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Although applications of wood-plastic composites (WPC) have rapidly increased, the raw materials used for producing WPC are still sound wood until now. The decayed wood usually is discarded or used as fire wood, which causes a serious waste of resources and environmental pollution. However, the decayed wood contains high lignin content which can be used for producing polymeric materials. In this study, decayed wood plastic composites (DWPC) with nano calcium carbonate (NCC), activated carbon (AC) and chitosan (CS) were fabricated and sound wood plastic composites (SWPC) without any additive were prepared. Compared to the results of physical and chemical properties of DPWCs with SWPCs, it was found that the mechanical properties, chemical structure, thermal stability, degree of crystallinity (Cr) and flame retardancy of DWPC with CS were better than DWPC without any additive, and even better than SWPC. The addition of CS (4%) to decayed wood powder (about 30%) and PVC (about 70%) could improve the physical, chemical, and bonding properties of DWPC, which could reach the level of sound wood plastic composites. The results of this work proposed a novel green strategy for utilizing decayed wood for making polyvinyl chloride/wood flour composites.

The behavior and characteristics of phenol adsorption by activated carbon produced from co-pyrolysis of coal tar pitch and vinasse were investigated. Coal tar pitch and vinasse (mass ratio of 1:3) were firstly co-pyrolyzed and carbonated at 400 °C for 2 h. The carbonized material produced was then soaked with saturated KOH solution and activated at 800 °C for 1 h to form activated carbon. Results from the phenol wastewater adsorption experiments suggest that pseudo-second-order kinetics and the Weber-Morris model could reflect the time-dependent adsorption behavior of phenol wastewater by the activated carbon, revealing that internal diffusion represents the rate-limiting procedure and dominant process to control the adsorption rate in the early stage of the adsorption. Monolayer adsorption played the key role during the phenol adsorption. The adsorption was an endothermic reaction in temperature ranging from 15 °C to 35 °C, indicating that the adsorption speed could be stimulated by the increasing temperature. This study establishes a theoretical foundation for the usage and the potential application of the activated carbon derived from coal tar pitch and vinasse in wastewater treatment.

Elliptical Kiwifruit (Actinidia chinensis Planch) is a popular fruit among consumers. It has abundant nutrition. And it also has medicinal value and economic value. In our research, we detected and analyzed the chemical components by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC–MS) technologies. In FT-IR analysis, we known that there it main had O-H stretching vibration, C-H stretching vibration, CC stretching vibration, benzene ring stretching vibration, C-H C-O stretching vibration and anomeric carbon vibrational frequency absorption peak attribution. The types of compound that may be in this band is cellulose, carboxylic acid, alcohol, phenol, amine and ester. In GC–MS analysis, we known that the main chemical compounds were 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, 1,2,3,5-cyclohexanetetrol, quinic acid, d-alanine, N-propargyloxycarbonyl-, isohexyl ester, 4H-Pyran-4-one, cyclotetrasiloxane, octamethyl- and furfural. And these organic components can be used at food processing, medical treatment and light industry fields. Keywords: Elliptical Kiwifruit, FT-IR, GC–MS, Chemical composition, Application

Taxus chinensis is a National level protected plant and has been for a long time, since it grows slowly and has low regenerative capacity. Consequently, no large base of raw material forest of taxus was formed. This study used Taxus chinensis as the study object, for analyzing the chemical composition of T. chinensis extract via fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). 37 types of chemical components were detected. These were mainly ethers (asarone, dibutyl phthalate, diisobutyl phthalate), alcohols (nerolidol, Myo-inositol, 4-C-methyl-, trans-Sinapyl alcohol), acids (3,4-dimethoxycinnamic acid, palmitic acid, oleic Acid), flavonoids (macckiain, formononetin), ketone (4-hydroxy-.beta.-ionone, pseudobaptigenin), phenols (methyleugenol), esters (triacetin), aldehydes (sinapinaldehyde), and pyridines (alpha-methylstyrene). This chemical component could be directly or indirectly used for bioengineering, pharmaceutical engineering, the cosmetic industry, and other chemical industries. Keywords: Taxus chinensis, Extract, Function, FT-IR, GC/MS

Biodegradable composites were prepared by adding ZnO, Si3N4, and bamboo charcoal (BC) based on biodegradable plastic Poly (butylene succinate) (PBS). The results show that different filling rates have an effect on the mechanical properties of the composites. When the bamboo powder filling amount reaches 40%, the mechanical properties of the composite material are the best. Overall, The mechanical and chemical structure as well as the thermal data showed that the best condition for the production of decayed wood plastic composite was 150 °C for 10 min, while TiO2, Si3N4, and BC accounting for 3%, 3%, and 5% of PBS weight, respectively, and the proportions of bamboo powder and PBS of 40% and 60%. The most important thing is that TD-GC–MS found that the composite has less organic volatiles, indicating that it is a green and healthy composite. Keywords: Bamboo plastic composites, Si3N4, Chemical structure, Thermal properties, Biodegradable

Dilute acid pretreatment of biomass decomposes hemicelluloses but cannot effectively remove lignin. Here we investigate the adding of add five nucleophilic derivatives including 2-naphthol, 6-hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid (6H2NA), 2-hydroxy-1-naphthoic acid (2H1NA), 6-hydroxy-1-naphthoic acid (6H1NA), and 3-hydroxylic-2-naphthoic acid (3H2NA) to enhance the efficiency of lignin removal. The 72-h hydrolysis yield of pretreated substrates was increased from 30.9% to 34.7%, 38.3%, 36.0%, 36.0%, and 53.2%, respectively. The chemical composition, cellulose accessibility, and surface chemistry of pretreated materials with or without additives showed the improved hydrolysis yield with 3H2NA addition being related to lower surface lignin content, higher cellulose accessibility, and delignification ratio. Furthermore, the analysis of HSQC and 31P NMR spectra of the residual lignin reflects the influence of naphthol derivatives on lignin structure. The results showed that the 3H2NA additive increased the content of lignin carboxyl groups and enhanced the helping fractionation and suppression of lignin repolymerization. These improvements through 3H2NA addition reduce lignin inhibition of fermentable sugar production from pretreated biomass.

Shape memory hydrogels attract increasing attention due to their promising applications as intelligent biomaterials for actuators, biomedicine and sensory applications. Nonetheless, the integration of synergistic characteristics providing good mechanical properties and ideal self-recovery rate still remains a challenge. To tackle this, we develop a novel nanocomposite hydrogel by radical polymerization. TEMPO-oxidized cellulose nanofibers (TOCNs) with high strength and ultra-high aspect ratio were introduced to improve the energy dissipation mechanism and enhance the fatigue resistance of polyacrylamide (PAAM) hydrogel. Interestingly, the nanocomposite hydrogel displays unprecedented shape memory properties through coordination with Fe3+. The resulting TOCN/PAAM hydrogel achieves excellent energy dissipation capability (9.68 MJ m(-3) at 60% strain), satisfactory viscoelasticity (51.1 kPa) and good self-recovery rate (about 93.2% after 30 min recovery). In particular, the 3% TOCN/PAAM-Fe3+ hydrogel exhibits better tensile performance. This nanocomposite hydrogel with good shape memory properties and excellent mechanical strength has broad application prospects in soft actuators and sensory research.[GRAPHICS].

Super-hydrophobic phenomena generally exist in nature, and wood can also obtain hydrophobicity by specific processing on the surface, being like the construction of microscale rough surface or decoration with low surface energy materials. In this research, the formation of hydrophobic layers on wood surface was investigated without breaking the wood&rsquo, s original structure. The core-shell structure particles were prepared by penetrating orthosilicate and polystyrene into the hollow mesoporous microsphere structure with tetrahydrofuran. A wood sample was coated with polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) resin layer to enhance the adhesion of nano and micron hollow mesoporous microsphere on its surface. According to the surface structure of super-hydrophobic subjects in nature, the nano and micron hollow mesoporous microsphere were sprayed with different ratios several times to form a hydrophobic surface. The water contact angle could reach 150&deg, revealing that the hydrophobic behavior of the nano and micron hollow mesoporous microsphere coating was achieved. The microstructures of wood samples were examined by the scanning electron microscopy, and the chemical functional groups were investigated by the Fourier transform infrared, both verified that the hydrophobic surface was successfully coated. The thermogravimetric examination revealed the improved thermal stability of the hydrophobic wood. The scratch test was used to measure the abrasion resistance of the nano and micron hollow mesoporous microsphere coatings on wood surface. It was suggested that the nano and micron hollow mesoporous microsphere coating was an effective method to fabricate extremely hydrophobic wood products.

As a hydrophilic material, wood is difficult to utilize for external applications due to the variable weather conditions. In this study, an efficient, facile, and low-cost method was developed to enhance the hydrophobicity of wood. By applying the low-temperature chemical vapor deposition (CVD) technology, the polydimethylsiloxane-coated wood (PDMS@wood) with hydrophobic surface was fabricated employing dichlorodimethylsilane as the CVD chemical resource. The result of water contact angle (i.e., 157.3&deg, ) revealed the hydrophobic behavior of the PDMS@wood. The microstructures of the wood samples were observed by scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) analysis verified PDMS successfully coated on wood surfaces. The chemical functional groups of the PDMS@wood were investigated by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) and Raman spectra. The thermogravimetric results indicated the enhanced thermal stability of the wood after PDMS coating. In addition, the stability test of PDMS@wood indicated that the hydrophobicity properties of the PDMS@wood samples were preserved after long-time storage (e.g., 30 days). The scratch test was carried out to examine the abrasion resistance of the hydrophobic coatings on PDMS@wood surface. It was suggested that low-temperature CVD process could be a successful approach for fabricating hydrophobic wood.

Poly (butylene succinate) (PBS), as a fully biodegradable thermoplastic, have developed rapidly due to its integrated performance and processibility. The CaCO3 as a reinforcing component, and AHP, APP and CaHP as a flame-retardant component were separately incorporated into PBS matrix. A series of PBS-based composites were fabricated via melting blending using internal mixer followed by injection molding. The results show that the different filling ratio has a certain influence on the mechanical properties of the composites. When the filling amount of wood powder is 40 copies, the composite mechanical properties of the composite is better. CaCO3 addition, the composite material of the bending strength, tensile strength have improved significantly. The results showed that small amount of AHP, APP and CaHP improved the tensile strength of PBS composites, however, the tensile strength decreased as further increase amount of AHP, APP and CaHP. Cone Calorimeter testing revealed that, the combination of AHP, APP and CaHP could significantly reduce the pHRR and the total heart release (THR) of the composites. TGA test indicated that the addition of AHP, APP and CaHP could significantly increase the char residue and reduce the mass loss rate. TGA test indicated that the addition of AHP, APP and CaHP could significantly increase the char residue and reduce the mass loss rate. Through the research of mechanical and thermal properties of PBS composite, it could lay a foundation of the application of PBS composite in different fields. Keywords: Poly (butylene succinate), Crystallization behavior, Flame retardant, AHP, APP, CaHP

Petroleum-based plastics are useful but pose a great threat to the environment and human health. It is challenged for developing alternative materials to completely replace those plastics. In this work, soy protein (SPI) based films with excellent mechanical, biodegradable, and excellent UV-shielding were developed. The SPI-based films were crosslinked by ester bonds under microwave induction to form a strong chemical bond network, and by hyperbranched polyamide ester to form a large amount of hydrogen bonding interactions, realizing both high strength and toughness. The strong covalent bond crosslinks maintain the integrity of the network during the stretching process, and the weakly interactions from hydrogen bonds dissipate stretching energy. The material exhibits super strong tensile strength at 20.3 MPa and superior toughness at 16.6 MJ m−3. Furthermore, the material owns the features of biodegradable and excellent UV-shielding. It may be used as sustainable packing material due to its biodegradable feature and low-cost processing.

This study evaluated the mechanical and hydrophobic properties of wood plastic composites (WPC) prepared by the hot molding approach incorporating five different recycled plastics and poplar flour. The WPC showed excellent tensile strength (36.9 MPa) and flexural strength (44.7 MPa) associated with good hydrophobicity, and the excellent properties of WPC could be due to the application of hot pressing which improved the amount of hydroxyl groups and reduced the crystallinity of WPC. The WPC also revealed a strong and hydrostable structure and negligible emission of formaldehyde during the preparation process. Overall, the WPC could be used to substitute traditional wood-based panels as potential furniture material, hence achieving sustainable utilization of plastic wastes.

Sulfur particles, which could cause diseases, were the main powder of smog. And activated carbon had the very adsorption characteristics. Therefore, five sulfur particles were adsorbed by activated carbon and were analyzed by FT-IR. The optimal adsorption time were 120 min of Na2SO3, 120 min of Na2S2O8, 120 min of Na2SO4, 120 min of Fe2(SO4)3 and 120 min of S. FT-IR spectra showed that activated carbon had the eight characteristic absorption of S—S stretch, H2O stretch, O—H stretch, —C—H stretch, conjugated C 000000000000 000000000000 000000000000 111111111111 000000000000 111111111111 000000000000 000000000000 000000000000 O stretch or CC stretch, CH2 bend, C—O stretch and acetylenic C—H bend vibrations at 3850 cm–1, 3740 cm–1, 3430 cm–1, 2920 cm–1, 1630 cm–1, 1390 cm–1, 1110 cm–1 and 600 cm–1, respectively. For Na2SO3, the peaks at 2920 cm–1, 1630 cm–1, 1390 cm–1 and 1110 cm–1 achieved the maximum at 20 min. For Na2S2O8, the peaks at 3850 cm–1, 3740 cm–1 and 2920 cm–1 achieved the maximum at 60 min. The peaks at 1390 cm–1, 1110 cm–1 and 600 cm–1 achieved the maximum at 40 min. For Na2SO4, the peaks at 3430 cm–1, 2920 cm–1, 1630 cm–1, 1390 cm–1, 1110 cm–1 and 600 cm–1 achieved the maximum at 60 min. For Fe2(SO4)3, the peaks at 1390 cm–1, 1110 cm–1 and 600 cm–1 achieved the maximum at 20 min. For S, the peaks at 1630 cm–1, 1390 cm–1 and 600 cm–1 achieved the maximum at 120 min. It provided that activated carbon could remove sulfur particles from smog air to restrain many anaphylactic diseases.

Exposures to particulate matter with a diameter of 2.5 μm or less (PM2.5) may influence the risk of birth defects and make you allergic, which causes serious harm to human health. Bamboo charcoal can adsorb harmful substances,that was of benefitto people’s health. In order to figure out the optimal adsorbtion condition and the intrinsic change of bamboo charcoal, five chemicals were adsorbed by bamboo charcoal and were analyzed by FT-IR. The optimal blast time was 80 min of Na2SO3, 100 min of Na2S2O8, 20 min of Na2SO4, 120 min of Fe2(SO4)3 and 60 min or 100 min of S. FT-IR spectra showed that bamboo charcoal had five characteristic peaks of S—S stretch, H2O stretch, O—H stretch, C 000000000000 000000000000 000000000000 111111111111 000000000000 111111111111 000000000000 000000000000 000000000000 O stretch or CC stretch, and NO2 stretch at 3850 cm−1, 3740 cm−1, 3430 cm−1, 1630 cm−1 and 1530 cm−1, respectively. For Na2SO3, the peaks at 3850 cm−1, 3740 cm−1, 3430 cm−1, 1630 cm−1 and 1530 cm−1 achieved the maximum at 20 min. For Na2S2O8, the peaks at 3850 cm−1, 3740 cm−1, 3430 cm−1 and 1530 cm−1 achieved the maximum at 40 min. For Na2SO4, the peaks at 3850 cm−1, 3740 cm−1 and 1530 cm−1 achieved the maximum at 40 min. For Fe2(SO4)3, the peaks at 3850 cm−1, 3740 cm−1, 1630 cm−1 and 1530 cm−1 achieved the maximum at 120 min. For S, the peaks at 3850 cm−1 and 3740 cm−1 achieved the maximum at 40 min, the peaks at 1630 cm−1 and 1530 cm−1 achieved the maximum at 40 min. It proved that bamboo charcoal could remove sulfur powder from air to restrain sulfur allergies.

Sulfur powder and sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ) often floated in air, produced acid rain and algal blooms, and could cause diseases. Bamboo charcoal could have adsorption and filtration properties. In order to figure out the optimal adsorption condition and the intrinsic change of the bamboo charcoal, five chemicals were adsorbed by bamboo charcoal and were analyzed by FT-IR. Fe 2 (SO 4 ) 3 ’s, Na 2 SO 4 ’s, Na 2 S 2 O 8 ’s, S’s, and Na 2 SO 3 ’s optimal adsorption condition was the concentration of 19 g/1000 g and stir time of 20 min, 21 g/1000 g and stir time of 60 min, 7 g/1000 g and stir time of 120 min, 11 g/1000 g and stir time of 120 min, 21 g/1000 g and stir time of 60 min, respectively. FT-IR spectra showed that for FT-IR spectra of Fe 2 (SO 4 ) 3 , the transmissivity of the peaks at 3435 cm −1 and 2925 cm −1 achieved the maximum for 60 min and the concentration was 19 g/1000 g, the transmissivity of the peaks at 1630 cm −1 , 1060 cm −1 and 660 cm −1 achieved the maximum for 60 min and the concentration was 7 g/1000 g. For FT-IR spectra of Na 2 SO 4 , the transmissivity of the peaks at 1630 cm −1 , 1060 cm −1 and 660 cm −1 achieved the maximum for 20 min and the concentration was 13 g/1000 g. For FT-IR spectra of Na 2 S 2 O 8 , the transmissivity of the peaks at 3435 cm −1 , 2925 cm −1 , 1630 cm −1 and 1060 cm −1 achieved the maximum for 120 min and the concentration was 19 g/1000 g. For FT-IR spectra of S, the transmissivity of the peaks at 3435 cm −1 , 2925 cm −1 , 1630 cm −1 and 1060 cm −1 achieved the maximum for 20 min and the concentration was 11 g/1000 g, 17 g/1000 g and 21 g/1000 g. For FT-IR spectra of Na 2 SO 3 , the transmissivity of the peaks at 3435 cm −1 achieved the maximum for 120 min and the concentration was 5 g/1000 g, the transmissivity of the peaks at 2925 cm −1 , 1630 cm −1 and 1060 cm −1 achieved the maximum for 120 min and the concentration was 11 g/1000 g. In these states, the number of the transmissivity of the maximum peaks is the largest.

Structural health monitoring (SHM) plays a significant role to avoid the catastrophic failure of composites during practical applications. This research developed a polyacrylonitrile and flexible barium titanate (PAN/BaTiO3) piezoelectric nanofiber membranes sensor for real-time damage detection in composites. The conversion between mechanical energy and electrical energy of the sensor was verified by an electrochemical system. The introduction of BaTiO3 nanoparticles improved the mechanical-to-electrical output of 9.3 V of peak values with 15 wt% loaded piezoelectric nanofiber membranes. In the application test, slight deformation on the piezoelectric nanofiber membranes sensor instantly lighted up the commercial LED bulbs. Moreover, the piezoelectric PAN/BaTiO3 sensor still created piezoelectric effect within the composite after curing with carbon fiber, and improved the interlaminated shear strength. The bending and piezoelectric properties of the composite were tested simultaneously. The composite showed good response to electrical signals during the mechanical loading and achieving real-time monitoring of the delamination failure. This sensor showed good potential as a flexible reinforcement in composite materials for SHM applications.

Basalt fibers (BFs)-reinforced composites exhibit inadequate interfacial properties because of its chemically inert surface. In this paper, we applied the electrospinning method to prepare polyacrylonitrile (PAN) nanofiber-sheathed BFs (SBFs). The SBFs were further used to synthesize novel BFs-reinforced epoxy composites with enhanced interfacial properties. A fiber pull-out test was used to assess the interfacial shear strength (IFSS) of the composites. The results showed a 31.33% increase in the IFSS of the BFs composites after introducing the PAN nanofiber-sheathed structure at the optimal electrospinning parameters. The improvement originates mainly from the formation of a gradient interfacial layer between the BFs and the epoxy matrix. The gradient interfacial layer enables uniform stress transfer from epoxy to BFs and promotes interfacial adhesion. The method used in this work is suitable for a cost-efficient, continuous large-scale production using a straightforward preparation process.

Recently, biochars have been proposed as highly efficient and low-cost media for the adsorptive removal of various hazardous compounds. However, there is a dearth of literature focusing on adsorption performance of biochars against gaseous volatile organic compounds (VOCs). In light of this limitation, the adsorption performances of 12 standard biochars made of six different raw materials (i.e., Miscanthus straw pellets, oil seed rape straw pellets, rice husk, sewage sludge, soft wood pellets, and wheat straw pellets) at two pyrolysis temperature conditions (i.e., 550 °C and 700 °C) were investigated against two model gaseous VOCs (i.e., benzene and methyl ethyl ketone (MEK)) at 1 Pa each. The breakthrough volume (BTV) and partition coefficient (PC) of benzene at 10% BTV, when measured for all these biochars, varied from 1.4 to 10 L atm g−1 and 6.E-04 to 1.4E-02 mol kg−1 Pa−1, respectively. Similarly, their counterpart values for MEK were 1.8 to 40 L atm g−1 and 1.E-03 to 2.E-03 mol kg−1 Pa−1, respectively. The largest adsorption capacity values for benzene (2.9 mg g−1) and MEK (43 mg g−1) were observed from the soft wood pellet biochar prepared at 700 °C (SWP700) and rice husk biochar prepared at 550 °C (RH550), respectively. The results indicate that most biochars adsorbed MEK preferentially over benzene. The adsorption of MEK appeared to be primarily influenced by surface features and composition of each specific biochar, while that of benzene was proportionate to their surface area. Overall, the results of this investigation are expected to help establish technical standards for effective removal of gaseous VOCs by biochars.

Peanut shells (i.e., an abundant industrial by-product) were subjected to an innovative hydrothermal pretreatment approach using high-pressure CO2 to enhance their enzymatic hydrolysis conversion into glucose. This pretreatment led to a reduction in hemicellulose content in the pretreated peanut shells from 12.4% to as low as 1.8%, which facilitated subsequent conversion into glucose by enzymatic hydrolysis. This pretreatment approach was assessed within a 170–200 °C temperature range and a 20–60 bar CO2 pressure range, after which the results of these conditions were compared to those of conventional hot water pretreatment. Treatment at 190 °C and a 60-bar CO2 pressure was determined to be optimal, resulting in the highest glucose yield (80.7%) from subsequent enzymatic hydrolysis. Acidic conditions resulting from CO2-derived carbonic acid significantly reduced the hemicellulose content of the peanut shells and weakened the interaction between cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin, improving enzyme accessibility to the cellulose. Furthermore, high-pressure CO2 increased the pore size and porosity of the resulting pretreated peanut shells, improving their enzyme adsorption capacities, as confirmed by cellulase adsorption and mercury intrusion porosimetry tests. The dual effect from high-pressure CO2 led to significant hemicellulose reduction and improved adsorption of enzymes on the cellulose, which in turn increased glucose yield from the subsequent enzymatic hydrolysis of pretreated peanut shells. Alcoholic fermentation of the hydrolyzed glucose resulted in a 12.4% increase in bio-ethanol production compared to a glucose control, thus highlighting the potential of pre-treated peanut shells as a glucose precursor used in biofuel industry.

Hemicelluloses were analyzed by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and derivative thermogravimetric analysis (DTG) in order to investigate the chemical structure of hemicellulose isolated from bamboo natural polymers bio-composites prepared under different mold pressing conditions. The results show that a temperature of 230°C with a pressing time of 20 min resulted in optimal yield of hemicellulosic polymers and relative content of sugars and uronic acids. The thermal degradation of xylose can be restrained through the addition of lignin. The FT-IR, the TGA, and the DTG analysis backed the findings. FT-IR spectra of bamboo and bamboo bio-composites (BBC) were similar. TGA curves of Ram, H1, and H2 were similar, other curves were similar. Whereas DTG curves of Ram and H1 were similar, and other curves were similar. The addition of lignin could potentially decrease the thermal degradation of hemicellulose during mold pressing. POLYM. COMPOS., 2015. © 2015 Society of Plastics Engineers

To reuse lignin polymers from bioethanol biorefinery plants, wood/lignin composites (WLC) were modified by mold pressing, processed, and analyzed using X-ray diffractometry, Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and thermal desorption-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. With increased temperature and time, cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin increased the thermal degradation reaction and generated many extracts. Comprehensive analysis of the analytical results suggested that mold pressing at 160 or 220°C for 20 min was optimal for WLC preparation. However, care should be taken as the volatiles included acetic acid, phenol and its derivatives, and benzene and its derivatives, which are toxic. POLYM. COMPOS., 2015. © 2015 Society of Plastics Engineers

Sulfur and ammonia nitrogen are rich nutrient pollutants, after entering water can cause algal blooms, cause eutrophication of water body, the spread of them will not only pollute the environment, destroy the ecological balance, but also harm human health through food chain channels, especially drinking-water toxicosis. Acticarbon can adsorb harmful substances, it was beneficial for people's health. In order to figure out the optimal adsorption condition and the intrinsic change of acticarbon, five chemicals were adsorbed by acticarbon and analyzed by FT-IR. The optimal adsorption condition of Fe2(SO4)3, Na2SO4, Na2S2O8, S and Na2SO3 was 9 g/1000 g at 80 min, 21 g/1000 g at 20 min, 15g/1000 g at 20 min, 21 g/1000 g at 60 min and 21 g/1000 g at 100 min, respectively. FT-IR spectra showed that acticarbon had eight characteristic peaks, such as S-S stretch, H2O stretch, O-H stretch, -C-H stretch, C 000000000000 000000000000 000000000000 111111111111 000000000000 111111111111 000000000000 000000000000 000000000000 O or CC stretch, CH2 bend, C-H were at 3850 cm-1, 3740 cm-1, 3435 cm-1, 2925 cm-1, 1630 cm-1, 1390 cm-1, 1115 cm-1, 600 cm-1, respectively. For FT-IR spectra of Fe2(SO4)3, the peaks at 3850 cm-1, 3740 cm-1, 2925 cm-1 achieved the maximum with 9 g/1000 g at 20 min. For Na2SO4, the peaks at 2925 cm-1, 1630 cm-1, 1390 cm-1, 1115 cm-1, 600 cm-1 achieved the maximum with 21 g/1000 g at 120 min. For ones of Na2S2O8, the peaks at 3850 cm-1, 3740 cm-1, 1390 cm-1, 1115 cm-1, 600 cm-1, achieved the maximum with 2 g/1000 g at 80 min. For ones of S, the peaks at 3850 cm-1, 3740 cm-1, 2925 cm-1 achieved the maximum with 19 g/1000 g at 100 min, the peaks at 1390 cm-1, 1115 cm-1, 600 cm-1 achieved the maximum with 19 g/1000 g at 20 min. For FT-IR spectra of Na2SO3, the peaks at 1630 cm-1, 1390 cm-1, 1115 cm-1, 600 cm-1 achieved the maximum with 2 g/1000 g at 100 min. It provided that acticarbon could adsorb and desulphurize from sulfur solution against drinking-water toxicosis.