcaraz, G. Alemanni, J. Allaby, A. Aloisio, G. Alverson, M.G. Alviggi, G. Ambrosi, H. Anderhub, V.P. Andreev, T. Angelescu, D. Antreasyan, A. Arefiev, T. Azemoon, T. Aziz, P. Bagnaia, L. Baksay, R.C. Ball, S. Banerjee, K. Banicz, R. Barillère, L. Barone, P. Bartalini, A. Baschirotto, M. Basile, R. Battiston, A. Bay, F. Becattini, U. Becker, F. Behner, J. Berdugo, P. Berges, B. Bertucci, B.L. Betev, M. Biasini, A. Biland, G.M. Bilei, J.J. Blaising, S.C. Blyth, G.J. Bobbink, R. Bock, A. Böhm, B. Borgia, A. Boucham, D. Bourilkov, M. Bourquin, D. Boutigny, E. Brambilla, J.G. Branson, V. Brigljevic, I.C. Brock, A. Buijs, A. Bujak, J.D. Burger, W.J. Burger, J. Busenitz, A. Buytenhuijs, X.D. Cai, M. Campanelli, M. Capell, G. Cara Romeo, M. Caria, G. Carlino, A.M. Cartacci, J. Casaus, G. Castellini, R. Castello, F. Cavallari, N. Cavallo, C. Cecchi, M. Cerrada, F. Cesaroni, M. Chamizo, A. Chan, Y.H. Chang, U.K. Chaturvedi, M. Chemarin, A. Chen, C. Chen, G. Chen, G.M. Chen, H.F. Chen, H.S. Chen, M. Chen, G. Chiefari, C.Y. Chien, M.T. Choi, L. Cifarelli, F. Cindolo, C. Civinini, I. Clare, R. Clare, H.O. Cohn, G. Coignet, A.P. Colijn, N. Colino, V. Commichau, S. Costantini, F. Cotorobai, B. de la Cruz, T.S. Dai, R. D'Alessandro, R. de Asmundis, H. De Boeck, A. Degré, K. Deiters, P. Denes, F. DeNotaristefani, D. DiBitonto, M. Diemoz, D. van Dierendonck, F. Di Lodovico, C. Dionisi, M. Dittmar, A. Dominguez, A. Doria, I. Dorne, M.T. Dova, E. Drago, D. Duchesneau, P. Duinker, I. Duran, S. Dutta, S. Easo, Yu. Efremenko, H. El Mamouni, A. Engler, F.J. Eppling, F.C. Erné, J.P. Ernenwein, P. Extermann, M. Fabre, R. Faccini, S. Falciano, A. Favara, J. Fay, M. Felcini, T. Ferguson, D. Fernandez, F. Ferroni, H. Fesefeldt, E. Fiandrini, J.H. Field, F. Filthaut, P.H. Fisher, G. Forconi, L. Fredj, K. Freudenreich, Yu. Galaktionov, S.N. Ganguli, S.S. Gau, S. Gentile, J. Gerald, N. Gheordanescu, S. Giagu, S. Goldfarb, J. Goldstein, Z.F. Gong, A. Gougas, G. Gratta, M.W. Gruenewald, V.K. Gupta, A. Gurtu, L.J. Gutay, K. Hangarter, B. Hartmann, A. Hasan, J.T. He, T. Hebbeker, A. Hervé, W.C. van Hoek, H. Hofer, H. Hoorani, S.R. Hou, G. Hu, M.M. Ilyas, V. Innocente, H. Janssen, B.N. Jin, L.W. Jones, P. de Jong, I. Josa-Mutuberria, A. Kasser, R.A. Khan, Yu. Kamyshkov, P. Kapinos, J.S. Kapustinsky, Y. Karyotakis, M. Kaur, M.N. Kienzle-Focacci, D. Kim, J.K. Kim, S.C. Kim, Y.G. Kim, W.W. Kinnison, A. Kirkby, D. Kirkby, J. Kirkby, W. Kittel, A. Klimentov, A.C. König, A. Köngeter, I. Korolko, V. Koutsenko, A. Koulbardis, R.W. Kraemer, T. Kramer, W. Krenz, H. Kuijten, A. Kunin, P. Ladron de Guevara, G. Landi, C. Lapoint, K. Lassila-Perini, M. Lebeau, A. Lebedev, P. Lebrun, P. Lecomte, P. Lecoq, P. Le Coultre, J.S. Lee, K.Y. Lee, C. Leggett, J.M. Le Goff, R. Leiste, M. Lenti, E. Leonardi, P. Levtchenko, C. Li, E. Lieb, W.T. Lin, F.L. Linde, B. Lindemann, L. Lista, Z.A. Liu, W. Lohmann, E. Longo, W. Lu, Y.S. Lu, K. Lübelsmeyer, C. Luci, D. Luckey, L. Ludovici, L. Luminari, W. Lustermann, W.G. Ma, A. Macchiolo, M. Maity, G. Majumder, L. Malgeri, A. Malinin, C. Maña, S. Mangla, P. Marchesini, A. Marin, J.P. Martin, F. Marzano, G.G.G. Massaro, K. Mazumdar, D. McNally, S. Mele, L. Merola, M. Meschini, W.J. Metzger, M. von der Mey, Y. Mi, A. Mihul, A.J.W. van Mil, G. Mirabelli, J. Mnich, M. Möller, B. Monteleoni, R. Moore, S. Morganti, R. Mount, S. Müller, F. Muheim, E. Nagy, S. Nahn, M. Napolitano, F. Nessi-Tedaldi, H. Newman, A. Nippe, H. Nowak, G. Organtini, R. Ostonen, D. Pandoulas, S. Paoletti, P. Paolucci, H.K. Park, G. Pascale, G. Passaleva, S. Patricelli, T. Paul, M. Pauluzzi, C. Paus, F. Pauss, D. Peach, Y.J. Pei, S. Pensotti, D. Perret-Gallix, S. Petrak, A. Pevsner, D. Piccolo, M. Pieri, J.C. Pinto, P.A. Piroué, E. Pistolesi, V. Plyaskin, M. Pohl, V. Pojidaev, H. Postema, N. Produit, R. Raghavan, G. Rahal-Callot, P.G. Rancoita, M. Rattaggi, G. Raven, P. Razis, K. Read, M. Redaelli, D. Ren, M. Rescigno, S. Reucroft, A. Ricker, S. Riemann, B.C. Riemers, K. Riles, O. Rind, S. Ro, A. Robohm, J. Rodin, F.J. Rodriguez, B.P. Roe, S. Röhner, L. Romero, S. Rosier-Lees, Ph. Rosselet, W. van Rossum, S. Roth, J.A. Rubio, H. Rykaczewski, J. Salicio, E. Sanchez, A. Santocchia, M.E. Sarakinos, S. Sarkar, M. Sassowsky, G. Sauvage, C. Schäfer, V. Schegelsky, S. Schmidt-Kaerst, D. Schmitz, P. Schmitz, M. Schneegans, B. Schoeneich, N. Scholz, H. Schopper, D.J. Schotanus, R. Schulte, K. Schultze, J. Schwenke, G. Schwering, C. Sciacca, D. Sciarrino, J.C. Sens, L. Servoli, S. Shevchenko, N. Shivarov, V. Shoutko, J. Shukla, E. Shumilov, T. Siedenburg, D. Son, A. Sopczak, V. Soulimov, B. Smith, P. Spillantini, M. Steuer, D.P. Stickland, F. Sticozzi, H. Stone, B. Stoyanov, A. Straessner, K. Strauch, K. Sudhakar, G. Sultanov, L.Z. Sun, G.F. Susinno, H. Suter, J.D. Swain, X.W. Tang, L. Tauscher, L. Taylor, Samuel C.C. Ting, S.M. Ting, O. Toker, F. Tonisch, M. Tonutti, S.C. Tonwar, J. Tóth, A. Tsaregorodtsev, C. Tully, H. Tuchscherer, K.L. Tung, J. Ulbricht, U. Uwer, E. Valente, R.T. Van de Walle, I. Vetlitsky, G. Viertel, M. Vivargent, R. Völkert, H. Vogel, H. Vogt, I. Vorobiev, A.A. Vorobyov, An.A. Vorobyov, A. Vorvolakos, M. Wadhwa, W. Wallraff, J.C. Wang, X.L. Wang, Y.F. Wang, Z.M. Wang, A. Weber, F. Wittgenstein, S.X. Wu, S. Wynhoff, J. Xu, Z.Z. Xu, B.Z. Yang, C.G. Yang, X.Y. Yao, J.B. Ye, S.C. Yeh, J.M. You, C. Zaccardelli, An. Zalite, P. Zemp, J.Y. Zeng, Y. Zeng, Z. Zhang, Z.P. Zhang, B. Zhou, G.J. Zhou, Y. Zhou, G.Y. Zhu, R.Y. Zhu, and A. Zichichi

Subjects
Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Range (particle radiation), Particle physics, Luminosity (scattering theory), Muon, Photon, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Detector, Charge (physics), 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, Resonance (particle physics), Nuclear physics, Pair production, 0103 physical sciences, High Energy Physics::Experiment, 010306 general physics
Abstract

Using the data recorded with the L3 detector at LEP, we study the process e + e − → μ + μ − ( γ ) for events with hard initial-state photon radiation. The effective centre-of-mass energies of the muons range from 50 GeV to 86 GeV. The data sample corresponds to an integrated luminosity of 103.5 pb −1 and yields 293 muon-pair events with a hard photon along the beam direction. The events are used to determine the cross sections and the forward-backward charge asymmetries at centre-of-mass energies below the Z resonance.

Published
1996

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