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In recent years, the extraction of groundwater (GW) in coastal aquifers has rendered the fragile aquifers more saline due to the sea water intrusion. Groundwater from the coastal aquifers of the Pudhucherry region were sampled to study the process of salinization. An integrated approach was adopted to identify the salinization process, by coordinating the results of borehole geophysics, rainfall pattern, water level variation, hydrochemical characters and multivariate statistical analysis. A total of 136 groundwater samples were collected during two different seasons, southwest monsoon (SWM) and northeast monsoon (NEM). The major cations and anions were analyzed adopting standard procedures. Resistivity and litholog indicate that the southeastern (SE) part of the study region has lower resistivity than in north. Based on electrical conductivity (EC) and total dissolved solids (TDS) values, most of the samples are potable, except for few samples from southeastern region. The study results indicated that higher values of Na, EC, K, SO4, Mg and Cl were observed during NEM, indicating leaching of salt into the aquifer and ion exchange process. The predominant hydrochemical facies of groundwater was Na-Cl and Ca–Mg–Cl type reflecting the saline water and the mixing process of saltwater and fresh groundwater, respectively. Though more number of samples with higher EC was noted in NEM, the results of PCA and correlation analysis indicate the predominance of leaching of salts and intense agricultural activities. The process of sea water intrusion was observed to be dominant during SWM.

Uranium (U) is formed by the interaction of groundwater in aquifer and the surrounding rocks. The area chosen for this study is a hard rock terrain of various lithology in South India, which releases U in groundwater and affect the groundwater quality. Hence, this study was conducted to understand the geochemistry and temporal variations of U in groundwater with respect to saturation state of minerals for different seasons namely Pre-monsoon (PRM), Northeast monsoon (NEM), Southwest monsoon (SWM) and Post-monsoon (POM). A total of 216 groundwater samples were collected, representing various lithology (Fissile hornblende biotite gneiss, Charnockite, Quartzite, Granite and Flood Plain Alluvium) in the study area. The collected samples were analyzed for physical parameters such as Electrical conductivity, Total dissolved solids, pH and major ions. U was measured using Laser Fluorimeter. The study infers that weathering in SWM, ion exchange in PRM and POM and anthropogenic process in NEM were the three major processes that could dominate the hydrogeochemistry of U. The higher concentration of U has been highlighted, and the water–rock interaction has been studied to know the sources of origin and it has been plotted through bivariate and ternary diagrams. The saturation index study was made and calculated for uranium, carbonate, sulfate, silicate and phosphate minerals using PHREEQC Programme. Uraninite and Coffinite are the dominant saturated states of U minerals which tend to attain near saturation to saturation state irrespective of seasons. With the increase in U concentration irrespective of seasons, it was noticed that the saturation state of minerals is also increasing. Overall, the weathering process and the lithological impact are the sources for higher concentration of U and their minerals occurring in the study area. The outcome of the study will help the policy makers for sustainable management to safeguard the groundwater resource in this region.

Disposal of dyes into the environment causes serious damage and they may be toxic to some aquatic organisms due to their breakdown products. The colouring pigments present in the effluent may give aesthetic look and it affects the photosynthetic in plants. The chemical and physical methods have many disadvantages which can overcome by biological method because it is cost saving and environmentally benign. In biological methods, absorbents like Bacteria, fungus, cellular membrane etc. can be used. Since yeast is cheap and more effective it is preferred. In the present study an attempt was made to examine the potential of Saccharomyces Cerevisiae in decolorization of Congo red dye. The influence of different condition in variation of concentration, time and pH in that Study was made to find the optimum condition in which the maximum decolorization was occur. The UV Spectrum shows the maximum wavelength was observed in 496.93. At room temperature, the maximum decolorization of 90.7% was observed in the concentration of 40 ppm(0.004g/100ml) and it took place after 18hrs. In the next experiment, maximum decolorization of 96.88% was obtained in the concentration of 40ppm(0.004g/100ml) and pH of 4 at a time of 17hrs with a dosage of 0.1g in room temperature which is considering to be the optimum condition. The above results show the potential of this Saccharomyces Cerevisiae to be used in the biological treatment of textile effluent under optimum condition.