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Previous studies in the Mezquital Valley evidenced that irrigation with untreated sewage effluent supplies two- to tenfold larger nitrogen doses to crops than common fertilizer recommendations. However, nitrate concentrations in the groundwater are only slightly above threshold concentrations for drinking water. To understand the N dynamics in this agroecosystem, we quantified nitrogen inputs, outputs, and transformations within the rooting zone and in the vadose zone down to the aquifer (i.e., in the critical zone). Single irrigation events were monitored in three different fields cropped with either annual rye grass (Lolium rigidum) or oats (Avena sativa L.) harvested for fodder. For each irrigation event, the total amount of water entering and leaving the field was quantified with a flowmeter. Soil pore water was collected with either microsuction cups or observation wells and groundwater was sampled at two wells. All water samples were analyzed for total nitrogen (Nt), ammonium nitrogen (NH4 +–N), nitrate nitrogen (NO3 −–N), chloride (Cl−1), and pH. Organic N was calculated as the difference between total N and inorganic N. The water tension and the soil water content were monitored before, during, and after the irrigation with tensiometers and TDR probes, respectively, installed at different depths and at three sites within each field. Batch experiments were conducted to assess the NH4 + adsorption capacity of the soils. The irrigations added 537 to 727 kg ha−1 N in form of organic N (40 %) and NH4 +–N (60 %) to the fields. Crops absorbed 65 % of the N and 31 to 66 kg NO3 −–N ha−1 leached out beyond the rooting zone (>40 to 130 cm). Batch experiments evidenced an ammonium adsorption capacity of 43 and 53 % of the input ammonium mass. Nitrification dominated over denitrification as the water infiltrated through the soil, evidenced by changes in nitrate concentrations and pH values in the soil pore water. The behavior of the total N/Cl ratio with depth indicated possible N losses due to NH3 volatilization at the field surface, a temporal withdrawal of N from the soil solution due to NH4 +–N adsorption in the rooting zone, as well as probable denitrification losses in the vadose zone. Although the studied agroecosystem muses the large N inputs relative efficiently, between 7 and 10 % of the added N with each irrigation leaches beyond the crop root zone as nitrate. This is triggered by overflow irrigation, since up to 8,699,000 L of water with N concentrations of up to 50 mg total N L−1 infiltrate rapidly through macropores beyond the rooting zone. Additionally, ammonia volatilization and denitrification seem to be occurring. The latter could provide a self-cleaning potential to the system, if it reaches N2 and needs further verification. Nevertheless, N inputs to the system should match crop uptake to avoid groundwater and atmospheric pollution.

Large attenuation of arsenic is observed in a shallow aquifer in central Mexico, where the concentration decreases from 91.5 to 11.3 mg/L, over 1.3 km horizontal distance. To investigate possible mechanisms of attenuation of this pollutant, we dug a pit between the surface and the saturated zone. We then described the soil profile and determined arsenic and iron concentrations in soil samples as a function of depth. Next, we determined particle size distribution, bulk density, particle density, soil moisture and porosity of the soil material. We also analyzed arsenic concentration in the groundwater. The 2.2 m deep profile intersected 4 soil horizons (A, AB, B1 and B2). We found arsenic accumulation in the B2 horizon, directly overlying the saturated zone. These accumulations coincide with the thickness of the capillary fringe, revealing that arsenic is drawn up in the soil profile by capillary rise of arsenic-contaminated groundwater. Furthermore, arsenic accumulation showed a direct relationship with iron, likely due to arsenic adsorption on iron oxides. Results from this study contribute to understanding a capillary-driven natural attenuation mechanism that removes contaminants from groundwater by sinking them in the capillary fringe.