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Wideband operation ability becomes an obstacle for many metamaterial applications since they are generally based on effective material (medium) hypothesis, which is intrinsically functional on single frequency or narrowband. Effective biological camouflage strategies involve concealment under sunlight with multiple frequency (color) components, for example, a shark could fuse itself into sea water environment for better invisibility and hunting effectiveness. A wideband 3-D metasurface ground cloak in gigahertz frequency order is proposed and realized in the experiment with a hemispherical profile. A complex unit structure to broaden the operational frequency range for a phase-preserved electromagnetic metasurface based on the difference of elevation is also proposed. Comparison between the wideband and its contrast narrowband metasurface clearly indicates the scattering improvement effect that demonstrates the proposed metasurface’s significance. Both instantaneous electric field scanning and reflection cross section shrinking quantitatively give strong evidence of the wideband operational functions. Comparison between simulation and experiment validated each other. These results indicate that the proposed metasurface conceals itself into a background inside a wide frequency spectrum of 7.0–9.5 GHz. This structure has a great application value for object security under wave package illumination and in landscape fusion. This mechanism also demonstrates the possibility to change other effective material properties in a wide frequency band.

In order to reduce NOx emissions, modern gas turbines are often equipped with lean-burn combustion systems, where the high-velocity fuel-lean conditions that limit NOx formation in combustors also inhibit the ability of ignition, high altitude relight, and lean combustion stability. To face these issues, internally staged scheme of fuel injection is proposed. Primary and main fuel staging enable fuel distribution control, and multi-injections of main fuel lead to a fast and efficient mixing. A fuel-staged low emission combustor in the framework of lean-burn combustion is developed in the present study, i.e., the central pilot stage for low power conditions is swirl-cup prefilming atomization, the main stage is jet-in-crossflow multi-injection, and a combination of primary and main stage injection is provided for higher power output conditions. In lean-burn combustors, the swirling main air naturally tends to entrain the pilot flame and quench it at low power conditions, which is adverse to the operability specifications, such as ignition, lean blow-out (LBO), and high-altitude relight. In order to investigate the effects of the main swirl angle on combustion performances, the ignition and LBO performances were evaluated in a single dome rectangular combustor. Furthermore, the spray patterns and flow field are characterized by kerosene-planar laser induced fluorescence and particle image velocimetry (PIV) to provide insight into spray and combustion performances. Flow–flow interactions between pilot and main air streams, spray–flow interactions between pilot spray and main air streams, and flame–flow interactions between pilot flame and main air streams are comprehensively analyzed. The entrainment of recirculating main air streams on pilot air streams enhances with the increase of main swirl angle, because of the upward motion and increasing width of main recirculation zone. A small part of droplets are entrained by the recirculating main air streams at periphery of combustor and a majority of droplets concentrate near the centerline of combustor, making that entrainment of recirculating main air streams on pilot spray and quenching effects of recirculating main air streams on pilot flame are slight, and the extinguishing effects can be ignored. The contributions of main swirl strength to improvement of ignition and LBO performances are due to enhancement of air/fuel mixing by strengthening turbulence level in pilot zone.