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The effect of numerous process variables has been explored for surface roughness and material removal rate during the magnetic abrasive finishing process. A hybrid approach was used in which the Taguchi technique is used in conjunction with grey relational analysis to reach the optimum combination of input variables. The L16 orthogonal array design was used to get a different combination of parameters. It was found that spindle speed of 200 rpm, the quantity of magnetic abrasives of 5 mg, mesh number of 270, and machining time 60 min caused minimum surface roughness of 0.066 µm during magnetic abrasive finishing of the brass plate. The percentage contribution of input parameters has been reported. Subsequently, the optimum results were obtained using multi-objective optimization techniques of grey relational analysis, and results were also validated using experimentation.

Amid bone grinding, a part of the hard tissue (i.e. bone) is usually removed to gain clearer operative excess to the tumours present beneath the bone. The tool wear and tool loading influence the thermal as well as mechanical conditions of surgery. The rise in temperature during osteotomy may cause severe consequence like thermogenesis and damage to optic nerves, cervical, and sciatic nerves. Therefore, the present study has been carried out to investigate the burr wear with different shaped grinding burrs. The burr wear is characterized in terms of burr loading, dislodging and fracture in abrasives. The burr loading is further quantified on the amount of bone adhered over the surface of the burr. The results of surface characterization revealed that minimum wear occurred in case of convex shape burr whereas cylindrical burr caused the highest wear in terms of abrasive fragmentation, dislodging, and wear flats. The minimum percentage of weight reduction observed with the convex burr i.e., 1.68% including 0.4196 g weight of dislodged abrasive (Wab) and corresponding burr loading is observed as 0.1464 g. The maximum burr loading was seen in the case of the spherical burr (Wb) i.e. 0.5907 g.

The present research investigations are based on the simultaneous finishing of ring-shaped cylindrical aluminium alloy workpiece having utility in multitude areas such as medical, defence, automobile, aerospace, and manufacturing ventures. To accomplish this objective, a novel in-situ fixture is designed and fabricated for simultaneous finishing of the inner, outer, and side surface. The silicone polymer-based abrasive media is prepared and is tested on the workpiece. The effect of different machining parameters is investigated in terms of response characteristics such as a change in surface roughness and percentage improvement. The surface roughness before and after abrasive flow machining has been analyzed under a microscope to reveal surface endowment. It has been pragmatically observed that abrasive mesh size, the concentration of abrasives, and a number of passes has a significant effect on change in surface roughness. The maximum percentage improvement in the surface roughness found to be 35.71 %, 37.89 %. and 27.16 % on the inner, outer, and side surface respectively. The surface micrographs after finishing showed the direction of abrasives, media flow direction, the direction of single point cutting tool, and material removal via ploughing effect owing to the high indentation of abrasive grits.

This review has been carried out to present a comprehensive review of all the neurosurgical bone grinding investigations pertinent to temperature rise during osteotomy. The experimental methods and results obtained by past researchers are elucidated along with conclusions and methodology used for achieving results. This systematic review identifies thermo-mechanical aspects and different temperature measurement techniques. The detailed discussion has been carried for temperature measurement during surgical osteotomy along with the effect of thermogenesis and thermal necrosis on soft and hard tissues. The review suggests that there is no general agreement exists for thermal necrosis threshold temperature among investigators. However, the temperature of 47 °C for 1 min has been considered as the temperature to cause thermal necrosis.

The review study considers the three-dimensional printing for anatomical simulations and their potential surgical applications. Three-dimensional (3D) printing has entirely transform the current era with its state-of-art usefulness and applications. The functional usability of three-dimensional printed models has been mentioned for orthopaedic, neurosurgery, heart valve surgery, and malignant tissues. Surgical planning of congenital anomalies has also pondered. By 3D printed models, surgical anatomical teaching methods have been explained. The key significance of 3D printed models during treatment of benign and cancerous tumors have been pointed with the conception of bone grinding. In final section, the complications and merits of 3D printed models in surgery have been postulated along with the ethical concerns associated with 3D printed models.

The present work explores the potential of magneto-rheological fluid assisted abrasive finishing (MRF-AF) for obtaining precise surface topography of an in-house developed &beta, phase Ti-Nb-Ta-Zr (TNTZ) alloy for orthopedic applications. Investigations have been made to study the influence of the concentration of carbonyl iron particles (CIP), rotational speed (Nt), and working gap (Gp) in response to material removal (MR) and surface roughness (Ra) of the finished sample using a design of experimental technique. Further, the corrosion performance of the finished samples has also been analyzed through simulated body fluid (SBF) testing. It has been found that the selected input process parameters significantly influenced the observed MR and Ra values at 95% confidence level. Apart from this, it has been found that Gp and Nt exhibited the maximum contribution in the optimized values of the MR and Ra, respectively. Further, the corrosion analysis of the finished samples specified that the resistance against corrosion is a direct function of the surface finish. The morphological analysis of the corroded morphologies indicated that the rough sites of the implant surface have provided the nuclei for corrosion mechanics that ultimately resulted in the shredding of the appetite layer. Overall results highlighted that the MRF-AF is a potential technique for obtaining nano-scale finishing of the high-strength &beta, phase Ti-Nb-Ta-Zr alloy.

The manufacturing quality generated by the magnetic abrasive finishing (MAF) of brass depends of some critical process variables. Therefore, in this survey were investigated the optimization of this process taking into account the material removal rate and surface characteristics using a hybrid nature inspired algorithm (particle swarm optimization (PSO) coupled with firefly algorithm (FA)). In the initial step, the design matrix was generated using the Taguchi L16 orthogonal array, thereafter, obtaining the experimental protocol for developing the MAF process. The regression analysis was confronted with the analysis of variance (ANOVA) simulations to facilitate determination of the percentage contribution of each input parameters. The influence of individual and combined process parameters investigated via standard PSO, FA, and hybrid HPSO-FA were used for mono and bi-objective constrained optimization. This innovative way of processing the brass plate revealed that machining time was the most dominant parameter which contributed maximum towards variation in response variables determined.

Magnetic abrasive machining is a surface finishing process in which a magnetic field is utilized to force abrasive particles against the work piece surface to remove the material as microchips. The aim of the present examination work is to investigate the effect of boron carbide abrasives on surface finishing and material removal rate of flat brass plate using magnetic abrasive finishing process. Four input parameters are taken in this research work which is rotational speed, quantity of magnetic abrasives, mesh number and machining time. Full factorial experimental design technique was used to investigate the effect of the input factors on the surface roughness and material removal rate. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) was investigated using statistical software to find optimal conditions for better surface roughness and material removal rate. Regression models have been developed by using MINITAB-17 statistical software for both surface roughness and material removal rate. Experimental results showed that rotational speed is the most important parameters on change in surface roughness and machining time for change in MRR. Minimum surface roughness (Ra) achieved 0.061μm and maximum material removal rate (MRR) 3mg/min.

Surface roughness is the key aspect which could increase the application of float glass by enhancing the machined hole quality. Glass is extensively used in microfluidic devices, bio-medical parts and biosensors. The core objective of the research study is to optimize the best parametric combination to achieve the least amount of surface roughness. The three major parameters which are used for designed experimental study are spindle speed, ultrasonic amplitude and feed rate. The least value of surface roughness is noticed at spindle speed (5000 rpm), vibration amplitude (20 μ m) and feed rate (6 mm/min) which be adopted for increasing its functional application. Consequently, after optimizing the parameters, least value of surface roughness at hole internal region is revealed as 1.09 μm.