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Recognition of how dynamic the Antarctic ice sheets and glaciers were during the late Holocene has grown in recent years. Proxy data suggests the presence of Neoglacial advances but few moraines or glacial features from this time have been dated compared to glaciated landscapes of the Northern Hemisphere. Debate continues on whether parts of Antarctica experienced glacial advance at the same time as the “Little Ice Age” (LIA), which is well-documented in the Northern Hemisphere. We provide new evidence for late Holocene glacial fluctuations at three locations along the Antarctic Peninsula. A moraine or till sheet from a tidewater glacier cross cuts a series of dated raised beaches at Tay Head, Joinville Island along the northwestern Weddell Sea. At Spark Point, on Greenwich Island, a glacier has overrun Holocene raised beaches and a shell-bearing marine deposit is reworked into a glacial diamicton. A third site in Calmette Bay within the larger Marguerite Bay also contains a recent moraine that cuts across a series of dated raised beach ridges. The new ages constraining these glacial advances are in broad agreement with the handful of other existing ages on moraines and proxy records suggestive of cooler conditions within the Antarctic Peninsula. Combining available timing constraints into a Bayesian model yields an age of 400 to 90 cal BP (1550–1860 CE; 95%) for the LIA across the Antarctica Peninsula. Consideration of a two-phase glacial advance within our Bayesian framework does fit more of the data from across the Antarctic Peninsula and suggests advances from 575 to 330 cal BP (1375–1620 CE) and 400 to 50 cal BP (1550–1900 CE). However, more work is needed to determine if such a two-phase advance occurred. Regardless, its similar timing within the Antarctic Peninsula to that of the Northern Hemisphere supports recent assertions of a volcanic or solar forcing for the LIA. These recent readvances also provide a possible mechanism for changes in the rates of Holocene relative sea-level change recorded across the Antarctic Peninsula suggesting that the Antarctic ice sheets may have been more responsive to past climate changes than previously thought and glacial isostatic adjustment from the LIA and possibly other Holocene glacial oscillations is superimposed upon the longer relaxation from the Last Glacial Maximum.

The geometry of the sea floor immediately beyond Antarctica's marine-terminating glaciers is a fundamental control on warm-water routing, but it also describes former topographic pinning points that have been important for ice-shelf buttressing. Unfortunately, this information is often lacking due to the inaccessibility of these areas for survey, leading to modelled or interpolated bathymetries being used as boundary conditions in numerical modelling simulations. At Thwaites Glacier (TG) this critical data gap was addressed in 2019 during the first cruise of the International Thwaites Glacier Collaboration (ITGC) project. We present more than 2000 km2 of new multibeam echo-sounder (MBES) data acquired in exceptional sea-ice conditions immediately offshore TG, and we update existing bathymetric compilations. The cross-sectional areas of sea-floor troughs are under-predicted by up to 40 % or are not resolved at all where MBES data are missing, suggesting that calculations of trough capacity, and thus oceanic heat flux, may be significantly underestimated. Spatial variations in the morphology of topographic highs, known to be former pinning points for the floating ice shelf of TG, indicate differences in bed composition that are supported by landform evidence. We discuss links to ice dynamics for an overriding ice mass including a potential positive feedback mechanism where erosion of soft erodible highs may lead to ice-shelf ungrounding even with little or no ice thinning. Analyses of bed roughnesses and basal drag contributions show that the sea-floor bathymetry in front of TG is an analogue for extant bed areas. Ice flow over the sea-floor troughs and ridges would have been affected by similarly high basal drag to that acting at the grounding zone today. We conclude that more can certainly be gleaned from these 3D bathymetric datasets regarding the likely spatial variability of bed roughness and bed composition types underneath TG. This work also addresses the requirements of recent numerical ice-sheet and ocean modelling studies that have recognised the need for accurate and high-resolution bathymetry to determine warm-water routing to the grounding zone and, ultimately, for predicting glacier retreat behaviour.

Contemporary ice stream flow is directly linked to conditions at the ice/bed interface, yet this environment is logistically difficult to access. Instead, we investigate subglacial processes important for ice stream flow by studying tills on the deglaciated Antarctic continental shelf. We test currently-accepted hypotheses surrounding subglacial processes and till properties with a Ross Sea dataset. Till shear strengths indicate a continuum of simultaneous processes acting at the bed, rather than discrete ‘deformation’ and ‘lodgement’ end-members. We identify a threshold water content representing saturated pore spaces, leading to basal sliding and meltwater channelization. Based on observations of till properties relative to glacial landforms, we challenge the assumption that low shear strength is linked to intense deformation. Spatial variability in landform morphology reflects variability in deforming processes at the sub-ice stream scale and suggests a maximum deforming bed thickness of 2 m at the grounding line. Regional till properties generally correlate with seafloor geology and deglacial history; the western Ross Sea is characterized by higher and more variable shear strengths and water contents, while lower-shear strength till was preserved in the Eastern Basin. These observations inform till interpretation and provide context for deforming beds beneath the modern ice sheet and on glaciated continental shelves.

Although hundreds of cores have been collected on the Antarctic continental shelf over the past five decades, definitive interpretations of depositional environments associated with marine-based ice advance and retreat are hindered by similarities in sediment facies and a lack of geomorphic context. The recent use of an advanced multibeam bathymetry system allows for more detailed ice sheet reconstructions from glacial landforms that were previously not resolved with older generation systems. Here we present results from a recent cruise to the Ross Sea, Antarctica that focuses on integrating sediment facies analyses into a geomorphic framework to confidently determine depositional environments and sedimentological processes since the Last Glacial Maximum. Grain-size analysis, geotechnical properties, and micropaleontology from targeted sediment cores are used to develop improved criteria for making the distinction between subglacial diamictons and ice-proximal diamictons, which can be applied to geomorphically blind sediment cores. Our consideration of geomorphic context while interpreting sediment facies has also allowed us to determine that most debris melted out of the base of paleo-ice shelves in the Ross Sea only 1.2 km seaward of the grounded ice margin. Additionally, we find that agglutinated foraminifera specimens are characteristic of sluggish marine currents and a resulting accumulation of siliceous detritus rich in organic matter; however, calcareous specimens dominate in higher-energy current settings and in ice-proximal environments with lesser amounts of siliceous detritus and associated organic material. Overall, sedimentary successions record contrasting behaviors of the West Antarctic and East Antarctic ice sheets that extended onto the continental shelf during the Last Glacial Maximum. Not only is this coupled geomorphic and sedimentologic approach useful for understanding glacimarine processes and ice-sheet retreat patterns, but it is essential for selecting appropriate facies transitions for chronological constraints of past ice sheet behavior.

The East Antarctic ice sheet was larger than present during past cold periods. Seafloor geophysical data show that in the Ross Sea, the extended ice sheet was underlain by an active hydrologic system during the glacial termination.

Studying the history of ice-sheet behaviour in the Ross Sea, Antarctica's largest drainage basin can improve our understanding of patterns and controls on marine-based ice-sheet dynamics and provide constraints for numerical ice-sheet models. Newly collected high-resolution multibeam bathymetry data, combined with two decades of legacy multibeam and seismic data, are used to map glacial landforms and reconstruct palaeo ice-sheet drainage. During the Last Glacial Maximum, grounded ice reached the continental shelf edge in the eastern but not western Ross Sea. Recessional geomorphic features in the western Ross Sea indicate virtually continuous back-stepping of the ice-sheet grounding line. In the eastern Ross Sea, well-preserved linear features and a lack of small-scale recessional landforms signify rapid lift-off of grounded ice from the bed. Physiography exerted a first-order control on regional ice behaviour, while sea floor geology played an important subsidiary role. Previously published deglacial scenarios for Ross Sea are based on low-spatial-resolution marine data or terrestrial observations; however, this study uses high-resolution basin-wide geomorphology to constrain grounding-line retreat on the continental shelf. Our analysis of retreat patterns suggests that (1) retreat from the western Ross Sea was complex due to strong physiographic controls on ice-sheet drainage; (2) retreat was asynchronous across the Ross Sea and between troughs; (3) the eastern Ross Sea largely deglaciated prior to the western Ross Sea following the formation of a large grounding-line embayment over Whales Deep; and (4) our glacial geomorphic reconstruction converges with recent numerical models that call for significant and complex East Antarctic ice sheet and West Antarctic ice sheet contributions to the ice flow in the Ross Sea.

The Ross Sea Embayment is the largest drainage basin of the Antarctic Ice Sheet. Multiple ice streams sourced from both the East Antarctic and West Antarctic ice sheets merged in the Ross Sea during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). The continental shelf record is important for understanding processes that influence retreat, constraining deglacial patterns and assessing Antarctica's contribution to eustatic sea-level rise since the LGM. Newly acquired, high-resolution multibeam bathymetry provides a detailed record of the complex deglacial history of a sector in the western Ross Sea (Fig. 1a). Retreat of grounded ice is marked by small, ice-marginal retreat landforms that were poorly resolved prior to the use of an upgraded multibeam system. Dynamic grounding zone behaviour is influenced by physiography and the presence of subglacial meltwater. Fig. 1. ( a ) Multibeam survey south of Crary Bank between Franklin Island and the Central Basin, western Ross Sea shelf (basemap modified by L. Prothro from GeoMapApp). Acquisition system Kongsberg EM122. Frequency 12 kHz. Grid-cell size 20 m. ( b ) Ross Sea showing the location of the survey area ((a) in red box; map from IBCSO v. 1.0). LAB, Little American Basin; GCB, Glomar-Challenger Basin; RB, Ross Bank; PT, Pennell Trough; PB, Pennell Bank; JT, JOIDES Trough; MB, Mawson Bank; CB, Central Bank; CrB Crary Bank; FrIS, Franklin Island; DT, Drygalski Ice Tongue; VLB, Victoria Land Basin; McM, McMurdo Sound. ( c ) Two sets of linear features interpreted as glacial lineations separated by an abrupt boundary (grey dashed line). Inset shows seismic profile across glacial lineations. Acquisition system Knudsen CHIRP. Frequency 3.5 kHz. ( d ) Asymmetrical ridges, interpreted as GZWs, deposited along the banks of a channel and on top of a volcanic landform with lineated topsets. ( e ) Profile of 4 m GZW deposited on volcanic landform showing underlying surface reflection. ( f ) Example of channel cross-sectional profile. …

A lack of reliable chronology often leaves Antarctic ice sheet reconstructions incomplete. Despite being the most heavily investigated region of the Antarctic continental shelf, the post-Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) record of marine-based ice sheet dynamics in the Ross Sea has remained largely elusive and at odds with fringing terrestrial records of ice sheet decay. Issues with radiocarbon dating stem primarily from poorly preserved carbonate, contamination by glacially-recycled carbon, and insufficient consideration for glacial geomorphic context and sedimentary facies. We assess nearly 70 newly acquired and more than 200 published radiocarbon ages in the context of a consistent sedimentary facies and geomorphic framework to interpret the timing of the local glacial maximum and subsequent retreat of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet (EAIS) in the Ross Sea and potential causes of retreat. Compound-specific radiocarbon ages help to provide good constraints on open marine onset, and we demonstrate that, with proper corrections and considerations, acid insoluble organic (AIO) radiocarbon ages can be reliable in open marine sediments and carbonate ages can be reliable in grounding-zone proximal sediments. We find that the ice flowing through Pennell and JOIDES troughs remained at maximum extent for approximately 10,000 years before retreating at 15.1 and 13 cal ka BP, respectively. An ice shelf covered the outer continental shelf until ∼9.5 cal ka BP, after which it collapsed in JOIDES Trough, creating deep iceberg furrows. Retreat through Pennell Trough was more episodic, marked by grounding-zone wedges that backstep upstream and onto lateral banks creating deglacial emergent ice rises. As ice retreated from ∼9 to ∼4 cal ka BP, there was considerable reorganization of drainage and at least one episode of readvance through southern JOIDES Trough that began drawdown of terrestrial ice near Ross Island at ∼7.8 cal ka BP. The ice shelf appears to have retreated to a near-present configuration by 2 cal ka BP. However, due to inconsistencies in calendar ages, grounding line position must be inferred from relative chronology based on glacial landforms, which suggests grounded ice retreated nearly to Drygalski Ice Tongue and lingered atop Crary Bank where it was maintained by ice from David Glacier. Our reconstruction further suggests that the EAIS in the western Ross Sea was not a discernible contributor to Meltwater Pulse 1A, but likely contributed to eustatic sea level rise well through the middle—perhaps even late—Holocene.

Many studies of Holocene relative sea-level (RSL) changes across Antarctica assume that their reconstructions record uplift from glacial isostatic adjustment caused by the demise of the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) ice sheets. However, recent analysis of GPS observations suggests that mantle viscosity beneath the Antarctic Peninsula is weaker than previously thought, which would imply that solid Earth motion is not controlled by post-LGM ice-sheet retreat but instead by late Holocene ice-mass changes. If this hypothesis is correct, one might expect to find Holocene RSL records that do not reflect a monotonic decrease in the rate of RSL fall but show variations in the rate of RSL change through the Holocene. We present a new record of late Holocene RSL change from Torgersen Island near Palmer Station in the western Antarctic Peninsula that shows an increase in the rate of relative sea-level fall from 3.0 ± 1.2 mm/yr to 5.1 ± 1.8 mm/yr during the late Holocene. Independent studies of the glacial history of the region provide evidence of ice-sheet changes over similar time scales that may be driving this change. When our RSL records are corrected for sea-surface height changes associated with glacial isostatic adjustment (GIA), the rate of post-0.79 ka land uplift at Torgersen Island, 5.3 ± 1.8 mm/yr, is much higher than the rate of uplift recorded at a nearby GPS site at Palmer Station prior to the Larsen B breakup in 2002 AD (1998-2002 AD

The stability of modern ice shelves is threatened by atmospheric and oceanic warming. The geologic record of formerly glaciated continental shelves provides a window into the past of how ice shelves responded to a warming climate. Fields of deep (-560 m), linear iceberg furrows on the outer, western Ross Sea continental shelf record an early post-Last Glacial Maximum episode of ice-shelf collapse that was followed by continuous retreat of the grounding line for ∼200 km. Runaway grounding line conditions culminated once the ice became pinned on shallow banks in the western Ross Sea. This early episode of ice-shelf collapse is not observed in the eastern Ross Sea, where more episodic grounding line retreat took place. More widespread (∼280,000 km(2)) retreat of the ancestral Ross Ice Shelf occurred during the late Holocene. This event is recorded in sediment cores by a shift from terrigenous glacimarine mud to diatomaceous open-marine sediment as well as an increase in radiogenic beryllium ((10)Be) concentrations. The timing of ice-shelf breakup is constrained by compound specific radiocarbon ages, the first application of this technique systematically applied to Antarctic marine sediments. Breakup initiated around 5 ka, with the ice shelf reaching its current configuration ∼1.5 ka. In the eastern Ross Sea, the ice shelf retreated up to 100 km in about a thousand years. Three-dimensional thermodynamic ice-shelf/ocean modeling results and comparison with ice-core records indicate that ice-shelf breakup resulted from combined atmospheric warming and warm ocean currents impinging onto the continental shelf.