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Biomedical event extraction is a challenging task in biomedical text mining, which plays an important role in improving biomedical research and disease prevention. As the crucial and prerequisite step in event extraction, biomedical trigger detection has attracted much attention. Previous approaches usually depended on feature engineering with unbalanced data. In this paper, we propose a two-stage method based on hybrid neural network for trigger detection, which divides trigger detection into recognition stage and classification stage. In the first stage, we build a BiLSTM based recognition model integrating attention mechanism (Att-BiLSTM). In the second stage, the classification model based on Passive-Aggressive online algorithm is constructed. Furthermore, to enrich sentence-level features, we establish sentence embeddings and add reading gate. On the multi-level event extraction (MLEE) corpus test dataset, our method achieves an F-score of 80.26%, which achieves the state-of-the-art systems.

Group cohesiveness represents the bonding between members in a group. Indeed, a group with high cohesiveness may easily reach success in their task. Therefore, the most critical element that affects the success of a group is group cohesiveness, which is estimated by Group Cohesion Score (GCS). This study proposed an automatic GCS estimation system for the 7th Emotion Recognition in the Wild (EmotiW 2019) challenge in the task of the Group Cohesion Prediction. We proposed a multi-stream hybrid network based on scene-level, skeleton-level, UV coordinates-level, mid-fusion, and face-level, followed by late-fusion to combine these approaches. We also developed a joint training method called Discrete labels to Continuous scores (D2C), where discrete labels (categorical labels) directly participate in generating continuous scores. Our proposed method achieved 0.416 mean squared error on the testing set of the EmotiW 2019 dataset and became a state-of-the-art in this challenge. Furthermore, to confirm the ability of the proposed D2C method, we performed experiments on the AffectNet database and obtained relatively better results than state-of-the-art approaches.

This work investigates handover in hybrid light fidelity (LiFi) and wireless fidelity (WiFi) networks (HLWNets). In such a network, the handover process becomes challenging due to two main factors: i) the relatively short coverage range of a single access point (AP), and ii) the largely overlapping coverage areas of different networks. As a result, HLWNets are susceptible to frequent handovers. To reduce the handover rate, the concept of handover skipping (HS) was introduced, which enables handovers between non-adjacent APs. However, conventional HS methods rely on knowledge about the user’s trajectory, which is not readily available at the AP. In this paper, a novel HS scheme is proposed on the basis of reference signal received power (RSRP) and its rate of change, with an adaptive network preference adopted. Since RSRP is commonly used in the existing handover schemes, the proposed method requires no additional signalling between the user and the AP. Simulation results show that the new method can effectively reduce unnecessary handovers, especially those between LiFi and WiFi. Compared to the standard and trajectory-based handover schemes, the proposed method improves network throughput by up to about 120% and 30%, respectively.

The ongoing development of technology has changed the nature of electric networks in the field of electric power generation. In the same vein, the generation units and demands are getting close by the integration of distributed resources within the distribution system with the aim of bringing more advantages to the system. Considering the promising concept of hybrid networks, which comprises different distributed resources, as a supportive element for the power system, this paper mainly focuses on modeling a distributed hybrid network, through which both the AC and DC loads can be supplied within the hybrid network. This network is operated in a distributed way where no independent operator is assumed for the operation. The primal-dual method of multipliers (PDMM) as an effective distributed method handles the operation of this network. So far, this method has only been applied to the AC grid or DC grid separately, while the presented method is modified for the operation of the hybrid network. Convergence speed and preciseness are mentioned as the advantages of this method which dominates the alternating direction method of multipliers (ADMM). In real cases, there are some errors in the output power of the renewable resources. Aiming to make the presented PDMM method more applicable, the uncertainty is also modelled using the Unscented Transform (UT) approach, as a way of uncertainty modelling which has shown attractive features, especially the capability of correlation modelling; therefore, it is more preferable for uncertainty modeling in many cases compared to the other methods. The proposed work is implemented on a smart island and the authenticity of this work is proved by comparing the performance of the proposed distributed approach with the centralized method.

Visual quality and algorithm efficiency are two main interests in video frame interpolation. We propose a hybrid task-based convolutional neural network for fast and accurate frame interpolation of 4K videos. The proposed method synthesizes low-resolution frames, then reconstructs high-resolution frames in a coarse-to-fine fashion. We also propose edge loss, to preserve high-frequency information and make the synthesized frames look sharper. Experimental results show that the proposed method achieves state-of-the-art performance and performs 2.69x faster than the existing methods that are operable for 4K videos, while maintaining comparable visual and quantitative quality.

Ultra-reliable low latency communication (URLLC) is undoubtedly the toughest service class in 5G-NR from the network service provider's perspective. Different methodologies have been utilized to meet the reliability and latency requirements of URLLC including proposition of various diversity techniques. This paper envisages a hybrid network using terrestrial and flying base stations to provide ubiquitous and reliable service to URLLC users. We propose utilizing the macro-diversity in the hybrid environment by exploiting the significant differences in path loss and shadowing characteristics of flying base stations (FBSs) as compared to the terrestrial base stations (TBSs). Preliminary results are presented to this effect and recommendations are made to their inclusion in the networks for supporting URLLC users in the future. Türkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Araştırma Kurumu (TÜBİTAK)

Indoor wireless traffic is evolving at a staggering pace, and is quickly depleting radio spectrum resources. Optical wireless communication (OWC) offers powerful solutions for resolving this imminent capacity crunch of radio-based wireless networks. OWC is not intended to fully replace radio wireless techniques such as WiFi, but to complement these and offload their high traffic loads. After discussing OWC's application domains, this paper gives a tutorial overview of two major directions in OWC: wide-coverage visible light communication which builds on LED illumination techniques and shares capacity among multiple devices, and communication with narrow 2-D steered infrared beams which offers unshared high capacity to devices individually. In addition, supporting techniques for wide field-of-view receivers, device localization, bidirectional hybrid optical/radio networks, and bidirectional all-optical wireless networks are discussed.

Compared with conventional methods of fault diagnosis for power transformers, which have defects such as imperfect encoding and too absolute encoding boundaries, this paper systematically discusses various intelligent approaches applied in fault diagnosis and decision making for large oil-immersed power transformers based on dissolved gas analysis (DGA), including expert system (EPS), artificial neural network (ANN), fuzzy theory, rough sets theory (RST), grey system theory (GST), swarm intelligence (SI) algorithms, data mining technology, machine learning (ML), and other intelligent diagnosis tools, and summarizes existing problems and solutions. From this survey, it is found that a single intelligent approach for fault diagnosis can only reflect operation status of the transformer in one particular aspect, causing various degrees of shortcomings that cannot be resolved effectively. Combined with the current research status in this field, the problems that must be addressed in DGA-based transformer fault diagnosis are identified, and the prospects for future development trends and research directions are outlined. This contribution presents a detailed and systematic survey on various intelligent approaches to faults diagnosing and decisions making of the power transformer, in which their merits and demerits are thoroughly investigated, as well as their improvement schemes and future development trends are proposed. Moreover, this paper concludes that a variety of intelligent algorithms should be combined for mutual complementation to form a hybrid fault diagnosis network, such that avoiding these algorithms falling into a local optimum. Moreover, it is necessary to improve the detection instruments so as to acquire reasonable characteristic gas data samples. The research summary, empirical generalization and analysis of predicament in this paper provide some thoughts and suggestions for the research of complex power grid in the new environment, as well as references and guidance for researchers to choose optimal approach to achieve DGA-based fault diagnosis and decision of the large oil-immersed power transformers in preventive electrical tests.

International audience; Important changes in electricity consumption model require a communication network within the electrical grid, which is called the Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI) that can handle the increase of multiple and fluctuating production sites. Recently, we witness the convergence of this communication network and the electricity network into what is now called Smart Grid. This communication network will serve the purpose of automatic meter reading, but new usages and services could be developed on top of this network. The massive integration of renewable energy sources will shift the production level close to the consumption sites. Therefore, new communication models are required to control the energy consumption depending on the production capabilities. In this Chapter, we explain why a two-way communication network is necessary for future Smart Grid. Furthermore, we present the required network characteristics, and we particularly describe what are the current protocols selected to achieve these goals.

Development of renewable energies and DC loads have led microgrids toward the creation of DC networks. The predictions show that the hybrid microgrids will be used widely in the future. This article has studied the voltage stability in the presence of sources of energy storage in AC/DC hybrid networks. However, because the different dynamics of hybrid networks applying centralized and distributed controllers will be faced with different problems, in this study, a multi-agent control for the microgrid has been used. A new structure referred to here as an event-driven microgrid control management (EDMCM) has been developed to control the microgrid. This method increases response speed and accuracy of decision making. Hybrid Network Simulation results confirm the validity of the developed model.

Energy-aware routing aims at reducing the energy consumption of Internet service provider (ISP) networks. The idea is to adapt routing to the traffic load to turn off some hardware. However, it implies to make dynamic changes to routing configurations which is almost impossible with legacy protocols. The software defined network (SDN) paradigm bears the promise of allowing a dynamic optimization with its centralized controller. In this paper, we propose smooth energy aware routing (SENAtoR), an algorithm to enable energy-aware routing in a scenario of progressive migration from legacy to SDN hardware. Since in real life, turning off network devices is a delicate task as it can lead to packet losses, SENAtoR also provides several features to safely enable energy saving services: tunneling for fast rerouting, smooth node disabling, and detection of both traffic spikes and link failures. We validate our solution by extensive simulations and by experimentation. We show that SENAtoR can be progressively deployed in a network using the SDN paradigm. It allows us to reduce the energy consumption of ISP networks by 5%–35% depending on the penetration of SDN hardware while diminishing the packet loss rate compared to legacy protocols.

A series of hybrid networks based on polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) were prepared by thiol-epoxy click reaction using commercially available octakis-glycidyl-POSS (G-POSS), trimethylolpropane triglycidyl ether, and trimethylolpropane tris(3-mercaptopropionate) as monomers. The click reaction was simply catalyzed by lithium hydroxide which proceeded readily at ambient conditions in very good yields. The incorporation of G-POSS into the network was clearly determined by transmission electron microscopy, FTIR, and 1H-NMR spectroscopy techniques performed with a model study using 1-butane thiol and G-POSS molecules. The homogeneous distribution of G-POSS up to 5 wt% in the hybrid network was apparently confirmed by morphological investigations. By increasing G-POSS content higher than 5 wt%, the heterogeneous dispersion of G-POSS was determined from the tensile strength measurements. The significant decrease in tensile strength was possible due to the agglomeration of G-POSS. On the other hand, thermal properties of hybrid networks were compared together by thermogravimetric analyses, where all samples exhibited one-step degradation in the range of 220–500 °C. The thermal decomposition of hybrid network led to complete degradation of the organic part and favored the formation of stable carbonaceous and inorganic residues as char. Thus, the char yields of hybrid networks were increased to 6.2, 7.8, 10.1, 12.7, and 15.1% by G-POSS loadings from 0 to 15 wt%. This improvement was also a proof of the incorporation of G-POSS into the hybrid networks that resulted in high heat-resistant POSS-based hybrid networks compared to a sample without G-POSS.

International audience; The Smart Grid is based on Advanced Metering Infrastructure that mostly relies on Narrow Band Power Line Communication (PLC). In such network, using a single com- munication interface does not fulfill the primary requirement of 99.99% reading rates and coverage. Hybrid communication, by adding an additional radio interface, is a solution to provide the quality of service required by Smart Grid applications. However, dedicated routing protocols usually operate with a single communication technology. In this paper we present three solutions to enhance the IPv6 Routing Protocol for Low-Power and Lossy Networks (RPL) - a well-known routing protocol for smart grid application - for handling multi-interface devices called the Multiple RPL Instances, the Interface Oriented and the Parent Oriented. By means of simulation we show how the network can provide a higher quality of service and a better resilience to failure.

In case of an emergency event (e.g., earthquake, storm, flood) cultural heritage and archeological monuments must be particularly cared because of their inestimable value and the intrinsic greater fragility. Morphological surveys must be executed immediately for quick identification of damages so that the needed operations can be planned and performed in the shortest timeframe. The survey, to be accurate and useful to the aim, must use the most modern technologies (laser scanner, 4k video, highresolution pictures) but, considering the hostility of the environment, to process all the surveyed data on site in real time is practically impossible. Thus, a very efficient telecommunication system based on multiple segments and QoS assurance must be set up to send the collected data in real time to a remote location, equipped with powerful processing capability and adequate staff to perform evaluations and to provide support to decisions. This paper describes a project idea that analyzes the survey methodology and the technical feasibility of the telecommunication network.

International audience; Hybrid networks are formed by a combination of access points and mobile nodes such that the mobile nodes can communicate both through the access points and using ad-hoc networking among themselves. This work deals with providing efficient routing between mobile devices in hybrid networks. Specifically, we assume the existence of a spanning tree from each access point to all mobile devices within the transitive transmission range of the access point. We utilize this spanning tree to design a family of efficient point-to-point routing protocols for communication between the mobile devices themselves. The protocols utilize the tree structure in order to avoid expensive flooding of the entire network. The paper includes a detailed simulation study of several representative communication patterns, which compares our approaches to DSR.

Published in IFIP International Federation for Information Processing Volume 162, pp 35-45, 2005.; International audience; High speed cable/ADSL connections are rapidly becoming the standard for Internet at home. Conversely, mobile network operators only offer low bit rate data services to their 2.5G users, and 3G will not be in full swing for another couple of years. In this context, the cooperation between a mobile telecommunication network and a broadcast network can be a suitable alternative to enhance this offer with high speed e-mail, web browsing, file download or even peer-to-peer services. This paper presents a network architecture based on the coupling of a GPRS uplink with a DVB-T downlink, to provide Internet connectivity for unicast and multicast services. We first study the GPRS network and show the issues raised by specific use of this return channel. Then, we analyse, using simulations, how to tune the TCP parameters to increase the GPRS/DVB-T hybrid network performances. Finally, we describe the network architecture of the deployed system, and evaluate its performances.