1. Wastewater-based epidemiology to assess human exposure to personal care and household products – A review of biomarkers, analytical methods, and applications
- Author
-
Mira Petrovic, Ivan Senta, Sara Rodríguez-Mozaz, and Lluís Corominas
- Subjects
UAE, ultrasonic-assisted extraction ,3−OH-MeP, methyl protocatechuate ,BPA-SO4, bisphenol A sulfate ,DEHTP, di(2-ethylhexyl) terephthalate ,Sewage chemical information mining ,Human metabolism ,Sewage ,Bisphenols ,010501 environmental sciences ,MRM, multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) ,5−OH−OC, 2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl 2-cyano-3,3-diphenyl acrylate ,01 natural sciences ,bbCID, broadband collision-induced dissociation ,Analytical Chemistry ,EtP, ethylparaben ,Urinary excretion ,DEHA, di-2-ethylhexyl adipate ,Phthalates ,MTBSTFA, N-tert-butyldimethylsilyl-N-methyltrifluoroacetamide ,Plasticizers ,UV filters ,RW, raw wastewater ,Biomonitoring ,EHS, 2-ethylhexyl salicylate (Octisalate) ,SIM, selected ion monitoring ,TPhP, triphenyl phosphate ,ESI, electrospray ionization ,WBE, wastewater-based epidemiology ,DNBP, di-n-butyl phosphate ,GC–MS, gas chromatography‒mass spectrometry ,PE, primary effluent ,6. Clean water ,3. Good health ,DPHP, di-(2-propylheptyl) phthalate ,BBOEHEP, bis(2-butoxyethyl) 2-hydroxyethyl phosphate ,MINCH, Monoisononyl-cyclohexane-1,2-dicarboxylate ,MAE, microwave-assisted extraction ,TBOEP, tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate ,PHHA, p-hydroxyhippuric acid ,UHPLC-MS/MS, ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry ,HPLC-MS/MS, high performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry ,QTRAP, quadrupole-ion trap ,DINCH, di(isononyl)cyclohexane-1,2-dicarboxylate ,QqQ, triple quadrupole ,DPhP, diphenyl phosphate ,PHBA, p-hydroxybenzoic acid ,Parabens ,DHMB, 2,2′-dihydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone (Benzophenone-8, BP-8) ,MEHA, mono-2-ethylhexyl adipate ,SPM, suspended particulate matter ,Flame retardants ,Article ,Sewage epidemiology ,BPA-Glu, bisphenol A glucuronide ,MQL, method quantification limit ,PFRs, phosphorous flame retardants/plasticizers ,Environmental health ,DEHP, di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate ,Excretion rate ,BBOEP, bis(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate ,Environmental Chemistry ,PrP, propylparaben ,Biomarkers ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Entire population ,EHDPhP, 2-ethylhexyldiphenyl phosphate ,OH-MINCH, Cyclohexane-1,2-dicarboxylate-mono-(7-hydroxy-4-methyl) octyl ester ,WWTPs, wastewater treatment plants ,business.industry ,Analytic Chemistry ,SE, secondary (final) effluent ,010401 analytical chemistry ,SPE, solid-phase extraction ,EI, electron ionization ,LC–MS/MS, liquid chromatography‒tandem mass spectrometry ,Wastewater based epidemiology ,ASE, accelerated solvent extraction ,OC, Octocrylene ,MeP, methylparaben ,0104 chemical sciences ,BPA, bisphenol A ,3−OH-EtP, ethyl protocatechuate ,HBM, human biomonitoring ,13. Climate action ,Human exposure ,BP-3, 2,4-dihydroxybenzophenone (Benzophenone-3, Oxybenzone) ,Potential biomarkers ,Q-ToF, quadrupole-time-of-flight ,Environmental Science ,DHB, 2,4-dihydroxybenzophenone (Benzophenone-1, BP-1) ,CPAA, 2-cyano-3,3-diphenylacrylic acid ,Environmental science ,business - Abstract
Humans are nowadays exposed to numerous chemicals in our day-to-day life, including parabens, UV filters, phosphorous flame retardants/plasticizers, bisphenols, phthalates and alternative plasticizers, which can have different adverse effects to human health. Estimating human’s exposure to these potentially harmful substances is, therefore, of paramount importance. Human biomonitoring (HBM) is the existing approach to assess exposure to environmental contaminants, which relies on the analysis of specific human biomarkers (parent compounds and/or their metabolic products) in biological matrices from individuals. The main drawback is its implementation, which involves complex cohort studies. A novel approach, wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE), involves estimating exposure from the analysis of biomarkers in sewage (a pooled urine and feces sample of an entire population). One of the key challenges of WBE is the selection of biomarkers which are specific to human metabolism, excreted in sufficient amounts, and stable in sewage. So far, literature data on potential biomarkers for estimating exposure to these chemicals are scattered over numerous pharmacokinetic and HBM studies. Hence, this review provides a list of potential biomarkers of exposure to more than 30 widely used chemicals and report on their urinary excretion rates. Furthermore, the potential and challenges of WBE in this particular field is discussed through the review of pioneer WBE studies, which for the first time explored applicability of this novel approach to assess human exposure to environmental contaminants. In the future, WBE could be potentially applied as an “early warning system”, which could promptly identify communities with the highest exposure to environmental contaminants.
- Published
- 2020