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Macrocyclic carbohydrate rings were formed via enzymatic reactions around single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) as a catalyst. Cyclodextrin glucanotransferase, starch substrate and SWNTs were reacted in buffer solution to yield cyclodextrin (CD) rings wrapped around individual SWNTs. Atomic force microscopy showed the resulting complexes to be rings of 12-50 nm in diameter, which were highly soluble and dispersed in aqueous solution. They were further characterized by Raman and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and molecular simulation using density functional theory calculation. In the absence of SWNT, hydrogen bonding between glucose units determines the structure of maltose (the precursor of CD) and produces the curvature along the glucose chain. Wrapping SWNT along the short axis was preferred with curvature in the presence of SWNTs and with the hydrophobic interactions between the SWNTs and CD molecules. This synthetic approach may be useful for the functionalization of carbon nanotubes for development of nanostructures.

Windows platforms such as Windows XP, Windows 7 and Windows 8 have various security vulnerabilities. Windows has 90% market share and is targeted for hackers. Thus, financial incident or system failure can be caused by hackers. To prevent these incidents, it is necessary to grasp and understand the area of high vulnerability in Windows platform to prevent these incidents. We researched and analysed vulnerabilities with Windows platforms and compared with the analysed result in terms of the difference in user privilege, Windows operating system and version of Internet Explorer. We found vulnerabilities that occurred only in specific Windows product or version of Internet Explorer. Through analysed vulnerability scanning result, we compared the differences between in each environment. The vulnerability incident frequency was found based on user privilege, OS platforms, and Internet Explorer versions. In this paper, we propose the way to make an essential and secure computing configuration of Windows.