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Droplet evaporation governs many heat- and mass-transfer processes germane in nature and industry. In the past 3 centuries, transient techniques have been developed to characterize the evaporation of sessile droplets. These methods have difficulty in reconciling transient effects induced by the droplet shape and size changes during evaporation. Furthermore, investigation of evaporation of microdroplets residing on wetting substrates, or fluids having low surface tensions (

Virtually all blood-contacting medical implants and devices initiate immunological events in the form of thrombosis and inflammation. Typically, patients receiving such implants are also given large doses of anticoagulants, which pose a high risk and a high cost to the patient. Thus, the design and development of surfaces with improved hemocompatibility and reduced dependence on anticoagulation treatments is paramount for the success of blood-contacting medical implants and devices. In the past decade, the hemocompatibility of super-repellent surfaces (i.e., surfaces that are extremely repellent to liquids) has been extensively investigated because such surfaces greatly reduce the blood-material contact area, which in turn reduces the area available for protein adsorption and blood cell or platelet adhesion, thereby offering the potential for improved hemocompatibility. In this review, we critically examine the progress made in characterizing the hemocompatibility of super-repellent surfaces, identify the unresolved challenges and highlight the opportunities for future research on developing medical implants and devices with super-repellent surfaces.

Bacterial infections are a serious issue for many implanted medical devices. Infections occur when bacteria colonize the surface of an implant and form a biofilm, a barrier which protects the bacterial colony from antibiotic treatments. Further, the anti-bacterial treatments must also be tailored to the specific bacteria that is causing the infection. The inherent protection of bacteria in the biofilm, differences in bacteria species (gram-positive vs. gram-negative), and the rise of antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria makes device-acquired infections difficult to treat. Recent research has focused on reducing biofilm formation on medical devices by modifying implant surfaces. Proposed methods have included antibacterial surface coatings, release of antibacterial drugs from surfaces, and materials which promote the adhesion of non-pathogenic bacteria. However, no approach has proven successful in repelling both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. In this study, we have evaluated the ability of superhydrophobic surfaces to reduce bacteria adhesion regardless of whether the bacteria are gram-positive or gram-negative. Although superhydrophobic surfaces did not repel bacteria completely, they had minimal bacteria attached after 24 h and more importantly no biofilm formation was observed.

Superomniphobic surfaces (i.e., surfaces that are extremely repellent to both high surface tension liquids like water and low surface tension liquid like oils) can be fabricated through a combination of surface chemistry that imparts low solid surface energy with a re-entrant surface texture. Recently, surface texturing with lasers has received significant attention because laser texturing is scalable, solvent-free, and can produce a monolithic texture on virtually any material. In this work, we fabricated nanostructured omniphobic and superomniphobic surfaces with a variety of materials using a simple, inexpensive and commercially available CO2 laser engraver. Further, we demonstrated that the nanostructured omniphobic and superomniphobic surfaces fabricated using our laser texturing technique can be used to design patterned surfaces, surfaces with discrete domains of the desired wettability, and on-surface microfluidic devices.

Coalescence-induced droplet jumping has the potential to enhance the efficiency of a plethora of applications. Although binary droplet jumping is quantitatively understood from energy and hydrodynamic perspectives, multiple aspects that affect jumping behavior, including droplet size mismatch, droplet-surface interaction, and condensate thermophysical properties, remain poorly understood. Here, we develop a visualization technique utilizing microdroplet dispensing to study droplet jumping dynamics on nanostructured superhydrophobic, hierarchical superhydrophobic, and hierarchical biphilic surfaces. We show that on the nanostructured superhydrophobic surface the jumping velocity follows inertial-capillary scaling with a dimensionless velocity of 0.26 and a jumping direction perpendicular to the substrate. A droplet mismatch phase diagram was developed showing that jumping is possible for droplet size mismatch up to 70%. On the hierarchical superhydrophobic surface, jumping behavior was dependent on the ratio between the droplet radius Ri and surface structure length scale L. For small droplets ( Ri ≤ 5 L), the jumping velocity was highly scattered, with a deviation of the jumping direction from the substrate normal as high as 80°. Surface structure length scale effects were shown to vanish for large droplets ( Ri > 5 L). On the hierarchical biphilic surface, similar but more significant scattering of the jumping velocity and direction was observed. Droplet-size-dependent surface adhesion and pinning-mediated droplet rotation were responsible for the reduced jumping velocity and scattered jumping direction. Furthermore, droplet jumping studies of liquids with surface tensions as low as 38 mN/m were performed, further confirming the validity of inertial-capillary scaling for varying condensate fluids. Our work not only demonstrates a powerful platform to study droplet-droplet and droplet-surface interactions but provides insights into the role of fluid-substrate coupling as well as condensate properties during droplet jumping.

Superomniphobic surfaces with macrotextures allow coalescence-induced jumping of droplets at Ohnesorge number >1., When two liquid droplets coalesce on a superrepellent surface, the excess surface energy is partly converted to upward kinetic energy, and the coalesced droplet jumps away from the surface. However, the efficiency of this energy conversion is very low. In this work, we used a simple and passive technique consisting of superomniphobic surfaces with a macrotexture (comparable to the droplet size) to experimentally demonstrate coalescence-induced jumping with an energy conversion efficiency of 18.8% (i.e., about 570% increase compared to superomniphobic surfaces without a macrotexture). The higher energy conversion efficiency arises primarily from the effective redirection of in-plane velocity vectors to out-of-plane velocity vectors by the macrotexture. Using this higher energy conversion efficiency, we demonstrated coalescence-induced jumping of droplets with low surface tension (26.6 mN m−1) and very high viscosity (220 mPa·s). These results constitute the first-ever demonstration of coalescence-induced jumping of droplets at Ohnesorge number >1.

Fabrication of most superomniphobic surfaces requires complex process conditions or specialized and expensive equipment or skilled personnel. In order to circumvent these issues and make them end-user-friendly, we developed the free-standing, flexible, superomniphobic films. These films can be stored and delivered to the end-users, who can readily attach them to virtually any surface (even irregular shapes) and impart superomniphobicity. The hierarchical structure, the re-entrant texture, and the low solid surface energy render our films superomniphobic for a wide variety of liquids. We demonstrate that our free-standing, flexible, superomniphobic films have applications in enhanced chemical resistance and enhanced weight bearing.

We utilized tunable superomniphobic surfaces with flower-like TiO2 nanostructures to fabricate a simple device with precisely tailored surface energy domains that, for the first time, can sort droplets by surface tension. We envision that our methodology for droplet sorting will enable inexpensive and energy-efficient analytical devices for personalized point-of-care diagnostic platforms, lab-on-a-chip systems, biochemical assays and biosensors.

In this work, building on the principles of adhesion mechanics, we developed novel inexpensive, environmentally benign, non-corrosive PDMS gels that offer ultra-low adhesion to ice as well as outstanding mechanical durability. We elucidated the mechanism of separation of ice from our PDMS gels via separation pulses. We envision that our durable PDMS gels with ultra-low ice adhesion strength as well as the improved understanding of the separation mechanism will enable universal deicing design strategies in aviation, maritime, power, automotive, and energy sectors.

We utilized superomniphobic surfaces to systematically investigate the different regimes of coalescence-induced self-propulsion of liquid droplets with a wide range of droplet radii, viscosities, and surface tensions. Our results indicate that the nondimensional jumping velocity Vj* is nearly constant (Vj* ≈ 0.2) in the inertial-capillary regime and decreases in the visco-capillary regime as the Ohnesorge number Oh increases, in agreement with prior work. Within the visco-capillary regime, decreasing the droplet radius R0 results in a more rapid decrease in the nondimensional jumping velocity Vj* compared to increasing the viscosity μ. This is because decreasing the droplet radius R0 increases the inertial-capillary velocity Vic in addition to increasing the Ohnesorge number Oh.

We used FDA-approved, edible materials to fabricate superhydrophobic coatings in a simple, low cost, scalable, single step process. Our coatings display high contact angles and low roll off angles for a variety of liquid products consumed daily and facilitate easy removal of liquids from food containers with virtually no residue. Even at high concentrations, our coatings are nontoxic, as shown using toxicity tests.

The hemocompatibility of superhemophobic surfaces is investigated and compared with that of hemophobic surfaces and hemophilic surfaces. This analysis indicates that only those superhemophobic surfaces with a robust Cassie-Baxter state display significantly lower platelet adhesion and activation. It is envisioned that the understanding gained through this work will lead to the fabrication of improved hemocompatible, superhemophobic medical implants.

Superhydrophobic surfaces (i.e., surfaces extremely repellent to water) allow water droplets to bead up and easily roll off from the surface. While a few methods have been developed to fabricate metallic superhydrophobic surfaces, these methods typically involve expensive equipment, environmental hazards, or multi-step processes. In this work, we developed a universal, scalable, solvent-free, one-step methodology based on thermal sensitization to create appropriate surface texture and fabricate metallic superhydrophobic surfaces. To demonstrate the feasibility of our methodology and elucidate the underlying mechanism, we fabricated superhydrophobic surfaces using ferritic (430) and austenitic (316) stainless steels (representative alloys) with roll off angles as low as 4° and 7°, respectively. We envision that our approach will enable the fabrication of superhydrophobic metal alloys for a wide range of civilian and military applications.

Superomniphobic surfaces are extremely repellent to virtually all liquids. By combining superomniphobicity and shape memory effect, metamorphic superomniphobic (MorphS) surfaces that transform their morphology in response to heat are developed. Utilizing the MorphS surfaces, the distinctly different wetting transitions of liquids with different surface tensions are demonstrated and the underlying physics is elucidated. Both ex situ and in situ wetting transitions on the MorphS surfaces are solely due to transformations in morphology of the surface texture. It is envisioned that the robust MorphS surfaces with reversible wetting transition will have a wide range of applications including rewritable liquid patterns, controlled drug release systems, lab-on-a-chip devices, and biosensors.