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37 results on '"Olivier Lopez"'

1. Mise en Pratique of the New Kelvin Using Doppler Broadening Thermometry with a Direct Link to the Primary Frequency Standards

Author

S. Briaudeau, Anne Amy-Klein, Benoît Darquié, Michel Abgrall, Dang Bao An Tran, Paul-Eric Pottie, Rodolphe Le Targat, Nicolas Cahuzac, Etienne Cantin, Catherine Martin, O. Kozlova, Elias Moufarej, Louis Lecordier, Olivier Lopez, Christophe Daussy, Mathieu Manceau, Anne Cournol, Laboratoire de Physique des Lasers (LPL), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, Systèmes de Référence Temps Espace (SYRTE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Materials science, Frequency standard, 01 natural sciences, law.invention, 010309 optics, symbols.namesake, optical frequency link, Optics, law, 0103 physical sciences, International System of Units, high-resolution molecular spectroscopy, 010306 general physics, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-ATOM-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atomic Physics [physics.atom-ph], new international System of Units, business.industry, Doppler broadening thermometry, Laser, Temperature Unit, Metrology, temperature unit, mise en pratique of the kelvin, Boltzmann constant, symbols, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-CHEM-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Chemical Physics [physics.chem-ph], business, Doppler broadening
Abstract

International audience; We aim to demonstrate the first mise en pratique of the kelvin, within the framework of the new International System of Units (SI), with a direct link to the atomic fountains of LNE-SYRTE laboratory, the French time-frequency metrology institute. The Boltzmann constant being fixed in the new SI, the mise en pratique of the kelvin can be cast as a frequency measurement. One method considered, Doppler Broadening thermometry (DBT), originally proposed and initially demonstrated at Laboratoire de Physique des Lasers is being developed by us and others. We report our recent efforts towards implementing DBT with a direct link to the primary frequency standard in the 300-430K range to demonstrate its potential.

Published
2020
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2. Unidirectional two-way optical frequency comparison and its fundamental limitations

Author

Paul-Eric Pottie, Dan Xu, Olivier Lopez, Anne Amy-Klein, Systèmes de Référence Temps Espace (SYRTE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Optical amplifier, Time delay and integration, [PHYS]Physics [physics], Fiber (mathematics), business.industry, Computer science, Scale (descriptive set theory), 01 natural sciences, Instability, Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics, 010309 optics, Optics, Transfer (computing), 0103 physical sciences, Electronic engineering, Satellite, 010306 general physics, business, [PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], Microwave, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract

High-quality frequency transfer based on existing telecommunication fiber links allows state-of-the-art microwave and optical clocks to be compared on a continental and potentially even intercontinental scale. We present a half-a-year-long data set of unidirectional optical frequency transfer over a 2 × 43 k m urban fiber link. We observe a relative frequency instability of 8.0 × 10 − 16 at 1 s and at best 6.0 × 10 − 18 at 10 6 s integration time. Our results show that the unidirectional two-way method gives the possibility to perform comparisons of international primary standards over fiber links faster than over satellite links. Moreover, we investigate the major limiting factors of such a unidirectional setup.

Published
2020
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3. Reciprocity of propagation in optical fiber links demonstrated to 10−21

Author

Anne Amy-Klein, Dan Xu, Olivier Lopez, P. Delva, Paul-Eric Pottie, Laboratoire national de métrologie et d'essais - Systèmes de Référence Temps-Espace (LNE - SYRTE), Systèmes de Référence Temps Espace (SYRTE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Physique des Lasers (LPL), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, PN GRAM, ANR-10-LABX-0048,FIRST-TF,Network of Facilities for Innovation, Research, Services and Training in Time & Frequency(2010), ANR-11-EQPX-0039,REFIMEVE+,RESEAU FIBRE METROLOGIQUE A VOCATION EUROPEENNE +(2011), European Project, European Project: 15SIB05, and Université Paris 13 (UP13)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Sorbonne Paris Nord

Subjects
Physics, Optical fiber, Global temperature, business.industry, Michelson interferometer, 02 engineering and technology, Propagation delay, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Residual, Topology, 01 natural sciences, Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics, law.invention, 010309 optics, Interferometry, Optics, [PHYS.QPHY]Physics [physics]/Quantum Physics [quant-ph], law, Reciprocity (electromagnetism), 0103 physical sciences, Frequency offset, 0210 nano-technology, business
Abstract

International audience; We present a study of the fundamental limit of fiber links using dedicated link architecture. We use an experimental arrangement that enables us to detect the forward and backward propagation noise independently and simultaneously in optical fiber and where the optical phase evolution is expected to be driven by the only contribution of the reference arms of the Michelson interferometer ensemble. In this article, we demonstrate indeed the high correlation between the optical phase evolution and the temperature variation of the interferometer ensemble, leading to a frequency offset of (4.4 ± 2.3) × 10 −21. Using a simple temperature model and a Bayesian analysis to evaluate the model parameters, we show that the temperature effect can be compensated with post-processing, removing the frequency offset down to (0.5 ± 2.0) × 10 −21. The residual slope of the optical phase evolution over 33 days is 350 yoctosecond/s. Using a global temperature parameter, we divide these 33 days dataset in four subsets and analyse their uncertainties. We show that they are self-consistent when the temperature is taken into account. This provides an alternative method to evaluate the accuracy of a fiber link, especially when the dataset includes large dead times. The result is finally interpreted as a test of the reciprocity of the propagation delay in an optical fiber. This unprecedented transfer capability could enable the comparisons of future optical clocks with expected performance at 10 −20 level and open new possibilities for stringent tests of special and general relativity.

Published
2019
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4. High-precision methanol spectroscopy with a widely tunable SI-traceable frequency-comb-based mid-infrared QCL

Author

Dan Xu, Andrey Goncharov, H. Mouhamad, R. Santagata, Fabrice Wiotte, Paul-Eric Pottie, Benoît Darquié, Anne Amy-Klein, Y. Le Coq, Olivier Lopez, R. Le Targat, Dang Tran, B. Argence, H. Alvarez-Martinez, Won-Kyu Lee, M. Abgrall, Sean Tokunaga, Laboratoire de Physique des Lasers (LPL), Université Paris 13 (UP13)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Systèmes de Référence Temps Espace (SYRTE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Faculty of Physics Ho Chi Minh City University of Education, Laboratoire Kastler Brossel (LKB (Jussieu)), Fédération de recherche du Département de physique de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure - ENS Paris (FRDPENS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Institute of Laser Physics of SB RAS (ILP), Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (SB RAS), Real Instituto y Observatorio de la Armada (ROA), Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science [Daejon] (KRISS), and KRISS

Subjects
Materials science, Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, Saturated absorption spectroscopy, Physics::Optics, Molecular spectroscopy, 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, Spectral line, law.invention, Physics - Atomic Physics, 010309 optics, Frequency comb, [PHYS.QPHY]Physics [physics]/Quantum Physics [quant-ph], law, 0103 physical sciences, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-INS-DET]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Instrumentation and Detectors [physics.ins-det], 010306 general physics, Spectroscopy, Quantum Physics, Spectrometer, business.industry, Laser, Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, [SPI.OPTI]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Optics / Photonic, Optoelectronics, business, Quantum cascade laser
Abstract

International audience; There is an increasing demand for precise molecular spectroscopy, in particular in the mid-infrared fingerprint window that hosts a considerable number of vibrational signatures, whether it be for modeling our atmosphere, interpreting astrophysical spectra or testing fundamental physics. We present a high-resolution mid-infrared spectrometer traceable to primary frequency standards. It combines a widely tunable ultra-narrow Quantum Cascade Laser (QCL), an optical frequency comb and a compact multipass cell. The QCL frequency is stabilized onto a comb controlled with a remote near-infrared ultra-stable laser, transferred through a fiber link. The resulting QCL frequency stability is below 10-15 from 0.1 to 10s and its frequency uncertainty of 4×10-14 is given by the remote frequency standards. Continuous tuning over ~400 MHz is reported. We use the apparatus to perform saturated absorption spectroscopy of methanol in the low-pressure multipass cell and demonstrate a statistical uncertainty at the kHz level on transition center frequencies, confirming its potential for driving the next generation technology required for precise spectroscopic measurements.

Published
2019
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5. A new experiment to test parity symmetry in cold chiral molecules using vibrational spectroscopy

Author

Won-Kyu Lee, Benoît Darquié, Dan Xu, Olivier Lopez, Anne Cournol, Andrei Goncharov, R. Le Targat, M. Abgrall, Mathieu Manceau, Ben Sauer, Dang Tran, Sean Tokunaga, M. R. Tarbutt, T. E. Wall, Paul-Eric Pottie, Matthieu Pierens, Anne Amy-Klein, B. Argence, H Alvarez Martinez, Y. Le Coq, Richard Hendricks, R. Santagata, J M Bieniewska, Louis Lecordier, Laboratoire de Physique des Lasers (LPL), Université Paris 13 (UP13)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Faculty of Physics, Ho Chi Minh City University of Education, Ho Chi Minh City, DPHY, ONERA, Université Paris Saclay (COmUE) [Palaiseau], ONERA-Université Paris Saclay (COmUE), Laboratoire Kastler Brossel (LKB (Jussieu)), Fédération de recherche du Département de physique de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure - ENS Paris (FRDPENS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institute of Laser Physics, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Laboratoire national de métrologie et d'essais - Systèmes de Référence Temps-Espace (LNE - SYRTE), Systèmes de Référence Temps Espace (SYRTE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Centre for Cold Matter, Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, Prince Consort Road, London SW7 2AZ, (CCM), Imperial College London, and National Physical Laboratory [Teddington] (NPL)

Subjects
Atomic Physics (physics.atom-ph), molecular beams, FOS: Physical sciences, Infrared spectroscopy, quantum cascade laser, mid-infrared precise laser spectroscopy, 01 natural sciences, Physics - Atomic Physics, law.invention, 010309 optics, Ramsey interferometry, law, Physics - Chemical Physics, 0103 physical sciences, Molecule, chiral molecules, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Quantum, parity violation, Chemical Physics (physics.chem-ph), 010302 applied physics, Physics, [PHYS]Physics [physics], [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-ATOM-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atomic Physics [physics.atom-ph], Polyatomic ion, Statistical and Nonlinear Physics, Parity (physics), Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, frequency metrology, Cascade, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-CHEM-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Chemical Physics [physics.chem-ph], Atomic physics, Quantum cascade laser, [PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], buffer-gas cooling
Abstract

International audience; We present a brief review of our progress towards measuring parity violation in heavy-metal chiral complexes using mid-infrared Ramsey interferometry. We discuss our progress addressing the main challenges, including the development of buffer-gas sources of slow, cold polyatomic molecules, and the frequency-stabilisation of quantum cascade lasers calibrated using primary frequency standards. We report investigations on achiral test species of which promising chiral derivatives have been synthesized.

Published
2019
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6. High-Precision Mid-IR Molecular Spectroscopy with Traceability to Primary Standards

Author

Michel Abgrall, Sean Tokunaga, Olivier Lopez, R. Santagata, R. Le Targat, Dan Xu, Y. Le Coq, Paul-Eric Pottie, Dang Bao An Tran, Anne Amy-Klein, Won-Kyu Lee, Benoît Darquié, Laboratoire de Physique des Lasers (LPL), Université Paris 13 (UP13)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Systèmes de Référence Temps Espace (SYRTE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
[PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-OPTICS]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Optics [physics.optics], Materials science, Spectrometer, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-ATOM-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atomic Physics [physics.atom-ph], business.industry, Optical link, Saturated absorption spectroscopy, Laser, 01 natural sciences, Signal, law.invention, 010309 optics, law, Cascade, 0103 physical sciences, Optoelectronics, Measurement uncertainty, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-CHEM-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Chemical Physics [physics.chem-ph], business, Spectroscopy, 010301 acoustics, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract

We are stabilizing the frequency of a mid-infrared quantum cascade lasers (QCLs) to an optical frequency comb itself stabilized to an ultra-stable near-infrared reference signal at $\pmb{1.5\mu} \mathbf{m}$ transferred from SYRTE to LPL using an optical link. The reference stability is copied to the QCL and we benefit from the traceability to the primary standards of SYRTE. The stabilized QCL can be scanned by scanning the near-IR reference with an electro-optic modulator. We use this ultrastable spectrometer to carry out saturated absorption spectroscopy of methanol. A detailed analysis of the frequency measurement uncertainty will be presented.

Published
2018
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7. REFIMEVE+: Towards a Wide Optical Fiber Network for Optical Frequency Standard Dissemination

Author

Anne Amy-Klein, Paul-Eric Pottie, Etienne Cantin, Christian Chardonnet, Olivier Lopez, Giornato Santarell, Nicolas Quintin, and Emilie Camisard

Subjects
Optical fiber, Computer science, Node (networking), Michelson interferometer, 01 natural sciences, Signal, law.invention, Metrology, 010309 optics, Interferometry, law, 0103 physical sciences, Electronic engineering, 010306 general physics, Dissemination, Sensitivity (electronics)
Abstract

We report on the progress of a metrological fiber network on the French territory, with extensiONS to Europe, which aims to provide an ultra-stable frequency signal to around 20 laboratories. We present a low sensitivity multi-branch Michelson interferometer serving as a node for the dissemination to several network branches. We show in addition reliable and robust operation over several months of operation of a 1400 km, which instability is in the - 10−20 range at long-term. This work is an important step towards the realization of an effective fiber network disseminating optical frequency standards to a wide variety of research laboratories.

Published
2018
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8. Two-Branch Fiber Links for International Clock Networks

Author

Paul-Eric Pottie, Frederic Mevnadier, Anne Amy-Klein, Florian Frank, Nicolas Quintin, Etienne Cantin, Philip Tuckev, Dan Xu, and Olivier Lopez

Subjects
Optical fiber, Fiber (mathematics), business.industry, Computer science, Scale (chemistry), Reliability (computer networking), Concatenation, 01 natural sciences, Clock network, law.invention, 010309 optics, law, 0103 physical sciences, Key (cryptography), 010306 general physics, Telecommunications, business, Realization (systems)
Abstract

Comparisons of clocks through fiber links at the continental scale have become a reality in Europe, opening the way to the realization of a clock network. We will show that we can improve the reliability of the frequency comparison by combining several dissemination techniques. We will report on the implemention of a two-branch fiber link, as part of a wider concatenation of links between NMIs in Europe. This is a key step towards a new definition of the SI second based on optical frequency standards and opens novel opportunities for stringent tests of fundamental physics.

Published
2018
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9. Hybrid optical link for ultra-stable frequency comparison

Author

Dan Xu, Anne Amy-Klein, Paul-Eric Pottie, Won-Kyu Lee, Fabio Stefani, and Olivier Lopez

Subjects
Physics, Multi-mode optical fiber, business.industry, Optical link, Single-mode optical fiber, Physics::Optics, Polarization-maintaining optical fiber, Optical time-domain reflectometer, 01 natural sciences, 010309 optics, Noise, Optics, Fiber optic sensor, 0103 physical sciences, Fiber optic splitter, 010306 general physics, business
Abstract

We present a hybrid fiber link to realize the local two-way optical frequency comparison with self-synchronization. It enables us to detect round-trip fiber noise and one-way fiber noise, and estimate the residuals. Moreover, we can check, to the best of our knowledge for the first time, the reciprocity of the accumulated noise forth and back over a bi-directional fiber, and also evaluate the noise correlation between two adjacent fibers with the hybrid setup.

Published
2017
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10. Frequency comb-assisted QCL stabilization for high resolution molecular spectroscopy

Author

Sean Tokunaga, Paul-Eric Pottie, R. Santagata, Daniele Nicolodi, M. Abgrall, Dan Xu, Won-Kyu Lee, Dang Bao An Tran, B. Argence, Olivier Lopez, Anne Amy-Klein, Y. Le Coq, Benoît Darquié, and R. Le Targat

Subjects
Materials science, business.industry, Saturated absorption spectroscopy, Laser, 01 natural sciences, law.invention, 010309 optics, Frequency comb, Optics, law, 0103 physical sciences, Sensitivity (control systems), business, Absorption (electromagnetic radiation), Quantum cascade laser, Spectroscopy, 010301 acoustics, Frequency modulation
Abstract

We present a frequency comb-assisted experimental setup which enables us to both coherently transfer the stability and accuracy of a remote near-infrared (NIR) ultrastable laser to a mid-infrared (MIR) quantum cascade laser (QCL), and widely tune the QCL frequency for spectroscopic applications. The QCL is stabilized at the level of 2×10−15 from 1 to 100 s, with an accuracy of 10−14 after 100 s. The achievable frequency tuning paves the way for high-resolution saturated absorption spectroscopy of molecular transitions, in particular in spectral regions that were previously inaccessible with standard stabilized MIR lasers. Preliminary results show a sensitivity at the kHz level on transition center frequencies.

Published
2017
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11. First international comparison of fountain primary frequency standards via a long distance optical fiber link

Author

Heiner Denker, M. Lours, Sébastien Bize, Sebastian Koke, Gesine Grosche, Y. Le Coq, Anne Amy-Klein, Daniele Nicolodi, Christian Chardonnet, Burghard Lipphardt, Giorgio Santarelli, J. Guena, Paul-Eric Pottie, S. M. F. Raupach, M. Abgrall, Peter Rosenbusch, Nicolas Quintin, Christian Grebing, Stefan Weyers, F. Meynadier, R. Le Targat, Fabrice Wiotte, A. Kuhl, Nicola Chiodo, Emilie Camisard, Olivier Lopez, Vladislav Gerginov, Fabio Stefani, Laboratoire national de métrologie et d'essais - Systèmes de Référence Temps-Espace (LNE - SYRTE), Systèmes de Référence Temps Espace (SYRTE), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt [Braunschweig] (PTB), Institut für Erdmessung, Leibniz Universität Hannover=Leibniz University Hannover, Laboratoire de Physique des Lasers (LPL), Université Paris 13 (UP13)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), GIP RENATER, RENATER, Laboratoire Photonique, Numérique et Nanosciences (LP2N), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1 (UB)-Institut d'Optique Graduate School (IOGS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Labex First-TF ANR-10-LABX-48-01, Equipex REFIMEVE+ ANR-11-EQPX-0039), Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales (CNES), Conseil Régional Ile-de-France (DIM Nano'K), CNRS with Action Spécifique GRAM, Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) within the CRC 1128, ANR-11-BS04-0009,LIOM,Lien optique multiplexé pour la métrologie et la physique fondamentale(2011), European Project: SIB02, European Project: SIB55, European Project: 15SIB05, Leibniz Universität Hannover [Hannover] (LUH), and Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-Institut d'Optique Graduate School (IOGS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Dewey Decimal Classification::500 | Naturwissenschaften::550 | Geowissenschaften, Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, Optical fiber, International Atomic Time, Frequency standards, Atomic Physics (physics.atom-ph), Optical link, Frequency standard, 01 natural sciences, Primary frequency standard, Physics - Atomic Physics, law.invention, Optical fiber frequency transfer, Optical frequency standard, Engineering (all), law, Transfer (computing), ddc:550, Atomic fountain clocks, International fountain clock comparison, Hyperfine structure, Clocks, Physics, primary standard, General Engineering, Redefinition of the seconds, time and frequency metrology, Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det), Physikalisch-technische bundesanstalt, Clock comparisons, optical fiber link, Fibers, Atomic physics, International atomic time (TAI), Standards, atomic clock, Atomic clocks, Frequency transfer, Ground state, Phase (waves), FOS: Physical sciences, Natural frequencies, 010309 optics, [PHYS.QPHY]Physics [physics]/Quantum Physics [quant-ph], 0103 physical sciences, Optical fibers, 010306 general physics, Rubidium, Computational physics, Optical materials, Fountain, Satellite links
Abstract

We report on the first comparison of distant caesium fountain primary frequency standards (PFSs) via an optical fiber link. The 1415 km long optical link connects two PFSs at LNE-SYRTE (Laboratoire National de m\'{e}trologie et d'Essais - SYst\`{e}me de R\'{e}f\'{e}rences Temps-Espace) in Paris (France) with two at PTB (Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt) in Braunschweig (Germany). For a long time, these PFSs have been major contributors to accuracy of the International Atomic Time (TAI), with stated accuracies of around $3\times 10^{-16}$. They have also been the references for a number of absolute measurements of clock transition frequencies in various optical frequency standards in view of a future redefinition of the second. The phase coherent optical frequency transfer via a stabilized telecom fiber link enables far better resolution than any other means of frequency transfer based on satellite links. The agreement for each pair of distant fountains compared is well within the combined uncertainty of a few 10$^{-16}$ for all the comparisons, which fully supports the stated PFSs' uncertainties. The comparison also includes a rubidium fountain frequency standard participating in the steering of TAI and enables a new absolute determination of the $^{87}$Rb ground state hyperfine transition frequency with an uncertainty of $3.1\times 10^{-16}$. This paper is dedicated to the memory of Andr\'{e} Clairon, who passed away on the 24$^{th}$ of December 2015, for his pioneering and long-lasting efforts in atomic fountains. He also pioneered optical links from as early as 1997.

Published
2017
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12. Hybrid fiber links for accurate optical frequency comparisons

Author

Won-Kyu Lee, Anthony Bercy, Paul-Eric Pottie, Anne Amy-Klein, Olivier Lopez, Fabio Stefani, Laboratoire National de Métrologie et d’Essais–Système de Références Temps-Espace [Paris], Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science [Daejon] (KRISS), KRISS, University of Science and Technology, Yuseong, Laboratoire de Physique des Lasers (LPL), Université Paris 13 (UP13)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), AS GRAM INSU, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science (KR) (16011007), National Research council of Science and Technology (CAP-15-08-KRISS), European Project, European Project: 605243,GN3plus, Laboratoire national de métrologie et d'essais - Systèmes de Référence Temps-Espace (LNE - SYRTE), Systèmes de Référence Temps Espace (SYRTE), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, and University of Science and Technology [Daejeon] (UST)

Subjects
Physics and Astronomy (miscellaneous), Frequency transfer, Acoustics, General Physics and Astronomy, FOS: Physical sciences, Physics and Astronomy (all), 01 natural sciences, Signal, Instability, Measure (mathematics), law.invention, Compensation (engineering), 010309 optics, Synchronization (alternating current), [PHYS.QPHY]Physics [physics]/Quantum Physics [quant-ph], law, 0103 physical sciences, 11. Sustainability, Phase noise, Optical link, Astronomical interferometer, 010306 general physics, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Physics, Quantum Physics, Laser stabilization, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-OPTICS]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Optics [physics.optics], General Engineering, Time and frequency metrology, Laser, [SPI.OPTI]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Optics / Photonic, Quantum Physics (quant-ph), [PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], [SPI.SIGNAL]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Signal and Image processing, Optics (physics.optics), Physics - Optics
Abstract

We present the first experimental demonstration over a 43-km-long urban fiber network of a local two-way optical frequency comparison, which does not require any synchronization of the measurements. It was combined with a regular active-noise compensation on another parallel fiber leading to a very reliable and robust frequency transfer. This hybrid scheme enables us to investigate the major limiting factors of the local two-way comparison. We analyze the contribution to the phase noise of the recovered signal by the interferometers at local and remote places. By using the ability of this set up to be injected by a single laser or two independent lasers, we measure the contribution to the long-term instability by the demodulated laser instabilities. We show that a fractional frequency instability level of $1\times10^{-20}$ at 10 000 s can be obtained with this simple setup after 43-km-long propagation in an urban area.

Published
2017
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13. Ultra-stable optical frequency dissemination on a multi-access fibre network

Author

Paul-Eric Pottie, Anthony Bercy, Anne Amy-Klein, Olivier Lopez, Laboratoire national de métrologie et d'essais - Systèmes de Référence Temps-Espace (LNE - SYRTE), Systèmes de Référence Temps Espace (SYRTE), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Physique des Lasers (LPL), Université Paris 13 (UP13)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Agence nationale de la Recherche, IFRAF, conseil régional d'Ile de France, CNRS, Université Paris 13, ANR-11-BS04-0009,LIOM,Lien optique multiplexé pour la métrologie et la physique fondamentale(2011), ANR-10-LABX-0048,FIRST-TF,Network of Facilities for Innovation, Research, Services and Training in Time & Frequency(2010), Laboratoire National de Métrologie et d’Essais–Système de Références Temps-Espace [Paris], Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC), Laboratoire d'études spatiales et d'instrumentation en astrophysique (LESIA), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Observatoire de Paris

Subjects
Time delay and integration, Physics and Astronomy (miscellaneous), Computer science, Optical link, General Physics and Astronomy, FOS: Physical sciences, Physics and Astronomy(all), 01 natural sciences, Instability, law.invention, 010309 optics, Laser linewidth, [PHYS.QPHY]Physics [physics]/Quantum Physics [quant-ph], law, Optical frequencies, 0103 physical sciences, Phase noise, Electronic engineering, 010306 general physics, Quantum optics, [PHYS]Physics [physics], Quantum Physics, Laser diode, [SDU.ASTR]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], General Engineering, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], Quantum Physics (quant-ph), Optics (physics.optics), Physics - Optics
Abstract

International audience; We report a laboratory demonstration of the dissemination of an ultrastable optical frequency signal to two distant users simultaneously using a branching network. The ultrastable signal is extracted along a main fibre link; it is optically tracked by a narrow linewidth laser diode, which light is injected in a secondary link. The propagation noise of both links is actively compensated. We implement this scheme with two links of 50-km fibre spools, the extraction being set up at the mid-point of the main link. We show that the extracted signal at the end of the secondary link exhibits a fractional frequency instability of 1.4 × 10−15 at 1-s measurement time, almost equal to the 1.3 × 10−15 instability of the main link output end. The long-term instabilities are also very similar, at a level of 3–5 × 10−20 at 3 × 104-s integration time. We also show that the setting up of this extraction device, or of a simpler one, at the main link input, can test the proper functioning of the noise rejection on this main link. This work is a significant step towards a robust and flexible ultrastable network for multi-users dissemination.

Published
2016
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14. First industrial-grade coherent fiber link for optical frequency standard dissemination

Author

Bruno Desruelle, Olivier Lopez, Etienne Cantin, Christian Chardonnet, Vincent Ménoret, Giorgio Santarelli, Anne Amy-Klein, Emilie Camisard, J.-M. Le Merdy, V. Salmon, Nicolas Quintin, Paul-Eric Pottie, Fabiola Guillou-Camargo, Muquans, Systèmes de Référence Temps Espace (SYRTE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Physique des Lasers (LPL), Université Paris 13 (UP13)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), RENATER, Syrlinks (FRANCE), Laboratoire Photonique, Numérique et Nanosciences (LP2N), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-Institut d'Optique Graduate School (IOGS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and ANR-11-EQPX-0039,REFIMEVE+,RESEAU FIBRE METROLOGIQUE A VOCATION EUROPEENNE +(2011)

Subjects
Time delay and integration, Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, Optical fiber, Continuous operation, Computer science, FOS: Physical sciences, Frequency standard, 01 natural sciences, law.invention, 010309 optics, [PHYS.QPHY]Physics [physics]/Quantum Physics [quant-ph], Optical frequencies, law, 0103 physical sciences, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, 010306 general physics, Engineering (miscellaneous), business.industry, Bandwidth (signal processing), Electrical engineering, Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det), Laser, Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics, Metrology, OCIS codes: (120.3930) Metrological instrumentation, (060.2360) Fiber optics links and subsystems, (140.0140) Lasers and laser optics, (120.5050) Phase measurement, business, Optics (physics.optics), Physics - Optics
Abstract

We report on a fully bi-directional 680~km fiber link connecting two cities for which the equipment, the set up and the characterization are managed for the first time by an industrial consortium. The link uses an active telecommunication fiber network with parallel data traffic and is equipped with three repeater laser stations and four remote double bi-directional Erbium-doped fiber amplifiers. We report a short term stability at 1~s integration time of $5.4\times 10^{-16}$ in 0.5~Hz bandwidth and a long term stability of $1.7\times10^{-20}$ at 65\,000 s of integration time. The accuracy of the frequency transfer is evaluated as $3\times 10^{-20}$. No shift is observed within the statistical uncertainty. We show a continuous operation over 5 days with an uptime of 99.93$\%$. This performance is comparable with the state of the art coherent links established between National Metrology Institutes in Europe. It is a first step in the construction of an optical fiber network for metrology in France, which will give access to an ultra-high performance frequency standard to a wide community of scientific users., 16 pages, 7 figures

Published
2018
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15. Measurement of the Boltzmann constant by the Doppler broadening technique at a accuracy level

Author

S. Briaudeau, Christian J. Bordé, Anne Amy-Klein, Olivier Lopez, Benoît Darquié, Khelifa Djerroud, Christophe Daussy, Christian Chardonnet, A. Gauguet, and Cyril Lemarchand

Subjects
Thermal equilibrium, Physics, business.industry, General Engineering, Energy Engineering and Power Technology, Laser, 01 natural sciences, Spectral line, law.invention, 010309 optics, Wavelength, symbols.namesake, Optics, law, 0103 physical sciences, Boltzmann constant, symbols, Atomic physics, 010306 general physics, Absorption (electromagnetic radiation), business, Doppler effect, Doppler broadening
Abstract

In this article, we describe an experiment performed at the Laboratoire de physique des lasers and dedicated to an optical measurement of the Boltzmann constant k B . With the proposed innovative technique, determining k B comes down to an ordinary frequency measurement. The method consists in measuring as accurately as possible the Doppler absorption profile of a rovibrational line of ammonia in thermal equilibrium. This profile is related to the Maxwell–Boltzmann molecular velocity distribution along the laser beam. A fit of the absorption line shape leads to a determination of the Doppler width proportional to k B T and thus to a determination of the Boltzmann constant. The laser source is an ultra-stable CO2 laser with a wavelength λ ≈ 10 μm . The absorption cell is placed in a thermostat, keeping the temperature at 273.15 K within 1.4 mK. We were able to measure k B with a relative uncertainty as small as 3.8 × 10 − 5 , which represents an improvement of an order of magnitude for an integration time comparable to our previous measurement published in 2007. To cite this article: K. Djerroud et al., C. R. Physique 10 (2009).

Published
2009
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16. A clock network for geodesy and fundamental science

Author

S. Bilicki, A. Kuhl, Nicola Chiodo, Harald Schnatz, S. Dörscher, Emilie Camisard, C. Chardonnet, Nicolas Quintin, A. Al-Masoudi, Heiner Denker, A. Koczwara, Paul-Eric Pottie, M. Abgrall, E. Bookjans, Daniele Nicolodi, C. Shi, Uwe Sterr, R. Le Targat, Jérôme Lodewyck, Christian Grebing, Sebastian Koke, Giorgio Santarelli, Olivier Lopez, Thomas Legero, Jean-Luc Robyr, Gesine Grosche, Anne Amy-Klein, Y. Le Coq, Fabrice Wiotte, Fabio Stefani, S. M. F. Raupach, M. Lours, Christian Lisdat, Sebastian Häfner, F. Meynadier, Systèmes de Référence Temps Espace (SYRTE), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Physique des Lasers (LPL), and Université Paris 13 (UP13)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Atomic Physics (physics.atom-ph), Science, Physics beyond the Standard Model, General Physics and Astronomy, FOS: Physical sciences, Quantum metrology, 01 natural sciences, Optical clock performance, Article, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Clock synchronization, Physics - Atomic Physics, 010309 optics, Optical frequencies, Lattice (order), 0103 physical sciences, Electronic engineering, 010306 general physics, Dewey Decimal Classification::500 | Naturwissenschaften, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Quantum optics, Physics, Multidisciplinary, Atomic and molecular interactions with photons, General Chemistry, magnetooptical trap, Atomic and molecular interactions with photons, Quantum metrology, Quantum optics, MOT, Clock network, clock, Master clock, ddc:500, [SPI.SIGNAL]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Signal and Image processing
Abstract

Leveraging the unrivaled performance of optical clocks in applications in fundamental physics beyond the standard model, in geo-sciences, and in astronomy requires comparing the frequency of distant optical clocks truthfully. Meeting this requirement, we report on the first comparison and agreement of fully independent optical clocks separated by 700 km being only limited by the uncertainties of the clocks themselves. This is achieved by a phase-coherent optical frequency transfer via a 1415 km long telecom fiber link that enables substantially better precision than classical means of frequency transfer. The fractional precision in comparing the optical clocks of three parts in $10^{17}$ was reached after only 1000 s averaging time, which is already 10 times better and more than four orders of magnitude faster than with any other existing frequency transfer method. The capability of performing high resolution international clock comparisons paves the way for a redefinition of the unit of time and an all-optical dissemination of the SI-second., Comment: 14 pages, 3 figures, 1 table

Published
2016
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17. Cascaded optical fiber link using the internet network for remote clocks comparison

Author

Nicolas Quintin, Anne Amy-Klein, Paul-Eric Pottie, Giorgio Santarelli, Nicola Chiodo, Christian Chardonnet, Fabrice Wiotte, Emilie Camisard, Fabio Stefani, Olivier Lopez, Laboratoire de Physique des Lasers (LPL), Université Paris 13 (UP13)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire national de métrologie et d'essais - Systèmes de Référence Temps-Espace (LNE - SYRTE), Systèmes de Référence Temps Espace (SYRTE), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), RENATER, Laboratoire Photonique, Numérique et Nanosciences (LP2N), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-Institut d'Optique Graduate School (IOGS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), funding support from the Agence Nationale de la Recherche the Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR blanc LIOM 2011-BS04-009-01, Labex First-TF ANR 10 LABX 48 01, Equipex REFIMEVE+ ANR-11-EQPX-0039), the European Metrology Research Programm (contract SIB-02 NEAT-FT), IFRAF-Conseil Régional Ile-de-France, CNRS with Action Spécifique Gravitation, Références, Astronomie, Métrologie (GRAM), ANR-11-BS04-0009,LIOM,Lien optique multiplexé pour la métrologie et la physique fondamentale(2011), ANR-10-LABX-0048,FIRST-TF,Network of Facilities for Innovation, Research, Services and Training in Time & Frequency(2010), ANR-11-EQPX-0039,REFIMEVE+,RESEAU FIBRE METROLOGIQUE A VOCATION EUROPEENNE +(2011), European Project, and Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1 (UB)-Institut d'Optique Graduate School (IOGS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Optical fiber, Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, Atomic Physics (physics.atom-ph), Computer science, Optical link, Physics::Optics, 01 natural sciences, law.invention, Physics - Atomic Physics, law, Optical frequencies, Locks (fasteners), [PHYS]Physics [physics], Signal processing, Quantum Physics, Internet, Laser mode locking, Locks (fasteners), Optical fibers, Comparison networks, Continuous operation, Fractional frequencies, Noise compensation, Optical interferometer, Optical phase locking, Optical-fiber links, Stable frequencies, Wide area networks, Fractional frequencies, Optical-fiber links, Laser diode, Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det), Optical interferometer, Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics, Noise compensation, OCIS codes: (120.3930) Metrological instrumentation, (060.2360) Fiber optics links and subsystems, (140.0140) Lasers and laser optics, (120.5050) Phase measurement, Stable frequencies, Physics - Optics, Heterodyne, Continuous operation, FOS: Physical sciences, Fiber network, Laser mode locking, 010309 optics, Optics, [PHYS.QPHY]Physics [physics]/Quantum Physics [quant-ph], Wavelength-division multiplexing, 0103 physical sciences, Phase noise, Electronic engineering, Optical fibers, 010306 general physics, Internet, business.industry, Optical phase locking, Comparison networks, Laser, Wide area networks, Polarization mode dispersion, Quantum Physics (quant-ph), business, Optics (physics.optics)
Abstract

International audience; We report a cascaded optical link of 1100 km for ultra-stable frequency distribution over an Internet fiber network. The link is composed of four spans for which the propagation noise is actively compensated. The robustness and the performance of the link are ensured by five fully automated optoelectronic stations, two of them at the link ends, and three deployed on the field and connecting the spans. This device coherently regenerates the optical signal with the heterodyne optical phase locking of a low-noise laser diode. Optical detection of the beat-note signals for the laser lock and the link noise compensation are obtained with stable and low-noise fibered optical interferometer. We show 3.5 days of continuous operation of the noise-compensated 4-span cascaded link leading to fractional frequency instability of 4x10 −16 at 1-s measurement time and 1x10 −19 at 2000 s. This cascaded link was extended to 1480-km with the same performance. This work is a significant step towards a sustainable wide area ultra-stable optical frequency distribution and comparison network at a very high level of performance.

Published
2015
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18. Frequency and time transfer for metrology and beyond using telecommunication network fibres

Author

Anne Amy-Klein, Anthony Bercy, A. Haboucha, Giorgio Santarelli, Fabio Stefani, Bruno Chanteau, Daniele Rovera, Paul-Eric Pottie, Fabien Kéfélian, Christian Chardonnet, Amale Kanj, Haifeng Jiang, Olivier Lopez, Joseph Achkar, Laboratoire de Physique des Lasers (LPL), Université Paris 13 (UP13)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire national de métrologie et d'essais - Systèmes de Référence Temps-Espace (LNE - SYRTE), Systèmes de Référence Temps Espace (SYRTE), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire Photonique, Numérique et Nanosciences (LP2N), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-Institut d'Optique Graduate School (IOGS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR BLANC 06-3_144016 and 2011-BS04-009-01), Labex First-TF, ANR 10 LABX 48 01, the French space agency CNES, AS GRAM, European Metrology Research Programme (EMRP) contract SIB-02 NEAT-FT, ANR-11-BS04-0009,LIOM,Lien optique multiplexé pour la métrologie et la physique fondamentale(2011), European Project, and Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1 (UB)-Institut d'Optique Graduate School (IOGS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Optical fiber, Computer science, Optical links, Lasers stabilisés en fréquence, Energy Engineering and Power Technology, FOS: Physical sciences, Satellite system, Fibre optics, Optical links, Time and frequency metrology, Time and frequency metrology,Frequency stabilized lasers, 01 natural sciences, Stability (probability), law.invention, 010309 optics, Optics, Frequency stabilized lasers, [PHYS.QPHY]Physics [physics]/Quantum Physics [quant-ph], law, 0103 physical sciences, Electronic engineering, Time transfer, Métrologie du temps et des fréquences, 010306 general physics, Liens optiques, Fibres optiques, business.industry, General Engineering, Time and frequency metrology, Telecommunications network, Metrology, Fibre optics, Geostationary orbit, The Internet, business, Optics (physics.optics), Physics - Optics
Abstract

International audience; The distribution and the comparison of an ultra-stable optical frequency and accurate time using optical fibres have been greatly improved in the last ten years. The frequency stability and accuracy of optical links surpass well-established methods using the global navigation satellite system and geostationary satellites. In this paper, we present a review of the methods and the results obtained. We show that public telecommunication network carrying Internet data can be used to compare and distribute ultra-stable metrological signals over long distances. This novel technique paves the way for the deployment of a national and continental ultra-stable metrological optical network.; La distribution et la comparaison d'étalons de fréquence optique ultra-stables et d'échelle de temps ont été grandement améliorées depuis dix ans par l'emploi de fibres optiques. La stabilité de fréquence et l'exactitude des liens optiques fibrés surpassent les méthodes bien établies fondées sur les communications satellitaires. Dans cet article, nous présentons les méthodes et les résultats obtenus pendant cette décade. Nous montrons que les réseaux de télécommunication publics transportant des données internet peuvent être utilisés pour comparer et distribuer des signaux métrologiques sur de grandes distances. Ceci ouvre la voie au déploiement d'un réseau métrologique à l'échelle nationale et continentale.

Published
2015
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19. Quantum cascade laser frequency stabilisation at the sub-Hz level

Author

Christophe Daussy, Daniele Nicolodi, Christian Chardonnet, Bruno Chanteau, B. Argence, Michel Abgrall, Yann Le Coq, Anne Amy-Klein, Benoît Darquié, Olivier Lopez, MMTF, Laboratoire de Physique des Lasers (LPL), Université Paris 13 (UP13)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris 13 (UP13)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire national de métrologie et d'essais - Systèmes de Référence Temps-Espace (LNE - SYRTE), Systèmes de Référence Temps Espace (SYRTE), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), CNRS, Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR BLANC LIOM 2011 BS04 009 01, ANR QUIGARDE 2012 ANR-12-ASTR-0028-03 and ANR NCPCHEM 2010 BLAN 724 3), Labex First-TF (ANR 10 LABX 48 01), AS GRAM and Université Paris 13., ANR-11-BS04-0009,LIOM,Lien optique multiplexé pour la métrologie et la physique fondamentale(2011), ANR-10-BLAN-0724,NCPCHEM,Non-Conservation de la Parité dans les Systèmes Moléculaires(2010), and ANR-12-ASTR-0028,QUIGARDE,Lasers à cascade quantiques émettant autour de 10 µm pour la détection à distance de composés gazeux(2012)

Subjects
Optical fiber, Atomic Physics (physics.atom-ph), FOS: Physical sciences, 01 natural sciences, Signal, law.invention, Physics - Atomic Physics, 010309 optics, Frequency comb, Optics, [PHYS.QPHY]Physics [physics]/Quantum Physics [quant-ph], law, 0103 physical sciences, Quantum metrology, frequency comb, 010306 general physics, Absorption (electromagnetic radiation), Physics, Quantum Physics, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-OPTICS]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Optics [physics.optics], [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-ATOM-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atomic Physics [physics.atom-ph], business.industry, Laser, Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, frequency stabilisation, Cascade, QCL, business, Quantum cascade laser, Quantum Physics (quant-ph), Optics (physics.optics), Physics - Optics
Abstract

International audience; Quantum Cascade Lasers (QCL) are increasingly being used to probe the mid-infrared “molecular fingerprint” region. This prompted efforts towards improving their spectral performance, in order to reach ever-higher resolution and precision. Here, we report the stabilisation of a QCL onto an optical frequency comb. We demonstrate a relative stability and accuracy of 2x10-15 and 10-14, respectively. The comb is stabilised to a remote near-infrared ultra-stable laser referenced to frequency primary standards, whose signal is transferred via an optical fibre link. The stability and frequency traceability of our QCL exceed those demonstrated so far by two orders of magnitude. As a demonstration of its capability, we then use it to perform high-resolution molecular spectroscopy. We measure absorption frequencies with an 8x10-13 relative uncertainty. This confirms the potential of this setup for ultra-high precision measurements with molecules, such as our ongoing effort towards testing the parity symmetry by probing chiral species.

Published
2015
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20. Frequency Measurement of an Ar<tex>$^+$</tex>Laser Stabilized on Narrow Lines of Molecular Iodine at 501.7 nm

Author

Anne Amy-Klein, C. Chardonnet, J.-P. Wallerand, Christophe Daussy, Olivier Lopez, Fraederic du Burck, and Andrei Goncharov

Subjects
Materials science, Argon, Spectrometer, business.industry, Analytical chemistry, chemistry.chemical_element, 02 engineering and technology, Iodine, Laser, 01 natural sciences, Dissociation (chemistry), law.invention, 010309 optics, Wavelength, 020210 optoelectronics & photonics, Optics, chemistry, law, 0103 physical sciences, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Spectroscopy, business, Instrumentation, Hyperfine structure
Abstract

A spectrometer for ultrahigh-resolution spectroscopy of molecular iodine at wavelength of 501.7 nm, near the dissociation limit is described. Line shapes about 30 kHz wide half-width half-maximum (HWHM) were obtained using saturation spectroscopy in a pumped cell. The frequency of an Ar/sup +/ laser was locked to a hyperfine component of the R(26)62-0 transition and the first absolute frequency measurement of this line is reported.

Published
2005
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21. A widely tunable 10-$\mu$m quantum cascade laser phase-locked to a state-of-the-art mid-infrared reference for precision molecular spectroscopy

Author

Benoît Darquié, S. Mejri, Anne Amy-Klein, B. Argence, Sean Tokunaga, Christophe Daussy, Olivier Lopez, Christian Chardonnet, Papa Lat Tabara Sow, and Andrey Goncharov

Subjects
Materials science, Secondary frequency standard, Physics and Astronomy (miscellaneous), Absorption spectroscopy, business.industry, Phase (waves), Laser, 01 natural sciences, Spectral line, 3. Good health, law.invention, Physics - Atomic Physics, 010309 optics, law, 0103 physical sciences, Optoelectronics, 010306 general physics, Spectroscopy, Quantum cascade laser, Absorption (electromagnetic radiation), business, Physics - Optics
Abstract

We report the coherent phase-locking of a quantum cascade laser (QCL) at 10-$\mu$m to the secondary frequency standard of this spectral region, a CO2 laser stabilized on a saturated absorption line of OsO4. The stability and accuracy of the standard are transferred to the QCL resulting in a line width of the order of 10 Hz, and leading to our knowledge to the narrowest QCL to date. The locked QCL is then used to perform absorption spectroscopy spanning 6 GHz of NH3 and methyltrioxorhenium, two species of interest for applications in precision measurements., Comment: 5 pages, 4 figures

Published
2014

22. In-line extraction of an ultrastable frequency signal over an optical fiber link

Author

Fabio Stefani, Christian Chardonnet, Paul-Eric Pottie, Giorgio Santarelli, Anthony Bercy, Olivier Lopez, Anne Amy-Klein, Saida Guellati, MMTF, Laboratoire de Physique des Lasers (LPL), Université Paris 13 (UP13)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris 13 (UP13)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Systèmes de Référence Temps Espace (SYRTE), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paris 13 (UP13)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, Métrologie des systèmes simples et tests fondamentaux / Metrology of Simple Systems and Fundamental Tests, Laboratoire Kastler Brossel (LKB (Jussieu)), Fédération de recherche du Département de physique de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure - ENS Paris (FRDPENS), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Fédération de recherche du Département de physique de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure - ENS Paris (FRDPENS), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paris 13 (UP13)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Systèmes de Référence Temps Espace (SYRTE), lp2n-06, Laboratoire Photonique, Numérique et Nanosciences (LP2N), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Institut d'Optique Graduate School (IOGS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Institut d'Optique Graduate School (IOGS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paris 13 (UP13)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris 13 (UP13)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR BLANC 2011-BS04-009-01), Labex First-TF (ANR-10-LABX-48-01), the European Metrology Research Programme (EMRP) under contract SIB-02 NEAT-FT and IFRAF-Conseil Régional Ile-de-France., European Project, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Fédération de recherche du Département de physique de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure - ENS Paris (FRDPENS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Fédération de recherche du Département de physique de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure - ENS Paris (FRDPENS)

Subjects
Computer science, Optical link, Optical engineering, optical links, Metrology, 01 natural sciences, (120.3930) Metrological instrumentation, (060.2360) Fiber optics links and subsystems, (140.0140) Lasers and laser optics, (120.5050) Phase measurement, Optical fiber networks, High resolution spectroscopy, wide area networks, Fiber optic splitter, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, Mechanics of Materials, Plastic optical fiber, optical fibre networks, Instrumentation, Ultrastable laser, Optical link, frequency transfer , Phase noise, Optical fiber couplers, Optical fiber networks, Adaptive optics, wide area networks, optical fibre networks, optical links, multiuser dissemination, ultrastable frequency signal, inline extraction, optical fiber link, optical frequency standard, France, metrological fibre wide-area network, frequency transfer, Quantum Physics, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-OPTICS]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Optics [physics.optics], Measurement, Multi-mode optical fiber, Optical cross-connect, Phase measurement, optical fiber link, Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics, Ultrastable laser, inline extraction, ultrastable frequency signal, France, Physics - Optics, optical fiber links, Signal processing, metrological fibre wide-area network, Optical fiber couplers, Laser stability, FOS: Physical sciences, Metrological instrumentation, 010309 optics, multiuser dissemination, Optics, [PHYS.QPHY]Physics [physics]/Quantum Physics [quant-ph], Power spectral density, 0103 physical sciences, Electronic, Electronic engineering, Optical fibers, Optical and Magnetic Materials, 010306 general physics, optical frequency standard, business.industry, Phase noise, Statistical and Nonlinear Physics, Optical performance monitoring, Fiber-optic communication, Instrumentation, Measurement, Metrology, High resolution spectroscopy, Laser stability, Optical fibers, Phase noise, Power spectral density, Signal processing, extraction, business, Quantum Physics (quant-ph), Adaptive optics, Optics (physics.optics)
Abstract

International audience; We demonstrate in-line extraction of an ultra-stable frequency signal over an optical link of 92-km of installed telecommunication fibers, following the proposition of G. Grosche in 2010. We show that the residual frequency noise at the extraction end is noticeably below that at the main link output when the extraction is near the input end, as expected from a simple model of the noise compensation. We obtain relative frequency instabilities, expressed as overlapping Allan deviation, of 8×10-16 at 1 s averaging time and a few 10-19 at 1 day. These results are at the state-of-the-art for a link using urban telecommunication fibers. We also propose an improved scheme which delivers an ultra-stable signal of higher power, in order to feed a secondary link. In-line extraction opens the way to a broad distribution of an ultra-stable frequency reference, enabling a wide range of applications beyond metrology.

Published
2014
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23. Mid-infrared laser phase-locking to a remote near-infrared frequency reference for high precision molecular spectroscopy

Author

F. Auguste, Daniele Nicolodi, Michel Abgrall, Giorgio Santarelli, C. Chardonnet, Wei Zhang, B. Argence, Bruno Chanteau, Benoît Darquié, Olivier Lopez, Anne Amy-Klein, Y. Le Coq, Laboratoire de Physique des Lasers (LPL), Université Paris 13 (UP13)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), MMTF, Université Paris 13 (UP13)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris 13 (UP13)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire national de métrologie et d'essais - Systèmes de Référence Temps-Espace (LNE - SYRTE), Systèmes de Référence Temps Espace (SYRTE), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), lp2n-06,lp2n-14, Laboratoire Photonique, Numérique et Nanosciences (LP2N), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-Institut d'Optique Graduate School (IOGS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-Institut d'Optique Graduate School (IOGS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), ANR, CNRS, and Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1 (UB)-Institut d'Optique Graduate School (IOGS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1 (UB)-Institut d'Optique Graduate School (IOGS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Infrared, Atomic Physics (physics.atom-ph), General Physics and Astronomy, FOS: Physical sciences, 01 natural sciences, Atomic fountain, law.invention, Physics - Atomic Physics, 010309 optics, Laser linewidth, Optics, [PHYS.QPHY]Physics [physics]/Quantum Physics [quant-ph], law, 0103 physical sciences, 010306 general physics, Spectroscopy, Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics, Physics, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-OPTICS]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Optics [physics.optics], Quantum Physics, business.industry, Near-infrared spectroscopy, Laser, 06.20.-f (Metrology), 42.62.Eh (Metrological applications, optical frequency synthesizers for precision spectroscopy), 07.57.Ty (Infrared spectrometers, auxiliary equipment, and technique), Atomic clock, Mode-locking, business, [PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], Quantum Physics (quant-ph), Physics - Optics, Optics (physics.optics)
Abstract

International audience; We present a new method for accurate mid-infrared frequency measurements and stabilization to a near-infrared ultra-stable frequency reference, transmitted with a long-distance fibre link and continuously monitored against state-of-the-art atomic fountain clocks. As a first application, we measure the frequency of an OsO4 rovibrational molecular line around 10 µm with a state-of-the-art uncertainty of 8x10-13. We also demonstrate the frequency stabilization of a mid-infrared laser with fractional stability better than 4x10-14 at 1 s averaging time and a line-width below 17 Hz. This new stabilization scheme gives us the ability to transfer frequency stability in the range of 10-15 or even better, currently accessible in the near-infrared or in the visible, to mid-infrared lasers in a wide frequency range.

Published
2013
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24. Simultaneous remote transfer of accurate timing and optical frequency over a public fiber network

Author

Anne Amy-Klein, Christian Chardonnet, Paul-Eric Pottie, Daniele Rovera, Amale Kanj, Joseph Achkar, Giorgio Santarelli, Olivier Lopez, MMTF, Laboratoire de Physique des Lasers (LPL), Université Paris 13 (UP13)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris 13 (UP13)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire national de métrologie et d'essais - Systèmes de Référence Temps-Espace (LNE - SYRTE), Systèmes de Référence Temps Espace (SYRTE), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paris 13 (UP13)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), lp2n-06,lp2n-14, Laboratoire Photonique, Numérique et Nanosciences (LP2N), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-Institut d'Optique Graduate School (IOGS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-Institut d'Optique Graduate School (IOGS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), ANR BLANC 2011-BS04-009-01, Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1 (UB)-Institut d'Optique Graduate School (IOGS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1 (UB)-Institut d'Optique Graduate School (IOGS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paris 13 (UP13)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, Références micro-ondes et échelles de temps, Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Optical fiber, Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, Physics and Astronomy (miscellaneous), Computer science, Optical link, General Physics and Astronomy, FOS: Physical sciences, Satellite system, Physics and Astronomy(all), Optical time-domain reflectometer, 01 natural sciences, law.invention, time transfer, 010309 optics, [PHYS.QPHY]Physics [physics]/Quantum Physics [quant-ph], law, Optical Carrier transmission rates, 0103 physical sciences, Fiber optic splitter, Electronic engineering, Time transfer, 010306 general physics, frequency transfer, Quantum Physics, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-OPTICS]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Optics [physics.optics], Multi-mode optical fiber, Optical cross-connect, General Engineering, time and frequency metrology, Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det), (120.3930) Metrological instrumentation, (060.2360) Fiber optics links and subsystems, (120.5050) Phase measurement, Fiber-optic communication, Spread spectrum, Fiber optic sensor, Geostationary orbit, optical link, Timestamp, Quantum Physics (quant-ph), [PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], Phase modulation, Physics - Optics, Optics (physics.optics)
Abstract

In this work we demonstrate for the first time that it is possible to transfer simultaneously an ultra-stable optical frequency and a precise and accurate timing over 540 km using a public telecommunication optical fiber networks with Internet data. The optical phase is used to carry both the frequency information and the timestamps by modulating a very narrow optical carrier at 1.55 $\mu$m with spread spectrum signals using two-way satellite time transfer modems. The results in term of absolute time accuracy (250 ps) and long-term timing stability (20 ps) well outperform the conventional Global Navigation Satellite System or geostationary transfer methods.

Published
2013
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25. Ultra-stable long distance optical frequency distribution using the Internet fiber network

Author

Olivier Lopez, Christian Chardonnet, A. Haboucha, Bruno Chanteau, Giorgio Santarelli, Anne Amy-Klein, MMTF, Laboratoire de Physique des Lasers (LPL), Université Paris 13 (UP13)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris 13 (UP13)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Systèmes de Référence Temps Espace (SYRTE), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), lp2n-06,lp2n-14, Laboratoire Photonique, Numérique et Nanosciences (LP2N), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-Institut d'Optique Graduate School (IOGS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-Institut d'Optique Graduate School (IOGS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), ANR BLANC 2011-BS04-009-01 et Université Paris 13 et IFRAF-Conseil Régional Ile-de-France, and Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1 (UB)-Institut d'Optique Graduate School (IOGS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1 (UB)-Institut d'Optique Graduate School (IOGS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Optical link, Beat (acoustics), FOS: Physical sciences, Metrological instrumentation, (120.3930) (060.2360) (140.0140) (120.5050), 01 natural sciences, Lasers and laser optics, law.invention, 010309 optics, Optics, [PHYS.QPHY]Physics [physics]/Quantum Physics [quant-ph], Robustness (computer science), law, 0103 physical sciences, 010306 general physics, Optical Fibers, Physics, Internet, Quantum Physics, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-OPTICS]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Optics [physics.optics], Laser diode, business.industry, Bandwidth (signal processing), Equipment Design, Phase measurement, Polarization (waves), Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics, Equipment Failure Analysis, Amplitude, The Internet, Fiber optics links and subsystems, Lasers, Semiconductor, business, Quantum Physics (quant-ph), Optics (physics.optics), Physics - Optics
Abstract

International audience; We report an optical link of 540 km for ultrastable frequency distribution over the Internet fiber network. The stable frequency optical signal is processed enabling uninterrupted propagation on both directions. The robustness and the performance of the link are enhanced by a cost effective fully automated optoelectronic station. This device is able to coherently regenerate the return optical signal with a heterodyne optical phase locking of a low noise laser diode. Moreover the incoming signal polarization variation are tracked and processed in order to maintain beat note amplitudes within the operation range. Stable fibered optical interferometer enables optical detection of the link round trip phase signal. The phase-noise compensated link shows a fractional frequency instability in 10 Hz bandwidth of 5x10-15 at one second measurement time and 2x10-19 at 30 000 s. This work is a significant step towards a sustainable wide area ultrastable optical frequency distribution and comparison network.

Published
2012

26. Mid-IR frequency measurement using an optical frequency comb and a long-distance remote frequency reference

Author

Wei Zhang, C. Chardonnet, Benoît Darquié, Bruno Chanteau, Giorgio Santarelli, Anne Amy-Klein, F. Auguste, Y. Le Coq, Olivier Lopez, MMTF, Laboratoire de Physique des Lasers (LPL), Université Paris 13 (UP13)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris 13 (UP13)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Systèmes de Référence Temps Espace (SYRTE), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), lp2n-06,lp2n-14, Laboratoire Photonique, Numérique et Nanosciences (LP2N), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1 (UB)-Institut d'Optique Graduate School (IOGS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1 (UB)-Institut d'Optique Graduate School (IOGS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paris 13 (UP13)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Métrologie des fréquences optiques, Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-Institut d'Optique Graduate School (IOGS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-Institut d'Optique Graduate School (IOGS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Materials science, Atomic Physics (physics.atom-ph), Terahertz radiation, Optical link, Measure (physics), FOS: Physical sciences, 02 engineering and technology, 01 natural sciences, Signal, Physics - Atomic Physics, law.invention, 010309 optics, Frequency comb, 020210 optoelectronics & photonics, Optics, [PHYS.QPHY]Physics [physics]/Quantum Physics [quant-ph], law, 0103 physical sciences, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, Quantum, Quantum Physics, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-OPTICS]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Optics [physics.optics], business.industry, Laser, Cascade, Quantum Physics (quant-ph), business, [PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], Optics (physics.optics), Physics - Optics
Abstract

International audience; We have built a frequency chain which enables to measure the absolute frequency of a laser emitting in the 28-31 THz frequency range and stabilized onto a molecular absorption line. The set-up uses an optical frequency comb and an ultrastable 1.55 µm frequency reference signal, transferred from LNE-SYRTE to LPL through an optical link. We are now progressing towards the stabilization of the mid-IR laser via the frequency comb and the extension of this technique to quantum cascade lasers. Such a development is very challenging for ultrahigh resolution molecular spectroscopy and fundamental tests of physics with molecules.

Published
2012

27. Cascaded multiplexed optical link on a telecommunication network for frequency dissemination

Author

A. Haboucha, Anne Amy-Klein, Christian Chardonnet, Haifeng Jiang, Georgio Santarelli, Olivier Lopez, Vincent Roncin, Fabien Kéfélian, Bruno Chanteau, Laboratoire de Physique des Lasers (LPL), Université Paris 13 (UP13)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Systèmes de Référence Temps Espace (SYRTE), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), ANR Alpha+, LNE, Université Paris 13, and ANR-06-BLAN-0143,ALPHA+,Test de stabilité des constantes fondamentales par conparaisons à longue distance d'horloges optiques ultra-stables(2006)

Subjects
Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, Computer science, Optical link, (120.3930) , (060.2360) , (140.0140) , (120.5050), FOS: Physical sciences, Metrological instrumentation, 01 natural sciences, Signal, Multiplexing, Multiplexer, Lasers and laser optics, 010309 optics, Computer Communication Networks, Phase measurement, [PHYS.QPHY]Physics [physics]/Quantum Physics [quant-ph], Wavelength-division multiplexing, 0103 physical sciences, Fiber Optic Technology, Fiber, 010306 general physics, Optical Fibers, Repeater, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-OPTICS]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Optics [physics.optics], Quantum Physics, Internet, business.industry, Electrical engineering, Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted, Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det), Equipment Design, Telecommunications network, Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics, [SPI.OPTI]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Optics / Photonic, The Internet, Fiber optics links and subsystems, business, Quantum Physics (quant-ph), Physics - Optics, Optics (physics.optics)
Abstract

International audience; We demonstrate a cascaded optical link for ultrastable frequency dissemination comprised of two compensated links of 150 km and a repeater station. Each link includes 114 km of Internet fiber simultaneously carrying data traffic through a dense wavelength division multiplexing technology, and passes through two routing centers of the telecommunication network. The optical reference signal is inserted in and extracted from the communication network using bidirectional optical add-drop multiplexers. The repeater station operates autonomously ensuring noise compensation on the two links and the ultra-stable signal optical regeneration. The compensated link shows a fractional frequency instability of 3×10-15 at one second measurement time and 5×10-20 at 20 hours. This work paves the way to a wide dissemination of ultra-stable optical clock signals between distant laboratories via the Internet network.

Published
2010

28. Determination of the Boltzmann constant by laser spectroscopy as a basis for future measurements of the thermodynamic temperature

Author

Christophe Daussy, Olivier Lopez, S. Briaudeau, Christian J. Bordé, Benoît Darquié, Christian Chardonnet, Anne Amy-Klein, Cyril Lemarchand, Khelifa Djerroud, Laboratoire de Physique des Lasers (LPL), Université Paris 13 (UP13)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire commun de métrologie LNE-CNAM (LCM), Laboratoire National de Métrologie et d'Essais [Trappes] (LNE )-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), LNE + EraNet/IMERA, and Optical measurement of kB

Subjects
Atomic Physics (physics.atom-ph), FOS: Physical sciences, fundamental constants, 01 natural sciences, absorption line shape, law.invention, Physics - Atomic Physics, 010309 optics, symbols.namesake, [PHYS.QPHY]Physics [physics]/Quantum Physics [quant-ph], law, 0103 physical sciences, Thermal, Homogeneity (physics), 010306 general physics, Spectroscopy, thermodynamic temperature, Physics, Quantum Physics, Absorption cell, Thermodynamic temperature, Condensed Matter Physics, Thermostat, Boltzmann constant, laser spectroscopy, symbols, Atomic physics, Quantum Physics (quant-ph), Doppler effect
Abstract

International audience; In this paper, we present the latest results on the measurement of the Boltzmann constant kB , by laser spectroscopy of ammonia at 10 μm. The Doppler absorption profile of a ro-vibrational line of an NH3 gas sample at thermal and pressure equilibrium is measured as accurately as possible. The absorption cell is placed inside a large 1m3 thermostat filled with an ice-water mixture, which sets the temperature very close to 273.15 K. Analysing this profile, which is related to the Maxwell-Boltzmann molecular speed distribution, leads to a determination of the Boltzmann constant via a measurement of the Doppler width (proportional tosqrt( kBT) ). A spectroscopic determination of the Boltzmann constant with an uncertainty as low as 37 ppm is obtained. Recent improvements with a new passive thermostat lead to a temperature accuracy, stability and homogeneity of the absorption cell better than 1 ppm over a day.

Published
2009
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29. High-resolution optical frequency dissemination on a telecommunication network with data traffic

Author

Olivier Lopez, Fabien Kéfélian, Haifeng Jiang, Anne Amy-Klein, Christian Chardonnet, Georgio Santarelli, Laboratoire de Physique des Lasers (LPL), Université Paris 13 (UP13)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Systèmes de Référence Temps Espace (SYRTE), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), ANR Alpha+, Lien optique, and ANR-06-BLAN-0143,ALPHA+,Test de stabilité des constantes fondamentales par conparaisons à longue distance d'horloges optiques ultra-stables(2006)

Subjects
Computer science, Optical communication, FOS: Physical sciences, transfert de fréquence, 01 natural sciences, Signal, Multiplexer, law.invention, 010309 optics, OADM, [PHYS.QPHY]Physics [physics]/Quantum Physics [quant-ph], law, Optical frequencies, Wavelength-division multiplexing, 0103 physical sciences, Phase noise, OCIS 060.2360, 120.3930, Fiber, Allan variance, 010306 general physics, Quantum Physics, business.industry, lien optique, Electrical engineering, Laser, Telecommunications network, Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics, Interferometry, réseaux optiques, Quantum Physics (quant-ph), business
Abstract

International audience; We transferred the frequency of an ultra-stable laser over a 108 km urban fiber link comprising 22 km of optical communications network fiber simultaneously carrying Internet data traffic. The metrological signal and the digital data signal are transferred on two different frequency channels in a dense wavelength division multiplexing scheme. The metrological signal is inserted into and extracted from the communications network by using bidirectional off-the-shelf optical add-drop multiplexers. The link-induced phase noise is measured and cancelled with round-trip technique using an all-fiber-based interferometer. The compensated link shows an Allan deviation of a few 10-16 at one second and below 10-19 at 10,000 seconds. This opens the way to a wide dissemination of ultra stable optical clock signals between distant laboratories via the Internet network.

Published
2009

30. High-resolution microwave frequency dissemination on an 86-km urban optical link

Author

Olivier Lopez, M. Lours, Ch. Chardonnet, Anne Amy-Klein, Georgio Santarelli, Laboratoire de Physique des Lasers (LPL), Université Paris 13 (UP13)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Systèmes de Référence Temps Espace (SYRTE), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Lien optique

Subjects
Time delay and integration, Physics and Astronomy (miscellaneous), Computer science, Optical link, General Engineering, General Physics and Astronomy, High resolution, FOS: Physical sciences, 02 engineering and technology, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, 01 natural sciences, Signal, Stability (probability), Scrambling, Compensation (engineering), 010309 optics, [PHYS.QPHY]Physics [physics]/Quantum Physics [quant-ph], 0103 physical sciences, Phase noise, Electronic engineering, PACS : 42.62.Eh, 06.30.Ft, 42.81.Uv, 0210 nano-technology, Physics - Optics, Optics (physics.optics)
Abstract

We report the first demonstration of a long-distance ultra stable frequency dissemination in the microwave range. A 9.15 GHz signal is transferred through a 86-km urban optical link with a fractional frequency stability of 1.3x10-15 at 1 s integration time and below 10-18 at one day. The optical link phase noise compensation is performed with a round-trip method. To achieve such a result we implement light polarisation scrambling and dispersion compensation. This link outperforms all the previous radiofrequency links and compares well with recently demonstrated full optical links., Comment: 11 pages, 5 figures

Published
2009
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31. Long-distance frequency transfer over an urban fiber link using optical phase stabilization

Author

Anne Amy-Klein, C. Chardonnet, Pierre Lemonde, Michel Lours, J. Millo, Scott Crane, David Holleville, Olivier Lopez, Haifeng Jiang, Fabien Kéfélian, Georgio Santarelli, Systèmes de Référence Temps Espace (SYRTE), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Physique des Lasers (LPL), Université Paris 13 (UP13)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), United States Naval Observatory (USNO), ANR Alpha+, ANR Alpha +, and ANR-06-BLAN-0143,ALPHA+,Test de stabilité des constantes fondamentales par conparaisons à longue distance d'horloges optiques ultra-stables(2006)

Subjects
Materials science, Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, FOS: Physical sciences, Polarization-maintaining optical fiber, 01 natural sciences, Graded-index fiber, 010309 optics, Laser linewidth, Optics, [PHYS.QPHY]Physics [physics]/Quantum Physics [quant-ph], Fiber laser, Wavelength-division multiplexing, 0103 physical sciences, Dispersion-shifted fiber, Fiber, 010306 general physics, métrologie, 060.2360, 120.3930, Quantum Physics, business.industry, lien optique, Statistical and Nonlinear Physics, Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det), Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics, Fiber optic sensor, dissémination de fréquence, business, Quantum Physics (quant-ph)
Abstract

International audience; We transferred the frequency of an ultra-stable laser over 86 km of urban fiber. The link is composed of two cascaded 43-km fibers connecting two laboratories, LNE-SYRTE and LPL in Paris area. In an effort to realistically demonstrate a link of 172 km without using spooled fiber extensions, we implemented a recirculation loop to double the length of the urban fiber link. The link is fed with a 1542-nm cavity stabilized fiber laser having a sub-Hz linewidth. The fiber-induced phase noise is measured and cancelled with an all fiber-based interferometer using commercial off the shelf pigtailed telecommunication components. The compensated link shows an Allan deviation of a few 10-16 at one second and a few 10-19 at 10,000 seconds.

Published
2008
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32. 86-km optical link with a resolution of 2.10-18 for RF frequency transfer

Author

Anne Amy-Klein, Michel Lours, Olivier Lopez, Christian Chardonnet, F. Narbonneau, Christophe Daussy, Georgio Santarelli, Laboratoire de Physique des Lasers (LPL), Université Paris 13 (UP13)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Systèmes de Référence Temps Espace (SYRTE), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Université Paris 13 (UP13)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Sorbonne Paris Nord

Subjects
Materials science, Optical link, FOS: Physical sciences, 01 natural sciences, Scrambling, 010309 optics, Optics, [PHYS.QPHY]Physics [physics]/Quantum Physics [quant-ph], 0103 physical sciences, Dispersion (optics), 010306 general physics, Optical amplifier, frequency transfer, Quantum Physics, business.industry, Resolution (electron density), Mode (statistics), Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics, metrology, PACS : 42.62.Eh, 06.30.Ft, 42.81.Uv, 42.81.Gs, optical link, Radio frequency, [PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], business, Quantum Physics (quant-ph), Sensitivity (electronics)
Abstract

International audience; RF frequency transfer over an urban 86 km fibre has been demonstrated with a resolution of 2×10-18 at one day measuring time using an optical compensator. This result is obtained with a reference carrier frequency of 1 GHz, and a rapid scrambling of the polarisation state of the input light in order to reduce the sensitivity to the polarisation mode dispersion in the fibre. The limitation due to the fibre chromatic dispersion associated with the laser frequency fluctuations is highlighted and analyzed. A preliminary test of an extended compensated link over 186 km using optical amplifiers gives a resolution below 10-17 at 1 day.

Published
2008
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33. Absolute frequency measurements for hyperfine structure determination of the R(26) 62-0 transition at 501.7 nm in molecular iodine

Author

Andrei Goncharov, Frédéric Du Burck, Anne Amy-Klein, Olivier Lopez, Institute of Laser Physics of SB RAS (ILP), Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (SB RAS), Laboratoire de Physique des Lasers (LPL), and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Sorbonne Paris Nord

Subjects
Materials science, Atomic Physics (physics.atom-ph), Absolute frequency, iodine spectroscopy, FOS: Physical sciences, chemistry.chemical_element, Comb generator, 02 engineering and technology, Iodine, 01 natural sciences, law.invention, Physics - Atomic Physics, 010309 optics, Laser linewidth, 06.20.-f, 06.20.F, 06.30.Bp, 06.30.Ft, 33.20.-t, optical frequency measurement, [PHYS.QPHY]Physics [physics]/Quantum Physics [quant-ph], law, 0103 physical sciences, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, Hyperfine structure, femtosecond comb, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-ATOM-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atomic Physics [physics.atom-ph], 020208 electrical & electronic engineering, General Engineering, Laser, hyperfine interaction, chemistry, Femtosecond, Atomic physics, Laser frequency
Abstract

International audience; The absolute frequencies of the hyperfine components of the R(26) 62-0 transition in molecular iodine at 501.7 nm are measured for the first time with an optical clockwork based on a femtosecond laser frequency comb generator. The set-up is composed of an Ar+ laser locked to a hyperfine component of the R(26) 62-0 transition detected in a continuously pumped low-pressure cell (0.33 Pa). The detected resonances show a linewidth of 45 kHz (half-width at half-maximum). The uncertainty of the frequency measurement is estimated to be 250 Hz.

Published
2007

34. High resolution frequency standard dissemination via optical fiber metropolitan network

Author

Sébastien Bize, Ch. Daussy, Ch. Chardonnet, Anne Amy-Klein, Giorgio Santarelli, André Clairon, Olivier Lopez, F. Narbonneau, M. Lours, Laboratoire national de métrologie et d'essais - Systèmes de Référence Temps-Espace (LNE - SYRTE), Systèmes de Référence Temps Espace (SYRTE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Physique des Lasers (LPL), and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Sorbonne Paris Nord

Subjects
Time delay and integration, Optical fiber, business.industry, Computer science, Optical link, Frequency standard, 01 natural sciences, Signal, Noise (electronics), law.invention, 010309 optics, Amplitude modulation, Optics, [PHYS.QPHY]Physics [physics]/Quantum Physics [quant-ph], law, Optical Carrier transmission rates, 0103 physical sciences, Electronic engineering, 010306 general physics, business, Instrumentation
Abstract

International audience; We present in this article results on a new dissemination system of an ultrastable reference signal at 100 MHz on a standard fiber network. The 100 MHz signal is simply transferred by amplitude modulation of an optical carrier. Two different approaches for compensating the noise introduced by the link have been implemented. The limits of the two systems are analyzed and several solutions are suggested in order to improve the frequency stability and to further extend the distribution distance. Nevertheless, our system is a good tool for the best cold atom fountains comparison between laboratories, up to 100 km, with a relative frequency resolution of 10 −14 at 1 s integration time and 10 −17 for 1 day of measurement. The distribution system may be upgraded to fulfill the stringent distribution requirements for the future optical clocks.

Published
2006
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35. Long-distance frequency dissemination with a resolution of 10-17

Author

Andrei Goncharov, Olivier Lopez, Andre N. Luiten, Sébastien Bize, Christophe Daussy, Christian Chardonnet, M. Guinet, Anne Amy-Klein, F. Narbonneau, Georgio Santarelli, Michael E. Tobar, André Clairon, D. Chambon, Michel Lours, Laboratoire de Physique des Lasers (LPL), Université Paris 13 (UP13)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Systèmes de Référence Temps Espace (SYRTE), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), School of physics, University of Western Australia (UWA), and The University of Western Australia (UWA)

Subjects
06.20.-f, 42.62.Eh, 06.30.Ft, FOS: Physical sciences, General Physics and Astronomy, Physics::Optics, Frequency standard, 01 natural sciences, law.invention, 010309 optics, Optics, [PHYS.QPHY]Physics [physics]/Quantum Physics [quant-ph], law, Frequency resolution, 0103 physical sciences, 010306 general physics, horloge moléculaire, Physics, Quantum Physics, business.industry, métrologie des fréquences, lien optique, Resolution (electron density), Laser, Femtosecond, Atomic physics, Laser frequency, dissémination du temps, Quantum Physics (quant-ph), business, Microwave
Abstract

We use a new technique to disseminate microwave reference signals along ordinary optical fiber. The fractional frequency resolution of a link of 86 km in length is ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}17}$ for a one day integration time, a resolution higher than the stability of the best microwave or optical clocks. We use the link to compare the microwave reference and a ${\mathrm{CO}}_{2}/{\mathrm{OsO}}_{4}$ frequency standard that stabilizes a femtosecond laser frequency comb. This demonstrates a resolution of $3\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}14}$ at 1 s. An upper value of the instability introduced by the femtosecond laser-based synthesizer is estimated as $1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}14}$ at 1 s.

Published
2005

36. Absolute frequency measurement of a SF_6 two-photon line by use of a femtosecond optical comb and sum-frequency generation

Author

Christian Chardonnet, Mickael Guinet, Andrei Goncharov, Christophe Daussy, A. Shelkovnikov, Anne Amy-Klein, Olivier Lopez, Laboratoire de Physique des Lasers (LPL), and Université Paris 13 (UP13)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Terahertz radiation, Absolute frequency, 06.20.-f, 42.62.Eh, 06.30.Ft, FOS: Physical sciences, Beat (acoustics), 02 engineering and technology, 01 natural sciences, law.invention, 010309 optics, Optics, [PHYS.QPHY]Physics [physics]/Quantum Physics [quant-ph], Two-photon excitation microscopy, law, 0103 physical sciences, Allan variance, Physics, Quantum Physics, Sum-frequency generation, business.industry, molecular frequency standard, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Laser, Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics, frequency metrology, Femtosecond, optical comb, Quantum Physics (quant-ph), 0210 nano-technology, business
Abstract

We demonstrate a new, simple technique for measuring IR frequencies near 30 THz by using a femtosecond (fs) laser optical comb and sum-frequency generation. The optical frequency is directly compared with the distance between two modes of the fs laser, and the resultant beat note is used to control this distance, which depends only on the repetition rate of the fs laser. The absolute frequency of a CO2CO2 laser stabilized onto a SF6SF6 two-photon line has been measured for the first time to the authors’ knowledge. This line is an attractive alternative to the usual saturated absorption OsO4OsO4 resonances used for the stabilization of CO2CO2 lasers. First results demonstrate a fractional Allan deviation of 3×10–143×10–14 at 1 s.

Published
2005
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37. Precise molecular spectroscopy using a stable and tuneable frequency comb

Author

Anne Amy-Klein, Yann Le Coq, Olivier Lopez, Andrei Goncharov, Sean Tokunaga, Paul-Eric Pottie, Michel Abgrall, Dan Xu, Christophe Daussy, Christian Chardonnet, Rodolphe Le Targat, B. Argence, Benoît Darquié, R. Santagata, and Dang Bao An Tran

Subjects
Optical fiber, Materials science, business.industry, Polyatomic ion, Molecular spectroscopy, Radiation, 01 natural sciences, law.invention, Metrology, 010309 optics, Frequency comb, Optics, law, 0103 physical sciences, business, Spectroscopy, 010301 acoustics, Frequency modulation
Abstract

Accurate molecular spectroscopy in the mid-infrared (mid-IR) region allows precision measurements with applications in fundamental physics. We present our on-going work towards measuring absolute vibrational frequencies of various polyatomic species — in particular methanol — around 10 μm, at an unprecedented level of accuracy, using a both ultra-stable and widely tuneable near-infrared frequency comb. We have recently been able to lock mid-IR radiation to a frequency comb stabilized to a 1.54 μm near-IR reference [1, 2]. This reference, generated at the French national metrology institute (LNE-SYRTE), is monitored against atomic frequency standards [3] and transferred to LPL via a 43-km long optical fibre [4] (see Fig. 1). This provides the ultimate frequency accuracy (potentially the 3x10−16 of the Cs fountain clock) and stability (∼10−15 after 1s of integration).

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