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Modern integrated circuit design contains various constraints from the frontend to the backend. In microelectronic systems hardware security is a major threat. Hardware Trojan (HT) plays a vital role in hardware security issues. The HT leads to a malicious modification of the integrated circuit (IC). The HT detection aims to assure the trustworthiness of the circuits and improve the reliability of the system. In this article, we presented a review of the various hardware detection techniques like pre-deployment, post-deployment, formal verification, counterfeiting prevention and IC production, physically-unclonable function HT detection techniques. Moreover, HT parameters are analyzed for specific benchmarks.

In this paper, we propose to develop a Story Generator from hints using a machine learning approach. During the learning phase, the system is fed with stories which are POS tagged and are converted into a Language Relationship model that is represented as a conceptual graph. During the synthesis phase, the input hints which are delimited using hyphen and converted to a conceptual graph. This graph is matched with the conceptual graph of the corpus and probable words, its sequences along with the relationship are determined using three proposed methods namely Randomized selection, Weighted Selection using Bigram Probability of hint phrases and Weighted Selection using product of Bigram Probability of Conceptual Graph and Bigram Probability of hint phrases. Using the words, sequences and relationships, a sentence assembler algorithm is designed to position the words to form a sentence. To make the story complete and readable, suffixes are added using Tamil grammar to the assembled words and a story is generated which is syntactically and semantically correct.

Background/Objectives: Buildable land with good natural bearing capacity is reducing and it leads to the construction of buildings on poor soils which are finally leads to structural foundation failures. This necessitated the use of available admixtures for the improvement of soil characteristics economically. Among the available resources, industrial by- products can be effectively used as admixtures since it can solve the hazardous problems due to its disposal. Methods: Grain size analysis and Atterberg’s limits tests are conducted to classify the soils used in this study. To evaluate the effect of admixtures, strengths characteristics of soils were observed by Unconfined Compressive Strength and California Bearing Ratio tests. Weak soils having high expansive characteristics are used to study the activation of 5% fly ash blended with Phospho Gypsum (PG) at varying percentages of 2%, 4% and 6% with two weak soils at different curing conditions. Findings: Results shows higher strength development upto a percentage of 4% PG with 5% flyash with both the soils. Effect of curing periods on strength characteristics of treated soils at 7, 28 and 60 days were also considered in this study. Microstructural studies are also showing an improvement in microstructure which is examined in SEM micrographs and XRD results. The influence of flyash with different percentages of phosphogypsum on swelling characteristics shows a decrease in swell potential of treated soil with increase in curing periods. Improvement: This study gives an effective application of Phospho Gypsum and Fly Ash in geotechnical field by using it as a relevant soil stabilizer. Increase in CBR values were obtained with Fly Ash and Phospho Gypsum combinations with soils, which reduces the thickness of pavement and making more productive use of industrial wastes with considerable environmental benefits.