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Advanced oxidation technology is attracting attention as an effective method of water treatment that can degrade various organic pollutants. The combination of photocatalysis (UV) and ozone (O3) and titanium dioxide (TiO2) is a promising advanced oxidation technology. The combination of ozone, hydrogen peroxide, ultraviolet light and other oxidants for catalytic oxidation is also the current mainstream advanced oxidation technology. They can effectively degrade emerging water pollutants and alleviate water pollution problems. Titanium dioxide, hydrogen peroxide, and ozone are all popular catalysts because of their low cost, non-toxicity, strong oxidizing ability, and easy contact with various surfaces.

Accounting for 10% of the electricity consumption in the US, artificial lighting represents one of the easiest ways to cut household energy bills and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by upgrading to energy-efficient technologies such as compact fluorescent lamps (CFL) and light emitting diodes (LED). However, given the high initial cost and rapidly improving trajectory of solid-state lighting today, estimating the right time to switch over to LEDs from a cost, primary energy, and GHG emissions perspective is not a straightforward problem. This is an optimal replacement problem that depends on many determinants, including how often the lamp is used, the state of the initial lamp, and the trajectories of lighting technology and of electricity generation. In this paper, multiple replacement scenarios of a 60 watt-equivalent A19 lamp are analyzed and for each scenario, a few replacement policies are recommended. For example, at an average use of 3 hr day−1 (US average), it may be optimal both economically and energetically to delay the adoption of LEDs until 2020 with the use of CFLs, whereas purchasing LEDs today may be optimal in terms of GHG emissions. In contrast, incandescent and halogen lamps should be replaced immediately. Based on expected LED improvement, upgrading LED lamps before the end of their rated lifetime may provide cost and environmental savings over time by taking advantage of the higher energy efficiency of newer models.