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The Himalayan orogen, resulting from the Early Cenozoic collision of the Indian and Asian plates, is an ideal vehicle to study active orogenic processes and test geodynamic models of how the crust responds to collisional orogeny. This paper focused on migmatitic high-pressure (HP) mafic granulite and associated leucosome from the Greater Himalayan Crystallines (GHC) in the Eastern Himalayan Syntaxis (EHS) in order to understand the conditions and timescales over which high-grade rocks and partial melts were produced during the Himalayan orogeny. Combining with previous study results from the Western and Central Himalayas and Trans-Himalayan magmatic arc, we obtained the following conclusions: (1) The mafic granulites from the EHS underwent HP and high-temperature (HT) granulite facies metamorphism and partial melting, with peak metamorphic conditions of 15–17 kbar and 820–880 °C. The GHC, at least its western part of the EHS, underwent coherent HP granulite-facies metamorphism. (2) The HP mafic granulites experienced long-lived dehydration melting of amphibole from ~40 Ma to ~20 Ma during prograde metamorphism and generated up to ~16 vol% partial melt. The variable degrees of dehydration melting of the HP mafic, pelitic and felsic granulites in the EHS generated voluminous granitic melts with distinct compositions, and provided the source for the Himalayan granites. (3) Peak metamorphic pressure of the GHC gradually decreases, whereas the metamorphic temperature progressively increases from the Western to Eastern Himalayas. This indicates that the Indian continental crust deeply subducted into the mantle in the Western Himalaya after the Indo-Asia collision, whereas the Indian crust underthrusted or relaminated beneath the Asian continental crust, and formed the thickened lower crust in the Central and Eastern Himalayas and Gangdese arc. (4) The melts derived from the underthrusted Indian crust probably resulted in isotopic compositional enrichment of the Early Cenozoic mantle- and juvenile crust-derived magmatic rocks of the Gangdese arc.

In this work, we used the selective laser melting (SLM) fabricated Co-Cr alloy with prominent residual strain, extremely non-equilibrium microstructures, and low stacking fault energy as a precursor to fabricate materials with the optimal grain boundary character distribution. The grain boundary engineering (GBE) of the Co-Cr alloy was achieved by a simple heat treatment of the SLM-fabricated Co-Cr alloy. The obtained GBE Co-Cr alloy exhibited 81.47% of special grain boundaries (Σ3n n = 1, 2, 3)), while it substantially disrupted the connectivity of the random high-angle boundaries, successfully reducing the propensity of intergranular degradation. Slow strain rate tests (SSRTs) showed that the GBE Co-Cr alloy possessed lower stress corrosion cracking (SCC) susceptibility and higher ductility in the corrosive environment (0.9% NaCl solution) than in the air. The high fraction of special boundaries, coupled with the stress-induced martensitic transformation (SIMT) in the GBE Co-Cr alloy yielded these results, which unique and rarely simultaneously satisfied for common structural materials. The current “SLM induced GBE strategy” offers a novel approach towards customized GBE materials with high SCC resistance and ductility in the corrosive environment, shedding new light on developing high-performance structural materials.

Ni-based alloys are believed to be the most suitable brazing fillers for SiC ceramic application in a nuclear environment. However, graphite, which severely deteriorates the mechanical property of the joint, is inevitable when Ni reacts with SiC. In this paper, Different amounts of Zr powders are mixed with Inconel 625 powders to braze SiC at 1400 °C. When Zr addition reaches 40 wt%, the brazed seam confirms the absence of graphite. This research proves that Zr can avoid the graphite’s formation by suppressing Ni’s activity. The room-temperature shear strength of the joint with graphite’s absence is tested to be 81.97 MPa, which is almost three times higher than that of the joint with graphite. The interfacial reaction process and mechanism of the SiC joint are investigated and explained in this paper using thermodynamic calculations.

In this paper, the interfacial reaction is investigated by joining SiC ceramic with Inconel 625 superalloy interlayer at different temperatures. CALPHAD method is used based on a Ni-Cr-Si ternary thermodynamic database to analyze the reactions between the Inconel 625 superalloy and the SiC ceramic. It is found that when the liquid alloy reaches a specific composition, the reactions between them stop. An equilibrium is established between the liquid alloy and SiC during the joining process, regardless of the temperature change. Furthermore, thermodynamic predictions of the reaction products are proved right by EBSD and XRD analysis. This work demonstrates that CALPHAD is a suitable method for effectively investigating the complex reaction system and further promoting precise theoretical analysis.

The photo-oxidation of arsenite (As(III)) in solution containing Suwannee River fulvic acid (SRFA) under the ultraviolet A (UVA) irradiation (λmax = 365 nm) was studied. In a solution containing 100.0 μg·L−1 As(III) and 10.0 mg·L−1 SRFA at pH 3.0, SRFA induced As(III) photo-oxidation by producing the triplet excited state of SRFA (3SRFA*) and hydroxyl radical(HO˙). Approximately 82% of As(III) oxidation was attributed to HO˙ which depended strongly on HO2˙/O2˙−. The remaining 18% of As(III) oxidation was attributed to the direct reaction between As(III) and 3SRFA*. The photo-oxidation of As(III) was significantly affected by solution pH. Excess SRFA inhibited As(III) photo-oxidation. The addition of a low concentration of ferric ions retarded the photo-oxidation of As(III) due to the poor photo-activity of Fe(III)-SRFA complexes. In contrast, the addition of ferric ions at high concentration greatly accelerated As(III) photo-oxidation because of the high photo-activity of Fe(III)–OH complexes. The fractions of SRFA with different molecular weight showed different oxidizing capacities under UV irradiation which was possibly related to the different contents of phenolic OH groups. The findings have important environmental implications for the photo-transformation behavior of As(III) in natural surface waters containing dissolved organic matter, especially acidic waters.

The behavior of bubble plume in crossflows was investigated by experimental and theoretical methods. The high-speed photography method was applied to analyze the visualization of bubble plume in tap water and carboxyl methyl cellulose (CMC) aqueous solution. The influence of crossflow velocity, superficial gas velocity and rheology of liquid phase on the inclination trajectory of bubble plume was studied. The results indicated that the trajectories of bubble plumes in tap water and CMC aqueous solutions approximated linearly, while the inclination characteristic of the bubble plume in CMC aqueous solutions were significantly different from those in tap water due to the effect of the rheological properties. The inclination angle of bubble plume in CMC aqueous solution was one-third more than that in tap water at high crossflow velocity. A correlation was developed via dimensional analysis to predict the inclination trajectories of bubble plumes in Newtonian and shear-thinning non-Newtonian fluid system. Considering the non-Newtonian rheology, the modified integral model of bubble plume was applied for theoretical calculation of centroids of bubble plume in crossflow.

Hydrogenation of methyl p-hydroxyphenylacetate has been used for the synthesis of p-hydroxyphenyl ethanol. The reaction was catalyzed by CuiZrj-x%(mass fraction) carbon nanotubes(CNTs) catalysts. Incorporation of a minor amount of CNTs into CuiZrj oxide can visibly increase the catalytic activity for the synthesis of p-hydroxyphenyl ethanol. The yield of p-hydroxyphenyl ethanol reaches 94.2% over a co-precipitated catalyst of Cu3Zr1 oxide with 11.0%CNTs. Its catalytic activity shows no obvious decrease after three cycles. This is much better than the CNT-free co-precipitated catalyst with a good yield of 81.1%, Cu3Zr1-0%CNTs.

The HY-2B satellite, equipped with the scanning microwave radiometer (SMR), was launched on 25 October 2018 and began observation on 30 October 2018. With the SMR data, we retrieved the sea surface...

Nanoporous materials are widely explored as efficient adsorbents for the storage of gases and liquids as well as for effective low-dielectric materials in large-scale integrated circuits. These applications require fast heat transfer, while most nanoporous substances are thermal insulators. Here, the oriented growth of micrometer-sized single-crystal covalent organic frameworks (COFs) ribbons with nanoporous structures at an air-water interface is presented. The obtained COFs ribbons are interconnected into a continuous and purely crystalline thin film. Due to the robust connectivity among the COFs ribbons, the entire film can be easily transferred and reliably contacted with target supports. The measured thermal conductivity amounts to ∼5.31 ± 0.37 W m-1 K-1 at 305 K, which is so far the highest value for nanoporous materials. These findings provide a methodology to grow and assemble single-crystal COFs into large area ensembles for the exploration of functional properties and potentially lead to new devices with COFs thin films where both porosity and thermal conductivity are desired.

In fusion reactors, tritium permeation barrier (TPB) technology is one of the key scientific technologies. α-Al2O3 has been considered an ideal candidate material for TPBs. In this work, a series of first-principles calculations have been performed to investigate the dissolution, clustering and diffusion behavior of hydrogen (H) in bulk α-Al2O3. The calculation results show that the most energetically stable form of hydrogen in a perfect α-Al2O3 crystal under H2 gas annealing treatment is the H2 molecule. This can also be confirmed by the electron localization function results. The attraction between two H atoms located in first and second nearest octahedral interstitial sites (OISs) is so strong that if multiple H atoms are dissolved in α-Al2O3, these atoms can migrate toward their adjacent H atoms and form clusters, which will prevent further diffusion of H. The most stable configuration of H cluster in α-Al2O3 is 2Hi, with the smallest formation energy and the largest average binding energy. The formation energy and binding energy are similar to those of the gaseous H2 molecule. We have derived the temperature-dependent diffusivity of the H2 molecule in α-Al2O3 as D ( T ) = ( 3.65 × 10 − 7 m 2 / s ) e x p ( − 2.27 e V / K T ) , which is in good agreement with the experimental values. In addition, both the dissolution energy and migration barrier of the H2 molecule are so high that dissolution and diffusion of the H2 molecule in α-Al2O3 are very difficult, resulting in low hydrogen permeability.

The morphological control of nanomaterials plays a crucial role in enhancing the properties of nanomaterials. Regulating the dimension of nanomaterials through simple synthesis has always been the focus of scientists, especially for the dimensional regulation of rare earth oxides. In this paper, a simple controllable solvothermal self-assembly strategy was used to obtain Ho2O3 nanomaterials with three dimensions (1D, 2D, and 3D) and four different morphologies. The formation process, morphology regulation and structure of Ho2O3 nanomaterials were studied. The Ho2O3 nanomaterials were applied to humidity detection for the first time. The ultra-thin porous Ho2O3 NS humidity sensor shows the best response to humidity among the four samples. Its impedance has changed by nearly four orders of magnitude when the humidity changed from 11–95% RH. The response time and recovery time are only 0.3 s and 6 s, respectively. And the sensor also exhibits excellent repeatability and stability for humidity detection. More important is that new applications of the humidity sensor are developed to test human breathing vital signs, body surface humidity and the moisturizing effect of skin care products. This work provides a new method for developing high performance humidity sensors to monitor human vital signs and detect the efficacy of moisturizing products.

Both the distance between the upstream and downstream cities and the capacity of urban water infrastructure would affect the water safety of the cities in the catchment. In this work, the concept of safe distance for urban growth was proposed. If the water quality between the upstream and the downstream cities can meet the functional requirements of the water environment, then the distance between the upstream and the downstream cities is safe. Taking two neighboring cities in the Yangtze River catchment as a case study, a distributed Cellular Automata (CA) model and a backpropagation (BP) neural network water quality model were used to discuss the safety distance between the two cities. The results provided some decision-making on urban sprawl control and rational urban development.

To investigate the reaction mechanism of Ni/SiC system, 0.1 μm-thick pure nickel foil is used to join SiC ceramic at 1245 °C for different times. Interfacial melting is calculated to occur at 964 °C along the interface due to the low eutectic point of θ-Ni2Si and NiSi, a periodical layered structure, consisting alternating layers of silicides/silicides+graphite, is formed along the interface due to periodical detachment of graphite from SiC reaction interface during the reactions between Ni-Si liquid phase and SiC. The reaction products of Ni/SiC are successfully predicted by CALPHAD method, based on a home-made Ni-Si-C ternary database. The reaction processes between Ni and SiC and the morphology changes of the joined seam are discussed in detail in this paper. The average shear strengths of SiC joints held for 15 min, 30 min and 60 min are tested to be 16.53 MPa, 19.32 MPa and 29.43 MPa, respectively.

To verify the microalloying function and segregation behavior of trace Mg at grain boundary in steel, the 2.25Cr–1Mo steel doped with 0.056% P containing different Mg contents was refined with a vacuum-induction furnace. The effects of trace Mg addition on the temper embrittlement susceptibility of 2.25Cr–1Mo steel were studied by step-cooling test and the segregation behavior of Mg at grain boundary was explored by Auger electron spectroscopy. It is shown that P-induced temper embrittlement susceptibility can be reduced after subjecting to step-cooling treatment with trace Mg addition, mainly benefited from the segregation of Mg at grain boundary. This segregation can decrease the segregation amounts of P and S, especially for P, and increase the grain boundary cohesion, reducing the adverse effect on temper embrittlement caused by P and S.

In this work, we used radio frequency (RF) system and screen printing technology to fabricate urea biosensor based on urease-maghemite nanoparticles ( $\gamma $ -Fe2O3 NPs)/graphene oxide (GO)/nickel oxide (NiO) sensing membrane on silver conductive wire printed polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrate. The ${V}$ – ${T}$ measurement system was used to investigate the sensing characteristics of urea biosensors based on GO/NiO sensing membrane modified by $\gamma $ -Fe2O3 NPs. The sensing membrane was modified by adding different contents of $\gamma $ -Fe2O3 NPs. The concentration of $\gamma $ -Fe2O3 NPs was 1 mg/mL. When the volume ratio of urease/ $\gamma $ -Fe2O3 NPs was 1/1, it had the best sensitivity. The average sensitivity, the linearity, and the limit of detection of (LOD) of the best urea biosensor in this work were 52.36 mV/decade ± 0.22 mV/decade, 0.996, and $7.91~{\mu }\text{M}$ , respectively. The effect of temperature on the urea biosensor was investigated from 25 °C to 65 °C. The stability of urea biosensors was evaluated by the effect of hysteresis and long-term storage stability. After 29 days, the average sensitivity remained 80.62% of the initial value. Compared with other urea biosensors, our urea biosensor based on urease- $\gamma $ -Fe2O3 NPs/GO/NiO sensing membrane has better average sensitivity.

This paper proposes a dry port network design model that integrates strategic and operational decision taking into account the stochastic nature of demand. The proposed model represents the forward and backward flows of both laden and empty containers as well as the inventory levels of empty containers throughout the network. This problem is formulated as a two-stage stochastic programming model where the dynamic decisions relating to containers’ transportation and inventory are integrated with decisions that determine the number and location-allocation of dry ports in an uncertain environment. For solving this problem, a robust sample average approximation method enhanced with Benders decomposition algorithm which is accelerated by multi-cut framework, knapsack inequalities, and Pareto-optimal cut scheme is proposed. The model was tested using a hypothetical case relating to the design of a hinterland container shipping network in North Carolina, USA, that comprises a seaport and fifty manufacturing companies. The quality of solutions obtained was evaluated through extensive numerical experiments. The experimental results underline the sensitivity of network configuration and operational decisions to inventory holding costs and solution robustness. We also provide managerial insights that may lead to improvements in the network configuration, modality choice, service level, fill rate, and inventory turnover in container shipping industry.

Tabson-2 decoction is the traditional Mongolian formula for anti-osteoporosis, and the ambiguous of active ingredient is an important factor in restricting its modernization and globalization. Although pharmacokinetic profiles research is a viable approach to find the components being responsible for formula efficacy, the pharmacokinetics study of Tabson-2 decoction has not been elucidated yet. Owing to the existence of isomers, low bioavailability of some small molecule and interference of endogenous, the pharmacokinetics study of Tabson-2 decoction are more difficult than that of chemical drugs. In our experiment, a specific and sensitive liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method was developed and validated for simultaneous determination of 16 active ingredients in Tabson-2 decoction, which could fulfill the requirements of multi-compounds pharmacokinetic study of Tabson-2 decoction. Additionally, the ingredients with significant distributions in rats were gentianic acid, chlorogenic acid, and aucubin, which could be the main potential active components in Tabson-2 decoction. The components with a significant bioavailability difference between normal and d-galactose induced osteoporosis rats were achieved as well. These data offer useful information for screening the active ingredients in Tabson-2 decoction, and assessing the bioavailability of these active ingredients in different physiological status, which might provide a possible mechanism of anti-osteoporosis efficacy of Tabson-2 decoction.

When overexposed to ultraviolet B (UVB) irradiation, skin can cause a series of abnormal reactions, such as excessive pigmentation and solar elastosis. In order to better treat the skin after overexposed to UVB, we designed a dissolving microneedles (MNs) loading hydrophilic ascorbic acid and hydrophobic vitamin A palmitate to achieve codelivery. Here, we confirmed that MNs had enough mechanical strength to insert the skin and two drugs were delivered subcutaneously in sequence in vitro. In white guinea pigs, surface observation and histological observation results confirmed that two drugs by MNs transdermal delivery were better than topical administration in the treatment of UVB-damaged skin. The MNs provide a method of loading different drugs into the needles and advance the development of transdermal drug delivery.

Nowadays the most intriguing features of wave-particle complementarity of single-photons are exemplified by the famous Wheeler’s delayed-choice experiment with linear optics, nuclear magnetic resonance, and integrated photonic device systems in the optical platform. Until now, the delayed-choice experiments are demonstrated by either massless photons or massive particles, such as atoms, however, there is no report demonstrating Wheeler’s ideas in a hybrid system which consists of photons and atoms simultaneously. Here, we demonstrate a Wheeler’s delayed-choice experiment in an interface of light and atomic memory, in which the cold atomic memory makes the heralded single-photon divided into a superposition of atomic collective excitation and leaked pulse, thus acting as memory-based beam-splitters. We observe the intermediate states between particle and wave behavior by changing the relative proportion of the quantum random number generator, the second memory efficiency, and the relative storage time of two memories. The reported results confirm Bohr’s view that it makes no sense to illustrate the wave-like or particle-like behavior of light and matter before the measurement happens, and are helpful for improving our comprehension of the complementarity principle under the interface of light-atom interaction.

Metallic glasses with the unique disordered atomic structure and metastable nature have been recently applied to degrade the azo dyes and other organic pollutants based on their superior catalytic performance. In this work, the functional properties of six CuZr-based metallic glassy ribbons with the different nominal components in degrading Acid Orange Ⅱ (AO Ⅱ) azo dyes were investigated. The Cu47.5Zr46Al6.5 metallic glassy ribbons could exhibit the more advanced catalytic performance for degradation process, which could completely degrade azo dye aqueous solution within 30 min. Additionally, the Cu47.5Zr46Al6.5 metallic glassy ribbons also showed the excellent cyclic stability along with approximately 97.68 % degradation efficiency after 10 cycles. These excellent catalytic performance and stability are closely related to the synergistic effect of exposed copper nanoparticles and produced copper oxides in the reaction, which contributes to accelerate the generation of more hydroxyl radicals (·OH) to react with dye molecules. Our findings can be able to develop a novel potential metallic glassy material for the functional application of wastewater treatment.

In traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) studies, it is difficult to choose evaluation markers for the strict quality control of herbs. A high performance liquid chromatography coupled with metabolomics for simultaneous quantitative analysis of quality markers (Q-markers) in Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch was established, which could not only ensure the quality and batch-to-batch consistency of TCMs, but also achieve a quantitative analysis of multi-components by the single reference standard. Based on the construction of chromatographic profiles by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and HPLC-Q-Exactive/MS methods, different multivariate analyses were employed. Seven quantitative indices were selected as the Q-markers, and a reliable quantification method was established. The quantitative method was acceptable with good linearity with correlation coefficients >0.9993 and satisfactory repeatability (relative standard deviation (RSD)

Dissolving microneedles (DMNs) have attracted extensive attention for transdermal drug delivery in recent years. Generally, the skin elasticity impedes DMNs to fully insert into skin thus optimized fabrication methods are needed to improve delivery efficiency. Here, we investigated the formulations of DMNs as the main influencing factors during the microneedle preparation process. Through the selection of the matrix materials and the optimization of the ratio and formulae, the DMNs can meet the requirements of convenient and effective drug delivery. For DMNs prepared with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) as matrix material, the 25 wt% concentration of PVA was beneficial to prepare MNs, which MNs was able to focus drug on the part of MN tips. However, for DMNs fabricated with hyaluronic acid (HA), the increasing material concentration had a weaker ability to concentrate drug in MNs and increased the difficulty of preparing MNs. The computer simulation analysis was consistent with the results of the experiment, indicating the feasibility of modelling to investigate the preparation technology of DMNs that offer appropriate, convenient and highly efficient drug delivery.

Dearomative annulation of indoles has emerged as a powerful tool for the preparation of polycyclic indoline-based alkaloids. Compared with well-established methods towards five-membered-ring-fused indolines, the six-membered-ring-fused indolines are rarely accessed under thermal conditions. Herein, a dearomative [4+2] annulation between different indoles is developed through an electrochemical pathway. This transformation offers a remarkably regio- and stereoselective route to highly functionalized pyrimido[5,4-b]indoles under oxidant- and metal-free conditions. Notably, this electrochemical approach maintains excellent functional-group tolerance and can be extended as a modification tactic for pharmaceutical research. Preliminary mechanism studies indicate that the electrooxidation annulation proceeds through radical-radical cross-coupling between an indole radical cation and an N-centered radical generated in situ.

In the eastern Himalayan syntaxis, the Indus–Tsangpo Suture Zone separates the Himalaya to the south from the southern Lhasa terrane to the north. In this study, we combine petrology, zircon U–Pb geochronology and phase equilibrium modeling to quantify the P–T–t paths of metapelites from the Namche Barwa complex, part of the Himalaya, and the Nyingchi complex, part of the southern Lhasa terrane. The Namche Barwa complex is interpreted to record slow cooling across a HP granulite facies P–T field at >12 kbar from 790 °C to the solidus at 750 °C between c. 50 Ma and c. 17 Ma, followed by decompression with slight heating to a P–T field at 5.5–8 kbar and 790–825 °C at c. 3 Ma, consistent with the post-peak segment of a CW P–T–t path. By contrast, the Nyingchi complex records a CCW P–T–t path characterized by compression through peak granulite facies P–T conditions of 7.5–9 kbar at 760–780 °C, before re-crossing the solidus at P of ∼11 kbar at c. 35–31 Ma. Based on the youngest published spot date from a detrital core in zircon from metapelite, the maximum depositional age for the protoliths of the Nyingchi complex is c. 53 Ma. We propose a tectonic scenario in which the Nyingchi complex (CCW P–T–t path) was buried in the interval c. 53–35 Ma synchronous with heating then compression during ongoing convergence related to the India–Asia collision. By contrast, the Namche Barwa complex (CW P–T–t path), which represents the subducted Indian continental lithosphere, records relatively fast exhumation from c. 17 to c. 3 Ma that was initiated by crustal-scale folding linked to orogen-scale gravitational spreading and thrusting, enhanced by surface processes.

Parameter selection is always a critical issue for the numerical modeling of many geotechnical problems. In this work, an idea of non-parameterized numerical analysis is demonstrated by incorporating tri-axial data as the input into the distinct lattice spring model (DLSM). An automatic parameter acquisition procedure is developed to determine the parameters of a modified Duncan–Chang (DC) model which is implemented in the DLSM through the further development of an incremental DLSM and a fabric stress calculation scheme. These newly developed algorithms are verified against available numerical results and experimental counterparts. Then, the discrete feature of the DC-DLSM is explored and discussed through the numerical modeling of large-scale tri-axial tests and a fracturing test. Finally, a real rockfill dam project is analyzed by using the DC-DLSM with the available tri-axial data as the input, and a reasonable fitting is obtained, which shows the possibility for the numerical modeling of the DLSM with no parameter selection burden.

Effective ultraviolet light-emitting diodes (LEDs) were fabricated by clamping the n-ZnO films on the top of p-hBN/p-GaN/sapphire substrates. An ultraviolet emission originating from ZnO was measured from the diode under a forward bias, the electroluminescence (EL) spectra of which show a peak wavelength of ∼376 nm with a narrow full-width at half maximum of ∼12 nm. Compared with the reference diode fabricated by directly growing n-ZnO on the p-hBN substrates using metal-organic chemical vapor deposition, the proposed diode showed a dramatic increment of the EL intensity; meanwhile, its emission onset lowered down considerably. The improved optical property of the proposed LED is mainly ascribed to suppressing the formation of the BNO-related layer at the n-ZnO/p-hBN interface. The present work provides a simple and feasible approach for developing advanced ZnO-based optoelectronic devices.

Using 2% percent of iron dopants as reaction active sites yields a series of single crystals of 1,10-phenanthroline intercalated NiPS3, via solution reaction with aniline chloride, not possible by direct reaction. Experimental magnetic susceptibility measurements demonstrate that 1,10-phenanthroline intercalation suppresses the anti-ferromagnetism ordering at around 150 K in Fe0.02Ni0.98PS3, and gives rise to a ferrimagnetic phase transition at the temperature around 75 K. A intercalation mechanism is proposed for the reaction, and this dopant seeding method provides a new approach for intercalation into layered materials.\ud \ud

Magmatic arcs are thought to be the primary sites of modern-day continental crustal growth, and arc crustal sections provide an exceptional opportunity to directly observe the geological processes that occur there, yet few deeply exposed arc sections are available for direct study. The Gangdese magmatic arc, southern Tibet, formed during the Mesozoic subduction of Neo-Tethyan oceanic lithosphere and Cenozoic collision between the Indian and Asian continents, and represent juvenile continental crust. However, the petrological components and compositions of the lower crust of the Gangdese arc remain unknown. Based on detailed geological mapping, we conducted a systemic geochemical, geochronological and zircon Hf isotopic study of well-exposed high-grade metamorphic and migmatitic rocks from the lower crust of the eastern Gangdese arc. The results obtained show that Late Cretaceous garnet amphibolites, dioritic and granitic gneisses, and Paleocene–Eocene garnet amphibolites and granitic gneisses are the main components of the Gangdese lower arc crust. These meta-intrusive rocks witnessed a long period of magmatic, and metamorphic and anatectic processes from the Middle Jurassic to the Late Eocene, and have chemical compositions that range from ultramafic to felsic, with an average SiO2 content of 57.61 wt% and Mg# value of 0.49. These new data indicate firstly that the Gangdese lower arc crust has an overall intermediate composition and typical feature of juvenile crusts, and therefore supports the recent proposition that continental lower crusts are relatively felsic in composition, instead of mafic. We consider that the downward transport of felsic intrusives and associated sedimentary rocks into the deep crustal levels and subsequent partial melting resulted in componential and compositional changes of the Gangdese arc lower crust over time. This is a potential key mechanism in transforming primary lower arc crust to mature continental lower crust for the magmatic arcs with a complete growth history.

We propose a new measurement of the heavy flavor hadron double spin asymmetry in deep-inelastic scattering at a future Electron-Ion Collider (EIC) to constrain the polarized gluon distribution function inside the proton. Statistical projection on D0 meson double spin asymmetry is calculated with an EIC central detector using an all-silicon tracker and vertexing subsystem. A first impact study was done by interpreting pseudodata at next-to-leading order in QCD. The sensitivity of the experimental observable in constraining gluon helicity distribution in a wide range of parton momentum fraction x has been investigated considering different collision energies. This measurement complements the inclusive spin-dependent structure function measurement and provides an opportunity to constrain the gluon helicity distribution in the moderate x region.

C20H20NO7Cd, triclinic, P 1 ‾ $P‾{1}$ (no. 2), a = 9.9506(8) Å, b = 10.1867(11) Å, c = 11.2774(11) Å, α = 110.528(9)°, β = 93.830(7)°, γ = 107.307(8)°, V = 1003.18(17) Å3, Z = 2, R gt (F) = 0.0775, wRref (F 2) = 0.2051, T = 293(2) K.

The new taxonomy status of the red panda has been confirmed recently after a long period of controversy. The Chinese red panda (Ailurus styani) has been classified as a phylogenetic species that is separate from the Himalayan red panda (Ailurus fulgens). Effective conservation of the adjacent genetic populations of the Chinese red panda to maintain its biodiversity is a challenge. Here, we examined the habitat suitability of the main distribution in the mountains in Sichuan, China, which are occupied by the Chinese red panda, by using occupancy models, evaluated the efficacies of potential corridors and analyzed their priorities based on a circuit model, home range analysis, and least-cost path analysis. Our models predicted 18.07%, a relatively small proportion of high- and moderate-suitability habitats (core suitable habitat) in the main distribution mountains of the Chinese red panda. The most suitable core habitat (78.05%) and all identified high priority potential corridors (31) of the Qionglai (QL) population were contained in existing nature reserves and the Giant Panda National Park. In contrast, the Xiaoxiangling-Liangshan (XXL-LS) local populations might face severe conservation issues. A total of 62.87% of the suitable core habitat of the Chinese red panda in the Liangshan Mountains exists outside of nature reserves. This indicates a need to strengthen management and conservation efforts, particularly corridor establishment among the XXL-LS populations. Our findings will provide insight into habitat protection and dispersal of Chinese red panda throughout the main distributions in the mountains in Sichuan. Corridor evaluation methods may also be applied to corridor design for other wildlife and benefit conservation and management.

This article presents a density-based topology optimization (TO) method for a coupled thermal-fluid problem, in which the Navier-Stokes and heat transport equations are coupled. The two-dimensional...

"Dogel ebs" was known as Sophora flavescens Ait., a classical traditional Chinese Mongolian herbal medicine, which had the effects on damp-heat dysentery, scrofula, and syndrome of accumulated dampness toxicity. Although the chemical constituents have been clarified by our previous studies, the metabolic transformation of "Dogel ebs" in vivo was still unclear. To explore the mechanism of "Dogel ebs," the metabolites in plasma, bile, and urine samples were investigated. A fast positive and negative ion switching technology was used for the simultaneous determination of flavonoids and alkaloids in "Dogel ebs" in a single run. And a target-group-change coupled with mass defect filtering strategy was utilized to analyze the collected data. 89 parent compounds and 82 metabolites were characterized by high-performance liquid chromatography with quadrupole exactive Orbitrap mass spectrometry. Both phase I and phase II metabolites were observed and the metabolic pathways involved in oxidation, demethylation, acetylation, and glucuronidation. 69 metabolites of "Dogel ebs," including three hydroxyls bonding xanthohumol, formononetin-7-O-glucuronide, 2'-hydroxyl-isoxanthohumol decarboxylation metabolite, oxysophocarpine dehydrogen, 9α-hydroxysophoramine-O-glucuronide, etc. were reported for the first time.

5 wt% Alnico5 doped Sm(Co0.9Cu0.1)5 ribbons were prepared by melt spinning at 40 m/s, and the effects of magnetic field heat treatment (MHT) and annealing on the phase composition, microstructure and magnetic properties of the ribbons were investigated. The results show that all three ribbons consist of Co-rich SmCo5-and Sm-rich CeCo5-type phases with a spinodal structure. Annealing increases the content of SmCo5-type phase, enlarges the component differences between the two types of Sm(Co,M)5 phases and accumulates Alnico alloying elements into 3 g site of CeCo5-type phase. MHT narrows the ingredient differences between them, prompting the Alnico alloying elements to diffuse simultaneously into 2c and 3 g sites of two Sm(Co,M)5 phases, and concentrates the CeCo5-type phase on grain boundaries of the SmCo5-type phase to pin the magnetic domain movement. The as-spun ribbons present the magnetic properties of Hc = 32.0 kOe, Mr = 46.2 emu/g and Ms = 59.1 emu/g, while MHT increases them by 10.0%, 10.2% and 19.5%, respectively. These results can contribute to disclose the multi-element doping mechanism for improving the magnetic properties of SmCo5-based or similar alloys.

Our previous study has shown that an effective tritium permeation barrier (TPB) with Al2O3 layer found could be obtained by oxidization of a Fe–Cr–Al ferritic steel. In this study, irradiation effects on deuterium permeation behavior through oxidized Fe–Cr–Al ferritic steel (OFFS) have been investigated by Au ions irradiation followed by deuterium gas driven permeation (GDP) experiments. The deuterium permeability of the irradiated and original OFFS samples has been obtained and compared. Oxide layer has been characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) experiment and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) experiment. The defects in the oxide layer with and without Au ions irradiation have been characterized by Doppler broadening spectrometry of positron annihilation (DBS-PA) experiments. The deuterium permeation behavior of OFFS changed owing to the Au ions irradiation, which could be attributed to the increased density of vacancy-type defects.

Tungsten (W) and W alloys are regarded as the most promising candidates for plasma facing materials (PFMs), which will be widely used in the next generation of fusion reactors. However, blistering in W-PFM induced by extremely high fluxes of low-energy hydrogen (H) and helium (He) ions irradiation will seriously influence the plasma stability and limits the lifetime of PFM. We systematically investigate the interaction between H and He interaction in W using molecular dynamics (MD) calculations. The vacancy clusters can capture a large amount of H/He, and the H-He-vacancy clusters have much higher binding energy to He than to H. The binding energy of H-He-vacancy clusters to vacancy/W is positive, and H-He-vacancy clusters have strong trapping of W atoms and vacancies. He will strongly affect the H behavior in W, He atoms and He cluster will trap H atoms, thereby preventing the diffusion of H in W.

A rapid and effective method was successfully established for the extraction and determination of chlorogenic acid, protocatechuic acid, malic acid, caffeic acid and gallic acid in fruit (chaenomeles speciosa) via matrix solid-phase dispersion (MSPD) microextraction combined with ultra-high performance liquid chromatography with quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q-TOF/MS). Several major extraction parameters were investigated and optimized, such as the type of sorbent, the amount of sorbent, the grinding time, the type and concentration of the eluting solvent. The optimal extraction conditions were obtained by using 20 mg of calix[8]arene as dispersing adsorbent, selecting 60 s as the appropriate grinding time and applying 250 mM of 1-dodecyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide as eluent solvent. Moreover, the calibration curves of the analytes were in the range of 0.01–500 μg/mL with the determination coefficients (r2) higher than 0.9995. The limits of detection and limits of quantification were in the range of 0.202–1.056 ng/mL and 0.674–3.521 ng/mL, respectively. The recoveries of the target compounds at two spiked levels were between 82.19 and 113.36%. Furthermore, this method had acceptable reproducibility (RSD ≤ 3.84%). The proposed approach combined the advantages of MSPD microextraction with UHPLC-Q-TOF/MS, and could be applicable for the analysis organic acids in fruit.

Deuterium (D) retention behavior in a reduced activation ferritic/martensitic (RAFM) steel (CLF-1) is measured by thermal desorption spectrometry (TDS) after irradiation by D ion in an ion beam facility, exposure to D plasma in a linear ECR plasma generator, and exposure to D plasmas in the EAST tokamak separately. The D release behavior of the CLF-1 steel under the three-different D implantation condition is compared. Results indicate that D release behavior in the CLF-1 steel after the tokamak exposure experiments differs significantly from those after laboratory D ion implantation experiments or D plasma exposure experiments in a linear ECR plasma generator. This demonstrates that using low temperature plasmas in laboratory facilities alone is not sufficient in the study of hydrogen isotope retention behavior in a realistic tokamak environment. In order to simulate the plasma and material interaction in tokamak more felicitously, more work need to do to improve the linear plasma generator at present. Possible explanations have been proposed to explain the different D release behavior in the CLF-1 steel after D implantation in three different environment.

Over-use of N fertilizer in crop production has resulted in a series of environmental problems in the North China Plain (NCP). Thus, improvement of nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) in summer maize has become an effective strategy for promoting sustainable agriculture in this region. Using twenty maize cultivars, plant dry matter production, N absorption and accumulation, yield formation, and NUE in summer maize were investigated under three N levels in two growing seasons. Based on their yield and yield components, these maize cultivars were categorized into four groups including efficient-efficient (EE) cultivars, high-nitrogen efficient (HNE) cultivars, low-nitrogen efficient (LNE) cultivars and nonefficient-nonefficient (NN) cultivars. In both two seasons, the EE cultivars improved grain yield together with increased plant biomass, and enhanced accumulative amounts as well as higher average grain yields than the other cultivar groups under deficient-N conditions. Significant correlations were observed between yield and kernel numbers (KN), dry matter (DM) amount and N accumulation at both post-silking and maturity stages. DM and N accumulation at late growth stage (i.e., from silking to maturity) contributed largely to the enhanced yield capacity and improved NUE under N-deficient conditions. Compared with the NN cultivars, the EE cultivars also showed increased N assimilation amount (NAA) and N remobilization content (NRC), and elevated N remobilization efficiency (NRE), NUE and nitrogen partial factor productivity (PFPN). Our investigation has revealed N-associated physiological processes and may provide guidance for cultivation and breeding of high yield and NUE summer maize under limited N conditions in the NCP.

In recent years, low impact development (LID) has been deemed as an effective strategy for better storm water management. Among tremendous literature concerning the effectiveness of LID facilities to improve urban drainage system (UDS) performance, the scale, location, variety, and parameters of LIDs are fully discussed while the role of urban drainage network is rarely considered. Since LIDs and drainage network work together to realize the function of UDS, this research aims to explore their synergistic effects on the social, environmental, and technological performance of UDS. To represent different synergistic effects, a case area in Kunming, China is divided into upstream, midstream, and downstream sections. The hydraulic and topological characteristics of the drainage network in different sections are varied and 4 LID siting strategies are designed to distribute LID facilities in one of the 3 sections or in the total catchment evenly. Uncertainties from rainfall intensity and LID distribution are discussed as well. Based on the modeling results, the existence of synergistic effect is confirmed. Different spatial relationships between LIDs and the drainage network lead to disparate UDS performance. The synergistic effect may appear as the aggravation or mitigation of the conflicts among various functions of UDS, such as the reduction of urban flooding, combined sewer overflow, and shock loadings to wastewater treatment plant. The synergistic effect is sensitive to the rainfall intensity, suggesting the necessity of system performance investigation under non-design conditions. Due to the complicated synergistic effect, even distribution of LIDs in the target area can be a regretless and simplified solution. The discoveries reveal the significance of the synergistic effect and its implications for the LID planning.

The [4+2] annulation represents an elegant and versatile synthetic protocol for the construction of benzene rings. Herein, a strategy for visible-light induced [4+2] annulation of thiophenes and alkynes, to afford benzene rings, is presented. Under simple and mild reaction conditions, the ready availability and structural diversity of thiophenes and alkynes permit the facile synthesis of several substituted aromatic rings. Valuable drugs and amino acids are also well tolerated. Moreover, DFT calculations explain the high regioselectivity of the reaction.

Owing to its excellent properties, high-entropy alloys (HEAs) have been regarded as a kind of promising candidate structural material for nuclear devices. For the safety concern, it is vital to figure out the compatibility of hydrogen isotopes with the HEAs. In this work, the hydrogen isotope permeation and retention behavior of a representative HEA, CoCrFeMnNi, has been mainly checked by a gas-driven permeation device and a thermal desorption spectra device. The hydrogen isotope permeation parameters have been obtained, which are quite similar to those of the 316L austenitic steels. The hydrogen isotope retention behavior has been compared with that for a reduced activation ferritic/martensitic steel, and the relatively high hydrogen isotope inventory in HEA has been explained by crystalline structure and high density of hydrogen trapping site.

Reduced activation ferritic/martensitic (RAFM) steels are the primary candidate structural materials for the blanket in future fusion power plants. In the recent years, a novel 9–12% Cr modified F/M steel named SIMP steel has been developed. The deuterium permeation behavior of the SIMP steel with and without oxide layer has been evaluated using a gas driven permeation (GDP) device. The permeability of original and oxidized SIMP steel has been derived and compared. In order to characterize the oxide layer, X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS) experiments have been carried out. GDP results show that the SIMP steel has similar deuterium permeability with the CLF-1 steel. The deuterium permeability of the oxidized SIMP steel is lower than that of the original SIMP steel. Heat treatment during the oxidization process has limited influence on the deuterium permeability of the bare SIMP steel. The cross-section SEM pictures present that with the increase of the oxidation time, the thickness of the oxide layer is increased. The oxide layers are observed to be porous. The results of XRD and EDS show that the oxide layer mainly consists of chromium oxide and accumulation of chromium can be detected in the surface region. The formation of the chromium oxide on the surface of the SIMP steel could be the reason of the decrease of the deuterium permeability of the oxidized SIMP steel.

1-(2-Hydroxyphenyl)ethanone as a starting material, BODIPY 3 bearing 2,4-dinitrophenyl (DNP) group was prepared in total 7% yield. Probe 3 was strongly fluorescent. Sulfhydryl-specific cleavage reaction released the hydroxyl group. Due to the electron transfer of the hydroxyl group in 2 to the BODIPY core, dye 2 was weakly fluorescent. Naked-eye and fluorescent turn-off probe 3 was highly selective and sensitive to H2S, and could be used to detect HS− in HCT-116 and CT-26 cells, indicating its potential application for studying the effect of HS− in biological system.

The Himalayan leucogranites provide insights into the partial melting behavior of relatively deeper crustal rocks and tectono-magmatic history of the Himalayan Orogen. The Paiku leucogranites of northern Himalaya can be subdivided into two-mica leucogranite (TML), garnet-bearing leucogranite (GL), cordierite-bearing leucogranite (CL), and tourmaline-bearing leucogranite (TL). All of them are high-K, peraluminous, calc-alkalic to alkali-calcic rocks. They are enriched in light rare earth elements (LREE) and large ion lithophile elements (LILE), and show pronounced negative anomalies of Sr, Ba, K and Ti, but positive anomalies of Nb and Rb. LA-ICP-MS U-Pb zircon dating of one TML, one GL, and two CL samples yielded variable 206Pb/238U ages ranging from 23.6 to 16.1 Ma, indicating the Paiku leucogranites underwent a low degree of partial melting process. Combining with previous studies, we suggest the Paiku leucogranites were derived from partial melting of metasedimentary rocks of the Higher Himalayan Sequence (HHS). The GL and TL mainly resulted from the muscovite-dehydration melting, whereas the TML and CL were mainly derived from the biotite-dehydration melting. Finally, it is concluded that the Paiku leucogranites were probably formed during the subduction of the Indian crust.

This paper focused on untargeted MSAll, also called MSE, and sequential window acquisition of all theoretical fragment-ion spectra (SWATH) fragmentations for comprehensive structural characterization of triterpene saponins (TSs) in leaves of Acanthopanax senticosus through ultra-high performance liquid chromatography electrospray quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-QTOF). [M+H]+, [M + NH4]+ and [M + Na]+ precursor ions and the corresponding fragment ions were collected simultaneously in energy-resolved MSAll. SWATH fragmentation was applied as a comparable and complementary method for resolving co-eluting species. A workflow based on MSAll and SWATH fragmentations was constructed for comprehensive structural characterization and rapid discovery of TSs in leaves of A. senticosus. As a result, 89 TSs, along with 14 sapogenins, were unambiguously characterized or tentatively identified. Of these, 33 compounds were characterized as potentially new compounds, including the first report of malonyl-saponin in genus Acanthopanax. This study aimed to systematically analyze TSs in leaves of A. senticosus, and the results are significant for the utilization of A. senticosus leaves.

In 2013, China's government published the Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan (APPCAP) with a specific target for Beijing, which aims to reduce annual mean PM 2.5 concentrations in Beijing to 60 µ g m −3 in 2017. During 2013–2017, the air quality in Beijing was significantly improved following the implementation of various emission control measures locally and regionally, with the annual mean PM 2.5 concentration decreasing from 89.5 µ g m −3 in 2013 to 58 µ g m −3 in 2017. As meteorological conditions were more favourable to the reduction of air pollution in 2017 than in 2013 and 2016, the real effectiveness of emission control measures on the improvement of air quality in Beijing has frequently been questioned. In this work, by combining a detailed bottom-up emission inventory over Beijing, the MEIC regional emission inventory and the WRF-CMAQ (Weather Research and Forecasting Model and Community Multiscale Air Quality) model, we attribute the improvement in Beijing's PM 2.5 air quality in 2017 (compared to 2013 and 2016) to the following factors: changes in meteorological conditions, reduction of emissions from surrounding regions, and seven specific categories of local emission control measures in Beijing. We collect and summarize data related to 32 detailed control measures implemented during 2013–2017, quantify the emission reductions associated with each measure using the bottom-up local emission inventory in 2013, aggregate the measures into seven categories, and conduct a series of CMAQ simulations to quantify the contribution of different factors to the PM 2.5 changes. We found that, although changes in meteorological conditions partly explain the improved PM 2.5 air quality in Beijing in 2017 compared to 2013 (3.8 µ g m −3 , 12.1 % of total), the rapid decrease in PM 2.5 concentrations in Beijing during 2013–2017 was dominated by local (20.6 µ g m −3 , 65.4 %) and regional (7.1 µ g m −3 , 22.5 %) emission reductions. The seven categories of emission control measures, i.e. coal-fired boiler control, clean fuels in the residential sector, optimize industrial structure, fugitive dust control, vehicle emission control, improved end-of-pipe control, and integrated treatment of VOCs, reduced the PM 2.5 concentrations in Beijing by 5.9, 5.3, 3.2, 2.3, 1.9, 1.8, and 0.2 µ g m −3 , respectively, during 2013–2017. We also found that changes in meteorological conditions could explain roughly 30 % of total reduction in PM 2.5 concentration during 2016–2017 with more prominent contribution in winter months (November and December). If the meteorological conditions in 2017 had remained the same as those in 2016, the annual mean PM 2.5 concentrations would have increased from 58 to 63 µ g m −3 , exceeding the target established in the APPCAP. Despite the remarkable impacts from meteorological condition changes, local and regional emission reductions still played major roles in the PM 2.5 decrease in Beijing during 2016–2017, and clean fuels in the residential sector, coal-fired boiler control, and optimize industrial structure were the three most effective local measures (contributing reductions of 2.1, 1.9, and 1.5 µ g m −3 , respectively). Our study confirms the effectiveness of clean air actions in Beijing and its surrounding regions and reveals that a new generation of control measures and strengthened regional joint emission control measures should be implemented for continued air quality improvement in Beijing because the major emitting sources have changed since the implementation of the clean air actions.

With the importance of sulfur-containing organic molecules, developing methodologies toward C–S bond formation is a long-standing goal, and, to date, considerable progress has been made in this area. Recent electrochemical oxidative cross-coupling reactions for C–S bond formation allow the synthesis of sulfur-containing molecules from more effective synthetic routes with high atom economy under mild conditions. In this review, we highlight the vital progress in this novel research arena with an emphasis on the synthetic and mechanistic aspects of the organic electrochemistry reactions.1 Introduction2 Electrochemical Oxidative Sulfonylation for the Formation of C–S Bonds2.1 Applications of Sulfinic Acid Derivatives for the Formation of C–S Bonds2.2 Applications of Sulfonylhydrazide Derivatives for the Formation of C–S Bonds3 Electrochemical Oxidative Thiolation for the Formation of C–S Bonds3.1 Applications of Disulfide Derivatives for the Formation of C–S Bonds3.2 Applications of Thiophenol Derivatives for the Formation of C–S Bonds4 Electrochemical Oxidative Thiocyanation for the Formation of C–S Bonds5 Electrochemical Oxidative Cyclization for the Formation of C–S Bonds6 Conclusion

Most reported trimethylamine (TMA) sensors have to operate at high temperature, which will consume energy highly. To detect TMA at low temperature, it is necessary to modify the existing materials or develop new materials. In this paper, the sensor based on MoO3/Bi2Mo3O12 hollow microspheres can work at low operating temperature of 170 °C, which were prepared via a simple solvothermal route. The phase and morphology of the product were characterized by an X-ray diffraction meter, a scanning electron microscope and a transmission electron microscope. The surface chemistry of the MoO3/Bi2Mo3O12 sensor was studied with an X-ray photoelectron spectroscope to investigate the TMA sensing mechanism. The MoO3/Bi2Mo3O12 sensor ( S = 25.8) had a higher response to 50 ppm TMA than those of MoO3 hollow spheres ( S = 10.8) and Bi2Mo3O12 sensors ( S = 4.8) at 170 °C. In contrast to the pure MoO3 and Bi2Mo3O12 sensors, the MoO3/Bi2Mo3O12 sensor exhibited an obviously enhanced gas-sensing property for TMA, which might be due to the heterostructure formed between MoO3 and Bi2Mo3O12 and the hollow morphology. It is the first time for MoO3/Bi2Mo3O12 to apply in gas sensors, which might take an important step in the application of MoO3/Bi2Mo3O12 or Bi2Mo3O12 in the field of gas sensing.