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1. Ionospheric plasma of comet 67P probed byRosettaat 3 au from the Sun

Author

Martin Rubin, Jean-Pierre Lebreton, Peter Wurz, A. J. Allen, Elias Odelstad, Karl-Heinz Glassmeier, T. W. Broiles, Anders Eriksson, Luc Sagnières, Erik Vigren, Kathleen Mandt, James L. Burch, Xavier Vallières, Chia-Yu Tzou, Chris Carr, K. L. Heritier, Steven J. Schwartz, F. L. Johansson, Arnaud Beth, Thierry Sémon, Emanuele Cupido, Hans Nilsson, Pierre Henri, Marina Galand, Kathrin Altwegg, Ingo Richter, Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC), Imperial College Trust, Science and Technology Facilities Council [2006-2012], Department of Physics [Imperial College London], Imperial College London, Swedish Institute of Space Physics [Kiruna] (IRF), Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de l'Environnement et de l'Espace (LPC2E), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES), Southwest Research Institute [San Antonio] (SwRI), Physikalisches Institut [Bern], Universität Bern [Bern], Swedish Institute of Space Physics [Uppsala] (IRF), Institut für Geophysik und Extraterrestrische Physik [Braunschweig] (IGEP), and Technische Universität Braunschweig = Technical University of Braunschweig [Braunschweig]

Subjects
010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, 530 Physics, Comet, Coma (optics), Astrophysics, Astronomy & Astrophysics, ROSINA, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, Fusion, plasma och rymdfysik, comets: individual: 67P, individual: 67P [comets], Ionization, 0201 Astronomical and Space Sciences, 0103 physical sciences, data analysis [methods], WATER, NUMBER DENSITIES, ION, DIAMAGNETIC CAVITY, NUCLEUS, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Physics, UV radiation [Sun], ENVIRONMENT, Science & Technology, [SDU.ASTR]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], 520 Astronomy, 67P/CHURYUMOV-GERASIMENKO, Astronomy, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Plasma, Comets: individual: 67P Plasmas Sun: UV radiation Methods: data analysis, 620 Engineering, plasmas, Sun: UV radiation, Fusion, Plasma and Space Physics, methods: data analysis, ELECTRON SENSOR, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, Physics::Space Physics, Physical Sciences, RPC, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, Ionosphere
Abstract

We propose to identify the main sources of ionization of the plasma in the coma of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko at different locations in the coma and to quantify their relative importance, for the first time, for close cometocentric distances (< 20 km) and large heliocentric distances (> 3 au). The ionospheric model proposed is used as an organizing element of a multi-instrument data set from the Rosetta Plasma Consortium (RPC) plasma and particle sensors, from the Rosetta Orbiter Spectrometer for Ion and Neutral Analysis and from the Microwave Instrument on the Rosetta Orbiter, all on board the ESA/Rosetta spacecraft. The calculated ionospheric density driven by Rosetta observations is compared to the RPC-Langmuir Probe and RPC-Mutual Impedance Probe electron density. The main cometary plasma sources identified are photoionization of solar extreme ultraviolet (EUV) radiation and energetic electron-impact ionization. Over the northern, summer hemisphere, the solar EUV radiation is found to drive the electron density - with occasional periods when energetic electrons are also significant. Over the southern, winter hemisphere, photoionization alone cannot explain the observed electron density, which reaches sometimes higher values than over the summer hemisphere; electron-impact ionization has to be taken into account. The bulk of the electron population is warm with temperature of the order of 7-10 eV. For increased neutral densities, we show evidence of partial energy degradation of the hot electron energy tail and cooling of the full electron population. QC 20200602

Published
2016
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2. Structure and evolution of the diamagnetic cavity at comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko

Author

Hans Nilsson, Christoph Koenders, Charlotte Goetz, Bruce T. Tsurutani, Chris Carr, Holger Sierks, Pierre Henri, Dennis Frühauff, Kirk C. Hansen, Ingo Richter, Anders Eriksson, Martin Volwerk, Martin Rubin, Karl-Heinz Glassmeier, Carsten Güttler, James L. Burch, Institut für Geophysik und Extraterrestrische Physik [Braunschweig] (IGEP), Technische Universität Braunschweig = Technical University of Braunschweig [Braunschweig], Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic, and Space Sciences [Ann Arbor] (AOSS), University of Michigan [Ann Arbor], University of Michigan System-University of Michigan System, Southwest Research Institute [San Antonio] (SwRI), Space and Atmospheric Physics Group [London], Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London-Imperial College London, Swedish Institute of Space Physics [Uppsala] (IRF), Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung (MPS), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de l'Environnement et de l'Espace (LPC2E), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES), Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), California Institute of Technology (CALTECH)-NASA, and Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC)

Subjects
010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, 530 Physics, ROSETTA PLASMA CONSORTIUM, Comet, Astrophysics, Astronomy & Astrophysics, ROSINA, magnetic fields, 01 natural sciences, REGION, Fusion, plasma och rymdfysik, comets: individual: 67P, individual: 67P [comets], 0103 physical sciences, data analysis [methods], ION, PROBE, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Short duration, HALLEY, MAGNETOMETER, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Physics, Science & Technology, [SDU.ASTR]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], 520 Astronomy, Astronomy, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Plasma, 620 Engineering, plasmas, Fusion, Plasma and Space Physics, methods: data analysis, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-SPACE-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Space Physics [physics.space-ph], Magnetic field, 0201 Astronomical And Space Sciences, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, SOLAR-WIND, Physical Sciences, MAGNETIC CAVITY, Diamagnetism, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, PERIHELION
Abstract

International audience; The long duration of the Rosetta mission allows us to study the evolution of the diamagnetic cavity at comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko in detail. From 2015 April to 2016 February 665 intervals could be identified where Rosetta was located in a zero-magnetic-field region. We study the temporal and spatial distribution of this cavity and its boundary and conclude that the cavity properties depend on the long-term trend of the outgassing rate, but do not respond to transient events at the spacecraft location, such as outbursts or high neutral densities. Using an empirical model of the outgassing rate, we find a functional relationship between the outgassing rate and the distance of the cavity to the nucleus. There is also no indication that this unexpectedly large distance is related to unusual solar wind conditions. Because the deduced shape of the cavity boundary is roughly elliptical on small scales and the distances of the boundary from the nucleus are much larger than expected we conclude that the events observed by Rosetta are due to a moving instability of the cavity boundary itself.

Published
2017
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3. Direct Simulation Monte Carlo modelling of the major species in the coma of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko

Author

Yinsi Shou, Giovanna Rinaldi, Michael R. Combi, Nicolas Fougere, Myrtha Hässig, Valeriy Tenishev, Stephen A. Fuselier, Martin Rubin, U. Fink, Gabor Toth, J. De Keyser, Jean-Jacques Berthelier, Chia-Yu Tzou, André Bieler, Stéphane Erard, Gianrico Filacchione, Dominique Bockelée-Morvan, Kirk C. Hansen, V. Debout, C. Leyrat, Zhenguang Huang, B. Fiethe, Tamas I. Gombosi, Alessandra Migliorini, Ursina Calmonte, Giuseppe Piccioni, Fabrizio Capaccioni, Léna Le Roy, Kathrin Altwegg, Department of Climate and Space Sciences and Engineering (CLaSP), University of Michigan [Ann Arbor], University of Michigan System-University of Michigan System, Space Research and Planetary Sciences [Bern) (WP), Physikalisches Institut [Bern], Universität Bern [Bern]-Universität Bern [Bern], PLANETO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'études spatiales et d'instrumentation en astrophysique (LESIA), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali - INAF (IAPS), Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy / Institut d'Aéronomie Spatiale de Belgique (BIRA-IASB), Institute of Computer and Network Engineering [Braunschweig] (IDA), Technische Universität Braunschweig = Technical University of Braunschweig [Braunschweig], Lunar and Planetary Laboratory [Tucson] (LPL), University of Arizona, Space Science Division [San Antonio], Southwest Research Institute [San Antonio] (SwRI), Universität Bern [Bern] (UNIBE)-Universität Bern [Bern] (UNIBE), IMPEC - LATMOS, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC), Technische Universität Braunschweig [Braunschweig], Department of Climate and Space Sciences and Engineering ( CLaSP ), Space Research and Planetary Sciences ( WP ), Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales ( LATMOS ), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines ( UVSQ ) -Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 ( UPMC ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines ( UVSQ ) -Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 ( UPMC ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Laboratoire d'études spatiales et d'instrumentation en astrophysique ( LESIA ), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 ( UPMC ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Observatoire de Paris-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 ( UPD7 ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali ( IAPS ), Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica ( INAF ), Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy / Institut d'Aéronomie Spatiale de Belgique ( BIRA-IASB ), Institute of Computer and Network Engineering [Braunschweig] ( IDA ), Lunar and Planetary Laboratory [Tucson], and Southwest Research Institute [San Antonio] ( SwRI )

Subjects
67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, 530 Physics, Comet, Equinox, Astrophysics, ROSINA, 01 natural sciences, 0103 physical sciences, Rosetta, medicine, Boundary value problem, comets, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Southern Hemisphere, [ SDU.ASTR ] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Physics, Line-of-sight, [SDU.ASTR]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], 520 Astronomy, Northern Hemisphere, Astronomy and Astrophysics, VIRTIS, 620 Engineering, medicine.anatomical_structure, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], space vehicles, Direct simulation Monte Carlo, Nucleus
Abstract

We analyse the Rosetta Orbiter Spectrometer for Ion and Neutral Analysis (ROSINA) - the Double Focusing Mass Spectrometer data between 2014 August and 2016 February to examine the effect of seasonal variations on the four major species within the coma of 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko (H2O, CO2, CO, and O2), resulting from the tilt in the orientation of the comet's spin axis. Using a numerical data inversion, we derive the non-uniform activity distribution at the surface of the nucleus for these species, suggesting that the activity distribution at the surface of the nucleus has not significantly been changed and that the differences observed in the coma are solely due to the variations in illumination conditions. A three-dimensional Direct Simulation Monte Carlo model is applied where the boundary conditions are computed with a coupling of the surface activity distributions and the local illumination. The model is able to reproduce the evolution of the densities observed by ROSINA including the changes happening at equinox. While O2 stays correlated with H2O as it was before equinox, CO2 and CO, which had a poor correlation with respect to H2O pre-equinox, also became well correlated with H2O post-equinox. The integration of the densities from the model along the line of sight results in column densities directly comparable to the VIRTIS-H observations. Also, the evolution of the volatiles' production rates is derived from the coma model showing a steepening in the production rate curves after equinox. The model/data comparison suggests that the seasonal effects result in the Northern hemisphere of 67P's nucleus being more processed with a layered structure while the Southern hemisphere constantly exposes new material.

Published
2016
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4. ROSINA/DFMS capabilities to measure isotopic ratios in water at comet 67 P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko

Author

Jean-Jacques Berthelier, J. De Keyser, Kathrin Altwegg, Michael R. Combi, Ursina Calmonte, Myrtha Hässig, Martin Rubin, B. Fiethe, Stephen A. Fuselier, Hans Balsiger, Physikalisches Institut [Bern], Universität Bern [Bern], PLANETO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Space Physics Research Laboratory [Ann Arbor] (SPRL), University of Michigan [Ann Arbor], University of Michigan System-University of Michigan System, Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy / Institut d'Aéronomie Spatiale de Belgique (BIRA-IASB), Institute of Computer and Network Engineering [Braunschweig] (IDA), Technische Universität Braunschweig = Technical University of Braunschweig [Braunschweig], Southwest Research Institute [San Antonio] (SwRI), and Universität Bern [Bern] (UNIBE)

Subjects
010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, [PHYS.ASTR.EP]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Earth and Planetary Astrophysics [astro-ph.EP], Comet, [SDU.ASTR.EP]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Earth and Planetary Astrophysics [astro-ph.EP], ROSINA, Mass spectrometry, 01 natural sciences, Astrobiology, law.invention, Orbiter, Isotopes, law, 0103 physical sciences, Rosetta, Low density, Comets, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Physics, Spacecraft, Spectrometer, business.industry, Astronomy, Water, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Deuterium, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, business
Abstract

The likelihood that comets may have delivered part of the water to Earth has been reinforced by the recent observation of the earth like D/H ratio in Jupiter family comet 103P/Hartley 2 by Hartogh et al. (2012). Prior to this observation results from several Oort cloud comets indicated a factor of 2 enrichment of deuterium relative to the abundance at Earth. The European Space Agency's Rosetta spacecraft will encounter comet 67P/Churyumov Gerasimenko another Jupiter family comet of likely Kuiper belt origin in 2014 and accompany it from almost aphelion to and past perihelion. Onboard Rosetta is the Rosetta Orbiter Spectrometer for Ion and Neutral Analysis (ROSINA) which consists of two mass spectrometers and a pressure sensor (Balsiger et al. 2007). With its unprecedented mass resolution for a space borne instrument the Double Focusing Mass Spectrometer (DFMS) one of the major subsystems of ROSINA will be able to obtain unambiguously the ratios of the isotopes in water from in situ measurements in the coma around the comet. In this paper we discuss the performance of this sensor on the basis of measurements of the terrestrial hydrogen and oxygen isotopic ratios performed with the flight spare instrument in the lab. We also show that the instrument on Rosetta is capable of measuring the D/H and the oxygen isotopic ratios even in the very low density water background released by the spacecraft. This capability demonstrates that ROSINA should obtain very accurate isotopic ratios in the cometaly environment. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Published
2013
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5. In situ mass spectrometry during the Lutetia flyby

Author

S. A. Fuselier, Henri Rème, Myrtha Hässig, Peter Wurz, J. De Keyser, Annette Jäckel, L. Hofer, B. Fiethe, B. Schläppi, Jean-Jacques Berthelier, Kathrin Altwegg, Ursina Calmonte, Urs Mall, Martin Rubin, Hans Balsiger, Physikalisches Institut [Bern], Universität Bern [Bern], HELIOS - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy / Institut d'Aéronomie Spatiale de Belgique (BIRA-IASB), Institute of Computer and Network Engineering [Braunschweig] (IDA), Technische Universität Braunschweig = Technical University of Braunschweig [Braunschweig], Lockheed Martin Advanced Technology Center (ATC), Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung (MPS), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Centre d'étude spatiale des rayonnements (CESR), Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Institut de recherche en astrophysique et planétologie (IRAP), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Michigan [Ann Arbor], University of Michigan System, Universität Bern [Bern] (UNIBE), Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung = Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research (MPS), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), and Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
In situ, [PHYS.ASTR.IM]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysic [astro-ph.IM], 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Spacecraft outgassing, [PHYS.ASTR.EP]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Earth and Planetary Astrophysics [astro-ph.EP], [SDU.ASTR.EP]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Earth and Planetary Astrophysics [astro-ph.EP], ROSINA, Mass spectrometry, 01 natural sciences, Astrobiology, 0103 physical sciences, Rosetta, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Physics, Spacecraft, business.industry, Astronomy, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Lutetia, in situ mass spectrometry, [SDU.ASTR.IM]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysic [astro-ph.IM], Outgassing, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, Asteroid, Aspect angle, business, Exosphere
Abstract

International audience; During the Rosetta flyby at asteroid Lutetia the ROSINA instrument tried to detect a thin exosphere of the asteroid. Although the instrument is sensitive enough to detect even very tenuous gases at a density level of 1 cm−3 the Lutetia exosphere could not be unambiguously detected due to spacecraft outgassing, which was not constant because of the changing solar aspect angle. An upper limit for a water exosphere density at the flyby distance of 3160 km of (3.5±1.0)*103 cm−3 was deduced from the measurements.

Published
2012
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