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Water-soluble glass patterned by 3D printing is a versatile tool for tissue engineering and microfluidics. Glasses can be patterned layer-by-layer as in conventional fused deposition modeling but also along 3D, “freeform” paths. In the latter approach, extruding heated material through a nozzle translating in 3D space allows for fabrication of sparse, freestanding networks of cylindrical filaments. These freeform structures are suitable for sacrificial molding with a variety of media, leaving complex microchannel networks. However, 3D printing carbohydrate glass in this way presents several unique challenges: 1) the material must resist degradation and crystallization during printing, 2) the glass must be hot enough to flow freely during extrusion and fuse to the printed construct, while cooling rapidly to retain its shape upon exiting the nozzle, 3) the extruder needs to apply high pressure, with rapid stop and start times and 4) the net force that acts on the filament during extrusion must be minimized so that the filament shape is predictable, i.e., coincides with the path taken by the nozzle. First, we review the properties of commercially available carbohydrate glasses and provide a guide for processing isomalt, our material of choice, to achieve the best printing performance. A pressure-controlled, piston-driven extruder is then described which allows for rapid responses and precise control over the material flow rate. We then analyze the heat transfer within the filament and the forces that contribute to the filament’s final shape. We find that the dominant force is due to the radial flow of the molten glass as it exits the nozzle. This analysis is validated on a purpose-built isomalt 3D printer, which we utilize to characterize relationships between extrusion pressure, translation speed, filament diameter, and viscous force. The insights of the physics of the printing process enable fabrication of intricate freeform prints as well as layer-by-layer designs. The practical and theoretical considerations should facilitate adoption of additive manufacturing of carbohydrate glasses with applications to a wide variety of fields, including tissue engineering and microfluidics.

Confocal and multiphoton optical imaging techniques have been powerful tools for evaluating the performance of and monitoring experiments within microfluidic devices, but this application suffers from two pitfalls. The first is that obtaining the necessary imaging contrast often requires the introduction of an optical label which can potentially change the behavior of the system. The emerging analytical technique stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) microscopy promises a solution, as it can rapidly measure 3D concentration maps based on vibrational spectra, label-free; however, when using any optical imaging technique, including SRS, there is an additional problem of optical aberration due to refractive index mismatch between the fluid and the device walls. New approaches such as 3D printing are extending the range of materials from which microfluidic devices can be fabricated; thus, the problem of aberration can be obviated simply by selecting a chip material that matches the refractive index of the desired fluid. To demonstrate complete chemical imaging of a geometrically complex device, we first use sacrificial molding of a freeform 3D printed template to create a round-channel, 3D helical micromixer in a low-refractive-index polymer. We then use SRS to image the mixing of aqueous glucose and salt solutions throughout the entire helix volume. This fabrication approach enables truly nonperturbative 3D chemical imaging with low aberration, and the concentration profiles measured within the device agree closely with numerical simulations.