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The objective of this research to design a compact electrical motor for a ceiling fan to save more electric power. Presently, single phase induction motor is used for ceiling fan application. Losses generated by single phase induction are more and hence efficiency is lower. In addition, overload is not handled by single phase induction motor whereas DC models can handle a lot of overload quite easily. In induction motor, the rotor frequency is lesser than stator frequency i.e rotor frequency is slip times the stator frequency. AC induction motor uses capacitor in anyone of its phases to excite and rotate the machine, so it is larger in size. In this paper, the axial flux type of permanent magnet machine configuration is selected to propose the optimum design of ceiling fan machine. The proposed configuration has single stator and single rotor for the axial flux permanent magnet Brushless Direct current Motor (BLDC) machine. By using the magnet software, the analysis of proposed machine has been done in terms of various aspects such as the induced voltage, phase current and air gap flux density.

Octahedral indium oxide thin films with different precursor concentrations of 0.05, 0.075, 0.1 and 0.125 M were coated on glass substrates at 450 °C using jet nebulizer spray pyrolysis technique. Surface morphology of the prepared samples showed closely packed octahedrons for all concentrations. The measured root-mean-square value of the films was varied between 40.45 and 188.98 nm with increased precursor concentrations. From optical analysis, the calculated optical band gap was continuously decreased with increase in precursor concentrations. A slight blue shift was recorded through the PL spectrum while increasing the precursor concentration due to the oxygen vacancies. The nature of electrical conductivity of the In2O3 films was analysed. Interestingly, we have calculated two types of activation energies in the In2O3 films one is corresponding to low temperature and another is higher temperature. Further, p-Si/n-In2O3 junction diodes are fabricated with different precursor concentrations. Particularly, the 0.075 M of p-Si/n-In2O3 junction diode recorded a minimum ideality factor of n = 2.64 under light exposed condition, confirming the photo-conducting nature of the diodes in visible wavelength range.

Polycondensation of boric acid and vinyltriethoxysilane in 1:2, 1:1.5 and 1:1 mole ratio in diglyme at 83–87 °C for 3 h using hydrochloric acid as catalyst afforded vinylfunctionalized borosiloxane oligomers soluble in the reaction medium. Complete removal of ethanol, the by-product, and diglyme rendered the oligomers intractable due to the advancement of polycondensation. They were characterized by FTIR and TGA and converted to ceramics by heat treatment at 900 °C, 1500 °C and 1650 °C in argon atmosphere. The ceramics obtained were characterized by IR, Raman, 13C-and 29Si-solid state NMR spectroscopy and XRD. These studies infer the formation of SiOC/SiBOC glass on pyrolysis of these oligomers at 900 °C and onset of formation of β-SiC at 1500 °C. On further heat treatment at 1650 °C, complete conversion of the ceramic to a mixture of α and β-SiC was observed along with the presence of diamond like carbon phases.

Heavy and clay mineral analysis is a significant tool to interpret the provenance and paleoclimate of sandstone in proterozoic intracratonic Kaladgi-Badami basin, southern India. The distributions of heavy minerals are more in lower conglomerate; at the depth of 162.35m, zircon is 9.01%, magnetite is 74.18% and ilmenite is 24.61%. The ZTR index is 97.02%. The lower part of the upper unit of core quartz arenite, at the depth of 70.55m shows the following distribution of heavy minerals; zircon 2.94%, magnetite 50.84% and ilmenite 35.71%. The ZTR index of the quartz arenite is 65.52%; moderately abundant heavy minerals are tourmaline, rutile, and garnet; less abundant mineral is zircon in the core. The clay deposits in the basal arenite unit starts from 187 to 171.45m. The X-ray diffraction patterns shows 75% of Illite at the depth of 187m and 181.4m, 40% of chlorite at the depth of 181.7m, 36.36% of monmorillonite and 25% of kaolinite at the depth of 183m but 36.36% at the depth of 177.1m. kaolinite peaks are identified only in two samples. The study reveals that intense weathering in humid climate was responsible for alteration of granitic source rocks in the formation of kaolinitic clays in an acidic environment. The ZTR index reflects that the Badami sediments have attained moderate to high mineralogical maturity. The inference made out of the assemblage of heavy minerals point out that the Badami sediments have been sourced mainly from granitic and metamorphic terrain with a broad drainage basin. In most sandstone and conglomerate, the average ZTR index is moderate but varies widely among samples; apparently local lithologic source area variations largely control these relatively unmodified heavy mineral assemblages.

We examine thermal quantum correlations characterized by Measurement-Induced Nonlocality (MIN) in an infinite spin-1/2 Ising-Heisenberg spin chain with Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya (DM) interaction. We evaluate MIN analytically in the thermodynamic limit using the transfer matrix approach and show that the MIN and its first-order derivative may spotlight the quantum criticality and quantum phase transition (QPT). We observe that the DM interaction reduces the role of anisotropy parameter in initiating QPT. Further, the DM interaction also induces the nonlocality in the system if the spins are unentangled and greatly enhances the quantum correlations if the spins are correlated. The impact of the magnetic field and temperature on quantum correlations is also brought out at a critical point., 14 pages, 8 color figures. Comments are welcome

The semi-dwarfing allele, sd1-d, has been widely utilized in developing high-yielding rice cultivars across the world. Originally identified from the rice cultivar Dee-Geo-Woo-Gen (DGWG), sd1-d, derived from a spontaneous mutation, has a 383-bp deletion in the SD1 gene. To date, as many as seven alleles of the SD1 gene have been identified and used in rice improvement, either with a functional single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), with insertion&ndash, deletions (InDels), or both. Here, we report discovery of a novel SNP in the SD1 gene from the rice genotype, Pusa 1652. Genetic analysis revealed that the inheritance of the semi-dwarfism in Pusa 1652 is monogenic and recessive, but it did not carry the sd1-d allele. However, response to exogenous gibberellic acid (GA3) application and the subsequent bulked segregant and linkage analyses confirmed that the SD1 gene is involved in the plant height reduction in Pusa 1652. Sequencing of the SD1 gene from Pusa 1652 revealed a novel transition in exon 3 (T/A) causing a nonsense mutation at the 300th codon. The stop codon leads to premature termination, resulting in a truncated protein of OsGA20ox2 obstructing the GA3 biosynthesis pathway. This novel recessive allele, named sd1-bm, is derived from Bindli Mutant 34 (BM34), a &gamma, ray induced mutant of a short-grain aromatic landrace, Bindli. BM34 is the parent of an aromatic semi-dwarf cultivar, Pusa 1176, from which Pusa 1652 is derived. The semi-dwarfing allele, sd1-bm, was further validated by developing a derived cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence (dCAPS) marker, AKS-sd1. This allele provides an alternative to the most widely used sd1-d in rice improvement programs and the functional dCAPS marker will facilitate marker-assisted introgression of the semi-dwarf trait into tall genotypes.

Two new sets of Schiff bases 2-chloroquinolin-3-yl-methylene-pyridin-2-amine (CMPA) and 2-chloroquinolin-3-yl-methylene-pyrazole-5-amine-3-thole (CMPT) and their respective palladium (II) complexes have been synthesised and characterized with the aid of elemental analysis, IR, 1H & 13C NMR, UV–Vis., and electrochemical studies. The surface morphology of palladium complexes were examined by Scanning Electron Microscopic image. The binding affinities of complexes with CT-DNA were carried out by absorption spectra and cyclic voltammetric studies. The observed hypochromic (~20%) and bathochromic (~30%) shifts indicates that the complexes bind with Guanine base pair of CT-DNA via intercalation. The increasing cathodic peak potential from +0.968 eV to +1.104 eV in complexes confirm the presence of intercalation. Anti-inflammatory activities of both ligands and complexes have been studied using carrageenan induced hind paw edema in Wistar rats. The change in paw volume revealed that the maximum percentage of inhibition was observed in metal complex at 5th hour with a dose of 200 mg/kg. In order to evaluate the binding affinity of ligand and metal complex, molecular interaction analysis were performed by maestro implemented in Schrodinger.

In this article, we study the dynamics of quantum correlation measures such as entanglement and measurement-induced nonlocality (MIN). Starting from an arbitrary Bell diagonal mixed states under Markovian local noise such as bit-phase flip, depolarizing and generalized amplitude damping channel, we provide the decays of the entanglement measured by concurrence and quantum correlation captured by different forms of MIN (trace distance, Hilbert-Schmidt norm and relative entropy) as a function of the decoherence parameters. The effect of local noises on the dynamical behaviors of quantum correlation is observed. We show the existence of specific and important features of MIN such as revival, noise robustness and sudden change with respect to decoherence parameter. It is observed that all the noises cause sudden death of entanglement for partially entangled states. Further, we show the existence of separable quantum states with non-zero quantum correlations in terms of MIN., Submitted to Quantum Inf. Processing. 11 pages, comments are welcome

Short silica fibre-reinforced simultaneous interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) composites consisting of polymethylsilsesquioxane (PMSQ) and phenol–formaldehyde resin were prepared through thermal cross-linking. Such IPN composites combine the advantageous ablative features of individual systems and excellent thermal insulation aspects. IPNs were prepared with varying composition between PMSQ and PF, at constant fibre content (60% by weight). The influence of IPN composition on the ablation and out-gassing characteristics was explored in detail. Arc-jet evaluation brought out the superior thermal shock resistance of IPN composites that were richer in PMSQ content. Further, it was inferred that the mechanism of thermal protection shifted to ablative heat shielding with increase in PF content. Microstructural characterization of the arc plasma eroded specimens was carried out using FTIR and Raman spectroscopy to understand the chemical mechanism of erosion process. Higher PMSQ content facilitated the formation of SiOC glass, whereas higher PF content resulted in well-defined char layer comprised of predominantly pyrolytic carbon. Higher PMSQ content also favoured lower out-gassing properties. The study brought out the superior thermal protection capability of the IPN with respect to aerospace applications.

Novel silazane modified phenol formaldehyde (SPF) resins were synthesized by reacting varying amounts of 1, 3, 5-trimethyl-1', 3', 5'-trivinylcyclotrisilazane (CTS) with phenol formaldehyde (PF) resin. For the selection of an appropriate pyrolysis condition, polymer-to-ceramic conversion of SPF was carried out at 1450 °C and 1650 °C under argon and nitrogen atmosphere. The pyrolysis conditions significantly affected the evolution of ceramic phases, excess carbon and morphology which were thoroughly investigated through XRD, Raman and FESEM techniques. This study establishes silazane modified phenol formaldehyde as a new class of preceramic polymer for high-temperature applications. The study also reveals that nitrogen atmosphere is a more suitable gas atmosphere than argon atmosphere for preparation of desired C/Si3N4/SiC ceramics with higher ceramic yield.

The structural parameters of 1-hexadecyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (C16MImCl) were computed using B3LYP level of density functional theory. Presence of water of hydration was theoretically studied and rationalized using TG and FTIR heating experiments. Conformation analysis using Raman spectroscopy suggested that C16MImCl exist as a trans conformer. XRD analysis revealed that C16MImCl is a crystalline solid with crystallite size of 37.8 nm. Crystalline phase transition to smectic phase was observed in DSC analysis with enthalpy of 21.2 kJ/mol. The binding energy of 371.1 kJ/mol indicate a higher stability for C16MImCl, supported by thermal analysis (Ts = 296 °C) and frontier orbital gap value (4.09 eV). Thermal decomposition products of C16MImCl were identified using pyrolysis GC-MS and the decomposition mechanism was established. Bimolecular nucleophilic substitution reactions (Ea = 122 ‐ 131 kJ/mol) were identified as the preferred pathway over the elimination route (Ea = 167.7 kJ/mol). Use of C16MImCl as a template for copolymerization of aniline and pyrrole was also demonstrated.

Simultaneous interpenetrating networks (IPNs) comprising of polymethylsilsesquioxane (PMSQ) and phenolic resole (PF) systems at various PMSQ to PF ratios (0–75% w/w PF) which formed the matrix resin for 60% w/w short silica fibre reinforced composites (SR-PMSQ-PF) are subjected to a controlled heating regime in argon atmosphere at 1500 °C to investigate the microstructure and phase evolution based on IPN composition. This study aims at giving an insight into thermal, mechanical and chemical stability of silicone-phenolic IPN composites, particularly for high temperature thermal protection applications as in aerospace. The morphology and microstructure of the pyrolysed composites are well characterized using Raman and FTIR spectroscopy, XRD and SEM-EDS and based on this a mechanism for microstructure evolution is proposed. It is inferred that the pyrolysis of SR-PMSQ-PF composites results exclusively in the formation of cristobalite silica. In addition to that, the formation of SiC is also facilitated particularly in nano dimension with increase in phenolic content, by carbothermal reduction of silica derived from PMSQ and silica fibre predominantly through solid-vapour phase reaction along the (111) crystalline plane. The systematic evaluation of microstructure and morphology of pyrolysed SR-PMSQ-PF IPN composites is useful to define specific thermal protection applications for these composites.

Cuprous iodide-catalyzed azide–alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) offered an easy route for the synthesis of organic–inorganic comb polymer networks with a short stem composed of novolac and arms made of lightly cross-linked polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). This was achieved by the click reaction between novolac propargyl ether (NPE) and azide telehelic PDMS (PDMS-AZ) in a single step at near-ambient conditions. The precursors were absolutely characterized. The reaction, monitored by differential scanning calorimetry and rheometry, implied the cross-linking occurring at relatively low temperatures. The gelation occurred at a lower conversion than predicted by the Flory–Rehner equation. The reaction was facilitated by polar solvents. Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) implied biphasic behavior for the cross-linked polymer, the transitions of the soft and hard segments appearing at −110 and 26 °C, respectively. The calculated cross-link densities tallied well with the expected network structure. Solvents influenced th...

We investigate the dynamics of a spin-orbit (SO) coupled BECs in a time dependent harmonic trap and show the dynamical system to be completely integrable by constructing the Lax pair. We then employ gauge transformation approach to witness the rapid oscillations of the condensates for a relatively smaller value of SO coupling in a time independent harmonic trap compared to their counterparts in a transient trap. Keeping track of the evolution of the condensates in a transient trap during its transition from confining to expulsive trap, we notice that they collapse in the expulsive trap. We further show that one can manipulate the scattering length through Feshbach resonance to stretch the lifetime of the confining trap and revive the condensate. Considering a SO coupled state as the initial state, the numerical simulation indicates that the reinforcement of Rabi coupling on SO coupled BECs generates the striped phase of the bright solitons and does not impact the stability of the condensates despite destroying the integrability of the dynamical system., Comment: 11 pages, 9 figures

Crystalline behaviour of PVDF nanocomposite with 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium modified montmorillonite clay was analyzed. The phase change from α to β increased with alkyl chain length of the organic modifier in the filler; 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium clay and maximum conversion (99%) was observed for PVDF-1-hexadecyl-3-methylimidazolium modified clay composite with 2% loading. The phase conversion was evident from X-ray diffraction, DSC analysis and improved electrical properties. AFM analysis of PVDF-1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium montmorillonite clay composite (PVDF-C4) showed a shish-kebab structure while pristine PVDF and all other composites showed spherulite structures. Computational studies revealed that the extended chain α-phase forms the 'shish', the back bone and folded chain β-phase forms the 'kebab'. This was further supported by the superior mechanical properties for PVDF-C4 composite. Present work shows that introducing ionic liquid modified MMT-clay within the PVDF matrix enables nucleation of electroactive β phase and the presence of equal content of α and β phases can lead to the formation of self reinforced shish-kebab structures in PVDF.

The progress of surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrates, which offers flexibility, improved sample collection efficiency and high SERS activity, has provided results in numerous applications. The present study demonstrates the development of a flexible substrate based on electrospun polystyrene (PS) nanofibers decorated with silver nanoparticles for in situ sampling and detection using SERS. The surface of the PS nanofibers contains uniformly distributed nanopores in the range of 70–100 nm due to the phenomenon called ‘breathe figure’. The nanoparticles are strongly adsorbed over the nanofiber surface due to the presence of these nanopores. The present substrate offers effective in situ sampling by wiping directly from the surface of luggage, fruits or any surface of interest. We demonstrated the SERS activity of the substrate by choosing highly energetic materials such as, RDX, DNT and pesticides, namely carbofuran. The results demonstrated that the nanoparticle coated electrospun PS nanofiber mats are promising for in situ sampling and SERS-based detection.

Natural compounds are widely explored in industries, as a lead compound. Evaluating their toxicity is of utmost importance, as they may cause other side effects. The major hassles in evaluating the toxicity of compounds through in vivo and in vitro methods such as time, money, workforce, and use of animal models can be overcome by computational methods. Quantitative structure–activity relationship (QSAR) models predict the toxicity from the structure of a compound. In the present study, the methanolic extracts of three plants, namely, Carissa carandas, Canthium angustifolium, and Epiphyllum oxypetalum, were subjected to Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS), in which 27 different compounds were identified. The compounds were evaluated for their toxicity through QSAR-Toxicity Estimation Software Tool (TEST) against multispecies – Daphnia magna, Pimephales promelas, Tetrahymena pyriformis, and rat (Oral). The study revealed that the order of toxicity of the natural compounds was D. magna > T. pyriformis > P. promelas > Rat (Oral). All the compounds were non-bioaccummulative, while most of them were developmental toxicants. Only one compound (Dasycarpidan-1-methanol, acetate (ester)) was a mutagen. Further studies of the compounds on in vivo models are recommended after in silico analysis, for exploration in different industries.

We investigate a model of a two coupled Ablowitz–Ladik (AL) lattices which admits the integrable AL model, when it is reduced to symmetric states. We compute the discrete modulational instability gain analytically and verified numerically. The play-role of the coupling parameter ϵ which is the back-bone of the two coupled AL chain is analyzed. We perform molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and elucidate the short time as well as the long time instability of AL chain. We demonstrate that the AL chain supports the formation of bright breather coupled wave modes spanning over 36 lattice sites on either side of the bond-center. We explore a kink solitary profile of solutions for the AL chains by invoking the extended tangent hyperbolic function method (ETHF) embedded with symbolic computation. Spectral stability of the exact solutions is determined by the eigenvalues of the discrete spectrum. We demonstrate the onset of chaos that leads the quasi-periodic dynamics of AL chains through the period-doubling bifurcation route to chaos.

The interplay of bilinear ferromagnetic coupling with antiferromagnetic rung and diagonal coupling along with the magnetic field component of the electromagnetic wave (EMW) has been studied by solving the Maxwell’s equation together with the two coupled Landau–Lifshitz nonlinear spin equations for the magnetization of the medium. The magnetization dynamics of the spin ladder under the influence of EMW is governed by a two coupled generalized derivative non-linear Schrodinger (CGDNLS) equations. We invoke the Jacobi elliptic function method to solve the CGDNLS equations and the EMW propagation assumes the forms of kink, antikink, soliton, and breather excitations. We perform numerical analysis on the static spin configurations and explored the typical chaotic spatial structures.

High significant variations were observed for all the traits studied under present investigation. Considering parameters, high phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) and genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) were observed for the number of effective tillers per plant, grain yield per plant, plant height followed by days to 50% flowering. Heritability in broad sense was higher in all of the characters studied under present investigation. High heritability coupled with high genetic advance as percent of mean was observed in plant height, days to 50% flowering, days to maturity, number of spikelets per panicle and number of grains per panicle, indicated that these characters under additive gene control and selection for improvement might be effective. Both at the phenotypic and genotypic level, grain yield per plant had significant and positive association with plant height, panicle length,number of filled grains per panicle and number of spikelets per panicle but had significant negative association with number of effective tillers per plant and 1000- grain weight. Number of spikelets per panicle had the maximum positive and direct effect followed by days to maturity, plant height, spikelet fertility and 1000- grain weight. Based on mean performance and various genetic parameters attributes, advance line namely, MC-34-1-10-6-1-26 was observed to be promising because it is of short duration, and yielded significantly higher than the short duration check RCM-8. Promising culture would be recommended for double cropping in the valley region of the state.

Electromagnetic Compliance is the key factor in the modern industrial developments. The high speed devices in the advanced Engineering will lead to the electromagnetic interference problems. To cater the need of Electromagnetic Compliance it is essential for each and every electronics device to comply with such requirement. This can be done as a board level or component level. The other way of reaching EMC is through shielding. Shielding enclosures serve the purpose of shielding. This paper reviews about the shielding effectiveness of the enclosures using various methods with connected accessory.

Conservation and use of energy in an efficient manner is the fundamental goal of energy management. 78% of generated energy is used in the industrial area. The main aspect of energy conservation is to use the energy in an efficient manner. This paper presents the review on type of audit conducted in the industries and detailed energy audit in the aluminium industry. The audit processed through walk through audit, preliminary and detailed audit. The team observed online, offline and real time data. The valuable four types of recommendations are suggested for reduction in the power tariff with the implementation of energy efficient equipments.

An investigation was carried out to evaluate 51 diverse field pea genotypes at Langol Research farm, ICAR, RC, NEH region, Manipur centre for nine yield related quantitative traits and four morphological qualitative traits for practical field pea improvement in Manipur. The combined analysis of variance of genotypes for all the nine traits was found to be significant. The amount of variability in one variable as a linear function of another variable was also measured through phenotypic and genotypic correlation among nine quantitative traits. The pod number per plant, seed number per pod and 100 seed weight showed significant positive correlation with seed yield per plant both at phenotypic and genotypic levels. Multivariate analysis using principal component analysis (PCA) indicated that three principal components (PCs) accounted for > 75% of the total variation. The genotypes were grouped into seven clusters using distance based Agglomerative “Average linkage” method. Three genotypes IPF-5-19, EC-8495, HUDP-15 belonging to cluster II and DDR-30, early maturing variety belonging to Cluster VI were found promising in terms of seed yield for the region.

We theoretically investigate the dynamics of modulation instability (MI) in two-dimensional spin-orbit coupled Bose-Einstein condensates (BECs). The analysis is performed for equal densities of pseudo-spin components. Different combination of the signs of intra- and inter-component interaction strengths are considered, with a particular emphasize on repulsive interactions. We observe that the unstable modulation builds from originally miscible condensates, depending on the combination of the signs of the intra- and inter-component interaction strengths. The repulsive intra- and inter-component interactions admit instability and the MI immiscibility condition is no longer significant. Influence of interaction parameters such as spin-orbit and Rabi coupling on MI are also investigated. The spin-orbit coupling (SOC) inevitably contributes to instability regardless of the nature of the interaction. In the case of attractive interaction, SOC manifest in enhancing the MI. Thus, a comprehensive study of MI in two-dimensional spin-orbit coupled binary BECs of pseudo-spin components is presented., Comment: 11 pages, 17 figures, 1 table