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Faults and failures are familiar case studies in centralized and decentralized tracking systems. The processing of sensor data becomes more severe in the presence of faults/failures and/or noise. Effective schemes have been presented for decentralized systems, in the presence of faults only. In some practical scenarios of systems, there are certain interruptions in addition to these faults. These interruptions may occur in the form of noise. However it is expected that the decision about the sensor data is difficult in the presence of noise. This is because the noise adversely affects the communication amongst sensors and the processing unit. More complexity is expected when there are faults and noise simultaneously. To deal with this problem, in addition to existing fault detection and isolation schemes, the Kalman filter is employed. Here, a generic discussion is provided, which is equally applicable to other situations. This work addresses various faults in the presence of noise for decentralized tracking systems. Local single faults and multiple faults in the presence of noise are the core issues addressed in this paper. The proposed work is comprised of a general scenario for a decentralized tracking system followed by a case study of a target tracking scenario with and without noise. The presented schemes are also tested for different types of faults. The proposed work presents effective tracking in the presence of noise and faults. The results obtained demonstrate the acceptable performance of the scheme of this work.

Currently, energy storage with superior efficiency, inferior cost and environmentally benign is a solemn matter for the humanity worldwide because of constantly escalating demands of energy. Considering this crisis, many productive approaches were proposed to meet the current and future necessities. However, research is still continuous to develop innovative pathways and to improve the existing methodologies. Supercapacitors have taken the superior position among the talented devices for energy storage. Nanomaterials based on graphene (GN) and metal oxides/hydroxides have emerged as much more pertinent and beneficial resources for supercapacitor devices. In this review, we consider advanced research steps towards various versatile designing strategies for GN-metal oxide/hydroxide composite materials. We portray here very recently demonstrated (latest research of years 2013–2015) supercapacitive manners of GN-metal oxide/hydroxide nanocomposites in terms of specific capacitance and cyclic stability. Furthermore, we accentuate the fabrication challenges and future perspectives of such materials for energy storage.

Commercially accessible and long-lasting resources of energy are among the foremost areas of current research. Supercapacitors have taken the position of very thoughtful candidates in the energy-storing field to meet the modern necessities. Several graphene-based materials have been employed for supercapacitor electrodes. Here, we demonstrated an economical and advanced hydrothermal technique using combination of two reducing materials (urea and starch) for the fabrication of reduced graphene oxide/zinc oxide (RGO/ZnO) composite. The X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy analysis were carried out to study the structure and of RGO/ZnO composite. The supercapacitive behaviour of RGO/ZnO composite was studied via cyclic voltammetry and galvanostatic charge/discharge experiments. The results showed enhanced specific capacitance (313.14 F g−1) with good cyclic stability (1000 cycles).

Graphene-based nanocomposite materials have drawn the serious attention of researchers due to their remarkable applications in the field of energy storage. Here, in the current work, the authors prepared various composite electrode materials composed of iron oxide and reduced graphene oxide. A simple cost-effective and one-step hydrothermal approach was employed, for the first time, using a combination of two reducing agents, namely urea and starch. The formation of composite materials was characterised using scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. The electrochemical characteristics of the as-manufactured composite materials were explored using cyclic voltammetry and galvanostatic charge/discharge tests. It was found that the iron oxide–reduced graphene oxide composite prepared by using two reducing agents exhibits higher specific capacitance (286.6 F g− 1) at scan rate of 5 mV s− 1 in 1M KOH solution.

In this study, we report the successful reduction of graphene oxide (GO) with cost effective and environment friendly methods. In the first method, we irradiated GO with highly energetic UV laser to obtain reduced GO (rGO). Moreover, Ag and Ni nanoparticles (NPs) were also productively deposited on rGO by in situ reduction of metal salts with ultraviolet (UV) laser irradiation. In the second method, we employed neem leaf extract as reducing agent to synthesise rGO decorated with Ag and Ni NPs in a one-step approach. The reduction of GO as well as the deposition of Ag and Ni NPs on rGO was examined by Raman spectroscopy. We also performed ultraviolet–visible (UV-vis) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and SEM analysis to observe absorption in UV-vis range, crystallographic orientations and surface morphology of rGO-NPs composites respectively. Both the reducing sources were found efficient for the reduction of GO and successful deposition of metal NPs on the surface of rGO via in situ reduction of metal salts...

Linear Parameter Varying (LPV) system is an important class of system, as it covers many physical systems. In this paper, the routine Kalman filtering scheme derivations are entertained to modify for generalized LPV systems. The original system is unstable, for controlling purpose a state-feedback controller is employed. For simulation purpose, a real time case study of Boeing-747 model is adopted. The results comprehend attractive features for modified Kalman filtering scheme.