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In an epoch of escalating number of antibiotic-resistance bacteria, there is a dire need to develop efficient and novel feeding strategies for animal nutrition as alternatives to antibiotics. Here, implicating nutrigenomic approach, phytobiotics and organic acids were used to evaluate ghrelin gene expression levels, gut microflora composition, performance parameters and intestinal histomorphological changes in broiler chickens. One-day-old chicks (n = 315) were reared for 42 days and distributed randomly into five experimental groups; each with three replicates (21 birds per replicate). Experimental groups were control: basal diet only, antimicrobial growth promoter: 40 g/metric ton of basal diet (virginiamycin), organic acids: 4 kg/metric ton of basal diet, phytobiotics: 3 kg/metric ton of basal diet, combination: 7 kg/metric ton of basal diet (organic acids 4 kg and phytobiotics 3 kg metric ton of feed). Growth performance, histological and ghrelin gene expression analysis were executed on 21 and 42 days while, quantitative bacterial analysis of cecum and ileum was performed on day 42. Increased feed intake and body weight (p

The cytotoxicity in freshwater fishes due to different industrial dyes in industrial effluents is a major worldwide issue. Hematoxylin dye has a wide range of uses in textile industries and laboratories. This study was aimed to evaluate the toxic effects of hematoxylin's sublethal effect in vitro in Cirrhinus mrigala. The fish was exposed to different grading concentrations of dye in the aquarium. Fish were sacrificed and dissected to remove the kidney after exposure to hematoxylin dye for specific time intervals. Nephrotoxicity and cytotoxicity induced by this dye were detected through histopathology by using the paraffin wax method. Immediate mortality of fish was noticed against the exposure to 0.08 g/L (LC50) concentration of dye, but at 0.008 mg/L and 0.018 mg/L, it showed tremendous tissue damage in the kidneys, significant reduction in fish growth. This dye induced many alterations in the kidney such as tubular degeneration, vacuolation, shrinkage of a glomerulus, reduced lumen, congestion in the kidney, glomerulonephritis, absence of Bowmen space, necrosis of the hematopoietic interstitial tissues, clogging of tubules, necrosis in the glomerulus and increased space between glomerulus and bowmen's capsule. Although this dye has a wide range of biological and industrial applications, a minute amount of hematoxylin released in effluents is quite toxic to aquatic fauna.

Reproductive success is attained by various mechanisms in insects. Prolonged post insemination association is one such mechanism to increase the reproductive success. The present study was conducted to assess the role of post insemination association of mating partners on reproductive performance in Chrysomelidae beetle, Zygogramma bicolorata Pallister. The matings were disrupted at different time intervals and fecundity and percent egg viability of the females were recorded. In addition, the mounting attempts, mating attempts, time to commencement of mating and latent period were also recorded. It was hypothesized that: (1) the mounting and mating attempts would not exist, (2) copulation duration, would not affect the reproductive performance, and (3) the beetle would not exhibit the mate guarding behaviour. Interestingly, results revealed that 6.00 ± 1.3 and 6.59 ± 0.93 mounting and mating attempts are needed to establish successful mating. The results revealed that males improved their percent egg viability with a mating duration ranging from nearly 30–50 min. While fecundity increased with a mating duration of above 30 min and up to a duration of 60 min. This result concluded that males of this beetle display post copulatory mate guarding behaviour after 60 min in which male rides on female’s back with his aedeagus inserted in the female genital tract.

This study presents ethanol's fabrication by fermenting the golden trumpet flower (Allamanda schottii L) with the yeast strain Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The changes in different parameters during fermentation were studied and optimized while producing the ethanol and the end product was subjected to emission test study by blending petrol and ethanol. The Allamanda floral substrate contains 65% polysaccharides. The strain S. cerevisiae was obtained in the form of baker’s yeast from a domestic shop. For 100 ml of slurry, the highest bioethanol yield recorded was about 18.75 ml via optimization of different culture conditions, including a 1:8 ratio for slurry preparation, maintained under 35 ⁰C, 5.5 pH, 72 h. old inoculum with a quantity of 3.75 g 100 ml−1, fermented for120 h. The highest yield of bioethanol was acquired under the addition of urea. This technique & design is capable of industrial-scale fabrication of bioethanol by using A. schottii floral substrates. This research was conducted to fabricate ethanol by fermentation (A. schottii L) floral substrate with S. cerevisiae. The optimum physiochemical parameters required to obtain the highest yield of bioethanol from A. schottii flower by fermentation was studied. The immobilization strategy with a cheap agricultural substrate and magnetic nanoparticles were also studied. The engine performance and emission studies were done with different blends of petrol and bio-ethanol.

Pollution is severely threatening the wetland habitats. Heavy metals are one among of the major pollutants in wetland habitats. The cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), chromium (Cr), cobalt (Co), lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), nickel (Ni) and zinc (Zn), were assessed in the water, sediment, benthic species (polychaetes, mollusc and crustaceans), prawn and fishes. The assessment of heavy metals was done by using double-beam Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). The Hg, Cr and Co were greater in sediment, Ni and Cd were higher in polychaetes and molluscs respectively. However, the Cu and Pb greater in crabs and the Zinc was greater in fishes. The concentration of metals showed significant differences among the various sources examined (P 0.05). The inter-correlational analysis among the metals assessed from the various sources showed that the Cr and Pb not correlated among the eight metals examined. However, the Cu and Co were correlated with Hg (r = 0.307) and (r = 0.788) respectively. The nickel was correlated with Hg (r = 0.367), Cu (r = 0.362) and Co (r = 0.432). The Zinc was correlated with the Cd (r = 0.331) and Hg (r = 0.737). However, correlation of metals among the different sources shown that the metals of polychaetes correlated with sediment r = 0.637, the metals of crabs correlated with the sediment and polychaetes r = 0.630 and r = 842 respectively, the metals of molluscs was also correlated with sediment (r = 0.636), polychaetes (r = 0.889) and crabs (r = 0.894). In addition to that the metals of prawns was correlated with the polychaetes (r = 839), crabs (r = 0.628) and molluscs (r = 0.634). The metals of fishes correlated with polychaetes (r = 0.529), crabs (r = 0.710), molluscs (r = 0.493) and prawns (r = 0.593). Indeed the multiple regression model explained that the metals of sediments influence the accumulation of metals in biotic species such as polychaetes, molluscs, crustaceans, prawns and fishes with 84% (F = 21.079; p Pb > Ni > Cr > Zn > Co > Cu > Cd. The study found that the level of heavy metals at various sources in the sanctuary is showing considerable warning and the sanctuary is required intensive assessment on various aspects of pollution since the Point Calimere Wildlife Sanctuary is supporting several species of migratory and endangered shorebirds seasonally.

Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) is a Potential nephrotoxin that causes severe and prolonged chemical toxicity. Investigations have been accomplished on numerous species of genus Artemisia, but the plant Artemisia brevifolia has hardly been used in this respect. The present study was considered to ascertain the effects of “Artemisia brevifolia plant extract” against CCl4 prompted nephrotoxicity in male albino rats. Forty-eight male albino rats were allocated into eight groups containing 6 rats in each. Group I was the control group. Group II was given dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) (1 ml/kg) orally. Group III was treated with dissolved CCl4 in olive oil (1 ml/kg). Group IV was given CCl4 + Silymarine. Group V and VI were administered with Artemisia brevifolia extract (150 and 300 mg/kg respectively) + CCl4. Group VII and VIII were provided with only 150 and 300 mg/kg extract of Artemisia brevifolia respectively. Results displayed that CCl4 administration significantly (p

Metals are major toxic elements and cause various diseases and damage shorebirds. The study envisaged the heavy metals content in the feathers of shorebirds, prey, water, and sediment from Pichavaram Mangrove Forest (PMF). Primary feathers of shorebirds species such as Curlew Sandpiper, Eurasian Curlew, and Painted Stork were collected and analyzed the following metals viz., Cd, Cu, Cr, Co, Pb, Hg, Ni, and Zn. The levels of Hg, Cr, Pb and Ni varied significantly among the metals studied (p Eurasian Curlew > Curlew sandpiper. However, in the habitat, Cd, Co, Pb, Hg, Ni and Zi varied significantly between water and sediment (p

The entomofauna survey and its toxicity of Blumea mollis (Asteraceae) leaf aqueous extract-mediated (Bm-LAE) silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were assessed against selected human vector mosquitoes (HVMs). A total of 1800 individuals of 29 species belongs to 7 genera were identified. Month-wise and Genus-wise abundance of HVMs larval diversity were calculated and one-way ANOVA statistically analyzed the average physico-chemical characteristics. The relationship between physicochemical characteristics and HVMs larvae in KWS was interpreted. The total larval density and container index were 23530.18 and 1961.85 examined against 10 different containers. Various spectroscopic and microscopic investigation characterized Bm-AgNPs.The Bm- AgNPs tested against HVMs larvae, the predominant LC50/LC90 values of 18.17/ 39.56, 23.45/42.49 and 21.82/40.43 μg/mL were observed on An. subpictus Cx. vishnui and Ae. vittatus, respectively. The findings of this investigation, improperly maintained drainages, containers and unused things in study sites, are engaged to HVMs development. This will be essential for designing and implementing HVMs control. The larval toxic potentiality of Bm- AgNPs had a prompt, inexpensive and compelling synthesis of multi-disperse action against HVMs.

Chronic diabetes extensively complicates the glucose metabolism to onset and progress the complication. Concurrently, several contemporary medicines, especially organo-metallic formulations, are emerging to treat hyperglycemia. The current study aims to emphasize the gold nanoparticles (GNPs) potential for glucose metabolism regulation in Streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetes. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was carried out to detect the mRNA expression of Glucose transporters 2 (GLUT2), Glucokinase (GK) and Glucose 6 Phosphatase (G-6-Pase). The study shows remarkable results such as the prognostic effect of GNPs in reinforcing the repression of enzyme complex G-6-Pase about 13.3-fold when compared to diabetes control. Also, molecular docking studies showed significant inhibition of G-6-Pase by the terpenoid ligands with alpha and beta amyrin from leaf extract of Couroupita guianensis. Thus the study explored the novel mechanism of G-6-Pase downregulated by GNPs intervention that majorly contributes to the regulation of circulatory glucose homeostasis during diabetes.

Aedes mosquitoes are the most important group of vectors that transmit pathogens, including arboviruses, and cause human diseases such as dengue fever, yellow fever, Zika virus, and Chikungunya. Biosynthesis and the use of green silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) is a vital step to identify reliable and eco-friendly controls for these vectors. In this study, Aedes (Ae.) aegypti larvae (2nd and 3rd instar) were exposed to leaf extracts of Ricinus communis (Castor) and AgNPs synthesized from the extract to evaluate their larvicidal potential. Synthesized AgNPs were characterized by UV-Vis spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (XRD). Ae. aegypti larvae were treated with different concentrations (50–250 ppm) of the leaf extract and synthesized AgNPs. There were five replicates per treatment, in addition to a positive (temephos) and negative control (dechlorinated water). Mortality was recorded after 12, 24, 36, and 48 h and the data were subjected to Probit analysis. The nanoparticles were more toxic (LC50 = 46.22 ppm and LC90 = 85.30 ppm) than the plant extract (106.24 and 175.73 ppm, respectively). The leaf extracts of Ricinus communis were subjected to HPLC analysis to identify their chemical constituents. This study suggests that plant extracts and synthesized nanoparticles are excellent alternatives to hazardous chemical pesticides used to control vector mosquitoes. This is a potentially useful technique that can reduce aquatic toxicity from insecticide use.

Bio-molecule assisted synthesis of nanoparticles using protein templates and the self-assembly of the bio-molecules together with small peptides, denatured protein, and DNA is a new advancement. Specific interactions with nanoparticles ultimately dictate the size and crystallinity of the nanomaterials and the formation of nanoparticles using protein for structural integrity. Here, we are using protein-based synthesis method for preparing highly crystalline ZnONPs. Crustin(Cr)-capped ZnONPs were synthesized and confirmed by Ultraviolet-vis spectroscopy (UV–Vis), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Raman, X-ray diffraction (XRD), High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM), and Zeta potential analysis. UV–Vis spectrum revealed the preliminary confirmation of the Cr-ZnONPs. By using XRD patterns, confirmed the crystalline structure of Cr-ZnONPs. In addition, TEM analysis revealed that the particle size measurements are within the 50 nm range. Further, Cr-ZnONPs tested against different Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria at 50 µg/mL. The great potential of the antibacterial and biofilm control ability of Cr-ZnONPs at 50 µg/mL was observed. Moreover, the control of thrush infective fungal Candida albicans cells and eco-toxicological analysis of Cr-ZnONPs showed that no increase in toxicity up to 100 µg/L was observed in Ceriodaphnia cornuta. Overall, Cr-ZnONPs can be used for potential photocatalytic, antibacterial, antifungal and antibiofilm applications.

The investigations on the role of dietary micronutrient(s), such as selenium, has recently emerged as the fixate of researchers, notably in aquaculture. Our study aimed at investigation of the impact of dietary selenium on growth and digestive enzymes (DE) activity in juvenile tilapia. Three iso-nitrogenous diets with a sequential increase of selenium doses viz. 2 (T1), 4 (T2), and 8 (T3) mg/kg of fish feed, and selenium-deficient (T4) feed were dispensed in independent treatments. The juvenile fish growth and enzyme activities showed direct links to selenium dose. The T1 illustrated significantly higher (P

Bio-fabrication of metal nanocrystals can be achieved using eco-friendly and cost-effective routes with plants as reducing and capping mediators. A rapid and simple method for producing silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using the plant Alstonia venenata (R. Br.) (Family: Apocynaceae) was investigated. The mosquito larvicidal potential and the effect of the A. venenata aqueous leaf extract and AgNPs on non-target fish and insects were evaluated. The AgNPs were studied using UV–Vis spectroscopy, FTIR spectroscopy, SEM, TEM, AFM, and XRD analysis. The larvicidal effectiveness on early third instar larvae was higher for the AgNPs than the plant extract; this was observed by testing on Anopheles stephensi (LC50 = 12.28 µg/mL), Aedes aegypti (LC50 = 13.49 µg/mL), and Culex quinquefasciatus (LC50 = 14.50 µg/mL). Furthermore, the plant extract and AgNPs were found to be safe for the environment-friendly Gambusia affinis fish, and Anisops bouvieri and Diplonychus indicus aquatic insects. This study confirmed that A. venenata is a potential bio-resource for the fabrication of nanocrystals as an effective mosquito control tool with negligible harmful on aquatic fish and insects in the environment.

Diabetes mellitus and hyperglycemia can lead to other health complications. The pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus can affect numerous tissues in the eye structure and cataracts are one of the major causes of visual impairment in diabetes mellitus patients. In this study, we aim to investigate the ability of D-limonene to inhibit aldose reductase hypoglycemic activity in lens organ culture and its anti-glycating properties in STZ-induced cataracts of rats with diabetes. D-limonene repressed aldose reductase in-vitro with IC50 ranges of ~13.9 ± 0.31 µg/mL in an uncompetitive manner. This compound also prevented hyperglycemic induced increases in aldose reductase activity, accumulation of sorbitol, altered crystalline proteins (α, β and γ), and opacification of the rat lens in ex-vivo lens organ culture. Supplementation of D-limonene in STZ-induced diabetic rats restored these changes and delayed the progression of cataracts. This study demonstrates that D-limonene is a pharmaceutically active component that inhibits rat-lens aldose reductase. Therefore, this study showed that D-limonene prevents advanced glycation end product formation contributing to the integrity of α-crystallin chaperone activity and delays cataract development. It has been concluded, D-limonene has a role in inhibiting aldose reductase activity and advanced glycation end products formation in vivo, and in delaying the development of diabetic cataracts. Further studies of D-limonene are needed to assess other complications in DM as they may provide additional evidence for establishing D-limonene as a potential pharmacological target therapy for diabetes mellitus complications. Keywords: D-limonene, Aldose reductase, α-Crystalline, Advanced glycation, End products, Cataracts

Bioengineered green approaches of metal nanomaterials plays an extensive role against current environmental affairs and clinical pathogens. In the current exploration, biomolecule loaded silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were engineered by microwave irradiation mode using the leaf extracts of Ludwigia octovalvis and characterized by Ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy (UV), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. FTIR revealed feasible biomolecules available in capping and bioreduction of AgNPs. XRD result clearly pinpoints the crystallinity of the synthesized AgNPs. FESEM analysis taped that AgNPs were found to be polyhedrons in nature with average size 28–50 nm. The antimicrobial properties of AgNPs was investigated against different bacterial pathogens (Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus vulgaris and Staphylococcus epidermidis). A potential anti-biofilm activity of phytocompounds loaded AgNPs against P. aeruginosa and S. epidermidis were recorded. As well, the enhanced decolouration action of AgNPs were detected against deadly pollutant dyes Alizarin red, Congo red, Methylene blue and Rhodamine b. The outcome undoubtedly indicated that the AgNPs may be considered as an successful nano based therapeutic drug for various diseases caused by pathogens and vigorous catalytic agent against toxic dyes.

The main objective of the present study is to determine lead toxicity on various sizes of zebra fish in soft and hard water. Lead toxicity analysis was carried out in the laboratory trials for four days at various concentrations for the determination of LC50 value. Zebra fish was grouped into various sizes (G1-G4) and treated with lead for 96 h. Lead induced toxicity and induced various behavioural changes in Zebra fish. In the case of G1 (1.5 ± 0.2 cm length) fish the LC50 values ranged from 27.2 ± 1.8 mg/L to 9.7 ± 1.3 mg/L. In G2 (2.0 ± 0.2 cm length) fish, the LC50 value was 37.01 ± 2.3 mg/L and it reduced as 32.03 ± 3.4 mg/L after 48 h. In G3 group (2.5 ± 0.2 cm length fish), LC50 value was 38.78 ± 2.4 mg/L after 24 h treatment and this value decreased as 33.18 ± 1.1 mg/L after 48 h. After 72 h, LC50 value was 27.2 ± 2.1 mg/L and this value decreased considerably after 96 h (18.3 ± 2.1 mg/L) in G4 (3.0 ± 0.2 cm length) fish. Further, G4 fish was treated with lead in hard water and LC50 value was analyzed. LC50 value was observed as 28.62 ± 2.7 mg/L in hard water and the same fish group (G4) showed 18.3 ± 2.1 mg/L after 96 h. Toxicity analysis revealed that lead is less toxic in hard water than in soft water. Keywords: Lead, Toxicity, Water hardness, Zebra fish

Zygogramma bicolorata Pallister (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) is a satisfactory potential candidate for controlling Parthenium hysterophorus L. The study was conducted in order to evaluate the bio-control potential of Z. bicolorata to satisfactory reduced the density of parthenium weed in natural field conditions. Therefore, beetles were released in the twelve study sites @ 12 adults and/or larvae/m2 in their respective sites on 5th, 10th, 15th and 20th day after initial field releases. Observations were made on defoliation by the beetle, perthenium plant height, plant biomass, leaf injury rating and soil seed reservoir. Present study showed that field releases of Z. bicolorata considerably lowering down the parthenium density at all treated sites. At larval release sites by the 60th day of observation a complete defoliation was noted, however at adult release sites it took 80 days for complete defoliation. Moreover, significantly higher number of developmental stages i.e. eggs, larvae and adults were noted in the adults released sites than to larval released sites and the controls. It was also noted that plant height and its density, flowers & leaves production, biomass of parthenium plant and seed reservoir in soil was negatively affected in treated sites as compared to untreated sites. Thus, we have concluded that adults can be utilized in biocontrol program because population build-up was greater in those sites where adults were released.

The study is to scrutinize andrographolides with Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) inhibitory potential, its molecular mechanism against streptozotocin (STZ) diabetic retinopathy (DR) in Wistar rats. Oxidative stress markers such as Kynurenine metabolites, retinal histopathological changes have been studied. Further, IDO gene expression and docking studies have been performed. Andrographolide treated rats have been reducing the level of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and protein carbonyls Kynurenine metabolites with an improvement in the level of GSH and expression of IDO as revealed by morphological changes in inner and outer nuclear layer of the retina. The current results of this study have been generated information about an activity of the andrographolide in the essential pocket of IDO. Our results explain, involving IDO and andrographolide would constitute an attempt to identify natural products with therapeutic value and further studies in this direction would be of immense significance in the administration of diabetes and its related problems. Keywords: Diabetes, Andrographolide, Oxidative stress, Metabolites, GSH

This study utilized genetic and morphometric approaches to assess the molecular and morphometric differentiation among commercially important species of mud crab. Molecular investigations were derived from 542 bp mitochondrial DNA COI on 249 individuals within genus Scylla from nine states in Malaysia represents four marine regions; South China Sea, Sulu Sea, Straits of Singapore and Straits of Malacca. Four specimens were obtained from Indonesia to give a robust analysis in this study. For species delimitation, Automatic Barcode Gap Discovery (ABGD) method on a web interface was employed. Analysis on phylogenetics was implemented utilizing Neighbour joining (NJ) and Maximum Parsimony (MP) methods. The inter- and intraspecies genetic distances (Ds) was computed using Kimura 2-parameter distance and executed in MEGA version 5.05. All samples were genetically and morphologically identified and clustered into four distinct species. Among the species, S. olivacea was the most abundant (n = 111), on the other hand the occurrence of S. paramamosain in Malaysia was very low (n = 29). No single individual of S. serrata from Malaysia was recorded in this study. Both genetic distance and phylogenetic approaches exhibited a correlative monophyletic association among all specimens analysed. This present study is crucial as it reports the reassessment of all species within genus Scylla in Malaysia, eventually could be employed as a reference source for subsequent research mainly on mariculture and other conservation efforts for the species. Keywords: Scyla spp., Mud crab, Morphological identification, Molecular identification, COI

The population genetics study is crucial as it helps in understanding the epidemiological aspects of dengue and help improving a vector control measures. This research aims to investigate the population genetics structure of two common species of Aedes mosquitoes in Penang; Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus using Cytochrome Oxidase I (COI) mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) marker. Molecular investigations were derived from 440 bp and 418 bp mtDNA COI on 125 and 334 larvae of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus respectively, from 32 locations in Penang. All samples were employed in the BLASTn for species identification. The haplotype diversity, nucleotide diversity, neutrality test and mismatch distribution analysis were conducted in DnaSP version 5.10.1. AMOVA analysis was conducted in ARLEQUIN version 3.5 and the phylogenetic reconstructions based on maximum likelihood (ML) and neighbor-joining (NJ) methods were implemented in MEGA X. The relationships among haplotypes were further tested by creating a minimum spanning tree using Network version 4.6.1. All samples were genetically identified and clustered into six distinct species. Among the species, Ae. albopictus was the most abundant (67.2%), followed by Ae. aegypti (25.2%) and the rest were counted for Culex sp. and Toxorhynchites sp. Both Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus show low nucleotide diversity (π) and high haplotype diversity (h), while the neutrality test shows a negative value in most of the population for both species. There are a total of 39 and 64 haplotypes recorded for Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus respectively. AMOVA analysis revealed that most of the variation occurred within population for both species. Mismatch distribution analysis showed bimodal characteristic of population differentiation for Ae. aegypti but Ae. albopictus showed unimodal characteristics of population differentiation. Genetic distance based on Tamura-Nei parameter showed low genetic divergent within population and high genetic divergent among population for both species. The maximum likelihood tree showed no obvious pattern of population genetic structure for both Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus from Penang and a moderate to high bootstrap values has supported this conclusion. The minimum spanning network for Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus showed five and three dominant haplotypes respectively, which indicates a mixture of haplotypes from the regions analysed. This study revealed that there is no population genetic structure exhibited by both Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus in Penang. Mutation has occurred rapidly in both species and this will be challenging in controlling the populations. However, further analysis needed to confirm this statement. Keywords: Ae. aegypti, Ae. albopictus, Dengue, Molecular identification, COI, Phylogenetic

The current study was aimed to evaluate the seasonal variation in bioaccumulation of metals (Pb, Cu and Ni) in the gills, kidney, liver and muscle of Oreochromis niloticus. Sixty fish samples (average wet body weight 460.77 ± 6.22 g) were collected from the freshwater reservoir Wadi Namar Riyadh, Saudi Arabia in winter, summer, spring and autumn seasons. The heavy metals were assessed through atomic absorption. The findings of this study revealed seasonal variation in bioaccumulation of metals. In winter season minimum concentration of Pb, Cu and Ni was recorded while the highest was recorded in summer season. The order of bioaccumulation of Pb and Ni in organs was: liver > kidney > muscle > gills in and liver > gills > kidney > muscle in winter and summer, respectively. The bioaccumulation order of Cu as kidney > liver > gills > muscle and gills > kidney > liver > muscle in winter and summer, respectively. The heavy metals concentration was crossing the permissible limits suggested by WHO. Histopathological examination in kidney exhibited congestion, dilation in bowman capsule space, necrosis. Liver of the fish exhibited cytoplasmic vacuolation, necrosis, sinusoid dilation. It has been concluded that this river is heavily contaminated due to the discharge of untreated waste from industry and domestic sewage from the city and there is a dire need to control this increasing contamination. Keywords: River, Histopathology, Kidney, Liver, Heavy metals, Fish

Obesity is known as weight gaining programme which leads to increase in body mass index (BMI), is known for significant risk factors for chronic diseases. The prevalence of obesity has been rising in South Asian countries, specifically in Pakistan. Numerous studies have shown the association with metabolic diseases (ex; obesity) with single nucleotide polymorphisms. The present study has been designed to investigate the association between C677T polymorphism in methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) gene with obesity in Pakistan population. In this case-control study, we have enrolled 200 obese students and 200 non-obese or control students based on the BMI. Genomic DNA was isolated with enrolled 400 blood samples and PCR was performed with C677T polymorphism in the MTHFR gene to analyse the frequency. Later on restriction enzyme length polymorphism analysis was carried out for the undigested PCR products. Genotyping frequencies for C677T polymorphism were compared between obesity and non-obesity students. Genotype, allele and various genetic model of inheritances were calculated and documented the significant association (p 0.05). The present study concludes C677T polymorphism in MTHFR gene was genetically associated between the obesity risks in Pakistan population. However, relation with Anova analysis showed the negative association with C677T polymorphism. Keywords: Obesity, C677T, MTHFR gene, GCUF students, Pakistan population

Field isolates of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) were subjected to polypeptide analysis using SDS-PAGE. On electrophoresis the NDV proteins were settled into several peptide components related to structural elements of the virus. The field isolates of NDV were recovered from different outbreaks in commercial chicken flocks. The virus grew well into 9th day old embryonated chicken eggs. The presence of virus in harvested allantoic fluids was assessed by Haemagglutination Test (HA). The HA titer of virus ranged from 1:512 to 1:1024. All the field isolates were purified by chloroform extraction method. Same quantities of samples were loaded on 12.5% discontinuous SDS-PAGE system. There were 6 to 13 polypeptides recorded with a molecular weight ranged from 12 KDa to 160 KDa. The results of SDS-PAGE denoted that the indigenous isolates of NDV are almost identical and comparable with vaccines. SDS-PAGE, using 12.5 percent gel is a simple, economical, and easy way for the characterization of NDV and other viruses. Furthermore, the potency of the vaccines can easily be checked through this technique and comparison can be made between field and vaccine ND viruses. It is recommended that more work should be done at the molecular level of local isolates of NDV to confirm the molecular nature of these isolates. Keywords: Newcastle disease virus, Chicken, SDS-PAGE, Molecular weights

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic, non-communicable and complex, metabolic disease caused by resistance to insulin. The role of FABP2 in T2DM has been confirmed via genomic studies. Genetic studies related to Ala54Thr (A54T) polymorphism in FABP2 in the Pakistani population are lacking. The objective of the present study was to analyze the prevalence of A54T polymorphism among those diagnosed with T2DM in the Pakistani population. Clinical and genotype data were statistically analyzed. Baseline and demographic characteristics of T2DM cases and controls were evaluated. Genotype analysis indicated a significant association between T2DM cases and the Thr genotype, Thr allele, and genetic models (p

The present study was conducted to prepare cost effective and environment friendly zinc nanoparticles (Zn NPs) by using ZnSO4·7H2O and extract of sesame seeds. Zn NPs were characterized by using scanning electron microscope (SEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-Ray Diffraction and antibacterial potential was checked by using disc diffusion method. Solution colour turned yellow which ultimately confirmed the formation of Zn NPs and seed extract was used as a reducing agent. Crystalline size of the NPs was revealed by XRD spectra i.e. 9.07 nm. Functional groups were identified by the FTIR. SEM analysis given idea about the spherical shape of NPs. Antibacterial activity of the Zn NPs against different bacteria (S. pneumoniae, P. aeruginosa, E. coli and S. aureus) was measured by inhibition zone which ranged from 3.3 to 12.6 mm. Keywords: Zinc nanoparticles, Characterization, Antibacterial activity, FTIR, XRD

The issue of male sexual dysfunction arises due to numerous complications linked with sperm motility, imbalance of antioxidant enzymes and hormonal levels. Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) is widely used as a standard toxin to induce chemical injury and toxicity. A lot of research has been performed on many species of the genus Nepeta in vitro and in vivo but the plant Nepeta paulsenii have been rarely used in this aspect. The current research was designed to explore the impacts of methanolic extract of the Nepeta paulsenii plant on CCl4 induced testicular impairment in male albino rats. Forty-eight rats were distributed equally into 8 groups; Control, Vehicle control, CCl4 treated (1 ml/kg), CCl4 + Silymarine treated, CCl4 + Nepeta paulsenii (200 mg/kg) treated, CCl4 + Nepeta paulsenii (400 mg/kg), Nepeta paulsenii (200 mg/kg) and Nepeta paulsenii (400 mg/kg) treated. Blood and testicles were obtained and analyzed. To check antioxidant enzymes, hormonal concentrations, daily sperm production (DSP), protein content and histopathology various analyses were performed. CCl4 exposure resulted in adverse morphological changes and significant (p

The study was implemented to actuate the qualitative and quantitative phyto constituents of Iresine herbstii extracts and its antiviral efficacy against avian ND virus. Among four tested solvents, the ethanolic extract of Iresine herbstii revealed the presence of highest quantity of all tested phytochemicals while petroleum ether extract showed the least. Folin-Ciocalteu method assessed the range of TPC extended from 81.01 ± 0.67 to 126.35 ± 0.45 µg GAE/mg. Acetonic extract showed the highest amount among all extracts and petroleum ether possessed the lower quantity. TFC ranged from 54.37 ± 0.45 to 88.12 ± 0.26 µg QE/mg followed by colorimetric method. From all extract ethanolic extract showed highest quantity and petroleum ether revealed the lower. HPLC analysis of ethanolic extract of I. herbstii confesses the presence six bioactive components by using the HP5-MS column. To check the antiviral potential of plants, different prepared treatments of plant extract and live virus were inoculated at 9 days old SPF embryonated chicken eggs. Results exposed that all plant extracts produce antiviral activity against NDV in ovo according to their potential and phytochemical profile. The highest survival rate was observed in the ethanolic extract at 400 µg/mL and acetonic extract at 300 µg/mL as it controls the NDV activity completely, evidence of absence of embryo death and HA titre. Dichloromethane and petroleum ether could not inhibit the virus completely. 600 µg/mL concentration was proved as toxic in all extracts except petroleum ether extract which showed a dose dependent pattern. Keywords: Iresine herbstii, Phytochemicals, Antiviral activity, In ovo, Newcastle disease virus

Extensive application of pesticide in agricultural field affects the enzymatic activity of non-target animals, including fishes. In this study, the impact of sublethal concentration of fenvalerate on marker enzymes of freshwater Zebra fish was evaluated. Pesticide-induced stress can specifically affect non target fishes, through elevated level of reactive oxygen species which is responsible for biochemical, cell metabolism and physiological activities. The oxidative stress mediated by fenvalerate at sub lethal concentrations after 28 days of exposure of Zebra fish. Following 28 days of exposure of pesticide, catalase, superoxide dismutase, aspartate amino transferases, alanine amino transferase, alkaline phosphatase and acid phosphatase were assessed. Results revealed reduction of superoxide dismutase activity after 28 days of exposure in sub lethal concentration of fenvalerate in liver and gills. In liver, catalase activity was found to be less in fenvalerate exposed fish than control fish. In liver, increase of 75.75% aspartate amino transferase and 38% increase in alanine amino transferase in gills. SGPT activity was relatively higher than SGOT suggests more contribution of phyruvalate than oxaloacetate formation. Fenvalerate induced changes in acid phosphatase and alkaline phosphatase activity in the liver and gills of Zebra fish after four weeks of exposure. Fenvalerate induced expression of various stress proteins in gill, liver, followed by muscle. Some proteins lost its intensity due to fenvalerate toxicity. Result revealed that enzyme assays and SDS-PAGE analysis for protein subunits determination is relevant tool to monitor stress in freshwater ecosystem. The findings suggest that in monitoring fenvalerate toxicity programme, enzyme activities can be potent diagnostic tool for fenvalerate induced toxicity. Keywords: Pyrethroid, Fenvalerate, Fish, Toxicity, Metabolic enzymes, Stress

The aim of this study was to determine the level of contamination and genotoxic impact through micronucleus assay and histopathology in Wallago attu and Cirrhinus mrigala procured from the polluted site of the River Chenab at industrial and sewage waste disposal. The water sample was found viciously contaminated with heavy metals i.e. Ni, Cr, Mn, Co, Pb, Hg, Zn, Sn, Cu while all other physio-chemical variables crossed the suggested limits of WHO. The heavy metals load induced histopathological alterations were correlated to environmental degradation and the productivity of this biological system. W. attu and C. mrigala harvested from contaminated sites of the river indicated higher intensity of DNA damage through micronucleus induction and nuclear abnormalities with 5.46 ± 0.17, 1.23 ± 0.08 and 4.2 ± 0.11, 0.4 ± 0.04‰ respectively. Muscle sections of W. attu and C. mrigala harvested from the polluted section of river demonstrated the necrosis, degeneration of muscle fibers, intra-fibular edema and release of the blood into the tissues due to the bursting of blocked of the blood vessels. Dermal layers showed degeneration of the collagen bundles those were found loose or collapsed in some regions. Photomicrography also revealed vacuolar degeneration in muscle tissues and atrophy of muscle bundles. Intra fibular edema and splitting of muscle fibers were also seen along with bioaccumulation of toxicants. W. attu showed maximum incidence of alterations with highest histopathological alteration index related to environmental degradation. Control fish samples showed normal muscle tissues with normal equally spaced muscle bundles and myotomes. Keywords: Pollution, Xenobiotics, Fish, Micronucleus, Histopathology

Cisplatin (CP) is an active cytotoxic agent, which has been verified to be effective in multiple cancer regimen. In this study, potential antioxidant effects of casticin (CAS) were assessed against CP generated oxidative stress in rat liver. “Twenty-four male Sprague Dawley rats were divided into four experimental groups. Group-1 (control group) received only normal saline”. Group-2 was intraperitoneally injected with CP (10 mg/kg). Group-3 was orally provided by CAS (50 mg/kg) along with CP (10 mg/kg) injection at first day. Group-4 group was orally administered with CAS (50 mg/kg) throughout the experiment. The rats of group-1 indicated “increase in serum levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP), while a significant decrease in the activities of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD)” was noticed, which revealed that CP generated oxidative stress in rat liver. Moreover, administration of CP increased the hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) concentration and level of “thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS)”, while reducing the % DNA head and head length in liver cell nuclei. CP disturbs the lobular structure of the liver and increased the sinusoidal dilation in rat liver. However, co-treatment with CAS successfully mitigated the CP generated DNA disruption, biochemical and pathological changes in rat liver. These findings revealed that an effective antioxidant, CAS, alleviated the CP generated hepatotoxicity and oxidative stress in rats. Keywords: Cisplatin, Oxidative stress, DNA damage, Liver damage, Antioxidant, Casticin

Limited molecular studies have been documented with ACE gene polymorphism in OA and RA in the major industrial city in the country. The current study aims to investigate the prevalence of the arthritis risks and perform the ACE gene polymorphism in OA and RA in hospital based population. In this hospital-based study, we adopted 1000 arthritis subjects; 539 was suffering with OA and 461 RA in the local hospital. Based on the filled questionnaire and signed consent form, patients were involved in this study. Genotyping was performed in 1000 arthritis subjects. Our results indicated the risk of BMI and smoking status in both OA and RA diseases. Most of the participants involved in this study were considered to opt the non-vegetarian rather than the vegetarian. The arthritis patients were interested in eating the chicken (65.7%) and then red meat (31.5%). Regular walking (22.4%) was found to be higher in the arthritis patients than the regular exercise (4.7%). However, males are more active than the females in both the regular exercise and regular walking. Most of the arthritis patients (37.3%) had the comfortable sleep duration between 9 and 10 h. The prevalence of arthritis has been increased and patients with high BMI should be growing the risks of the various arthritis. Simultaneously, weight gain is connected with both the OA and RA diseases. Physical activity is required to reduce the risks of arthritis. The present study recommends to avoid the smoking and maintain the normal BMI specifically in the females to avoid the arthritis disease in Faisalabad city in the Pakistan. Keywords: Arthritis, Osteoarthritis, Rheumatoid arthritis, BMI, Regular exercise and physical activity

Taxonomic characterization of bacterial 16S rRNA gene has become an accepted norm for inference of complex microbial communities and ecological shifts in gut. Recently, 16S rRNA gene sequences has emerged as a taxonomic marker to investigate crosstalk between gut bacteria and host via variations in feed. Here, broiler chickens (n = 240) were subjected to dietary modulation approach to substitute antibiotics with natural plant-derived products. Five experimental groups were control, antibiotic growth promoter, organic acids, phytogenic feed additives and combination (organic acids + phytogenic feed additives). Bacterial DNA was extracted and 16S rRNA gene was amplified through polymerase chain reaction using universal primers followed by observation through gel electrophoresis and then, confirmation by direct DNA sequencing. The sequence data was analyzed for homology search, multiple sequence alignment, and construction of phylogenetic clades using software BLASTn, CLUSTAL W and MEGA 7.0. respectively. Based on the phenetic relationship, bacterial phylotypes from organic acid and phytogenic feed additive groups belongs to Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus faecalis in both cecum and ileum. The bacterial isolate obtained from antibiotic feeding group characterized as Escherichia coli. Furthermore, sequences of probiotic bacteria (Enterococcus faecalis) were retrieved from online repositories (GenBank and RDP) and aligned with indigenously isolated strains of this study. Comparative phylogenetic analysis revealed high sequence similarities (99%) of Enterococcus faecalis KIBGE AB-6 and Enterococcus faecalis KIBGE AB5 with Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 19433, and Enterococcus faecalis DD28 respectively. Hence, under the appropriate conditions of current investigation, these bacterial strains might serve as potential candidates for probiotics in animals. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study in Pakistan depicting taxonomic classification of chicken gut bacterial diversity from cecal and ileal samples linked with dietary modulation. Keywords: 16S rRNA gene, Broiler chicken, Gut microbiota, Probiotic bacteria, Taxonomy

Fish kidneys are sensitive to chemical changes in the freshwater ecosystem because they are directly and constantly exposed to chemicals dissolved in the water. This study evaluated nephrotoxicity in Wallago attu and Cirrhinus mrigala harvested from the Chenab River in an area of industrial and sewage waste disposal. Induced histological alternation data were correlated to the severity of environmental degradation in order to determine whether this biological system can be used as a tool for environmental monitoring programs. Kidneys from two fish species occupying different niches were collected and stored for 24 h in 10% formalin. Control fish were collected upstream of the polluted river area. Specimens were processed using topical histological methods. The major histological alterations observed in both species were renal tubule myxospora, hyperemia, glomerulonephritis, degeneration of renal tubule cells, dilation of glomerular capillaries, presence of pycnotic nuclei in the hematopoietic tissue, epithelial hypertrophy, vacuolization, reduced lumen of renal tubules, and shrinkage of glomeruli. Renal tubular atrophy, degeneration due to extensive degranulation, necrosis of glomeruli, glomerular expansion, absence of Bowman’s space, hypertrophied nucleus, necrosis and hyalinization of the interstitium, clogging of tubules, and regeneration of tubules was also observed. Wallago attu exhibited the maximum incidence of moderate to severe changes and was defined as having the highest “histopathologic alteration index”. These severe alterations were found to be related to environmental degradation, indicating the presence of stressors in freshwater. Control groups showed normal tissue morphology in the kidneys. Keywords: Fish, Histopathological, Pollution, Nephrotoxicity, Necrosis

This study was conducted to assess the effect of heavy metals (Cd, Hg, Cu, Mn, Zn, Pb, Cr, and Sn) on the fatty acid profiles of Catla catla, Labeo rohita, and Cirrhinus mrigala collected from two polluted sites in the Chenab River and Jhelum River (non-polluted site). The heavy-metal levels were determined using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The results showed that the levels of Cd, Hg, Cu, Mn, Zn, Pb, Cr, and Sn in the river water exceeded the permissible limits recommended by various international agencies. Some important fatty acids were not detected in the muscle samples of the fish species collected from the highly polluted site (HPS). Caprylic acid (C8:0) and lauric acid (C12:0) were undetectable in Catla catla and Cirrhinus mrigala. Palmitoleic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid were present in Catla catla alone, and they were not found in Labeo rohita and Cirrhinus mrigala harvested from a less polluted site (LPS). More saturated fatty acids and less fatty acids were detected in the muscle samples of Catla catla, Labeo rohita, and Cirrhinus mrigala collected from HPS than in those collected from LPS. The untreated discharge of domestic and industrial waste probably causes a reduction in the fatty acids in the biomass of microalgae and zoobenthos and, ultimately, adversely affects the upper links of the food chain in the river.

Genetic variation in fish stocks decreasing due to water pollution in the freshwater rivers, streams and canals. The objective of this study was to determine the genetic diversity and polymorphism in Oreochromis niloticus collected from the Wadi Hanefah Riyadh, Saudi Arabia by using RAPD-PCR. Total thirty fish specimens were harvested from each of four pre-determined locations of the reservoir which were designated as H1, H2, H3, and H4. Five random decamer primers were used to assess the diversity in the stock of O. niloticus. In this fish stock 48 bands were polymorphic and 12 were monomorphic. The maximum polymorphism (100%) was recorded in the fish samples procured from H4, followed by 88.75, 87.33 and 76.12% of the tilapia collected from H3, H2, and H4, respectively. Nei’s genetic distance value was ranged as 0.0005 to 0.1006. Maximum and minimum genetic distance was recorded as 0.1006 and 0.005 in tilapia harvested from H1 and H2 locations. Average heterozygosity was ranged from 0.3009 to 0.3744. This information about the genetic polymorphism of O. niloticus may be used by the concerned authorities to evolve strategies to conserve the diversity of tilapia in the country. Keywords: Genetic diversity, Tilapia, Primers, RAPD

In this study, the concept of phytoplankton functional groups was used to assess phytoplankton community structure in an attempt to better understand their spatial and seasonal variation in extremely alkaline Dali Nur Lake. Samples were collected for analysis during spring, summer and autumn for a period of two years. We identified 13 phytoplankton functional groups (Lo, S1, H1, P, C, MP, X3, Y, X2, W1, J, F, and T) among 37 species out of which 7 groups Lo, H1, P, C, MP, X2, and F were dominant. The biomass of phytoplankton functional groups in the Lake exhibited a strong seasonal variation with the highest biomass value observed in autumn and lowest in spring. Functional groups MP, P, and C were dominant in spring when the temperatures were very low. Groups H1 and X2 were the dominant in summer corresponding to higher temperatures. In autumn groups Lo and X2 were the dominant corresponding to high levels of total phosphorus (TP). Our study revealed that alkalinity, pH, arsenic, chemical oxygen demand, and TP are the most important physical–chemical variables structuring the phytoplankton functional groups in Dali Nur Lake. Functional groups Lo and X2 were mainly influenced by TP while groups MP and P flourished better under high conditions of arsenic. This study reveals the importance of physical–chemical variables in the spatial and seasonal gradient, in structuring phytoplankton functional groups, and consequently in the assessment of environmental status of the lake.

In this study, the concept of functional traits was used to classify zooplankton into functional groups and their seasonal dynamics were determined in relation to physico-chemical factors in a highly turbid and nutrient-rich wetland. This study revealed a seasonal variation of both physico-chemical factors and biomass of zooplankton functional groups. Water temperature (TEP), total phosphorus (TP), ferrous ion (Fe2+) and total carbon (TC) were significantly higher in summer while water transparency (SD) was notably higher in spring. Zooplankton functional group biomass was higher in summer (5.11 mg/L) followed by winter, autumn and spring (0.91, 0.72 and 0.28 mg/L, respectively). Large copepods and cladoceran carnivore (LCC) was the dominant functional group in spring accounting for about 86.7% of the total biomass. In summer, MCF (Middle copepods and cladocerans filter feeders) was the dominant group probably because of the optimal temperature and availability of nutrients. Pearson correlation and RDA analysis results suggested that Fe2+, TP and TEP were the major factors influencing zooplankton functional groups. Notably, turbidity was not the main factor despite the fact that Small Xingkai Wetland Lake is a very turbid lake. The variation of zooplankton functional groups among seasons highlights the role of physico-chemical factors in structuring zooplankton composition.

In forensic science, the human identification is the major goal in criminal cases and in paternity dispute, based on DNA profiling of individual. Analysis of short tandem repeat (STRs) markers used as a reliable technique for this purpose. In this study the main objective was to develop a human identification based on DNA fingerprinting using Human Identification Barcode System (HIBS). HIBS may be used to provide a unique molecular signature of human in the form of a barcode. DNA was isolated from blood by using PCR technique to detect bands to design human barcode using self-designed system. HIBS is a web based application that can be accessed via www.hibs.com.pk. HIBS can be accessed with internet access and may be introduced on security checkpoints to identify an individual based on his own DNA instead of conventional procedures of identification. The barcode generated through DNA fingerprinting will be stored in a HIBS, and may also be a part of CNIC. It may be successfully used against suicide bombers, target killers, etc., as even a single blood spot, a few skin cells, root of the hair etc., to identify such culprits. It may also be effectively used to relieve the individuals with false accusations. Keywords: DNA profiling, Human identification, Barcode, HIBS

Various microorganisms present in beverages as contaminants, yet few can develop in the presence of acidic and low oxygen conditions. Notably, yeast is the dominant microbe group present in the fruit juices and drinks in the fruit juices and drinks. Due to the microbe development and secondary metabolite production, such as polluting compounds, carbon dioxide, and spoilage, the beverages were identified. Yeast and molds are considered to be a vital microbe that causes deterioration. The primary reason for the deterioration in fruits and fruit juices is because of the contamination caused by fungi and yeast, and sometimes damage may cause by insects. Sugars and sugar concentrates are generally polluted with osmophilic yeasts, for instance, Z. rouxii. This review mainly focuses on the types of spoilages in soft drinks and beverages and their control measures.

Carbon dioxide gas is the key element of the carbon cycle and a major source for photosynthesis, but for the past 150 years, the atmospheric CO2 has been increased drastically from 250 to 418 ppm due to the extreme utilization of fossil fuels. This accelerated release of CO2 acts as a major source for climatic change due to the greenhouse gas effect resulting in global warming and melting of polar ice caps, alteration in biogeochemical cycles, altered rainfall, ocean acidification, eutrophication of lakes, imbalance in the ecological communities and extinction of some species, effects on soil fertility, changes in the metabolism and at the molecular level. Reduce, reuse and recycle strategy can be applied to control elevated CO2 levels by preventing deforestation, using renewable energy as an alternative for fossil fuels and reusing the atmospheric CO2. Carbon capture and storage (CCS), Carbon capture and utilization (CCU) are the two technologies adapted to capture the atmospheric CO2, utilize it, and focus on permanent storage in the geological sites. Captured CO2 is used to produce many value added products such as polymers, biofuels, reactants etc. Plants and microorganisms act as a natural CO2 filter. Several biomolecules such as carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids are produced due to the biological carbon fixation process using photosynthesis. Six different photosynthetic pathways and some non-photosynthetic pathways to fix atmospheric CO2 have been reported in diverse species of plants and microbes such as bacteria, fungi, yeast, algae etc. Algae are the most potent microbe in CO2 utilization and biological carbon fixation compared to other microbes and used widely on a large industrial scale for biofuel production. Algal biofuel production using captured CO2 is the best productive method to recycle and reduce atmospheric CO2.

Graphical abstract, Introduction Researchers worldwide with great endeavor searching and repurpose drugs might be potentially useful in fighting newly emerged coronavirus. These drugs show inhibition but also show side effects and complications too. On December 27, 2020, 80,926,235 cases have been reported worldwide. Specifically, in Pakistan, 471,335 has been reported with inconsiderable deaths. Problem statement Identification of COVID-19 drugs pathway through drug-gene and gene−gene interaction to find out the most important genes involved in the pathway to deal with the actual cause of side effects beyond the beneficent effects of the drugs. Methodology The medicines used to treat COVID-19 are retrieved from the Drug Bank. The drug-gene interaction was performed using the Drug Gene Interaction Database to check the relation between the genes and the drugs. The networks of genes are developed by Gene MANIA, while Cytoscape is used to check the active functional association of the targeted gene. The developed systems cross-validated using the EnrichNet tool and identify drug genes' concerned pathways using Reactome and STRING. Results Five drugs Azithromycin, Bevacizumab, CQ, HCQ, and Lopinavir, are retrieved. The drug-gene interaction shows several genes that are targeted by the drug. Gene MANIA interaction network shows the functional association of the genes like co-expression, physical interaction, predicted, genetic interaction, co-localization, and shared protein domains. Conclusion Our study suggests the pathways for each drug in which targeted genes and medicines play a crucial role, which will help experts in-vitro overcome and deal with the side effects of these drugs, as we find out the in-silico gene analysis for the COVID-19 drugs.

Graphical abstract, The ongoing SARS-CoV-2 pandemic infecting millions of people globally has given rise to serious public health threats. The need for early detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in asymptomatic pregnant women is compelling to detect vertical transmission timely. Here, 11 SARS-CoV-2 asymptomatic pregnant cases from Wuhan China were investigated. All the patients were initially tested negative for SARS-CoV-2 on RT-PCR, so a chest CT scan was performed. Also, serum antibody (IgM and IgG) titers were estimated. CT scan of patients revealed typical abnormalities related to SARS-CoV-2, indicating ground-glass opacity and infection lesions suggesting viral pneumonia. Elevated IgM and IgG antibodies levels (p

Objective: The primary aim of the study is to augment the biogas production from flower waste through optimization and pretreatment techniques. Methods: Enhancement of biogas production by using response surface methodology (RSM) and artificial neural network (ANN) was done. The time for agitation, the concentration of the substrate, temperature and pH were considered as model variables to develop the predictive models. Pretreatment of withered flowers was studied by using physical, chemical, hydrothermal and biological methods. Results: The linear model terms of concentration of substrate, temperature, pH, and time for agitation had effects of interaction (p

The study is intended to deliver the incidence of heavy metals in the feathers of shorebirds from two important Central Asian Flyway (CAF) migratory shorebirds wintering sites such as the Point Calimere Wildlife Sanctuary (PWLS) and Pichavaram Mangrove Forest (PMF), India. Feathers of fifteen species of shorebirds and seven different metals viz., Cu, Cr, Co, Pb, Hg, Ni and Zn were analyzed. Zn was highest in Dunlin, Little-ringed Plover, Marsh Sandpiper, and Common sandpiper, Ni showed highest in Little ringed plover, and Common sandpiper, Co, Cr, and Cu were maximum in Little stint, Marsh sandpiper, and Dunlin, respectively. The Hg was higher in Black-winged stilt, Common redshank, Curlew Sandpiper, Eurasian curlew, Lesser Sand-plover, Temminck’s stint, Kentish plover, Spotted redshank, and Wood sandpiper, the Pb found highest in Kentish plover, Painted stork, Spotted redshank, Wood sandpiper, Eurasian Curlew, and Lesser sand-plover. The concentration of metals showed significant variations among the species of shorebirds studied (P Ni > Co > Cr > Cu > Pb > Hg. Nevertheless, the current study revealed that the level of metals in the shorebirds is alarming; since the PWLS and PMF are located along the CAF routes, it needs intensive studies on various pollutions to manage both the resident as well as migratory shorebirds.

Anglerfishes are a highly diverse group of species with unique characteristics. Here, we report the first chromosome-level genome of a species in the order Lophiiformes, the yellow goosefish (Lophius litulon), obtained by whole genome shotgun sequencing and high-throughput chromatin conformation capture. Approximately 97.20% of the assembly spanning 709.23 Mb could be anchored to 23 chromosomes with a contig N50 of 164.91 kb. The BUSCO value was 95.4%, suggesting that the quality of the assembly was high. A comparative gene family analysis identified expanded and contracted gene families, and these may be associated with adaptation to the benthic environment and the lack of scales in the species. A majority of positively selected genes were related to metabolic processes, suggesting that digestive and metabolic system evolution expanded the diversity of yellow goosefish prey. Our study provides a valuable genetic resource for understanding the mechanisms underlying the unique features of the yellow goosefish and for investigating anglerfish evolution.

A novel enzyme-free photoelectrochemical (PEC) immunoassay was developed for the ultrasensitive detection of prostate specific antigen (PSA) based on the DNA-mediated nanoscale zirconium-porphyrin MOFs (NMOFs). By virtue of the intrinsic coordination between unsaturated zirconium sites of the NMOFs frameworks and phosphonate groups, the 5'-phosphorylared ss-DNA-tagged antibody (Ab-DNA) conjugate with a consecutive stretch of guanines as a spacer could be loaded on the NMOFs easily, obtaining a novel type of Ab-DNA-functionalized NMOFs complex. Additionally, as a photocathode PEC active nanomaterial, NMOFs exhibited a significant enhanced photocurrent response with the presence of dopamine under oxygen-containing aqueous media at -0.3 V (vs Ag/AgCl). Furthermore, with the aid of the electrochemical grafting of polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimers functionalized interface, the novel type of Ab-DNA-NMOFs further served as a PEC signal nanoprobe for the ultrasensitive PSA immunoassay. Under optimal conditions, the corresponding immunosensor possessed a wide calibration range of 1 pg mL

This investigation is aimed to study an impact of habitat degradation on proximate composition and amino acid (AAs) profile of Catla catla, Labeo rohita and Cirrhinus mrigala collected from polluted, non-polluted area (upstream) and a commercial fish farm. The amino acid profile was estimated by the amino acid analyzer. C. catla collected from the polluted environment had highest lipid, protein and ash contents (12.04 ± 0.01, 13.45 ± 0.01 and 0.93 ± 0.03%, respectively). The high protein content (14.73 ± 0.01 and 14.12 ± 0. 01%) was recorded in C. catla procured from non-polluted (upstream) wild habitat of River Chenab and controlled commercial fish farm. Farmed fish species showed comparatively higher moisture contents followed by upstream and polluted area fishes. C. mrigala showed significant differences in amino acid and proximate composition collected from a polluted site of the river Chenab. C. catla collected from non-polluted site of the river showed an excellent nutrient profile, followed by L. rohita (wild and farmed) and C. mrigala (polluted area), respectively. All fishes from the polluted areas of the River Chenab indicated a significant decrease in the concentration of some AAs when compared to farmed and wild (upstream) major carps. Omitting of some important AAs was also observed in the meat of fish harvested from polluted habitat of this river. C. mrigala and L. rohita exhibited a significant increase in the concentration of some of non-essential amino acids such as cysteine in their meat. The results indicated that wild fish (upstream) and farmed fish species had highest protein contents and amino acid profile and hence appeared to be the best for human consumption. The proximate composition and AAs profiles of fish harvested from the polluted area of the river clearly indicated that efforts shall be made for the restoration of habitat to continue the requirement of high quality fish meat at a low cost to the human population. Keywords: Habitat, Polluted, Non-polluted fish, Commercial, Amino acids

Owing to white meat production Labeo rohita have vast economic importance, but its population has been reduced drastically in River Chenab due to pollution. Atomic absorption spectrophotometry showed a merciless toxicity level of Cd, Cu, Mn, Zn, Pb, Cr, Sn and Hg. Comet assay results indicated significant (p

The heavy metal ions originating from the various point and nonpoint sources seriously threatening the lotic ecosystem by posing severe health crises to the aquatic organisms of higher trophic levels. The freshwater turtles with delicate body structure and devoid of any hardcovers are prone to higher heavy metal bioaccumulation risks. The present study was conducted to determine heavy metals bioaccumulation in three soft-shelled and hard-shelled freshwater turtle species in Pakistan. We collected the water samples and cadaver turtle bodies at both sites and transported them to the laboratory for heavy metal content evaluation. The skeletal muscles (1 g) and water samples (100 ml) were processed by acid digestion and prepared metals analyses by AAS. The results indicated that the mean concentrations of Copper (Cu), Zinc (Zn) and Cadmium (Cd) were significantly lower, while Nickel (Ni), Cobalt (Co), Lead (Pb) and Chromium (Cr) were significantly higher at both sites compared with world health organization (WHO, 2004) standards. Muscles of softshell turtle (Lissemys punctata) showed the maximum bioaccumulation of targeted metals than other two species of hard-shell turtles i.e. Cu (7.61 ± 1.88), Zn (49.17 ± 4.11), Ni (2.77 ± 0.41), Cd (0.21 ± 0.02), Co (3.31 ± 0.43), Pb (4.70 ± 0.62) and Cr (6.09 ± 0.39). The mean concentrations of Cu, Ni, Pb, and Cr were maximum in water and turtle species muscles collected from Trimmu Barrage. In conclusion, the heavy metal loads in water and bioaccumulation patterns in the skeletal muscles of freshwater turtle species illustrated species and location-based variations with overall similar pattern corroborations among the sequence of heavy presence levels.