Author: "Centre for Ecology and Hydrology ( CEH )" / Topic: 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences - Searchworks@Jio Institute Digital Library Search Results

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1. Human influence on climate in the 2014 southern England winter floods and their impacts

Author: Chris Huntingford, Alison L. Kay, Simon Wilson, Karsten Haustein, William Ingram, David Wallom, Peter A. Stott, Robert Vautard, Ian Ashpole, Jonathan Miller, S. M. Crooks, Geert Jan van Oldenborgh, Neil Massey, Sarah Sparrow, Jessica Skeggs, Andy Bowery, Rob Lamb, Nathalie Schaller, Richard G. Jones, Tim Legg, Myles R. Allen, Pascal Yiou, Antje Weisheimer, Friederike E. L. Otto, Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic and Planetary Physics [Oxford] (AOPP), University of Oxford, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon (UNICANCER/CRCL), Centre Léon Bérard [Lyon]-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Computing Laboratory (OUCL), Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI), Max-Planck-Institut für Mathematik in den Naturwissenschaften (MPI-MiS), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Extrèmes : Statistiques, Impacts et Régionalisation (ESTIMR), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre for Ecology and Hydrology (CEH), Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), Centre for Ecology and Hydrology [Wallingford] (CEH), Met Office Hadley Centre for Climate Change (MOHC), United Kingdom Met Office [Exeter], Royal United Hospital, Australian Resources Research Centre, Kensington, Yale School of Medicine [New Haven, Connecticut] (YSM), The MITRE corporation, Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic and Planetary Physics [Oxford] ( AOPP ), University of Oxford [Oxford], Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon ( CRCL ), Centre Léon Bérard [Lyon]-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 ( UCBL ), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale ( INSERM ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Computing Laboratory ( OUCL ), Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute ( KNMI ), Max-Planck-Institut für Mathematik in den Naturwissenschaften, Leipzig ( MPI-MATH ), Max-Planck-Institut, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] ( LSCE ), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines ( UVSQ ) -Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives ( CEA ) -Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Centre for Ecology and Hydrology ( CEH ), Natural Environment Research Council ( NERC ), Centre for Ecology and Hydrology [Wallingford] ( CEH ), Met Office Hadley Centre ( MOHC ), Yale School of Medicine, Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), and Yale University School of Medicine
Subjects: [ SDU.OCEAN ] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Hydrological modelling, 0208 environmental biotechnology, Drainage basin, 02 engineering and technology, Environmental Science (miscellaneous), 01 natural sciences, Meteorology and Climatology, [ SDU.ENVI ] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, Precipitation, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, Flood myth, Flooding (psychology), Storm, 6. Clean water, 020801 environmental engineering, 13. Climate action, Climatology, Snowmelt, Environmental science, Climate model, Hydrology, Social Sciences (miscellaneous)
Abstract: A succession of storms reaching Southern England in the winter of 2013/2014 caused severe floods and £451 million insured losses. In a large ensemble of climate model simulations, we find that, as well as increasing the amount of moisture the atmosphere can hold, anthropogenic warming caused a small but significant increase in the number of January days with westerly flow, both of which increased extreme precipitation. Hydrological modelling indicates this increased extreme 30-day-average Thames river flows, and slightly increased daily peak flows, consistent with the understanding of the catchment’s sensitivity to longer-duration precipitation and changes in the role of snowmelt. Consequently, flood risk mapping shows a small increase in properties in the Thames catchment potentially at risk of riverine flooding, with a substantial range of uncertainty, demonstrating the importance of explicit modelling of impacts and relatively subtle changes in weather-related risks when quantifying present-day effects of human influence on climate.
Published: 2016

2. Terrestrial mosses as biomonitors of atmospheric POPs pollution: a review

Author: Gina Mills, Valérie Simon, Harry Harmens, Louise Foan, Centre for Ecology and Hydrology (CEH), Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), Laboratoire de Chimie Agro-Industrielle (LCA), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Toulouse, Centre for Ecology and Hydrology - CEH (UNITED KINGDOM), Institut National Polytechnique de Toulouse - Toulouse INP (FRANCE), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - INRA (FRANCE), Laboratoire de Chimie Agro-Industrielle - LCA (Toulouse, France), Chimie Agro-Industrielle (CAI), Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Ecole nationale supérieure des ingénieurs en arts chimiques et technologiques-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), United Kingdom Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra) [AQ0816], UNECE (Trust Fund), and Institut National Polytechnique de Toulouse - INPT (FRANCE)
Subjects: Pollution, Polychlorinated Dibenzodioxins, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis, media_common.quotation_subject, Bryophyta, Atmospheric deposition, 010501 environmental sciences, Toxicology, 01 natural sciences, Ecology and Environment, Polybrominated diphenyl ethers, [CHIM.GENI]Chemical Sciences/Chemical engineering, [SDV.EE.ECO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Ecosystems, Air Pollution, Biomonitoring, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers, Génie chimique, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, media_common, Pollutant, Ecologie, Environnement, [SDV.EE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment, [SDV.EE.SANT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Health, Air Pollutants, Santé, Persistent organic pollutants, Bryophytes, General Medicine, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, Deposition (aerosol physics), Ecosystèmes, 13. Climate action, Environmental chemistry, Environmental science, Environmental Monitoring
Abstract: International audience; Worldwide there is concern about the continuing release of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) into the environment. In this study we review the application of mosses as biomonitors of atmospheric deposition of POPs. Examples in the literature show that mosses are suitable organisms to monitor spatial patterns and temporal trends of atmospheric concentrations or deposition of POPs. These examples include polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorobiphenyls (PCBs), dioxins and furans (PCDD/Fs), and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). The majority of studies report on PAHs concentrations in mosses and relative few studies have been conducted on other POPs. So far, many studies have focused on spatial patterns around pollution sources or the concentration in mosses in remote areas such as the polar regions, as an indication of long-range transport of POPs. Very few studies have determined temporal trends or have directly related the concentrations in mosses with measured atmospheric concentrations and/or deposition fluxes.
Published: 2013

3. Fast attrition of springtail communities by experimental drought and richness-decomposition relationships across Europe

Author: Jean-François Ponge, Ivan A. Janssens, Martin Holmstrup, György Kröel-Dulay, Marc Estiarte, Inger Kappel Schmidt, Daniel Sol, Mireia Bartrons, Miquel A. Arnedo, Claus Beier, Guille Peguero, Henning Petersen, Bridget A. Emmett, Sandrine Salmon, Edit Kovács-Láng, Joan Maspons, Josep Peñuelas, Albert Tietema, Paolo De Angelis, Department of Biology (University of Antwerp), University of Antwerp (UA), CREAF, Department of Animal Biology (Institute for Research on Biodiversity (IRBio)), University of Barcelona, Natural History Museum, Mols Laboratory, Mécanismes Adaptatifs et Evolution (MECADEV), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre de Recerca Ecològica i Aplicacions Forestals, Univ. Autònoma de Barcelona (CREAF), université de Barcelone, Environment Centre Wales, Centre for Ecology and Hydrology (CEH), Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management [Copenhagen] (IGN), Faculty of Science [Copenhagen], University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (KU)-University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (KU), Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics - IBED (NETHERLANDS), Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED), Università degli studi della Tuscia [Viterbo], Centre for Ecological Research [Budapest], Eötvös Loránd University (ELTE)-Hungarian Academy of Sciences (MTA), Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CEAB-CSIC, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Department of Biological Sciences, Aarhus University, Research Group of Plant and Vegetation Ecology, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, Centre de Recerca Ecològica i Aplicacions Forestals (CREAF), and Ecosystem and Landscape Dynamics (IBED, FNWI)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, biodiversity-ecosystem functioning, Biodiversity, shrublands, Climate change, drought, litter decomposition, Biology, [SDV.SA.SDS]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Soil study, Springtail, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Ecology and Environment, Soil fauna, [SDV.EE.ECO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Ecosystems, Abundance (ecology), Animals, Environmental Chemistry, Ecosystem, Phylogeny, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, General Environmental Science, Global and Planetary Change, Ecology, Drought, Detritivore, Litter decomposition, 15. Life on land, biology.organism_classification, Droughts, Biodiversity-ecosystem functioning, Europe, Chemistry, Phylogenetic diversity, climate change, 13. Climate action, Shrublands, Collembola, Species richness, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, soil fauna
Abstract: Altres ajuts: Ramon Areces Foundation. Grant Number BEVP27P01A3355 Soil fauna play a fundamental role on key ecosystem functions like organic matter decomposition, although how local assemblages are responding to climate change and whether these changes may have consequences to ecosystem functioning is less clear. Previous studies have revealed that a continued environmental stress may result in poorer communities by filtering out the most sensitive species. However, these experiments have rarely been applied to climate change factors combining multiyear and multisite standardized field treatments across climatically contrasting regions, which has limited drawing general conclusions. Moreover, other facets of biodiversity, such as functional and phylogenetic diversity, potentially more closely linked to ecosystem functioning, have been largely neglected. Here, we report that the abundance, species richness, phylogenetic diversity, and functional richness of springtails (Subclass Collembola), a major group of fungivores and detritivores, decreased within 4 years of experimental drought across six European shrublands. The loss of phylogenetic and functional richness was higher than expected by the loss of species richness, leading to communities of phylogenetically similar species sharing evolutionary conserved traits. Additionally, despite the great climatic differences among study sites, we found that taxonomic, phylogenetic, and functional richness of springtail communities alone were able to explain up to 30% of the variation in annual decomposition rates. Altogether, our results suggest that the forecasted reductions in precipitation associated with climate change may erode springtail communities and likely other drought-sensitive soil invertebrates, thereby retarding litter decomposition and nutrient cycling in ecosystems
Published: 2019

4. Neural network analysis to evaluate ozone damage to vegetation under different climatic conditions

Author: Flavia Savi, Eiko Nemitz, Mhairi Coyle, Matt Aitkenhead, Kfa Frumau, Giacomo Gerosa, Angelo Finco, Carten Gruening, Ignacio Goded, Benjamin Loubet, Patrick Stella, Taaina Ruuskanen, T. Weidinger, L. Horvath, Terenzio Zenone, Silvano Fares, Research Centre for Forestry and Wood, Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l’analisi dell’economia agraria (CREA), NERC Centre of Ecology and Hydrology (CEH), Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), The James Hutton Institute, Energy Research Centre of the Netherlands (ECN), Università cattolica del Sacro Cuore [Brescia] (Unicatt), European Commission - Joint Research Centre [Ispra] (JRC), Ecologie fonctionnelle et écotoxicologie des agroécosystèmes (ECOSYS), AgroParisTech-Université Paris-Saclay-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Sciences pour l'Action et le Développement : Activités, Produits, Territoires (SADAPT), University of Helsinki, Eötvös Loránd University (ELTE), Hungarian Meteorological Service (OMSz), Szent István University, College of Life and Environmental Sciences [Exeter], University of Exeter, CNR - National Research Council of Italy, Staff Services, and INAR Physics
Subjects: 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, FLUX MEASUREMENTS, 010501 environmental sciences, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, CARBON-DIOXIDE, forest, lcsh:Forestry, DEPOSITION, lcsh:Environmental sciences, media_common, lcsh:GE1-350, tropospheric ozone, Global and Planetary Change, 4112 Forestry, geography.geographical_feature_category, Ecology, Phenology, [SDE.IE]Environmental Sciences/Environmental Engineering, Forestry, climate change, GROWTH, RISK-ASSESSMENT, artificial neural networks, Pollution, net ecosystem exchange, media_common.quotation_subject, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, STOMATAL CONDUCTANCE, Eddy covariance, Climate change, Environmental Science (miscellaneous), Shrubland, Atmospheric Sciences, Settore BIO/07 - ECOLOGIA, Ecosystem, Tropospheric ozone, effects, Settore FIS/06 - FISICA PER IL SISTEMA TERRA E IL MEZZO CIRCUMTERRESTRE, 1172 Environmental sciences, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Nature and Landscape Conservation, Pollutant, geography, 15. Life on land, ozone fluxes, CO2 fluxes, chemistry, 13. Climate action, lcsh:SD1-669.5, Environmental science, ECOSYSTEM, european forest, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, stomatal deposition, PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY
Abstract: Tropospheric ozone (O-3) is probably the air pollutant most damaging to vegetation. Understanding how plants respond to O(3)pollution under different climate conditions is of central importance for predicting the interactions between climate change, ozone impact and vegetation. This work analyses the effect of O(3)fluxes on net ecosystem productivity (NEP), measured directly at the ecosystem level with the eddy covariance (EC) technique. The relationship was explored with artificial neural networks (ANNs), which were used to model NEP using environmental and phenological variables as inputs in addition to stomatal O(3)uptake in Spring and Summer, when O(3)pollution is expected to be highest. A sensitivity analysis allowed us to isolate the effect of O-3, visualize the shape of the O-3-NEP functional relationship and explore how climatic variables affect NEP response to O-3. This approach has been applied to eleven ecosystems covering a range of climatic areas. The analysis highlighted that O(3)effects over NEP are highly non-linear and site-specific. A significant but small NEP reduction was found during Spring in a Scottish shrubland (-0.67%), in two Italian forests (up to -1.37%) and during Summer in a Californian orange orchard (-1.25%). Although the overall seasonal effect of O(3)on NEP was not found to be negative for the other sites, with episodic O(3)detrimental effect still identified. These episodes were correlated with meteorological variables showing that O(3)damage depends on weather conditions. By identifying O(3)damage under field conditions and the environmental factors influencing to that damage, this work provides an insight into O(3)pollution, climate and weather conditions.
Published: 2020

5. The GenTree Dendroecological Collection, tree-ring and wood density data from seven tree species across Europe

Author: Marlène Lefebvre, Ermioni Malliarou, Silvia Matesanz, Benjamin Dauphin, Marc Villar, Giovanni G. Vendramin, Jean Thevenet, Guillaume Bodineau, Johan Westin, José Alberto Ramírez-Valiente, Katrin Heer, Juan J. Robledo-Arnuncio, Elisabet Martínez-Sancho, Mirko Liesebach, Olivier Gilg, Pascal Milesi, Dominique Veisse, Frédéric Bernier, Eduardo Notivol, Sonja T. Kujala, Cristina C. Bastias, Vincent Lejeune, Bruno Fady, Célia Michotey, Felix Gugerli, Annie Raffin, Claudio Grefen, José M. García del Barrio, Marianne Correard, Florian Knutzen, Norbert Turion, Tanja Pyhäjärvi, Tor Myking, Mariaceleste Labriola, Silvio Schueler, Camilla Avanzi, Bárbara Carvalho, Lenka Slámová, Christophe Plomion, Anna-Maria Farsakoglou, Fernando Valladares, Andrea Piotti, Evangelos Barbas, José Climent, Florence Courdier, Ilaria Spanu, Patrick Fonti, Jean-Paul Charpentier, Birte Pakull, Nicolas Mariotte, Ricardo Alía, Vladimir L. Semerikov, Sandro Morganti, Outi Savolainen, Stephen Cavers, Georg von Arx, Francesca Bagnoli, Arnaud Jouineau, Mari Mette Tollefsrud, Kurt Ramskogler, Catherine Bastien, Filippos A. Aravanopoulos, Katri Kärkkäinen, Grégoire Le-Provost, Christian Rellstab, Darius Danusevičius, Lars Opgenoorth, Martin Lascoux, Santiago C. González-Martínez, Christoph Hartleitner, Agathe Hurel, Raquel Benavides, Mehdi Pringarbe, Alan Gray, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Philipps University, Department of Biogeography and Global Change, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (CSIC), Bavarian Office for Forest Seeding and Planting, Partenaires INRAE, Centre for Ecology and Hydrology (CEH), Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Ecologie des Forêts Méditerranéennes (URFM), Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria = National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology (INIA), Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Institute of the Science of Food Production. CNR., Biologie intégrée pour la valorisation de la diversité des arbres et de la forêt (BioForA), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Office National des Forêts (ONF), Unité expérimentale Forêt Pierroton (UEFP), Génétique et Biomasse Forestières Orléans (GBFOR), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Vytautas Magnus Univ, Biodiversité, Gènes & Communautés (BioGeCo), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), LIECO GmbH & Co KG, University of Oulu, Uppsala University, Thünen Institute of Forest Genetics, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos [Madrid] (URJC), Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research (NIBIO), Centro de Investigacion y Tecnologia Agroalimentaria de Aragon (CITA), Unité Expérimentale Entomologie et Forêt Méditerranéenne (UEFM), Austrian Research Centre for Forests (BFW), Institute of Plant and Animal Ecology, Ural Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences (UB RAS), and Skogforsk - Swedish Forestry Research Institute
Subjects: Statistics and Probability, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Skogsvetenskap, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Library and Information Sciences, tree-ring and wood density, 01 natural sciences, Black poplar, Ecology and Environment, Education, 03 medical and health sciences, Fagus sylvatica, Recursos genéticos forestales, lcsh:Science, Beech, 030304 developmental biology, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, 0303 health sciences, biology, Forest Science, Scots pine, Botany, VDP::Landbruks- og Fiskerifag: 900::Landbruksfag: 910::Skogbruk: 915, Forestry, Picea abies, Botanik, 15. Life on land, biology.organism_classification, Bases de datos, Computer Science Applications, Geography, Betula pendula, Pinus pinaster, lcsh:Q, Quercus petraea, Forest ecology, Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty, Europa, Information Systems
Abstract: The dataset presented here was collected by the GenTree project (EU-Horizon 2020), which aims to improve the use of forest genetic resources across Europe by better understanding how trees adapt to their local environment. This dataset of individual tree-core characteristics including ring-width series and whole-core wood density was collected for seven ecologically and economically important European tree species: silver birch (Betula pendula), European beech (Fagus sylvatica), Norway spruce (Picea abies), European black poplar (Populus nigra), maritime pine (Pinus pinaster), Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris), and sessile oak (Quercus petraea). Tree-ring width measurements were obtained from 3600 trees in 142 populations and whole-core wood density was measured for 3098 trees in 125 populations. This dataset covers most of the geographical and climatic range occupied by the selected species. The potential use of it will be highly valuable for assessing ecological and evolutionary responses to environmental conditions as well as for model development and parameterization, to predict adaptability under climate change scenarios. Measurement(s) growth ring • wood density Technology Type(s) measuring table • calculation Factor Type(s) tree species Sample Characteristic - Organism Betula pendula • Fagus sylvatica • Picea abies • Populus nigra • Pinus pinaster • Pinus sylvestris • Quercus petraea Sample Characteristic - Location Europe Published
Published: 2020
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6. Country-scale greenhouse gas budgets using shipborne measurements: a case study for the UK and Ireland

Author: Paul I. Palmer, Neil Mullinger, Carole Helfter, Simon O'Doherty, Michel Ramonet, Eiko Nemitz, Massimo Vieno, Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Department of geography [London], King‘s College London, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), ICOS-RAMCES (ICOS-RAMCES), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), NERC Centre of Ecology and Hydrology (CEH), Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), and Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)
Subjects: Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, 010501 environmental sciences, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, Methane, Atmospheric Sciences, lcsh:Chemistry, chemistry.chemical_compound, United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, Natural gas, medicine, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Topsoil, business.industry, Seasonality, medicine.disease, lcsh:QC1-999, Waste treatment, lcsh:QD1-999, chemistry, 13. Climate action, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], Greenhouse gas, Carbon dioxide, Environmental science, business, lcsh:Physics
Abstract: We present a mass balance approach to estimate the seasonal and annual budgets of carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) of the United Kingdom (excluding Scotland) and the Republic of Ireland from concentration measurements taken on a ferry along the east coast of the United Kingdom over a 3-year period (2015–2017). We estimate the annual emissions of CH4 to be 2.55±0.48 Tg, which is consistent with the combined 2.29 Tg reported to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change by the individual countries. The net CO2 budget (i.e. including all anthropogenic and biogenic sources and sinks of CO2) is estimated at 881.0±125.8 Tg, with a net biogenic contribution of 458.7 Tg (taken as the difference between the estimated net emissions and the inventory value, which accounts for anthropogenic emissions only). The largest emissions for both gases were observed in a broad latitudinal band (52.5–54∘ N), which coincides with densely populated areas. The emissions of both gases were seasonal (maxima in winter and minima in summer), strongly correlated with natural gas usage and, to a lesser extent, also anti-correlated with mean air temperature. Methane emissions exhibited a statistically significant anti-correlation with air temperature at the seasonal timescale in the central region spanning 52.8–54.2∘ N, which hosts a relatively high density of waste treatment facilities. Methane emissions from landfills have been shown to sometimes increase with decreasing air temperature due to changes in the CH4-oxidising potential of the topsoil, and we speculate that the waste sector contributes significantly to the CH4 budget of this central region. This study brings independent verification of the emission budgets estimated using alternative products (e.g. mass balance budgets by aircraft measurements, inverse modelling, inventorying) and offers an opportunity to investigate the seasonality of these emissions, which is usually not possible.
Published: 2019

7. Incorporating Biodiversity into Biogeochemistry Models to Improve Prediction of Ecosystem Services in Temperate Grasslands: Review and Roadmap

Author: Gianni Bellocchi, Marcel van Oijen, Gaëtan Louarn, Susanne Rolinski, Roberto Confalonieri, Panu Korhonen, Frédérique Louault, Nicolas Viovy, Catherine Picon-Cochard, Thibault Moulin, Zoltán Barcza, György Kröel-Dulay, Stephen Wirth, Raphaël Martin, Eszter Lellei-Kovács, Ermes Movedi, Centre for Ecology and Hydrology (CEH), Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), Eötvös Loránd University (ELTE), Università degli Studi di Milano = University of Milan (UNIMI), Natural Resources Institute Finland (LUKE), MTA Centre for Ecological Research [Tihany], Hungarian Academy of Sciences (MTA), Unité de Recherche Pluridisciplinaire Prairies et Plantes Fourragères (P3F), Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Unité Mixte de Recherche sur l'Ecosystème Prairial - UMR (UREP), VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS), Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Modélisation des Surfaces et Interfaces Continentales (MOSAIC), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), ANR-16-IDEX-0001,CAP 20-25,CAP 20-25(2016), Università degli Studi di Milano [Milano] (UNIMI), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), and Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Biogeochemical cycle, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Environmental change, Biodiversity, species, Carbon sequestration, functional types, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Ecology and Environment, Ecosystem services, lcsh:Agriculture, [SDV.EE.ECO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Ecosystems, traits, biogeochemistry, process-based modelling, Ecosystem, biodiversity, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, 2. Zero hunger, Abiotic component, experiments vs non-intrusive studies, business.industry, Environmental resource management, lcsh:S, Biogeochemistry, environmental change, 15. Life on land, 13. Climate action, Environmental science, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, ecosystem services, business, Agronomy and Crop Science, experiments vs. non-intrusive studies
Abstract: International audience; Multi-species grasslands are reservoirs of biodiversity and provide multiple ecosystem services, including fodder production and carbon sequestration. The provision of these services depends on the control exerted on the biogeochemistry and plant diversity of the system by the interplay of biotic and abiotic factors, e.g., grazing or mowing intensity. Biogeochemical models incorporate a mechanistic view of the functioning of grasslands and provide a sound basis for studying the underlying processes. However, in these models, the simulation of biogeochemical cycles is generally not coupled to simulation of plant species dynamics, which leads to considerable uncertainty about the quality of predictions. Ecological models, on the other hand, do account for biodiversity with approaches adopted from plant demography, but without linking the dynamics of plant species to the biogeochemical processes occurring at the community level, and this hampers the models' capacity to assess resilience against abiotic stresses such as drought and nutrient limitation. While setting out the state-of-the-art developments of biogeochemical and ecological modelling, we explore and highlight the role of plant diversity in the regulation of the ecosystem processes underlying the ecosystems services provided by multi-species grasslands. An extensive literature and model survey was carried out with an emphasis on technically advanced models reconciling Agronomy 2020, 10, 259 2 of 25 biogeochemistry and biodiversity, which are readily applicable to managed grasslands in temperate latitudes. We propose a roadmap of promising developments in modelling.
Published: 2020

8. Isotopic evidence for oligotrophication of terrestrial ecosystems

Author: Lei Fujiyoshi, Melissa A. Dawes, Lixin Wang, Xingliang Xu, Terrence P. McGlynn, Pascal Boeckx, Andrew J. Elmore, Sylvain Delzon, Rossella Guerrieri, Dewidine Van der Colff, Michael J. Gundale, Guirui Yu, Pablo Luis Peri, Stella G. Mosher, Paul Szpak, Rebecca Sanders-DeMott, Yunting Fang, Tanaka Kenzo, Mathieu Jonard, Mikhail I. Makarov, Marijn Bauters, David M. Nelson, Sara Marañón-Jiménez, Alex Fajardo, Julieta N. Aranibar, Minghua Song, Joseph M. Craine, Peter Hietz, Elizabeth Kearsley, Christiane Werner, Yang Yang, Pamela H. Templer, Alan Gray, David J. Hawke, Jean Christophe Roggy, Brenden E. McNeil, Brooke E. Crowley, Katarzyna Zmudczyńska-Skarbek, Jonah Ventures, Appalachian Laboratory, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science (UMCES), University of Maryland System-University of Maryland System, Indiana University, Indiana University System, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universiteit Gent = Ghent University [Belgium] (UGENT), University of Cincinnati (UC), Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Biodiversité, Gènes & Communautés (BioGeCo), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Bordeaux (UB), Centro de Investigación en Ecosistemas de la Patagonia (CIEP), Universidad Austral de Chile, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Research Institute for Humanity and Nature (RIHN), Centre for Ecology and Hydrology (CEH), Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Centre for Ecological Research and Forestry Applications (CREAF), Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Ara Institute of Canterbury, Institute of Botany, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien [Vienne, Autriche] (BOKU), Earth and Life Institute [Louvain-La-Neuve] (ELI), Université Catholique de Louvain = Catholic University of Louvain (UCL), Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute (FFPRI), Lomonosov Moscow State University (MSU), Universidad de Granada (UGR), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC), California State University, Partenaires INRAE, Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History (NMNH), Department of Geology and Geography, Sofia University ‘St. Kliment Ohridsky', Department of Geology, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia Austral (UNPA), Ecologie des forêts de Guyane (UMR ECOFOG), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-AgroParisTech-Université de Guyane (UG)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université des Antilles (UA), Department of Biology [Gainesville] (UF|Biology), University of Florida [Gainesville] (UF), University of New Hampshire (UNH), Department of Anthropology, Trent University, South African National Biodiversity Institute, University of Freiburg [Freiburg], College of Resources and Environment, Shanxi Agricultural University [Jinzhong], University of Gdańsk (UG), UCL - SST/ELI/ELIE - Environmental Sciences, Craine J.M., Elmore A.J., Wang L., Aranibar J., Bauters M., Boeckx P., Crowley B.E., Dawes M.A., Delzon S., Fajardo A., Fang Y., Fujiyoshi L., Gray A., Guerrieri R., Gundale M.J., Hawke D.J., Hietz P., Jonard M., Kearsley E., Kenzo T., Makarov M., Maranon-Jimenez S., McGlynn T.P., McNeil B.E., Mosher S.G., Nelson D., Peri P.L., Roggy J.C., Sanders-Demott R., Song M., Szpak P., Templer P.H., Van der Colff D., Werner C., Xu X., Yang Y., Yu G., and Zmudczynska-Skarbek K.
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Delta, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Nitrogen, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Growing season, Nutritional stress, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Ciencias Biológicas, oligotrophication, Nutrient, Isotopes, Ecosystem, Terrestrial carbon uptake, Nitrogen cycle, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, 2. Zero hunger, Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere, Ecology, terrestrial ecosystems, food and beverages, Plant, isotopic, Eutrophication, 15. Life on land, Ecología, sylviculture, foliar, Environmental science, Terrestrial ecosystem, Nitrogen Isotope, CIENCIAS NATURALES Y EXACTAS
Abstract: Human societies depend on an Earth system that operates within a constrained range of nutrient availability, yet the recent trajectory of terrestrial nitrogen (N) availability is uncertain. Examining patterns of foliar N concentrations and isotope ratios (δ 15 N) from more than 43,000 samples acquired over 37 years, here we show that foliar N concentration declined by 9% and foliar δ 15 N declined by 0.6–1.6‰. Examining patterns across different climate spaces, foliar δ 15 N declined across the entire range of mean annual temperature and mean annual precipitation tested. These results suggest declines in N supply relative to plant demand at the global scale. In all, there are now multiple lines of evidence of declining N availability in many unfertilized terrestrial ecosystems, including declines in δ 15 N of tree rings and leaves from herbarium samples over the past 75–150 years. These patterns are consistent with the proposed consequences of elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide and longer growing seasons. These declines will limit future terrestrial carbon uptake and increase nutritional stress for herbivores. Fil: Craine, Joseph M.. Jonah Ventures; Estados Unidos Fil: Elmore, Andrew J.. University of Maryland; Estados Unidos Fil: Wang, Lixin. Indiana University; Estados Unidos. Purdue University; Estados Unidos Fil: Aranibar, Julieta Nelida. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mendoza. Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales. Provincia de Mendoza. Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales; Argentina Fil: Bauters, Marijn. University of Ghent; Bélgica Fil: Boeckx, Pascal. University of Ghent; Bélgica Fil: Crowley, Brooke E.. University of Cincinnati; Estados Unidos Fil: Dawes, Melissa A.. Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research; Suiza Fil: Delzon, Sylvain. Universite de Bordeaux; Francia. Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique; Francia Fil: Fajardo, Alex. Centro de Investigación en Ecosistemas de la Patagonia; Chile Fil: Fang, Yunting. Chinese Academy of Sciences; República de China Fil: Fujiyoshi, Lei. Research Institute for Humanity and Nature; Japón Fil: Gray, Alan. North American Electric Reliability Corporation. Centre for Ecology and Hydrology; Estados Unidos Fil: Guerrieri, Rossella. Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas. Centre de Recerca Ecológica I Aplicacions Forestals; España Fil: Gundale, Michael J.. Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences; Suecia Fil: Hawke, David J.. Ara Institute of Canterbury. Department of Science and Primary Industries; Nueva Zelanda Fil: Hietz, Peter. University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences. Institute of Botany; Austria Fil: Jonard, Mathieu. Université Catholique de Louvain; Bélgica Fil: Kearsley, Elizabeth. University of Ghent; Bélgica Fil: Kenzo, Tanaka. Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute. Department of Plant Ecology; Japón Fil: Makarov, Mikhail. Moscow M.V. Lomonosov State University; Rusia Fil: Marañón Jiménez, Sara. Universidad de Granada; España. Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas. Centre de Recerca Ecológica I Aplicacions Forestals; España Fil: McGlynn, Terrence P.. University of California; Estados Unidos. Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County. Department of Entomology; Estados Unidos Fil: McNeil, Brenden E.. West Virginia University. Department of Geology and Geography; Estados Unidos Fil: Mosher, Stella G.. University of Cincinnati; Estados Unidos Fil: Nelson, David M.. University of Maryland; Estados Unidos Fil: Peri, Pablo Luis. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia Austral; Argentina. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria; Argentina Fil: Roggy, Jean Christophe. Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique; Francia. Ecologie des Forêts de Guyane; Francia Fil: Sanders Demott, Rebecca. Boston University; Estados Unidos Fil: Song, Minghua. Chinese Academy of Sciences; República de China Fil: Szpak, Paul. Trent University. Department of Anthropology; Canadá Fil: Templer, Pamela H.. Boston University; Estados Unidos Fil: Van der Colff, Dewidine. South African National Biodiversity Institute; Sudáfrica Fil: Werner, Christiane. Albert Ludwigs University of Freiburg; Alemania Fil: Xu, Xingliang. Chinese Academy of Sciences; República de China Fil: Yang, Yang. Chinese Academy of Sciences; República de China Fil: Yu, Guirui. Chinese Academy of Sciences; República de China. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences. College of Resources and Environment; República de China Fil: Zmudczyńska Skarbek, Katarzyna. University of Gdańsk; Polonia
Published: 2018

9. Reply to: Data do not support large-scale oligotrophication of terrestrial ecosystems

Author: Andrew J. Elmore, Lixin Wang, Yunting Fang, Pablo Luis Peri, Rossella Guerrieri, Michael J. Gundale, Pamela H. Templer, Alan Gray, Sylvain Delzon, Peter Hietz, Joseph M. Craine, Christiane Werner, David M. Nelson, Pascal Boeckx, Jonah Ventures, Appalachian Laboratory, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science (UMCES), University of Maryland System-University of Maryland System, Indiana University, Indiana University System, Universiteit Gent = Ghent University [Belgium] (UGENT), Biodiversité, Gènes & Communautés (BioGeCo), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Bordeaux (UB), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Centre for Ecology and Hydrology (CEH), Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Centre for Ecological Research and Forestry Applications (CREAF), Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Institute of Botany, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien [Vienne, Autriche] (BOKU), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Department of Biology [Gainesville] (UF|Biology), University of Florida [Gainesville] (UF), Universite de Fribourg, Craine J.M., Elmore A.J., Wang L., Boeckx P., Delzon S., Fang Y., Gray A., Guerrieri R., Gundale M.J., Hietz P., Nelson D.M., Peri P.L., Templer P.H., and Werner C.
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Nitrogen deposition, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Scale (ratio), Climate Change, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Climate change, Atmospheric sciences, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, N deposition, Ciencias Biológicas, oligotrophication, Ecosystem, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, N availability, Ecology, Ecología, 15. Life on land, plant δ15N, Environmental science, Terrestrial ecosystem, CIENCIAS NATURALES Y EXACTAS
Abstract: There are many reasons that the isotopic signature of deposited N is unlikely to be causing the declines in plant δ15N. Although our analysis of foliar δ15N was limited to after 1980, declines in foliar, tree-ring and sediment δ15N pre-date the onset of widespread inorganic N fertilizer use, as well as any timing ofshifts to more reduced forms of N in deposition. Also, despite variation in the isotopic signatures of N deposition and its sources, there is no evidence currently that the signature of atmospheric N deposition has been declining overtime. A global, comprehensive dataset on the signature of N deposition does not exist and would be helpful to generate. Yet, even if the isotopic signature of N deposition has been declining, changes in N availability can have a stronger influence on plant δ15N than the signature of added N. Fil: Craine, Joseph M.. No especifíca; Fil: Elmore, Andrew J.. University of Maryland; Estados Unidos Fil: Wang, Lixin. No especifíca; Fil: Boeckx, Pascal. University of Ghent; Bélgica Fil: Delzon, Sylvain. Universite de Bordeaux; Francia Fil: Fang, Yunting. Chinese Academy of Sciences; República de China Fil: Gray, Alan. No especifíca; Fil: Guerrieri, Rossella. Centre for Ecological Research and Forestry Applications; España Fil: Gundale, Michael J.. Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences; Suecia Fil: Hietz, Peter. University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences; Austria Fil: Nelson, David M.. University of Maryland; Estados Unidos Fil: Peri, Pablo Luis. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro de Investigaciones y Transferencia de Santa Cruz. Universidad Tecnológica Nacional. Facultad Regional Santa Cruz. Centro de Investigaciones y Transferencia de Santa Cruz. Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia Austral. Centro de Investigaciones y Transferencia de Santa Cruz; Argentina Fil: Templer, Pamela H.. Boston University; Estados Unidos Fil: Werner, Christiane. Albert Ludwigs University of Freiburg; Alemania
Published: 2019

10. Interpreting canopy development and physiology using a European phenology camera network at flux sites

Author: Bernard Longdoz, Cristina Gimeno, Christophe Moisy, Christine Moureaux, Andres Plaza-Aguilar, A. Ibrom, Matthew Wilkinson, Tanguy Manise, Pasi Kolari, Katja Klumpp, Eero Nikinmaa, Thomas Grünwald, Charles George, Dario Papale, Richard Joffre, Barbara Köstner, Lukas Hörtnagl, Lisa Wingate, Georg Wohlfahrt, Birgit Gielen, Werner Eugster, Albert Porcar-Castell, Hella Ellen Ahrends, Jean-Marc Ourcival, Marta Galvagno, Werner L. Kutsch, Bernard Heinesch, Michael Sprintsin, Tatsuro Nakaji, Olaf Kolle, Margareta Hellström, Bernard Genty, Anders Lindroth, Dominique Guyon, James I. L. Morison, Gianluca Filippa, John Grace, Edoardo Cremonese, Jérôme Ogée, Jin-Hong Guan, Albin Hammerle, Janne Levula, Toshie Mizunuma, Alexander Knohl, Dan Yakir, Manuela Balzarolo, Mirco Migliavacca, Interactions Sol Plante Atmosphère (UMR ISPA), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Sciences Agronomiques de Bordeaux-Aquitaine (Bordeaux Sciences Agro), Aosta Valley Regional Environmental Protection Agency (ARPA), University of Edinburgh, Max-Planck-Institut für Biogeochemie (MPI-BGC), Alice Holt Lodge, Forest Research [Great Britain], Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech [Gembloux], Université de Liège, European Academy of Bozen-Bolzano (EURAC), Universität Innsbruck [Innsbruck], Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Centro de Estudios Ambientales del Mediterraneo, University of Helsinki, Hokkaido University [Sapporo, Japan], Georg-August-University [Göttingen], Johann Heinrich von Thünen Institute, Federal Research Institute for Rural Areas, Forestry and Fisheries, Institute of Sea Fisheries, Risø National Laboratory for Sustainable Energy (Risø DTU), Technical University of Denmark [Lyngby] (DTU), Universiteit Antwerpen [Antwerpen], Università degli studi della Tuscia [Viterbo], Département Ecologie des Forêts, Prairies et milieux Aquatiques (DEPT EFPA), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Technische Universität Dresden = Dresden University of Technology (TU Dresden), Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Lund University [Lund], Centre for Ecology and Hydrology (CEH), Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), Ecologie et Ecophysiologie Forestières [devient SILVA en 2018] (EEF), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Lorraine (UL), Biologie végétale et microbiologie environnementale - UMR7265 (BVME), Institut de Biosciences et Biotechnologies d'Aix-Marseille (ex-IBEB) (BIAM), Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Weizmann Institute of Science [Rehovot, Israël], Universität zu Köln, Department of Plant Sciences (Cambridge, UK), University of Cambridge [UK] (CAM), Interactions Sol Plante Atmosphère (ISPA), Forest Research, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Hokkaido University, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Technische Universität Dresden (TUD), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UM3), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Weizmann Institute of Science, Helsingin yliopisto = Helsingfors universitet = University of Helsinki, Georg-August-University = Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Danmarks Tekniske Universitet = Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Universiteit Antwerpen = University of Antwerpen [Antwerpen], Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)), Universität zu Köln = University of Cologne, Department of Forest Sciences, Department of Physics, Eero Nikinmaa / Principal Investigator, Viikki Plant Science Centre (ViPS), Ecosystem processes (INAR Forest Sciences), Micrometeorology and biogeochemical cycles, and Forest Ecology and Management
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Canopy, DECIDUOUS BROADLEAF FOREST, NET CARBON UPTAKE, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], lcsh:Life, 01 natural sciences, regression analysis, digital image, SDG 13 - Climate Action, spatiotemporal analysis, SDG 15 - Life on Land, 4112 Forestry, concentration (composition), Ecology, Phenology, Physics, lcsh:QE1-996.5, Temperate forest, deciduous forest, Vegetation, parameterization, Europe, Chemistry, Deciduous, TEMPERATE FOREST, 1181 Ecology, evolutionary biology, canopy development, Growing season, photoperiod, phenology, 114 Physical sciences, 010603 evolutionary biology, Ecology and Environment, ECOSYSTEM RESPIRATION, pigment, lcsh:QH540-549.5, Segmented regression, SCOTS PINE, Biology, 1172 Environmental sciences, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Earth-Surface Processes, videography, LEAF CHLOROPHYLL, carbon dioxide, temperature, 15. Life on land, Evergreen, carbon sequestration, lcsh:Geology, lcsh:QH501-531, GREENHOUSE-GAS BALANCE, 13. Climate action, DIGITAL REPEAT PHOTOGRAPHY, CHLOROPHYLL CONTENT, Environmental science, nutrient availability, lcsh:Ecology, SOIL-TEMPERATURE, Physical geography, soil moisture
Abstract: Plant phenological development is orchestrated through subtle changes in photoperiod, temperature, soil moisture and nutrient availability. Presently, the exact timing of plant development stages and their response to climate and management practices are crudely represented in land surface models. As visual observations of phenology are laborious, there is a need to supplement long-term observations with automated techniques such as those provided by digital repeat photography at high temporal and spatial resolution. We present the first synthesis from a growing observational network of digital cameras installed on towers across Europe above deciduous and evergreen forests, grasslands and croplands, where vegetation and atmosphere CO2 fluxes are measured continuously. Using colour indices from digital images and using piecewise regression analysis of time series, we explored whether key changes in canopy phenology could be detected automatically across different land use types in the network. The piecewise regression approach could capture the start and end of the growing season, in addition to identifying striking changes in colour signals caused by flowering and management practices such as mowing. Exploring the dates of green-up and senescence of deciduous forests extracted by the piecewise regression approach against dates estimated from visual observations, we found that these phenological events could be detected adequately (RMSE < 8 and 11 days for leaf out and leaf fall, respectively). We also investigated whether the seasonal patterns of red, green and blue colour fractions derived from digital images could be modelled mechanistically using the PROSAIL model parameterised with information of seasonal changes in canopy leaf area and leaf chlorophyll and carotenoid concentrations. From a model sensitivity analysis we found that variations in colour fractions, and in particular the late spring `green hump' observed repeatedly in deciduous broadleaf canopies across the network, are essentially dominated by changes in the respective pigment concentrations. Using the model we were able to explain why this spring maximum in green signal is often observed out of phase with the maximum period of canopy photosynthesis in ecosystems across Europe. Coupling such quasi-continuous digital records of canopy colours with co-located CO2 flux measurements will improve our understanding of how changes in growing season length are likely to shape the capacity of European ecosystems to sequester CO2 in the future.
Published: 2015

11. Comparison of the HadGEM2 climate-chemistry model against in situ and SCIAMACHY atmospheric methane data

Author: Fiona M. O'Connor, N. A. D. Richards, Nicola Gedney, Garry Hayman, Mohit Dalvi, Douglas B. Clark, Oliver Schneising, Chris Wilson, Martyn P. Chipperfield, C. Prigent, Chris Huntingford, John P. Burrows, Michael Buchwitz, Joint Centre for Hydro-Meteorological Research, Met Office Hadley Centre (JCHMR), United Kingdom Met Office [Exeter], Centre for Ecology and Hydrology (CEH), Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), Laboratoire d'Etude du Rayonnement et de la Matière en Astrophysique (LERMA), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Cergy Pontoise (UCP), Université Paris-Seine-Université Paris-Seine-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institute of Environmental Physics [Bremen] (IUP), University of Bremen, University of Oklahoma (OU), National Centre for Atmospheric Science [Leeds] (NCAS), and École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris)
Subjects: Atmospheric Science, Earth observation, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Wetland, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, 01 natural sciences, Atmospheric Sciences, Latitude, lcsh:Chemistry, medicine, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, [PHYS]Physics [physics], geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, Atmospheric methane, Seasonality, medicine.disease, lcsh:QC1-999, SCIAMACHY, lcsh:QD1-999, 13. Climate action, Atmospheric chemistry, Climatology, Satellite, Hydrology, [PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], lcsh:Physics
Abstract: Wetlands are a major emission source of methane (CH4) globally. In this study, we evaluate wetland emission estimates derived using the UK community land surface model (JULES, the Joint UK Land Earth Simulator) against atmospheric observations of methane, including, for the first time, total methane columns derived from the SCIAMACHY instrument on board the ENVISAT satellite. Two JULES wetland emission estimates are investigated: (a) from an offline run driven with Climatic Research Unit–National Centers for Environmental Prediction (CRU-NCEP) meteorological data and (b) from the same offline run in which the modelled wetland fractions are replaced with those derived from the Global Inundation Extent from Multi-Satellites (GIEMS) remote sensing product. The mean annual emission assumed for each inventory (181 Tg CH4 per annum over the period 1999–2007) is in line with other recently published estimates. There are regional differences as the unconstrained JULES inventory gives significantly higher emissions in the Amazon (by ~36 Tg CH4 yr−1) and lower emissions in other regions (by up to 10 Tg CH4 yr−1) compared to the JULES estimates constrained with the GIEMS product. Using the UK Hadley Centre's Earth System model with atmospheric chemistry (HadGEM2), we evaluate these JULES wetland emissions against atmospheric observations of methane. We obtain improved agreement with the surface concentration measurements, especially at high northern latitudes, compared to previous HadGEM2 runs using the wetland emission data set of Fung et al. (1991). Although the modelled monthly atmospheric methane columns reproduce the large-scale patterns in the SCIAMACHY observations, they are biased low by 50 part per billion by volume (ppb). Replacing the HadGEM2 modelled concentrations above 300 hPa with HALOE–ACE assimilated TOMCAT output results in a significantly better agreement with the SCIAMACHY observations. The use of the GIEMS product to constrain the JULES-derived wetland fraction improves the representation of the wetland emissions in JULES and gives a good description of the seasonality observed at surface sites influenced by wetlands, especially at high latitudes. We find that the annual cycles observed in the SCIAMACHY measurements and at many of the surface sites influenced by non-wetland sources cannot be reproduced in these HadGEM2 runs. This suggests that the emissions over certain regions (e.g. India and China) are possibly too high and/or the monthly emission patterns for specific sectors are incorrect. The comparisons presented in this paper show that the performance of the JULES wetland scheme is comparable to that of other process-based land surface models. We identify areas for improvement in this and the atmospheric chemistry components of the HadGEM Earth System model. The Earth Observation data sets used here will be of continued value in future evaluations of JULES and the HadGEM family of models.
Published: 2014

12. Modeling the radiative effects of biomass burning aerosols on carbon fluxes in the Amazon region

Author: D. S. Moreira, K. M. Longo, S. R. Freitas, M. A. Yamasoe, L. M. Mercado, N. E. Rosário, E. Gloor, R. S. M. Viana, J. B. Miller, L. V. Gatti, K. T. Wiedemann, L. K. G. Domingues, C. C. S. Correia, Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp), Centro de Meteorologia de Bauru (IPMet), Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE), Universidade de São Paulo (USP), University of Exeter, Centre for Ecology and Hydrology (CEH), Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), University of Leeds, Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV), Global Monitoring Division, Comissão Nacional de Energia Nuclear (CNEN), University of Arizona, and Universities Space Research Association/Goddard Earth Sciences Technology and Research (USRA/GESTAR)
Subjects: Atmospheric Science, Haze, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Radiative effects, 0208 environmental biotechnology, 02 engineering and technology, Amazon region, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, complex mixtures, Sink (geography), Article, Atmospheric Sciences, lcsh:Chemistry, Soil respiration, Dry season, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, Amazon rainforest, Carbon sink, food and beverages, lcsh:QC1-999, 020801 environmental engineering, Aerosol, Radiation flux, lcsh:QD1-999, Environmental science, lcsh:Physics
Abstract: Made available in DSpace on 2018-12-11T17:23:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2017-12-12 Every year, a dense smoke haze covers a large portion of South America originating from fires in the Amazon Basin and central parts of Brazil during the dry biomass burning season between August and October. Over a large portion of South America, the average aerosol optical depth at 550 nm exceeds 1.0 during the fire season, while the background value during the rainy season is below 0.2. Biomass burning aerosol particles increase scattering and absorption of the incident solar radiation. The regional-scale aerosol layer reduces the amount of solar energy reaching the surface, cools the near-surface air, and increases the diffuse radiation fraction over a large disturbed area of the Amazon rainforest. These factors affect the energy and CO2 fluxes at the surface. In this work, we applied a fully integrated atmospheric model to assess the impact of biomass burning aerosols in CO2 fluxes in the Amazon region during 2010. We address the effects of the attenuation of global solar radiation and the enhancement of the diffuse solar radiation flux inside the vegetation canopy. Our results indicate that biomass burning aerosols led to increases of about 27% in the gross primary productivity of Amazonia and 10% in plant respiration as well as a decline in soil respiration of 3 %. Consequently, in our model Amazonia became a net carbon sink; net ecosystem exchange during September 2010 dropped from C101 to 104 TgC when the aerosol effects are considered, mainly due to the aerosol diffuse radiation effect. For the forest biome, our results point to a dominance of the diffuse radiation effect on CO2 fluxes, reaching a balance of 50-50% between the diffuse and direct aerosol effects for high aerosol loads. For C3 grasses and savanna (cerrado), as expected, the contribution of the diffuse radiation effect is much lower, tending to zero with the increase in aerosol load. Taking all biomes together, our model shows the Amazon during the dry season, in the presence of high biomass burning aerosol loads, changing from being a source to being a sink of CO2 to the atmosphere. Faculdade de Ciências Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) Centro de Meteorologia de Bauru (IPMet) Centro de Previsão de Tempo E Estudos Climáticos Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE) Departamento de Ciências Atmosféricas do Institudo de Astronomia Geofísica e Ciências Atmosféricas Universidade de São Paulo (USP) College of Life and Environmental Sciences Geography University of Exeter Centre for Ecology and Hydrology (CEH) Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Campus Diadema School of Geography Woodhouse Lane University of Leeds Departamento de Matemática Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV) Earth System Research Laboratory National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Global Monitoring Division Centro de Ciências do Sistema Terrestre Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE) Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas E Nucleares (IPEN) Comissão Nacional de Energia Nuclear (CNEN) Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Arizona NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Global Modeling and Assimilation Office Universities Space Research Association/Goddard Earth Sciences Technology and Research (USRA/GESTAR) Faculdade de Ciências Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)
Published: 2017

13. Erratum to: The Quadrennial Ozone Symposium 2016

Author: Johanna Tamminen, Sophie Godin-Beekmann, Wolfgang Steinbrecht, M.B. Tully, Clare Heaviside, Paul A. Newman, Xiangdong Zheng, Alkiviadis F. Bais, Paul Young, David Stevenson, Mark Weber, Markus Rex, Richard S. Eckman, Gina Mills, Irina Petropavlovskikh, Stefan Reis, Christos Zerefos, John A. Pyle, Michelle L. Santee, STRATO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), University of Colorado [Boulder]-National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), NERC Centre of Ecology and Hydrology (CEH), Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Meteorologisches Observatorium Hohenpeißenberg (MOHp), Deutscher Wetterdienst [Offenbach] (DWD), Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung (AWI), Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), NASA-California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), GSFC Earth Sciences Division, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences (CAMS), Australian Bureau of Meteorology [Melbourne] (BoM), Australian Government, School of Geosciences [Edinburgh], University of Edinburgh, Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Department of Chemistry [Cambridge, UK], University of Cambridge [UK] (CAM), Institute of Environmental Physics [Bremen] (IUP), University of Bremen, Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI), Centre for Ecology and Hydrology [Bangor] (CEH), Laboratory of Atmospheric Physics [Thessaloniki], Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Public Health England [London], Research Centre for Atmospheric Physics and Climatology [Athens], Academy of Athens, and California Institute of Technology (CALTECH)-NASA
Subjects: [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], Atmospheric Science, History, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, 0207 environmental engineering, Medical school, Library science, 02 engineering and technology, 01 natural sciences, 6. Clean water, 13. Climate action, Meteorological observatory, 020701 environmental engineering, Research center, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: The Quadrennial Ozone Symposium 2016 Sophie GODIN-BEEKMANN*1, Irina PETROPAVLOVSKIKH2, Stefan REIS3,20, Paul NEWMAN4, Wolfgang STEINBRECHT5, Markus REX6, Michelle L. SANTEE7, Richard S. ECKMAN8, Xiangdong ZHENG9, Matthew B. TULLY10, David S. STEVENSON11, Paul YOUNG12, John PYLE13, Mark WEBER14, Johanna TAMMINEN15, Gina MILLS16, Alkiviadis F. BAIS17, Clare HEAVISIDE18, and Christos ZEREFOS19 1 Observatoire de Versailles Saint-Quentin en Yvelines, Universite de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, CNRS, 78280 Guyancourt, France 2 CIRES, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA 3 NERC Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Edinburgh EH26 0QB, UK 4 Goddard Space Flight Center, NASA, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA 5 Hohenpeissenberg Meteorological Observatory, Deutscher Wetterdienst, 82383 Hohenpeissenberg, Germany 6 Alfred Wegener Institute, 14401 Potsdam, Germany 7 Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, CA 91109, USA 8 NASA Headquarters, Earth Science Division, Washington, DC, USA 9 Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China 10 Bureau of Meteorology, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia 11 University of Edinburgh, School of GeoSciences, Edinburgh EH9 3FE, UK 12 Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK 13 University of Cambridge, Department of Chemistry, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK 14 University of Bremen, Institute of Environmental Physics, 28359 Bremen, Germany 15 Finnish Meteorological Institute, Earth Observation, FI-00101 Helsinki, Finland 16 NERC Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2UW, Wales, UK 17 Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece 18 Public Health England, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, London, UK 19 Research Center for Atmospheric Physics & Climatology, Academy of Athens, Athens 10680, Greece 20 University of Exeter Medical School, Truro TR1 3HD, UK
Published: 2018

14. Key impacts of climate engineering on biodiversity and ecosystems, with priorities for future research

Author: Hans O. Pörtner, Emma Woods, Jeff A. Ardron, Rachel Warren, Oliver Schweiger, Jean-Pierre Gattuso, Nicholas J. P. Owens, Josef Settele, Peter J. Irvine, Katrin Vohland, Tatsuya Amano, Jill Thompson, Stephen J. Hawkins, Nick Ostle, Eugene J. Murphy, Salvador E. Lluch-Cota, Mark van Kleunen, Erica Hendy, Steve Widdicombe, Phillip Williamson, Rebecca K. Smith, Andrew R. Watkinson, Frank M. Schurr, Robert J. Scholes, Wanda Born, R. Ian Perry, Eric P. Achterberg, Derek P. Tittensor, Pru N. Foster, Caitlin G. McCormack, Jason J. Blackstock, W. Daniel Kissling, Chris Vivian, Sarah Smith, William J. Sutherland, Department of Zoology [Cambridge], University of Cambridge [UK] (CAM), Institute for Advanced Sustainability Studies [Potsdam] (IASS), Ocean and Earth Science [Southampton], University of Southampton-National Oceanography Centre (NOC), Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research [Kiel] (GEOMAR), School of Earth Sciences [Bristol], University of Bristol [Bristol], Laboratoire d'océanographie de Villefranche (LOV), Observatoire océanologique de Villefranche-sur-mer (OOVM), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Sciences Po (Sciences Po), School of Biological Sciences [Bristol], Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED), University of Amsterdam [Amsterdam] (UvA), Centro de Investigaciones Biologicas del Noroeste [Mexico] (CONACYT-CIBNOR), Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología [Mexico] (CONACYT), British Antarctic Survey (BAS), Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Scottish Association for Marine Science (SAMS), Pacific Biological Station (PBS), Fisheries and Oceans Canada (DFO), Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung (AWI), Council for Scientific and Industrial Research [Pretoria] (CSIR), Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier (UMR ISEM), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR226-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Community Ecology, Helmholtz Zentrum für Umweltforschung = Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ), German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre, Centre for Ecology and Hydrology (CEH), Dalhousie University [Halifax], University of Konstanz, Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science [Lowestoft] (CEFAS), Museum für Naturkunde [Berlin], Leibniz Institut für Evolutions und Biodiversitätsforschung, School of Environmental Sciences [Norwich], University of East Anglia [Norwich] (UEA), Plymouth Marine Laboratory (PML), Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Department of Science, Technology, Engineering and Public Policy (STEaPP), University College of London [London] (UCL), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Computational Geo-Ecology (IBED, FNWI), and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Ecological forecasting, Climate change, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Atmospheric Sciences, Meteorology and Climatology, Solar radiation management, geoengineering, ddc:570, Aquatic biodiversity research, 11. Sustainability, 14. Life underwater, Ecosystem diversity, solar radiation management, carbon dioxide removal, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, General Environmental Science, Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment, business.industry, Global warming, Environmental resource management, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Biodiversity, 15. Life on land, 6. Clean water, 13. Climate action, Ocean fertilization, [SDU.STU.CL]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Climatology, Earth Sciences, climate engineering, Environmental science, Climate engineering, [SDV.EE.BIO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Bioclimatology, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, business, ecosystems
Abstract: International audience; Climate change has significant implications for biodiversity and ecosystems. With slow progress towards reducing greenhouse gas emissions, climate engineering (or ‘geoengineering’) is receiving increasing attention for its potential to limit anthropogenic climate change and its damaging effects. Proposed techniques, such as ocean fertilization for carbon dioxide removal or stratospheric sulfate injections to reduce incoming solar radiation, would significantly alter atmospheric, terrestrial and marine environments, yet potential side-effects of their implementation for ecosystems and biodiversity have received little attention. A literature review was carried out to identify details of the potential ecological effects of climate engineering techniques. A group of biodiversity and environmental change researchers then employed a modified Delphi expert consultation technique to evaluate this evidence and prioritize the effects based on the relative importance of, and scientific understanding about, their biodiversity and ecosystem consequences. The key issues and knowledge gaps are used to shape a discussion of the biodiversity and ecosystem implications of climate engineering, including novel climatic conditions, alterations to marine systems and substantial terrestrial habitat change. This review highlights several current research priorities in which the climate engineering context is crucial to consider, as well as identifying some novel topics for ecological investigation.
Published: 2016

15. Modelling the dynamic chemical interactions of atmospheric ammonia with leaf surface wetness in a managed grassland canopy

Author: J.W. Erisman, Tamás Weidinger, M. Mattsson, Juergen Burkhardt, Mark A. Sutton, Christophe Flechard, Róbert Mészáros, F. Gresens, P. A. C. Jongejan, Eiko Nemitz, 1Institute for Crop Science and Resource Conservation, INRES-PE, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Sol Agro et hydrosystème Spatialisation (SAS), AGROCAMPUS OUEST-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Plant and Soil Science Laboratory, Faculty of Life Science [Copenhagen], University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (KU)-University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (KU), Energy Research Centre of the Netherlands (ECN), Department of Meteorology [Budapest], Institute of Geography and Earth Sciences [Budapest], Faculty of Sciences [Budapest], Eötvös Loránd University (ELTE)-Eötvös Loránd University (ELTE)-Faculty of Sciences [Budapest], Eötvös Loránd University (ELTE)-Eötvös Loránd University (ELTE), Centre for Ecology and Hydrology (CEH), Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-AGROCAMPUS OUEST, and Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)
Subjects: Canopy, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], lcsh:Life, atmospheric ammonia, grassland, model, modèle, 010501 environmental sciences, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, lcsh:QH540-549.5, Naturvetenskap, Ammonium, Ammonia exchange, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Leaf wetness, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Earth-Surface Processes, Transpiration, Hydrology, azote atmosphérique, lcsh:QE1-996.5, prairie, 15. Life on land, Plant litter, Grassland, lcsh:Geology, lcsh:QH501-531, chemistry, 13. Climate action, Dew, lcsh:Ecology, Natural Sciences, Deposition (chemistry), Water vapor
Abstract: Ammonia exchange fluxes between grassland and the atmosphere were modelled on the basis of stomatal compensation points and leaf surface chemistry, and compared with measured fluxes during the GRAMINAE intensive measurement campaign in spring 2000 near Braunschweig, Germany. Leaf wetness and dew chemistry in grassland were measured together with ammonia fluxes and apoplastic NH4+ and H+ concentration, and the data were used to apply, validate and further develop an existing model of leaf surface chemistry and ammonia exchange. Foliar leaf wetness which is known to affect ammonia fluxes may be persistent after the end of rainfall, or sustained by recondensation of water vapour originating from the ground or leaf transpiration, so measured leaf wetness values were included in the model. pH and ammonium concentrations of dew samples collected from grass were compared to modelled values. The measurement period was divided into three phases: a relatively wet phase followed by a dry phase in the first week before the grass was cut, and a second drier week after the cut. While the first two phases were mainly characterised by ammonia deposition and occasional short emission events, regular events of strong ammonia emissions were observed during the post-cut period. A single-layer resistance model including dynamic cuticular and stomatal exchange could describe the fluxes well before the cut, but after the cut the stomatal compensation points needed to numerically match measured fluxes were much higher than the ones measured by bioassays, suggesting another source of ammonia fluxes. Considerably better agreement both in the direction and the size range of fluxes were obtained when a second layer was introduced into the model, to account for the large additional ammonia source inherent in the leaf litter at the bottom of the grass canopy. Therefore, this was found to be a useful extension of the mechanistic dynamic chemistry model by keeping the advantage of requiring relatively little site-specific information.
Published: 2009

16. A model selection protocol to support the use of models for water management

Author: E. Penning, Richard J. Williams, S. Groot, Mike Hutchins, D. B. Boorman, J. Icke, EGU, Publication, Centre for Ecology and Hydrology (CEH), Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), and WL|Delft Hydraulics
Subjects: [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, [SDU.OCEAN] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Management science, Process (engineering), Computer science, Model selection, 0207 environmental engineering, [SDU.STU]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences, 02 engineering and technology, 01 natural sciences, Outcome (game theory), [SDU.ENVI] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, 6. Clean water, Risk analysis (engineering), Model application, [SDU.STU] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, 020701 environmental engineering, Protocol (object-oriented programming), Advice (complexity), 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: Models are widely used to assist water managers in their duties, yet there is little advice to help water managers select a model appropriate to their particular application. The advice that is available is specific to either the application type or models considered, focused on one aspect of model application, e.g. goodness-of-fit comparisons between observations and simulations and unrealistic, e.g. in separating model selection from wider aspects of the intended application. This paper proposes a model selection protocol that recognises the particular requirements of the application, the roles of individuals associated with modelling studies, and the importance of establishing an informed dialogue between them. Establishing this common understanding at the outset of any modelling study is highly important in securing a successful outcome to the modelling process.
Published: 2007

17. Carbon cycle uncertainty in the Alaskan Arctic

Author: M. A. Arain, A. K. Sahoo, Philippe Ciais, Enrico Tomelleri, Walter C. Oechel, Daniel J. Hayes, Chris Huntingford, Deborah N. Huntzinger, David Price, Mark R. Lomas, Ning Zeng, Kevin Schaefer, Ian Baker, Carl C. Davidson, Atul K. Jain, R. Wania, Hans Verbeeck, Joe R. Melton, Hanqin Tian, Peter Levy, Benjamin Poulter, Bassil El-Masri, Charles D. Koven, Michael Dietze, Joshua B. Fisher, Anders Ahlström, Nicolas Viovy, Charles E. Miller, Jing M. Chen, Munish Sikka, Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), NASA-California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), San Diego State University (SDSU), Northern Arizona University [Flagstaff], Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis (CCCma), Environment and Climate Change Canada, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory [Berkeley] (LBNL), Lund University [Lund], McMaster University [Hamilton, Ontario], Colorado State University [Fort Collins] (CSU), Department of Geography and Planning [University of Toronto], University of Toronto, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), ICOS-ATC (ICOS-ATC), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign [Urbana], University of Illinois System, Boston University [Boston] (BU), Oak Ridge National Laboratory [Oak Ridge] (ORNL), UT-Battelle, LLC, Centre for Ecology and Hydrology [Wallingford] (CEH), Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), Centre for Ecology and Hydrology (CEH), University of Sheffield [Sheffield], Montana State University (MSU), Natural Resources Canada (NRCan), Princeton University, National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC), University of Colorado [Boulder], Auburn University (AU), Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry (MPI-BGC), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Universiteit Gent = Ghent University (UGENT), Modélisation des Surfaces et Interfaces Continentales (MOSAIC), Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier (UMR ISEM), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR226-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Science [College Park] (AOSC), University of Maryland [College Park], University of Maryland System-University of Maryland System, Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Universiteit Gent = Ghent University [Belgium] (UGENT), École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR226
Subjects: 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, WETLAND EXTENT, lcsh:Life, chemistry.chemical_element, Climate change, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, GLOBAL VEGETATION MODEL, Atmospheric Sciences, ATMOSPHERIC INVERSIONS, Carbon cycle, 03 medical and health sciences, Meteorology and Climatology, lcsh:QH540-549.5, METHANE EMISSIONS, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, TERRESTRIAL BIOSPHERE, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Earth-Surface Processes, 030304 developmental biology, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, 0303 health sciences, CLIMATE-CHANGE, lcsh:QE1-996.5, Primary production, Carbon sink, Soil carbon, 15. Life on land, PERMAFROST CARBON, lcsh:Geology, lcsh:QH501-531, TUNDRA ECOSYSTEMS, Arctic, chemistry, COMPARISON PROJECT WETCHIMP, 13. Climate action, Earth and Environmental Sciences, Climatology, Earth Sciences, Environmental science, lcsh:Ecology, Hydrology, PRESENT STATE, Ecosystem respiration, Carbon
Abstract: Climate change is leading to a disproportionately large warming in the high northern latitudes, but the magnitude and sign of the future carbon balance of the Arctic are highly uncertain. Using 40 terrestrial biosphere models for the Alaskan Arctic from four recent model intercomparison projects – NACP (North American Carbon Program) site and regional syntheses, TRENDY (Trends in net land atmosphere carbon exchanges), and WETCHIMP (Wetland and Wetland CH4 Inter-comparison of Models Project) – we provide a baseline of terrestrial carbon cycle uncertainty, defined as the multi-model standard deviation (σ) for each quantity that follows. Mean annual absolute uncertainty was largest for soil carbon (14.0 ± 9.2 kg C m−2), then gross primary production (GPP) (0.22 ± 0.50 kg C m−2 yr−1), ecosystem respiration (Re) (0.23 ± 0.38 kg C m−2 yr−1), net primary production (NPP) (0.14 ± 0.33 kg C m−2 yr−1), autotrophic respiration (Ra) (0.09 ± 0.20 kg C m−2 yr−1), heterotrophic respiration (Rh) (0.14 ± 0.20 kg C m−2 yr−1), net ecosystem exchange (NEE) (−0.01 ± 0.19 kg C m−2 yr−1), and CH4 flux (2.52 ± 4.02 g CH4 m−2 yr−1). There were no consistent spatial patterns in the larger Alaskan Arctic and boreal regional carbon stocks and fluxes, with some models showing NEE for Alaska as a strong carbon sink, others as a strong carbon source, while still others as carbon neutral. Finally, AmeriFlux data are used at two sites in the Alaskan Arctic to evaluate the regional patterns; observed seasonal NEE was captured within multi-model uncertainty. This assessment of carbon cycle uncertainties may be used as a baseline for the improvement of experimental and modeling activities, as well as a reference for future trajectories in carbon cycling with climate change in the Alaskan Arctic and larger boreal region.
Published: 2014

18. The HYDROMED model and its application to semi-arid Mediterranean catchments with hill reservoirs 2: Rainfall-runoff model applications to three Mediterranean hill reservoirs

Author: J. Khouri, A. Drubi, D. Moidinis, Jean Albergel, R. Ragab, Slah Nasri, Centre for Ecology and Hydrology (CEH), Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), IRD, ACSAD, and INGREF
Subjects: [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Mediterranean climate, Hydrology, Spillway, geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, media_common.quotation_subject, 0207 environmental engineering, Mode (statistics), Drainage basin, [SDU.STU]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences, 02 engineering and technology, 01 natural sciences, Arid, Siltation, Goodness of fit, 13. Climate action, Conceptual model, Environmental science, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, 020701 environmental engineering, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, media_common
Abstract: International audience; The objective of this work was to assess the performance of the newly developed HYDROMED model. Three catchments with hill reservoirs were selected. They are El-Gouazine and Kamech in Tunisia and Es Sindiany in Syria. The rainfall, the spillway flow and volume of water in the reservoirs were used as input to the model. Events that generated spillway flow were preferred for calibration. The results confirmed that the HYDROMED model is capable of reproducing the runoff volume at all the three sites. In calibrating single events, the model performance was high as measured by the Nash-Sutcliffe criterion for goodness of fit. In some events this value was as high as 98%. In simulation mode, the highest Nash-Sutcliffe criterion value was close to 70% in the El-Gouazine and Kamech catchments and close to 50% in the Es Sindiany catchment. Given the limited information available, especially on the unrecorded releases in the three catchments, the hydrological impact of site geology (e.g. Kamech), the unrecorded operator intervention during the spillway flow (e.g. Es Sindiany) and other unaccounted factors (e.g siltation, evaporation, etc.), these results are by and large very encouraging. However, they could be further improved as and when more information on the unrecorded parameters becomes available. Additionally, the results of this work highlighted the need for long term records with a large number of significant events that are able to generate spillway flow to obtain more consistent and reliable parameter values. It also highlights the need for more accurately recorded releases for irrigation and other uses. As these results are encouraging, more tests on those three and other sites are planned. Keywords: HYDROMED, rainfall-runoff model, Mediterranean, conceptual model
Published: 2001

19. Recovery from acidification in European surface waters

Author: Jiří Kopáček, Richard F. Wright, Josef Veselý, Aldo Marchetto, Christine Alewell, Annette Prechtel, Michela Rogora, Filip Moldan, Chris D. Evans, J. M. Cullen, EGU, Publication, Centre for Ecology and Hydrology (CEH), Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), Institute for Terrestrial Ecosystem Research (BITÖK), Hydrobiological Institute AS CR, Consiglio Nazionale delle Richerche, Istituto Italiano di Idrobiologia, Swedish Environmental Research Institute IVL, Czech Geological Survey [Praha], and Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA)
Subjects: [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, chemistry.chemical_classification, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Base (chemistry), [SDU.OCEAN] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Chemistry, [SDU.STU]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences, 010501 environmental sciences, 01 natural sciences, [SDU.ENVI] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, 6. Clean water, chemistry.chemical_compound, Nitrate, 13. Climate action, Environmental protection, Environmental chemistry, Acid anion, [SDU.STU] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences, Acid deposition, 14. Life underwater, Water quality, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, Surface runoff, Surface water, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: International audience; Water quality data for 56 long-term monitoring sites in eight European countries are used to assess freshwater responses to reductions in acid deposition at a large spatial scale. In a consistent analysis of trends from 1980 onwards, the majority of surface waters (38 of 56) showed significant (p ?0.05) decreasing trends in pollution-derived sulphate. Only two sites showed a significant increase. Nitrate, on the other hand, had a much weaker and more varied pattern, with no significant trend at 35 of 56 sites, decreases at some sites in Scandinavia and Central Europe, and increases at some sites in Italy and the UK. The general reduction in surface water acid anion concentrations has led to increases in acid neutralising capacity (significant at 27 of 56 sites) but has also been offset in part by decreases in base cations, particularly calcium (significant at 26 of 56 sites), indicating that much of the improvement in runoff quality to date has been the result of decreasing ionic strength. Increases in acid neutralising capacity have been accompanied by increases in pH and decreases in aluminium, although fewer trends were significant (pH 19 of 56, aluminium 13 of 53). Increases in pH appear to have been limited in some areas by rising concentrations of organic acids. Within a general trend towards recovery, some inter-regional variation is evident, with recovery strongest in the Czech Republic and Slovakia, moderate in Scandinavia and the United Kingdom, and apparently weakest in Germany. Keywords: acidification, recovery, European trends, sulphate, nitrate, acid neutralising capacity
Published: 2001

20. Comparison of static chambers to measure CH4 emissions from soils

Author: Radosław Juszczak, Benjamin Wolf, Annika Nordbo, Giuseppe Benanti, Stephanie K. Jones, Mohamed Helmy, Roland Klefoth, Raquel Lobo-do-Vale, Jukka Pumpanen, Terhi Rasilo, Ana Paula Rosa, Hermanni Aaltonen, Sara Vicca, Michael Giebels, Peter Schreiber, Jesper Riis Christiansen, Mari Pihlatie, Jatta Sheehy, Janne Korhonen, Dominique Serça, Department of Physics, Department of Forest Sciences, Ecosystem processes (INAR Forest Sciences), Micrometeorology and biogeochemical cycles, Forest Ecology and Management, Department of Physics [Helsinki], Falculty of Science [Helsinki], University of Helsinki-University of Helsinki, Division of Biomass & Ecosystem Science, University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (KU), Wageningen University and Research [Wageningen] (WUR), Faculty of Forestry [Vancouver] (UBC Faculty of Forestry), University of British Columbia (UBC), Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI), Department of Forest Sciences [Helsinki], Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry [Helsinki], School of Biology and Environmental Science, University College Dublin [Dublin] (UCD), Leibniz-Zentrum für Agrarlandschaftsforschung (ZALF), Leibniz Association, MTT Agrifood Research Finland, Plant Production Research, Department of Plant Sciences, University of California [Davis] (UC Davis), University of California-University of California, Scottish Agricultural College, University of Edinburgh, Centre for Ecology and Hydrology (CEH), Meteorology Department, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Agronomy Institute, Technical University of Lisbon, Centre for Environmental Biology, Universidade de Lisboa (ULISBOA), University of Hamburg, Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology, Universität Greifswald - University of Greifswald, Laboratoire d'aérologie (LAERO), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Research Group of Plant and Vegetation Ecology, University of Antwerpa, Institut für Meteorologie und Klimaforschung - Atmosphärische Umweltforschung (IMK-IFU), and Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT)
Subjects: Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Static chamber, Soil science, flux measurements, 01 natural sciences, Measure (mathematics), 114 Physical sciences, Methane, Atmosphere, Soil, chemistry.chemical_compound, Flux (metallurgy), Calibration, co2 efflux, Quartz, Biology, Bodembiologie, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], Hydrology, Global and Planetary Change, apparatus, Physics, Forestry, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, Soil Biology, Flux calculation, PE&RC, Chemistry, gas-exchange, Fluxes, Volume (thermodynamics), chemistry, Soil water, atmosphere, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, biases, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, Environmental science, Agronomy and Crop Science, respiration
Abstract: International audience; The static chamber method (non-flow-through-non-steady-state chambers) is the most common method to measure fluxes of methane (CH4) from soils. Laboratory comparisons to quantify errors resulting from chamber design, operation and flux calculation methods are rare. We tested fifteen chambers against four flux levels (FL) ranging from 200 to 2300 μg CH4 m−2 h−1. The measurements were conducted on a calibration tank using three quartz sand types with soil porosities of 53% (dry fine sand, S1), 47% (dry coarse sand, S2), and 33% (wetted fine sand, S3). The chambers tested ranged from 0.06 to 1.8 m in height, and 0.02 to 0.195 m3 in volume, 7 of them were equipped with a fan, and 1 with a vent-tube. We applied linear and exponential flux calculation methods to the chamber data and compared these chamber fluxes to the reference fluxes from the calibration tank. The chambers underestimated the reference fluxes by on average 33% by the linear flux calculation method (Rlin), whereas the chamber fluxes calculated by the exponential flux calculation method (Rexp) did not significantly differ from the reference fluxes (p < 0.05). The flux under- or overestimations were chamber specific and independent of flux level. Increasing chamber height, area and volume significantly reduced the flux underestimation (p < 0.05). Also, the use of non-linear flux calculation method significantly improved the flux estimation; however, simultaneously the uncertainty in the fluxes was increased. We provide correction factors, which can be used to correct the under- or overestimation of the fluxes by the chambers in the experiment.
Published: 2013

21. Benchmark products for land evapotranspiration : LandFlux-EVAL multi-data set synthesis

Author: Brigitte Mueller, Carlos Jimenez, Fulco Ludwig, Paul A. Dirmeyer, Martin Hirschi, Philippe Ciais, Martin Jung, Justin Sheffield, Joshua B. Fisher, Markus Reichstein, Kaicun Wang, Eric F. Wood, Fabienne Maignan, A. J. Dolman, Sonia I. Seneviratne, Matthew F. McCabe, Yongqiang Zhang, Diego G. Miralles, Laboratoire d'Etude du Rayonnement et de la Matière en Astrophysique (LERMA), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Cergy Pontoise (UCP), Université Paris-Seine-Université Paris-Seine-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), ICOS-ATC (ICOS-ATC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Center for Ocean-Land-Atmosphere Studies, Calverton, MD, United States, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences [Amsterdam] (FALW), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam [Amsterdam] (VU), Centre for Ecology and Hydrology (CEH), Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), Modélisation des Surfaces et Interfaces Continentales (MOSAIC), Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry (MPI-BGC), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Water Resource Systems Research Laboratory, Department of Civil Engineering, Earth and Climate, Amsterdam Global Change Institute, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, GLOBAL-SCALE, REANALYSIS DATA, 02 engineering and technology, Forcing (mathematics), 01 natural sciences, lcsh:Technology, evaporation, Evapotranspiration, Satellite imagery, lcsh:Environmental technology. Sanitary engineering, 020701 environmental engineering, Uncertainty analysis, lcsh:Environmental sciences, lcsh:GE1-350, [PHYS]Physics [physics], lcsh:Geography. Anthropology. Recreation, EVAPORATION, VARIABILITY, Climatology, global-scale, trends, SURFACE, 0207 environmental engineering, SOIL-MOISTURE, Earth System Science, lcsh:TD1-1066, reanalysis data, Benchmark (surveying), surface, Precipitation, climate, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, WIMEK, model, variability, lcsh:T, 20TH-CENTURY, TRENDS, Data set, CLIMATE, MODEL, lcsh:G, 13. Climate action, 20th-century, Earth and Environmental Sciences, Environmental science, soil-moisture, Leerstoelgroep Aardsysteemkunde, Satellite, [PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]
Abstract: Land evapotranspiration (ET) estimates are available from several global data sets. Here, monthly global land ET synthesis products, merged from these individual data sets over the time periods 1989–1995 (7 yr) and 1989–2005 (17 yr), are presented. The merged synthesis products over the shorter period are based on a total of 40 distinct data sets while those over the longer period are based on a total of 14 data sets. In the individual data sets, ET is derived from satellite and/or in situ observations (diagnostic data sets) or calculated via land-surface models (LSMs) driven with observations-based forcing or output from atmospheric reanalyses. Statistics for four merged synthesis products are provided, one including all data sets and three including only data sets from one category each (diagnostic, LSMs, and reanalyses). The multi-annual variations of ET in the merged synthesis products display realistic responses. They are also consistent with previous findings of a global increase in ET between 1989 and 1997 (0.13 mm yr−2 in our merged product) followed by a significant decrease in this trend (−0.18 mm yr−2), although these trends are relatively small compared to the uncertainty of absolute ET values. The global mean ET from the merged synthesis products (based on all data sets) is 493 mm yr−1 (1.35 mm d−1) for both the 1989–1995 and 1989–2005 products, which is relatively low compared to previously published estimates. We estimate global runoff (precipitation minus ET) to 263 mm yr−1 (34 406 km3 yr−1) for a total land area of 130 922 000 km2. Precipitation, being an important driving factor and input to most simulated ET data sets, presents uncertainties between single data sets as large as those in the ET estimates. In order to reduce uncertainties in current ET products, improving the accuracy of the input variables, especially precipitation, as well as the parameterizations of ET, are crucial.
Published: 2013

22. Toward a climate-dependent paradigm of ammonia emission & deposition

Author: Tom Misselbrook, Christine F. Braban, Erwan Personne, Albert Bleeker, Stefan Reis, David Fowler, Cathy Clerbaux, Robert W. Pinder, Yasmine Ngadi, Anthony J. Dore, Mark R. Theobald, Jesse O. Bash, Celia Milford, Eiko Nemitz, László Horváth, Roy Wichink Kruit, Carsten Ambelas Skjøth, Benjamin Loubet, Y. Sim Tang, Chris Flechard, Frank Dentener, Ulrike Dragosits, John T. Walker, Sarah Wanless, R.F. Mitchell, Wim de Vries, Stuart N. Riddick, Francis Daunt, Pierre-François Coheur, Massimo Vieno, Mark A. Sutton, T.D. Blackall, Camilla Geels, David Simpson, Pierre Cellier, Martin Van Damme, Ole Hertel, Raia Silvia Massad, Lieven Clarisse, NERC Centre of Ecology and Hydrology (CEH), Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), Department of geography [London], King‘s College London, Higher Technical School of Agricultural Engineering, Technical University of Madrid, Izaña Atmospheric Research Center (IARC), Agencia Estatal de Meteorología (AEMet), Universidad de Huelva, AGROCAMPUS OUEST, Environnement et Grandes Cultures (EGC), AgroParisTech-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Spectroscopie de l'atmosphère, Service de Chimie Quantique et Photophysique, Université Libre de Bruxelles [Bruxelles] (ULB), TROPO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Department of Environmental Science [Roskilde] (ENVS), Aarhus University [Aarhus], National Pollen and Aerobiology Research Unit, Worcester State University [Worcester], TNO Climate, Air and Sustainability [Utrecht], The Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Norwegian Meteorological Institute, Chalmers University of Technology [Göteborg], Energy Research Centre of the Netherlands (ECN), JRC Institute for Environment and Sustainability (IES), European Commission - Joint Research Centre [Ispra] (JRC), Wageningen University and Research Centre [Wageningen] (WUR), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-AgroParisTech, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Norwegian Meteorological Institute [Oslo] (MET), Wageningen University and Research [Wageningen] (WUR), and Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM)
Subjects: 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Climate, Air pollution, Atmospheric model, 010501 environmental sciences, medicine.disease_cause, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, ammonia, deposition, managed grassland, nitrogen, Urban Development, emission, Built Environment, atmospheric modelling, volatilization, Sustainable Soil Use, Moisture, Ecology, dutch heathland, Articles, Química, Nitrogen Cycle, Atmospheric modeling, Deposition (aerosol physics), [SDU.STU.CL]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Climatology, Milieusysteemanalyse, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, EELS - Earth, Environmental and Life Sciences, General Agricultural and Biological Sciences, Earth & Environment, Climate Change, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, Climate change, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, soil, Atmosphere, Emission, Birds, Ammonia, Air Pollution, medicine, Animals, compensation point, Duurzaam Bodemgebruik, Deposition, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, canopy, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], gas-particle interactions, WIMEK, model, CAS - Climate, Air and Sustainability, Models, Theoretical, United States, Environmental Systems Analysis, 13. Climate action, Spatial ecology, Environmental science, plant-atmosphere exchange, Satellite, Climate Emission Environment
Abstract: Existing descriptions of bi-directional ammonia (NH 3 ) land–atmosphere exchange incorporate temperature and moisture controls, and are beginning to be used in regional chemical transport models. However, such models have typically applied simpler emission factors to upscale the main NH 3 emission terms. While this approach has successfully simulated the main spatial patterns on local to global scales, it fails to address the environment- and climate-dependence of emissions. To handle these issues, we outline the basis for a new modelling paradigm where both NH 3 emissions and deposition are calculated online according to diurnal, seasonal and spatial differences in meteorology. We show how measurements reveal a strong, but complex pattern of climatic dependence, which is increasingly being characterized using ground-based NH 3 monitoring and satellite observations, while advances in process-based modelling are illustrated for agricultural and natural sources, including a global application for seabird colonies. A future architecture for NH 3 emission–deposition modelling is proposed that integrates the spatio-temporal interactions, and provides the necessary foundation to assess the consequences of climate change. Based on available measurements, a first empirical estimate suggests that 5°C warming would increase emissions by 42 per cent (28–67%). Together with increased anthropogenic activity, global NH 3 emissions may increase from 65 (45–85) Tg N in 2008 to reach 132 (89–179) Tg by 2100.
Published: 2013

23. Wintertime aerosol chemical composition and source apportionment of the organic fraction in the metropolitan area of Paris

Author: Jay G. Slowik, Johannes Schneider, J.-L. Jaffrezo, Peter F. DeCarlo, Laurent Poulain, M. Elsasser, R. Chirico, Ralf Zimmermann, Alfred Wiedensohler, J. Cozic, José Nicolas, Claudia Mohr, Frank Drewnick, André S. H. Prévôt, Urs Baltensperger, Monica Crippa, F. Freutel, E. Abidi, M. F. Heringa, C. Di Marco, Stephan Borrmann, Nicolas Marchand, Eiko Nemitz, Jean Sciare, Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry [Paul Scherrer Institute] (LAC), Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Max-Planck-Institut für Chemie (MPIC), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Chimie Atmosphérique Expérimentale (CAE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Laboratoire de glaciologie et géophysique de l'environnement (LGGE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry]), Landwirtschaftliches Zentrum, Centre for Ecology and Hydrology (CEH), Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), Laboratoire Chimie de l'environnement (LCE), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institute for Atmospheric Physics [Mainz] (IPA), Johannes Gutenberg - Universität Mainz (JGU), University of Rostock, European Project: 212520,EC:FP7:ENV,FP7-ENV-2007-1,MEGAPOLI(2008), Université Paris-Saclay-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Johannes Gutenberg - University of Mainz (JGU), University of Rostock [Germany], Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Johannes Gutenberg - Universität Mainz = Johannes Gutenberg University (JGU), and Chirico, R.
Subjects: Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, 010501 environmental sciences, Combustion, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, Atmospheric Sciences, lcsh:Chemistry, chemistry.chemical_compound, Nitrate, [CHIM.ANAL]Chemical Sciences/Analytical chemistry, 11. Sustainability, Sulfate, Air quality index, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Particulate pollution, Carbon black, lcsh:QC1-999, Aerosol, Megacity, chemistry, lcsh:QD1-999, 13. Climate action, Environmental chemistry, lcsh:Physics
Abstract: International audience; The effect of a post-industrial megacity on local and regional air quality was assessed via a month-long field measurement campaign in the Paris metropolitan area during winter 2010. Here we present source apportionment results from three aerosol mass spectrometers and two aethalome-ters deployed at three measurement stations within the Paris region. Submicron aerosol composition is dominated by the organic fraction (30–36 %) and nitrate (28–29 %), with lower contributions from sulfate (14–16 %), ammonium (12–14 %) and black carbon (7–13 %). Organic source apportionment was performed using positive matrix factorization, resulting in a set of organic factors corresponding both to primary emission sources and secondary production. The dominant primary sources are traffic (11–15 % of organic mass), biomass burning (13–15 %) and cooking (up to 35 % during meal hours). Secondary organic aerosol contributes more than 50 % to the total organic mass and includes a highly oxidized factor from indeterminate and/or diverse sources and a less oxidized factor related to wood burning emissions. Black carbon was apportioned to traffic and wood burning sources using a model based on Published by Copernicus Publications on behalf of the European Geosciences Union. 962 M. Crippa et al.: The organic fraction in the metropolitan area of Paris wavelength-dependent light absorption of these two combustion sources. The time series of organic and black carbon factors from related sources were strongly correlated. The similarities in aerosol composition, total mass and temporal variation between the three sites suggest that particulate pollution in Paris is dominated by regional factors, and that the emissions from Paris itself have a relatively low impact on its surroundings.
Published: 2013

24. The EMEP MSC-W chemical transport model - technical description

Author: Valiyavetil S. Semeena, Chris Flechard, David Simpson, Garry Hayman, Halldis Berge, Hilde Fagerli, Michael Gauss, Peter Wind, Cornelia Richter, Lisa Emberson, Juha Pekka Tuovinen, Alvaro Valdebenito, Anna Benedictow, Robert Bergström, Jan Eiof Jonson, Agnes Nyiri, Michael E. Jenkin, Svetlana Tsyro, EMEP Meteorological Synthesising Centre-East (MSC-E), European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme (EMEP), European Environment Agency (EEA)-European Environment Agency (EEA), Chalmers University of Technology [Gothenburg, Sweden], EMEP Meteorological Synthesizing Centre-West (MSC-W), Department of chemistry, University of Gothenburg, Sweden, Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute (SMHI), Stockolm Environmental Institute, University of York, York, England, Sol Agro et hydrosystème Spatialisation (SAS), AGROCAMPUS OUEST, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Centre for Ecology and Hydrology (CEH), Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), Atmospheric Chemistry Services [UK], Gesellschaft für Anlagen- und Reaktorsicherheit (GRS) mbH, Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI), University of Tromsø (UiT), EMEP under UNECE EU 34684 Nitro-Europe, FP6-2004-No017841-2 Swedish Research Programme for Clean Air (SCARP), LDE by DEFRA (UK Dept. of Environ., Food and Rural Affairs), AQ0601 Swedish Tellus project (Centre of Earth Systems Science at the University of Gothenburg), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-AGROCAMPUS OUEST, Berge, H., Bergström, R., Emberson, L. D., Fagerli, H., Flechard, Christophe, Hayman, G. D., Gauss, M., Jonson, J. E., Jenkin, M. E., Nyíri, A., Richter, C., Semeena, V. S., Tsyro, S., Tuovinen, J. P., Valdebenito, Á, and Wind, P.
Subjects: Atmospheric Science, VDP::Mathematics and natural science: 400::Geosciences: 450::Meteorology: 453, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Grid size, Chemical transport model, Meteorology, secondary organic aerosol, long-range transport, regional air-quality, bidirectional ammonia exchange, intermediate cri mechanism, vertical column abundance, ozone deposition module, gaseous dry deposition, atmospheric dust cycle, north-atlantic ocean, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Air pollution, 010501 environmental sciences, medicine.disease_cause, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, Atmospheric Sciences, lcsh:Chemistry, Meteorology and Climatology, medicine, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Miljövetenskap, VDP::Matematikk og Naturvitenskap: 400::Geofag: 450::Meteorologi: 453, lcsh:QC1-999, Ground level, lcsh:QD1-999, 13. Climate action, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Environmental science, Tropopause, Environmental Sciences, lcsh:Physics, Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution
Abstract: The Meteorological Synthesizing Centre-West (MSC-W) of the European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme (EMEP) has been performing model calculations in support of the Convention on Long Range Transboundary Air Pollution (CLRTAP) for more than 30 years. The EMEP MSC-W chemical transport model is still one of the key tools within European air pollution policy assessments. Traditionally, the model has covered all of Europe with a resolution of about 50 km × 50 km, and extending vertically from ground level to the tropopause (100 hPa). The model has changed extensively over the last ten years, however, with flexible processing of chemical schemes, meteorological inputs, and with nesting capability: the code is now applied on scales ranging from local (ca. 5 km grid size) to global (with 1 degree resolution). The model is used to simulate photo-oxidants and both inorganic and organic aerosols. In 2008 the EMEP model was released for the first time as public domain code, along with all required input data for model runs for one year. The second release of the EMEP MSC-W model became available in mid 2011, and a new release is targeted for summer 2012. This publication is intended to document this third release of the EMEP MSC-W model. The model formulations are given, along with details of input data-sets which are used, and a brief background on some of the choices made in the formulation is presented. The model code itself is available at www.emep.int, along with the data required to run for a full year over Europe.
Published: 2012

25. Remote sensing of the land surface during the African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analysis (AMMA)

Author: Isabella Zin, Thierry Pellarin, Alain Baille, Jean-Louis Roujean, Inge Sandholt, Laurence Eymard, Eric Mougin, Christopher M. Taylor, Manuela Grippa, Jan Polcher, Roselyne Lacaze, Laurent Kergoat, Mehrez Zribi, Catherine Ottlé, Patricia de Rosnay, Laboratoire des Mécanismes et Transfert en Géologie (LMTG), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Technical University of Cartagena (UPTC), Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN), Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École polytechnique (X), Géosciences Environnement Toulouse (GET), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université Paris-Saclay-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), HYBIS, Laboratoire d'étude des transferts en hydrologie et environnement (LTHE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique de Grenoble (INPG)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique de Grenoble (INPG)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique (UMR 8539) (LMD), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF), Groupe d'étude de l'atmosphère météorologique (CNRM-GAME), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Météo France-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), IGUC, Centre for Ecology and Hydrology (CEH), Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), CHYC, Centre d'études spatiales de la biosphère (CESBIO), AMMA (African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analyses), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena / Technical University of Cartagena (UPCT), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Modélisation des Surfaces et Interfaces Continentales (MOSAIC), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique de Grenoble (INPG)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique de Grenoble (INPG)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Centre national de recherches météorologiques (CNRM), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Institut National Polytechnique de Grenoble (INPG)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-École polytechnique (X)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), and Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Meteorology, 0207 environmental engineering, 02 engineering and technology, Land cover, Monsoon, 01 natural sciences, remote sensing, Hydrology (agriculture), West Africa, [SDU.STU.GM]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geomorphology, Water cycle, 020701 environmental engineering, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Remote sensing, land surface, Multidisciplinary analysis, Vegetation, 15. Life on land, 13. Climate action, Remote sensing (archaeology), Climatology, Environmental science, Satellite, AMMA
Abstract: International audience; This article summarises the scientific results gained from the satellite observation of the land surface during African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analysis (AMMA). Validation of existing satellite products as well as developments of new algorithms are reported, spanning surface and total soil moisture, surface energy balance and radiation fluxes, vegetation properties and land cover (LC). The use of remote sensing data for investigating land-atmosphere interactions, for retrieving the components of continental water cycle and for evaluating Land Surface Models (LSM) is illustrated. The contribution of satellite data to the detection of decadal trends is also highlighted, revealing intriguing results and open questions.
Published: 2011

26. An Intercomparison of Simulated Rainfall and Evapotranspiration Associated with a Mesoscale Convective System over West Africa

Author: Julia Sander, Matthew Garvert, E. Orlandi, Patricia de Rosnay, Federico Fierli, Christophe Peugeot, Mathieu Nuret, Françoise Guichard, Olivier Bock, Philip P. Harris, Bertrand Decharme, Xuefeng Cui, Gianpaolo Balsamo, Aaron Boone, Jean-Luc Redelsperger, Nicole Asencio, Jean-Philippe Lafore, Andrew P. Morse, J.-C. Bergès, Sarah C. Jones, Miguel Ángel Gaertner, Benjamin Lamptey, Centre national de recherches météorologiques (CNRM), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Météo France-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Hydrosciences Montpellier (HSM), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Montpellier 2 - Sciences et Techniques (UM2)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), LAboratoire de Recherche en Géodésie (LAREG), Ecole nationale des sciences géographiques (ENSG), Institut géographique national [IGN] (IGN)-Institut géographique national [IGN] (IGN), University of Liverpool, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha (UCLM), National Center for Atmospheric Research [Boulder] (NCAR), Università degli Studi di Ferrara (UniFE), Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research (IMK), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Istituto di Scienze dell'Atmosfera e del Clima (ISAC), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche [Roma] (CNR), European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF), Centre for Ecology and Hydrology (CEH), Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), Pôle de recherche pour l'organisation et la diffusion de l'information géographique (PRODIG (UMR_8586 / UMR_D_215 / UM_115)), Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne (UP1)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-AgroParisTech-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Météo France-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Montpellier 2 - Sciences et Techniques (UM2)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM), Ecoles nationale des sciences géographiques (ENSG), University of Ferrara [Ferrara], Institut für Meteorologie und Klimaforschung (IMK), Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université Panthéon-Sorbonne (UP1)-AgroParisTech-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Montpellier 2 - Sciences et Techniques (UM2)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha = University of Castilla-La Mancha (UCLM), Università degli Studi di Ferrara = University of Ferrara (UniFE), and National Research Council of Italy | Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR)
Subjects: [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Atmospheric Science, Mesoscale convective system, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Precipitable water, 0207 environmental engineering, Mesoscale meteorology, 02 engineering and technology, Monsoon, 01 natural sciences, Mesoscale convective complex, 13. Climate action, Climatology, Evapotranspiration, Convective storm detection, Environmental science, Precipitation, 020701 environmental engineering, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: An evaluation of precipitation and evapotranspiration simulated by mesoscale models is carried out within the African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analysis (AMMA) program. Six models performed simulations of a mesoscale convective system (MCS) observed to cross part of West Africa in August 2005. Initial and boundary conditions are found to significantly control the locations of rainfall at synoptic scales as simulated with either mesoscale or global models. When initialized and forced at their boundaries by the same analysis, all models forecast a westward-moving rainfall structure, as observed by satellite products. However, rainfall is also forecast at other locations where none was observed, and the nighttime northward propagation of rainfall is not well reproduced. There is a wide spread in the rainfall rates across simulations, but also among satellite products. The range of simulated meridional fluctuations of evapotranspiration (E) appears reasonable, but E displays an overly strong zonal symmetry. Offline land surface modeling and surface energy budget considerations show that errors in the simulated E are not simply related to errors in the surface evaporative fraction, and involve the significant impact of cloud cover on the incoming surface shortwave flux. The use of higher horizontal resolution (a few km) enhances the variability of precipitation, evapotranspiration, and precipitable water (PW) at the mesoscale. It also leads to a weakening of the daytime precipitation, less evapotranspiration, and smaller PW amounts. The simulated MCS propagates farther northward and somewhat faster within an overall drier atmosphere. These changes are associated with a strengthening of the links between PW and precipitation.
Published: 2010

27. Canopy influence on trace metal atmospheric inputs on forest ecosystems: Speciation in throughfall

Author: Anne Probst, Edward Tipping, Camille Dumat, Laure Gandois, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - CNRS (FRANCE), Institut National Polytechnique de Toulouse - Toulouse INP (FRANCE), Natural Environment Research Council - NERC (UNITED KINGDOM), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier - UT3 (FRANCE), Laboratoire Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Environnement (ECOLAB), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut Ecologie et Environnement (INEE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre for Ecology and Hydrology (CEH), Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), and Institut National Polytechnique de Toulouse - INPT (FRANCE)
Subjects: Canopy, Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, Speciation, chemistry.chemical_element, Ultrafiltration, 010501 environmental sciences, DOC, 01 natural sciences, Dissolved organic carbon, Trace metal, Leaching (agriculture), [SDU.STU.HY]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Hydrology, Dissolution, Hydrologie, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, General Environmental Science, Cadmium, 15. Life on land, Throughfall, Deposition (aerosol physics), chemistry, 13. Climate action, Environmental chemistry, WHAM-VI
Abstract: International audience; Atmospheric inputs of selected Trace Metals (TM: Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb, Sb, Zn, as well as Al, Fe and Mn) were studied on six forested sites in France. In order to evaluate canopy interaction with atmospheric inputs, TM were measured in both Open Field Bulk Deposition (BD) and Throughfall (TF). Anthropogenic contribution to BD composition is high for Zn, Cd and Sb, reflecting actual TM emissions trends. Canopy greatly influences precipitation composition, through different processes, including assimilation and leaching by canopy, complexation as well as accumulation/dissolution of dry deposition. TM and Dissolved Organic Carbon (DOC) physical fractionation between colloidal and truly dissolved phases was performed with ultrafiltration. Al, Fe, Pb and Cu are found in the colloidal fraction whereas Cd, Ni, Zn and Sb are mostly in the truly dissolved fraction. Chemical speciation predicted with WHAM-VI shows that in throughfall, Al, Fe, Pb and Cu are almost entirely complexed by DOC, whereas Ni, Cd and Zn are present in average 30% in the free metal ion form. TM present in labile forms (Cd, Ni, Zn) interact with the canopy, are cycled in the ecosystem, and their concentration is either slightly increased or even decreased in throughfall. Sb, Pb and Cu concentration are increased through canopy, as a consequence of dry deposition accumulation.
Published: 2010

28. Observations of the Nocturnal Boundary Layer associated with the West African Monsoon

Author: Christopher M. Taylor, Françoise Guichard, Laurent Kergoat, Caroline L. Bain, Douglas J. Parker, School of Earth and Environment [Leeds] (SEE), University of Leeds, Centre for Ecology and Hydrology (CEH), Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), Laboratoire des Mécanismes et Transfert en Géologie (LMTG), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Groupe d'étude de l'atmosphère météorologique (CNRM-GAME), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Météo France-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), AMMA, Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre national de recherches météorologiques (CNRM), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), and Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, 0207 environmental engineering, 02 engineering and technology, Nocturnal boundary layer, Wind direction, Nocturnal, Sunset, Monsoon, 01 natural sciences, Wind speed, Boundary layer, Meteorology and Climatology, 13. Climate action, Climatology, 020701 environmental engineering, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, Scale model, Geology, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: A set of nighttime tethered balloon and kite measurements from the central Sahel (15.2°N, 1.3°W) in August 2005 were acquired and analyzed. A composite of all the nights’ data was produced using boundary layer height to normalize measured altitudes. The observations showed some typical characteristics of nocturnal boundary layer development, notably a strong inversion after sunset and the formation of a low-level nocturnal jet later in the night. On most nights, the sampled jet did not change direction significantly during the night.The boundary layer thermodynamic structure displayed some variations from one night to the next. This was investigated using two contrasting case studies from the period. In one of these case studies (18 August 2005), the low-level wind direction changed significantly during the night. This change was captured well by two large-scale models, suggesting that the large-scale dynamics had a significant impact on boundary layer winds on this night. For both case studies, the models tended to underestimate near-surface wind speeds during the night, which is a feature that may lead to an underestimation of moisture flux northward by models.
Published: 2010

29. Atmospheric composition change: Climate–Chemistry interactions

Author: Isaksen, I.S.A., Granier, Myhre, Berntsen, T.K., Dalsøren, S.B., Gauss, Klimont, Benestad, Bousquet, Collins, Cox, Eyring, Fowler, Fuzzi, Jöckel, Laj, Lohmann, Maione, Monks, Prevot, A.S.H., Raes, Richter, Rognerud, Schulz, M.x, Shindell, Stevenson, D.S., Storelvmo, Wang, W.-C., van Weele, Wild, Wuebbles, Department of Geosciences [Oslo], Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO), Center for International Climate and Environmental Research [Oslo] (CICERO), University of Oslo (UiO), NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory (ESRL), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), University of Colorado [Boulder]-National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), TROPO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Norwegian Meteorological Institute, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis [Laxenburg] (IIASA), Service d'aéronomie (SA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), United Kingdom Met Office [Exeter], Centre for Atmospheric Science [Cambridge, UK], Department of Chemistry [Cambridge, UK], University of Cambridge [UK] (CAM)-University of Cambridge [UK] (CAM), Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR), NERC Centre of Ecology and Hydrology (CEH), Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), Istituto di Scienze dell'Atmosfera e del Clima (ISAC), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche [Roma] (CNR), Max Planck Institute for Chemistry (MPIC), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Laboratoire de météorologie physique (LaMP), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand 2 (UBP), Laboratoire de glaciologie et géophysique de l'environnement (LGGE), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Istituto di Scienze Chimiche 'F. Bruner', Università degli Studi di Urbino 'Carlo Bo', Department of Chemistry [Leicester], University of Leicester, Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry [Paul Scherrer Institute] (LAC), Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), European Commission - Joint Research Centre [Ispra] (JRC), Institut für Umweltphysik [Bremen] (IUP), Universität Bremen, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université Paris-Saclay-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS), NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), School of Geosciences [Edinburgh], University of Edinburgh, Atmospheric Sciences Research Center (ASRC), University at Albany [SUNY], State University of New York (SUNY)-State University of New York (SUNY), Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI), Department of Atmospheric Sciences [Urbana], University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign [Urbana], University of Illinois System-University of Illinois System, Norwegian Meteorological Institute [Oslo] (MET), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Modélisation INVerse pour les mesures atmosphériques et SATellitaires (SATINV), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), University of Cambridge [UK] (CAM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand 2 (UBP)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), National Research Council of Italy | Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand 2 (UBP)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, Climate change, 15. Life on land, 010501 environmental sciences, Radiative forcing, Permafrost, Atmospheric sciences, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, Feedbacks modelling, Atmosphere of Earth, 13. Climate action, Climatology, Greenhouse gas, 11. Sustainability, Atmospheric instability, Climate model, Water cycle, Atmosphere climate chemistry, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, General Environmental Science
Abstract: Chemically active climate compounds are either primary compounds such as methane (CH4), removed by oxidation in the atmosphere, or secondary compounds such as ozone (O3), sulfate and organic aerosols, formed and removed in the atmosphere. Man-induced climate-chemistry interaction is a two-way process: Emissions of pollutants change the atmospheric composition contributing to climate change through the aforementioned climate components, and climate change, through changes in temperature, dynamics, the hydrological cycle, atmospheric stability, and biosphere-atmosphere interactions, affects the atmospheric composition and oxidation processes in the troposphere. Here we present progress in our understanding of processes of importance for climate-chemistry interactions, and their contributions to changes in atmospheric composition and climate forcing. A key factor is the oxidation potential involving compounds such as O3 and the hydroxyl radical (OH). Reported studies represent both current and future changes. Reported results include new estimates of radiative forcing based on extensive model studies of chemically active climate compounds such as O3, and of particles inducing both direct and indirect effects. Through EU projects such as ACCENT, QUANTIFY, and the AEROCOM project, extensive studies on regional and sector-wise differences in the impact on atmospheric distribution are performed. Studies have shown that land-based emissions have a different effect on climate than ship and aircraft emissions, and different measures are needed to reduce the climate impact. Several areas where climate change can affect the tropospheric oxidation process and the chemical composition are identified. This can take place through enhanced stratospheric-tropospheric exchange of ozone, more frequent periods with stable conditions favouring pollution build up over industrial areas, enhanced temperature-induced biogenic emissions, methane releases from permafrost thawing, and enhanced concentration through reduced biospheric uptake. During the last 510 years, new observational data have been made available and used for model validation and the study of atmospheric processes. Although there are significant uncertainties in the modelling of composition changes, access to new observational data has improved modelling capability. Emission scenarios for the coming decades have a large uncertainty range, in particular with respect to regional trends, leading to a significant uncertainty range in estimated regional composition changes and climate impact.
Published: 2009

30. Contribution of different grass species to plant-atmosphere ammonia exchange in intensively managed grassland

Author: Mark A. Sutton, B. Herrmann, Albrecht Neftel, Marie Mattsson, Jan K. Schjoerring, Stephanie K. Jones, Plant and Soil Science Laboratory, Faculty of Life Science [Copenhagen], University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (KU)-University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (KU), Agroscope Reckenholz - Tänikon (ART), Agroscope, Centre for Ecology and Hydrology (CEH), and Natural Environment Research Council (NERC)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, lcsh:Life, [SDU.STU]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences, grass species, ammonia, Lolium perenne, 01 natural sciences, [PHYS.ASTR.CO]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Cosmology and Extra-Galactic Astrophysics [astro-ph.CO], Phleum, lcsh:QH540-549.5, Botany, Festuca pratensis, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Earth-Surface Processes, Holcus lanatus, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Ekologi, 2. Zero hunger, Poa pratensis, [SDU.ASTR]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], Ecology, biology, lcsh:QE1-996.5, Species diversity, Lolium multiflorum, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, 15. Life on land, biology.organism_classification, lcsh:Geology, lcsh:QH501-531, Dactylis glomerata, Agronomy, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, lcsh:Ecology, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract: Species diversity in grasslands usually declines with increasing input of nitrogen from fertilizers or atmospheric deposition. Conversely, species diversity may also impact the build-up of soil and plant nitrogen pools. One important pool is NH3/NH4+ which also can be exchanged between plant leaves and the atmosphere. Limited information is available on how plant-atmosphere ammonia exchange is related to species diversity in grasslands. We have here investigated grass species abundance and different foliar nitrogen pools in 4-year-old intensively managed grassland. Apoplastic pH and NH4+ concentrations of the 8 most abundant species (Lolium perenne, Phleum pratense, Festuca pratensis, Lolium multiflorum, Poa pratensis, Dactylis glomerata, Holcus lanatus, Bromus mollis) were used to calculate stomatal NH3 compensation points. Apoplastic NH4+ concentrations differed considerably among the species, ranging from 13 to 117 μM, with highest values in Festuca pratensis. Also apoplastic pH values varied, from pH 6.0 in Phleum pratense to 6.9 in Dactylis glomerata. The observed differences in apoplastic NH4+ and pH resulted in a large span of predicted values for the stomatal NH3 compensation point which ranged between 0.20 and 6.57 nmol mol−1. Three species (Lolium perenne, Festuca pratensis and Dactylis glomerata) had sufficiently high NH3 compensation point and abundance to contribute to the bi-directional NH3 fluxes recorded over the whole field. The other 5 grass species had NH3 compensation points considerably below the atmospheric NH3 concentration and were thus not likely to contribute to NH3 emission but only to NH3 uptake from the atmosphere. Evaluated across species, leaf bulk-tissue NH4+ concentrations correlated well (r2=0.902) with stomatal NH3 compensation points calculated on the basis of the apoplastic bioassay. This suggests that leaf tissue NH4+ concentrations combined with data for the frequency distribution of the corresponding species can be used for predicting the NH3 exchange potential of a mixed grass sward.
Published: 2008

31. Modeling the dynamic chemical interactions of atmospheric ammonia and other trace gases with measured leaf surface wetness in a managed grassland canopy

Author: Burkhardt, J., Flechard, C. R., Gresens, F., Mattsson, M. E., Jongejan, P. A. C., Erisman, J. W., Weidinger, T., Meszaros, R., Nemitz, E., Sutton, M. A., Institute for Crop Science and Resource Conservation, INRES-PE, Soils, Agronomy and Spatialization Unit, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Royal Veterinary & Agricultural University (RVAU), Energy Research Centre of the Netherlands (ECN), University of Etvos Lorand (ELU), Centre for Ecology and Hydrology (CEH), and Natural Environment Research Council (NERC)
Subjects: [PHYS.ASTR.CO]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Cosmology and Extra-Galactic Astrophysics [astro-ph.CO], [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, [SDU.ASTR]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, [SDU.STU]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences, 15. Life on land, 010501 environmental sciences, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, 01 natural sciences, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: International audience; Ammonia exchange fluxes between grassland and the atmosphere were modeled on the basis of stomatal compensation points and leaf surface chemistry, and compared with measured fluxes during the GRAMINAE intensive measurement campaign in spring 2000 near Braunschweig, Germany. Leaf wetness and dew chemistry in grassland were measured together with ammonia fluxes and apoplastic NH4+ and H+ concentration, and the data were used to apply, validate and further develop an existing model of leaf surface chemistry and ammonia exchange. The leaf surface water storage was calculated from measured leaf wetness data using an exponential parameterisation. The measurement period was divided into three phases: a relatively wet phase followed by a dry phase in the first week before the grass was cut, and a second drier week after the cut. While the first two phases were mainly characterised by ammonia deposition and occasional short emission events, regular events of strong ammonia emissions were observed during the post-cut period. A single-layer resistance model including dynamic cuticular and stomatal exchange could describe the fluxes well before and after the cut, but unrealistically high stomatal compensation points were needed after the cut in order to match measured fluxes. Significant improvements were obtained when a second layer was introduced into the model, to account for the large additional ammonia source inherent in the leaf litter at the bottom of the grass canopy.
Published: 2008

32. Assessing the hydrological suitability of floodplains for species-rich meadow restoration: a case study of the Thames floodplain, UK

Author: Julian R. Thompson, Charlie Stratford, D. J. Mould, Mike Acreman, Arnaud Duranel, EGU, Publication, Centre for Ecology and Hydrology (CEH), Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), Wetland Research Unit, Department og Geography, and UCL
Subjects: 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Floodplain, Water table, 0207 environmental engineering, [SDU.STU]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences, 02 engineering and technology, 01 natural sciences, Hydrology (agriculture), Agricultural land, 020701 environmental engineering, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Hydrology, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, Flood myth, [SDU.OCEAN] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Flooding (psychology), Plant community, Vegetation, 15. Life on land, 6. Clean water, [SDU.ENVI] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, [SDU.STU] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences, Environmental science
Abstract: The physical and chemical environment of a floodplain needs to be assessed to define conservation targets for restoring it to species-rich meadows from agricultural land. A straightforward technique, widely applicable by site managers for assessing the suitability of the hydrological and hydro-chemical regime of a floodplain for wet grassland restoration, has been tested by examining the feasibility of restoring plants characteristic of NVC MG4 and MG8 communities to the Castle Meadows, Wallingford (Oxfordshire, UK). Hydro-chemical suitability has been assessed by comparing phosphorus concentrations with species-rich meadows nearby. The flooding regime was estimated based on a rating curve and a digital elevation model and groundwater levels were measured monthly in dipwells and piezometers. The hydrological regime was then compared with published reference guidelines for communities of conservation interest. For the Castle Meadows, the maximum duration of flood events in autumn and winter exceeded MG4 and MG8 species requirements across half of the site, while the depth of the groundwater table in summer exceeded species requirements in the other half. It was shown that, depending on topography, MG5 or MG13 may be more realistic vegetation targets.
Published: 2007

33. Simplicity versus complexity in modelling groundwater recharge in Chalk catchments

Author: F. Bouraoui, R. B. Bradford, S. M. Crooks, R. Ragab, E. Peters, Centre for Ecology and Hydrology (CEH), Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), JRC Institute for Environment and Sustainability (IES), European Commission - Joint Research Centre [Ispra] (JRC), Wageningen University and Research [Wageningen] (WUR), and EGU, Publication
Subjects: 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Headwater catchment, 0207 environmental engineering, [SDU.STU]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences, 02 engineering and technology, Hydrology and Quantitative Water Management, 01 natural sciences, Catchment scale, Modelling, Groundwater recharge, Streamflow, 020701 environmental engineering, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, Chalk, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Hydrology, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, WIMEK, Land use, [SDU.OCEAN] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, 15. Life on land, 6. Clean water, [SDU.ENVI] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, Infiltration (hydrology), 13. Climate action, [SDU.STU] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences, Environmental science, Hydrologie en Kwantitatief Waterbeheer
Abstract: International audience; Models of varying complexity are available to provide estimates of recharge in headwater Chalk catchments. Some measure of how estimates vary between different models can help guide the choice of model for a particular application. This paper compares recharge estimates derived from four models employing input data at varying spatial resolutions for a Chalk headwater catchment (River Pang, UK) over a four-year period (1992-1995) that includes a range of climatic conditions. One model was validated against river flow data to provide a measure of their relative performance. Each model gave similar total recharge for the crucial winter recharge period when evaporation is low. However, the simple models produced relatively lower estimates of the summer and early autumn recharge due to the way in which processes governing recharge especially evaporation and infiltration are represented. The relative uniformity of land use, soil types and rainfall across headwater, drift-free Chalk catchments suggests that complex, distributed models offer limited benefits for recharge estimates at the catchment scale compared to simple models. Nonetheless, distributed models would be justified for studies where the pattern and amount of recharge need to be known in greater detail and to provide more reliable estimates of recharge during years with low rainfall. Keywords: Chalk, modelling, groundwater recharge
Published: 2002

34. Appendix: Data management and data archive for the HYREX Programme

Author: L. Gray, A. M. Roberts, Robert J. Moore, R. J. Griffith, M. A. Pedder, A. Lane, Ian Cluckie, EGU, Publication, Centre for Ecology and Hydrology (CEH), Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), University of Bristol [Bristol], British Atmospheric Data Centre, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory (RAL), Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC)-Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC), and University of Reading (UOR)
Subjects: 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Operations research, Data management, media_common.quotation_subject, 0207 environmental engineering, [SDU.STU]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences, 02 engineering and technology, 01 natural sciences, Political science, Situated, Quality (business), 020701 environmental engineering, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, media_common, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, business.industry, Technological change, [SDU.OCEAN] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Public sector, Data management plan, Data science, [SDU.ENVI] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, Thematic map, 13. Climate action, [SDU.STU] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences, Data center, business
Abstract: International audience; Since the mid 1980s, changes in political imperatives plus technological changes in computer hardware and software have heightened the awareness of the economic value and importance of quality datasets to scientific research. The Natural Environment Research Council's (NERC) interdisciplinary Thematic and Special Topic Programmes have highlighted the need for a coherent data management policy to provide and preserve these quality datasets for posterity. The Hydrological Radar EXperiment (HYREX) Special Topic Programme brought together multi-disciplinary researchers from UK public sector laboratories and universities. In this paper, the HYREX data management strategy, its problems and its solutions are discussed. The HYREX data archive, situated at NERC's British Atmospheric Data Centre, is described. Keywords: radar, data, archive, web, storm, flood
Published: 2000

35. Assessing nitrogen dynamics in European ecosystems, integrating measurement and modelling: Conclusions

Author: Dan Butterfield, Andrew J. Wade, Colin Neal, Martyn N. Futter, Aquatic Environments Research Centre, University of Reading (UOR), Centre for Ecology and Hydrology (CEH), Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), Environmental and Resource Studies, Trent University, and EGU, Publication
Subjects: Mediterranean climate, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Drainage basin, [SDU.STU]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences, STREAMS, 010501 environmental sciences, 01 natural sciences, Deposition (geology), Hydrology (agriculture), Ecosystem, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Hydrology, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, [SDU.OCEAN] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, 15. Life on land, 6. Clean water, [SDU.ENVI] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, Earth system science, Arctic, 13. Climate action, [SDU.STU] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences, Environmental science, Water resource management
Abstract: International audience; This contribution closes this special issue of Hydrology and Earth System Sciences concerning the assessment of nitrogen dynamics in catchments across Europe within a semi-distributed Integrated Nitrogen model for multiple source assessment in Catchments (INCA). New developments in the understanding of the factors and processes determining the concentrations and loads of nitrogen are outlined. The ability of the INCA model to simulate the hydrological and nitrogen dynamics of different European ecosystems is assessed and the results of the first scenario analyses investigating the impacts of deposition, climatic and land-use change on the nitrogen dynamics are summarised. Consideration is given as to how well the model has performed as a generic tool for describing the nitrogen dynamics of European ecosystems across Arctic, Maritime, Continental and Mediterranean climates, its role in new research initiatives and future research requirements. Keywords: nitrogen, nitrate, ammonium, phosphorus, catchments, streams, rivers, river basins

36. Development of a high resolution grid-based river flow model for use with regional climate model output

Author: Richard G. Jones, Alison L. Kay, Victoria A. Bell, Robert J. Moore, EGU, Publication, Centre for Ecology and Hydrology (CEH), Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), Met Office Hadley Centre for Climate Change (MOHC), and United Kingdom Met Office [Exeter]
Subjects: 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Meteorology, Flow (psychology), 0207 environmental engineering, Drainage basin, [SDU.STU]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences, 02 engineering and technology, 01 natural sciences, Streamflow, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, 020701 environmental engineering, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, [SDU.OCEAN] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, 15. Life on land, Grid, 6. Clean water, [SDU.ENVI] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, 13. Climate action, Climatology, Potential evaporation, [SDU.STU] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences, Environmental science, Climate model, Surface runoff, Flow routing
Abstract: A grid-based approach to river flow modelling has been developed for regional assessments of the impact of environmental change on hydrologically sensitive systems. The approach also provides a means of assessing, and providing feedback on, the hydrological performance of the land-surface component of a regional climate model (RCM). When combined with information on the evolution of climate, the model can give estimates of the impact of future climate change on river flows and flooding. The high-resolution flow routing and runoff-production model is designed for use with RCM-derived rainfall and potential evaporation (PE), although other sources of gridded rainfall and PE can be employed. Called the "Grid-to-Grid Model", or G2G, it can be configured on grids of different resolution and coverage (a 1 km grid over the UK is used here). The model can simulate flow on an area-wide basis as well as providing estimates of fluvial discharges for input to shelf-sea and ocean models. Configuration of the flow routing model on a relatively high resolution 1 km grid allows modelled river flows to be compared with gauged observations for a variety of catchments across the UK. Modelled flows are also compared with those obtained from a catchment-based model, a parameter-generalised form of the Probability-Distributed Model (PDM) developed for assessing flood frequency. Using RCM re-analysis rainfall and PE as input, the G2G model performs well compared with measured flows at a daily time-step, particularly for high relief catchments. It performs less well for low-relief and groundwater-dominated regions because the dominant model control on runoff production is topography.

37. Trends in nitrogen deposition and leaching in acid-sensitive streams in Europe

Author: Aldo Marchetto, Richard F. Wright, Annette Prechtel, Michela Rogora, Chris D. Evans, J. M. Cullen, Filip Moldan, Christine Alewell, Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Institute for Terrestrial Ecosystem Research (BITÖK), Centre for Ecology and Hydrology (CEH), Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche [Roma] (CNR), IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute Ltd, and EGU, Publication
Subjects: 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, chemistry.chemical_element, [SDU.STU]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences, STREAMS, 010501 environmental sciences, 01 natural sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, Nitrate, Leaching (agriculture), [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Hydrology, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, [SDU.OCEAN] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, 15. Life on land, Nitrogen, [SDU.ENVI] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, 6. Clean water, chemistry, 13. Climate action, Environmental chemistry, Soil water, [SDU.STU] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences, Environmental science, Terrestrial ecosystem, Saturation (chemistry), Deposition (chemistry)
Abstract: International audience; Long-term records of nitrogen in deposition and streamwater were analysed at 30 sites covering major acid sensitive regions in Europe. Large regions of Europe have received high inputs of inorganic nitrogen for the past 20 - 30 years, with an approximate 20% decline in central and northern Europe during the late 1990s. Nitrate concentrations in streamwaters are related to the amount of N deposition. All sites with less than 10 kgN ha-1 yr-1 deposition have low concentrations of nitrate in streamwater, whereas all sites receiving > 25 kgN ha-1 yr-1 have elevated concentrations. Very few of the sites exhibit significant trends in nitrate concentrations; similar analyses on other datasets also show few significant trends. Nitrogen saturation is thus a process requiring many decades, at least at levels of N deposition typical for Europe. Declines in nitrate concentrations at a few sites may reflect recent declines in N deposition. The overall lack of significant trends in nitrate concentrations in streams in Europe may be the result of two opposing factors. Continued high deposition of nitrogen (above the 10 kgN ha-1 yr-1 threshold) should tend to increase N saturation and give increased nitrate concentrations in run-off, whereas the decline in N deposition over the past 5 ? 10 years in large parts of Europe should give decreased nitrate concentrations in run-off. Short and long-term variations in climate affect nitrate concentrations in streamwater and, thus, contribute "noise" which masks long-term trends. Empirical data for geographic pattern and long-term trends in response of surface waters to changes in N deposition set the premises for predicting future contributions of nitrate to acidification of soils and surface waters. Quantification of processes governing nitrogen retention and loss in semi-natural terrestrial ecosystems is a scientific challenge of increasing importance. Keywords: Europe, acid deposition, nitrogen, saturation, recovery, water

38. Mitigation of negative ecological and socio-economic impacts of the Diama dam on the Senegal River Delta wetland (Mauritania), using a model based decision support system

Author: Olivier Hamerlynck, Stéphanie Duvail, Centre for Ecology and Hydrology (CEH), Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), IUCN, and EGU, Publication
Subjects: Geographic information system, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Floodplain, 0207 environmental engineering, [SDU.STU]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences, Wetland, 02 engineering and technology, MIKE 11, 01 natural sciences, Water balance, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, 020701 environmental engineering, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, River delta, Flood myth, [SDU.OCEAN] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Ecology, business.industry, National park, 15. Life on land, [SDU.ENVI] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, 6. Clean water, [SDU.STU] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences, Environmental science, business
Abstract: The delta of the River Senegal was modified substantially by the construction of the Diama dam in 1986 and the floodplain and estuarine areas on the Mauritanian bank were affected severely by the absence of floods. In 1994, managed flood releases were initiated in the Bell basin (4000 ha) of the Diawling National Park, as part of a rehabilitation effort. The basin was designated as a joint management area between traditional users and the Park authority and a revised management plan was developed through a participatory approach based on a topographical, hydro-climatic, ecological and socio-economic data. Hydraulic modelling was developed as a tool to support stakeholder negotiations on the desired characteristics of the managed flood releases. Initially, a water balance model was developed. The data were then integrated into a one-dimensional hydraulic model, MIKE 11 (DHI, 2000). When associated with a Digital Elevation Model and a Geographic Information System, (Arc View), the model provided a dynamic description of floods. Flood extent, water depth and flood duration data were combined with ecological and socio-economic data. The water requirements of the different stakeholders were converted to flood scenarios and the benefits and constraints analysed. A consensus scenario was reached through a participatory process. The volume of flood release required to restore the delta does not affect hydro-power generation, navigation or intensive irrigation, for which the dams in the basin were constructed. Hydraulic modelling provided useful inputs to stakeholder discussions and allows investigation of untested flood scenarios. Keywords: wetland restoration, water use conflicts, equity, Senegal River delta, Mauritania, Diawling National Park

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