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The research article addresses the reciprocating wear behaviour of hybrid AA7075 reinforced with boron carbide and boron nitride through a stir-casting technique. The experiment involved varying wt.% of the secondary particle boron carbide (3, 6 and 9) while boron nitride (3) was kept as constant. The hybrid composites were characterised using scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive spectroscopy. The hardness and tensile behaviour of the hybrid composites were evaluated. Reciprocating wear behaviour of the hybrid composites were examined using a tribometer by varying the wear parameters such as load and sliding distance. The results revealed that AA7075/6boron carbide/3boron nitride had better hardness, tensile and wear properties. The surface morphology of the wear samples was analysed using SEM.

The natural fiber mat is a better replacement for synthetic fiber which is reinforced with polymer composites for advanced engineering application. For the first time, the present experiment was ca...

The natural fiber reinforced polymeric composites have found to be an excellent substitute for synthetic fiber based polymeric composites and are being widely utilized in several advanced engineering applications. The present experimental work deals with randomly oriented Indian mallow fiber/polyester (IMFP) composites which are fabricated by compression moulding method by varying the fiber wt. % from 10 to 50%. The prepared IMFP specimens were evaluated through various mechanical and thermal properties and the results showed that better properties were obtained in specimens with 50 wt. % fiber content. The optimum tensile strength and modulus was about 46 MPa and 3.56 GPa respectively, while the elongation at break was 1.39%. The optimum flexural and impact strength are estimated to be around 111 MPa and 14 kJ/m2 respectively. The heat deflection test (HDT) displayed that temperature withstands up to 84 °C at 50 wt. % of fiber content. The surface morphologies of the fractured composite specimens were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis. The overall results confirmed the suitability of the present specimens to be employed in various light weight applications.

The aim of the present work is to experimentally investigate the essential work of fracture of 1 mm thick interstitial free high strength steels in cold rolled condition. Essential Work of Fracture (EWF) is done experimentally using Double edge notched tension (DENT) specimens of 140 mm in length and 25 mm in width along both rolling and transverse direction in tensile testing machine. Using a universal testing machine, the specimens were strained along their longitudinal direction until completion of cracking. Totally 23 samples with different ligament lengths are tested to obtain essential work of fracture. The specific essential work was determined by extrapolating the straight-line relationship between the specific work of fracture (wf) and ligament length (/) to zero ligament length. The magnitude of essential work of fracture (we) along rolling direction is 133.56 kJ/m2 and for transverse direction is 17.85 kJ/m2.

During last two decades the growth of composite materials was remarkable. The volume and number of applications of composite materials are rapidly growing and continuously conquering new market fields. The demand for these engineered materials varies from consumer goods to advanced niche applications, reflecting substantially development of composite materials. However, the composites losses it properties during secondary processing methods such as drilling, and cutting. The main objective of this paper is to study the loss of strength in composites while cutting serial fastener holes for mechanical joints of structures. The design is to be made such that the loss in strength is reduced considerably by selecting an exact combination of the parameters like (E/d, K/d ratios). Finally, the theoretical values are compared to the Ansys values.

The natural fiber is a best replacement for synthetic fiber which is reinforced with polymer composites for advanced engineering application. The main purpose of this paper is to study the tensile and flexural properties of untreated and treated palymra natural fiber reinforced polyester composites. Palmyra fibre is used as a reinforcement and the polyester resin is used as a matrix. Composites plates were fabricated through handlayup moulding techniques. The treated palymra fiber composites yields excellent tensile and flexural properties. Tensile tests revealed that the ultimate strength is about 48 MPa, and elongation break at 6%. The flexural strength is estimated to be around 64 MPa respectively. The mechanical properties of materials prepared from a chemical treated with potassium permanganate palmyra are found to be much stronger than those of untreated fiber. Surface morphologies of fracture surfaces of composites were reported using electron microscopy scanning (SEM).

The primary aim behind this work is to calibrate the welding parameters effect on the mechanical properties of friction stir welded butt joints made of dissimilar aluminium alloys AA6061 and AA7075. A new solid-state joining process is FSW (Friction stir welding) and this method of joining is energy-efficient, cost-effective, environmentally friendly, and adaptable. Friction stir welding is used in aerospace for joining aluminium alloys and other metallic alloys that are difficult to weld using traditional fusion welding techniques. In this process, two metal pieces namely AA6061 and AA7075 of dimensions 100 × 50 × 6 mm, are welded by considering the effect of parameters like tool rotation speed and transverse feed. The effects of welding parameters were assessed by looking at the resulting mechanical properties of the axial welded field, such as hardness distribution and wear properties.

Performance characteristics of SS410 stainless steel during the drilling process while conducting experimental studies is discussed in this paper. The material was blocked up from the ingot form and has the following dimensions of 100x75x15 mm. Drilling experiments were carried out on BMV 35 T12 Gaurav BFW CNC machine using HSS drill bit. Process parameters such as Speed (S) (30, 40, 50, 60 m/min), Feed (F) (0.05, 0.075, 0.1, 0.125 mm/rev) and Point angle (P) (100, 110, 120, 130 degree) were varied for about four levels, to determine the test cases with the help of Taguchi’s Orthogonal Array. The methods used for analysing the results were; response table, Signal to Noise ratio and Analysis of Variance. It was concluded that better surface finish was obtained at high spindle speed, low feed, and high point angle, better material removal rate was obtained at high spindle speed, high feed, and low point angle and better dimensional accuracy (ovality) was obtained at low speed, low feed, and low point angle. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) results revealed feed as the most significant parameter that influenced the surface roughness (Ra) of SS410 material, followed by speed and point angle. Similarly, for material removal rate (MRR) and ovality (O), speed was the most influencing parameter followed by feed and point angle. To predict the Ra, MRR and O, regression analysis was also performed and was validated through confirmation test.

In current scenario, the engineering materials are profound their application towards Bio-Medical field. The human implants caught the eye of researchers in the field of materials and metallurgy. After meeting the accidents, aged people’s bone crack and other factors for replacing bones is a major problem faced by the medical society. Considering the fact, researchers have found some viable alternative for the bone material which is positive towards biocompatibility. The alternative implant materials are manufacturing without compensate biocompatibility. This paper covers the trends happening in the machining of implant material through the non traditional approaches such as EDM, WEDM and some other advance technologies.

Green sustainable life and biofibers play a vital role in achieving eco-friendly environment and great opportunities for fabricating the products. This work focused on the effect of the hybrid mat as reinforcement in vetiver/banana fiber mat reinforced vinyl ester composites. Composites plates were fabricated at 45° and 90° directions in ten different combinations by the compression molding machine. The mechanical properties of composites plates were tested as per ASTM standard. The morphological behaviour of tested specimens were evaluated by SEM. The hybrid double-layer fiber mat composites in longitudinal direction exhibit optimum results in tensile and flexural properties. However, it is found that vetiver double-layer fiber mat composites at 90° direction, indicating better impact strength than a banana and hybrid fiber mat composites. SEM images provided that composite properties are dependent on interface bonding between the fibers and matrix.

The aim of this present investigation is to improve the properties of natural fiber from red banana peduncle plant by alkali treatment for the first time. The main objective of this paper was to st...

With high power density and promising possibilities for high energy density, the electrochemical capacitor has become an indispensable energy storage device to satisfy the future energy demands. Here in, we report on synthesis of graphene nanosheets (GNS) supported manganese sulfide (MnS) hybrid (GNS-MnS) nanocomposite by a simple, facile hydrothermal process. The resultant GNS-MnS hybrid nanocomposite with robust electronic amalgamation facilitates swift transfer of both ions and electrons across the interface between electrode surface and electrolyte ions than pristine MnS. Benefiting from the better conduction along with improved active sites of the MnS in GNS-MnS hybrid nanocomposite, a high ratio surface/near-surface reactions is dominated by high specific capacity even at high current rate. As such, the GNS-MnS hybrid nanocomposite exhibited a maximum specific capacitance of 792 F g−1 at 2 A g−1 along with better retention rate of 58% at 15 A g−1, is significantly higher than that of pristine MnS (423 F g−1 at 2 A g−1 and 37% retention at 15 A g−1). In addition, the fabricated symmetric GNS-MnS hybrid nanocomposite cell delivered a high energy density of 25 W h kg−1 and power density of 7160 W kg−1. Moreover, specific capacitance of 91.1% is retained after 15000th cycles with columbic efficiency of ∼100% at 20 A g−1. The remarkable electrochemical performance of GNS-MnS hybrid nanocomposite electrode demonstrated its potential as a key material for developing high energy supercapacitors.

The objective of this work is to explore the natural cellulosic fibers extracted from Nendran Banana Peduncle plants. This is the first time, the tests are carried out in the Nendran Banana Peduncle Fiber (NBPF) to measure the properties of the chemical, physical, mechanical, thermal (TGA/DTG), X-ray Diffraction (XRD) analysis, Fourier-transform Infrared spectroscopy(FT-IR), Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) analysis and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) furnished in this work. The Weibull distribution analysis was adopted for the analysis of diameter, tensile strength and Young's modulus of the fiber. The XRD analysis for the NBPF shows that the crystallinity index of 53.3%and crystallinity size of 4.72 nm. Thermogravimetric analysis depicted that NBPF can withstand thermally up to 356 °C. FT-IR results proved the existence of different chemical compositions and their corresponding functional groups. AFM analysis revealed the surface of the fiber found as rough. From the results, it is concluded that NBPF utilized as a polymer matrix composite for manufacturing light load automotive components and construction equipment.

An advancement to the principles of friction stir welding is the friction stir processing, a technique for modifying the surface, which involves the modification of the local microstructure by refining the microstructure and through localized plastic deformation of the specimen material. The tool that is involved in the process consists of a rotating tool which has a shoulder and pin inserted into the single piece of material. The area which needs to be examined with this process is traversed by this tool in a desired direction. When the shoulder of the tool and the workpiece comes into contact with each other, with the tool traversing at a particular travelling speed and an optimal rotational speed, friction is developed between the two surfaces. This in turn increases the heat of the material to a limit where the material undergoes plastic deformation. Hence when such an exposure occurs localized plastic deformation and the thermal property increase leads to a drastic change in the local microstructure. Various properties have been examined when the material undergoes friction stir processing which involves the production of nanograin, the surface hardness increases followed by the the fatigue strength, wear property and tensile strength of the material. This review paper focuses mainly on the change in microstructure and mechanical properties of Aluminium alloys and their composites and the effect of FSP process through the study of the current trend and the development of FSP to various parameters.

Tungsten inert gas (TIG) welding is a fusion welding process having side range of applications in current industry. The TIG welding process parameters plays a very significant role in estimating the quality of a welded joint. So appropriate selection of welding process parameters is very much necessary to attain weld joint with increased tensile strength value. In the work, experiments were carried out on Austenitic Stainless Steel (AISI 304L) using Tungsten inert gas (TIG) welding process. In this study Butt welded joints have been made by using three levels of current, gas flow rate and nozzle to work piece distance. The quality of the weld has been estimated in terms of ultimate tensile strength of the welded specimens L9 orthogonal array of Taguchi‘s experimental design method was utilized for optimization of welding current, gas flow rate and nozzle to work piece distance on welded joints.

We report on a simple and facile synthesis of manganese ferrite (MnFe2O4) nanoparticles by chemical co-precipitation method using 1 M NaOH as the oxidative solution. The resultant nanoparticles were characterized by using various tools like powder X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The morphology of the resultant product was observed to be of spherical in shape with diameter of about 20–50 nm. The electrochemical performance of manganese ferrite nanoparticles was investigated by using cyclic voltammetry, charge–discharge and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy with different electrolytes, such as 1 M LiNO3, 1 M Li3PO4 and KOH. In a three-electrode system, a maximum specific capacitance of 173, 31 and 430 F g−1 was attained corresponding to the electrolytes of 3.5 M KOH, 1 M LiNO3 and 1 M Li3PO4, respectively. Among these, 3.5 M KOH electrolyte medium exhibited excellent rate performance, evidently more than 60% of retention was observed at 10 A g−1 due to the synergistic activities, high surface accessibility and better electronic conductivity of MnFe2O4 nanoparticles. In addition, the fabrication of symmetric cell using MnFe2O4 as an electrode materials with 3.5 M KOH as an electrolyte, exhibited maximum specific capacitance, high energy density and power density of 245 F g−1, 12.6 Wh kg−1 and 1207 W kg−1, respectively. Furthermore, the specific capacitance of 105% retained after 10,000 cycles at the high current density of 1.5 A g−1 and the coulombic efficiency of the all 10,000 cycles remains constant (∼98) which clearly displayed the excellent electrochemical stability of MnFe2O4 nanosphere (NS). Our results may pave the way for employing the low-cost co-precipitation method to fabricate advanced high energy storage and highly stable device with long cycle life.

This research article reports the activated flux tungsten inert gas (ATIG) welding of alloy C-276. Microstructures of the welded joint were studied using optical and scanning electron microscope. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) analysis showed that segregation of Mo and W lead to the formation of the secondary phases. The microstructure results show that fine cellular structure was observed in the fusion zone. Studies using scanning electron microscopy revealed the formation of secondary phases in the grain boundaries. Strength and ductility of the welded joint was evaluated using tensile test. It was inferred that the joint strength was almost matching to the strength of the base metal. It was deduced that the formation of the secondary phases had reduced the ductility and toughness of the weld joint.

The research article focused on the effect of wood sawdust as secondary filler reinforcement in Indian mallow fiber yarn mat reinforced with polyester composites. Composites were fabricated along t...

Curing and compaction is found to be an essential role in construction to achieve better sustainability effect. But they are not in proper order by the performance of labours as it can be visualized from many construction sites. Descriptive made on natural item from the ground called Radish also termed as Raphanussativus, an innovative Self-Curing agent was developed and the designed percentage of the curing agent was incorporated in Self-Compacting Concrete is manifested in this paper. Here, the analysis was made for natural self-curing agent concoction with combination of water reducing and viscosity based admixtures like Super Plasticizers and Viscosity Modifying agent in the name Master Glenium Sky8233. The main genesis beyond the intention of radish as a Self-Curing agent is the region of bond water in and its effectual existence of hydroxyl and ether group in a chemical structure of radish family. The design grade of concrete was affixed as M40 and its conceived procedure for such modern concrete was merely based on trial and error and its final upshots were verified with the EFNARC specifications. Upshot from other curing agent such as Poly-Ethylene Glycol (PEG) and conventional methods are compared with the outcome from the innovative curing agent. The sample test outcomes have been given, which shower the behaviour of radish as an internal curing agent under a laboratory conditions. The agent used for robotic curing purpose at the start was inspected to probe its water holding capacity analysis. For the minute case, expository study was retrieved using Fourier Transform Infra Red (FTIR) spectrum analyzer. Various tests were composed to scrutinize the workability properties, mechanical properties and durability property of the concrete. To decide the mechanical properties of concrete, tests such as compression test, split tensile test and flexural test and were regulated. Durability characteristics study on carbonation was overseen. Footprints proved that alike Poly-Ethylene Glycol (PEG), extract from radish is also a powerful curing agent and upswing the cement hydration and compressive strength, minimizes the shrinkage and tweaks the durability of concrete whereas the conventional methods necessitate improvement. Their outcomes are discovered to be bearable as per IS standards, EFNARC (European Standards) specifications and ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials) codal provisions.

The present research work aimed to characterize new natural cellulosic kusha fibers extracted from the kusha grass plants. The physical and chemical properties of kusha fibers such as cellulose content (70.58%), lignin (14.35%), wax content (1.52%), ash content (2.46%), moisture content (8.01%), and density (1.1025 g cc−1) were identified. An X-ray diffraction of kusha fibers confirms the presence of cellulose with a crystalline index of 55.4%. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis was carried out to establish the certainty of using them as reinforcement fiber. Thermogravimetric analysis ensures thermal stability up to 357°C which is within the polymerization process temperature.

Natural fibers are one of the good alternative sources for replacing synthetic fiber and reinforcing polymer matrices because of their eco-friendly nature. This investigation deals with the extraction and characterization of new natural fiber from Indian mallow plant stem. The physico-chemical, thermal, and mechanical properties of Indian mallow fibers (IMFs) were reported and compared with other natural fibers for the first time. Cellulose (78.22%), wax (0.47%), density (1.33 g/cm³), and tensile strength (979.83 MPa) were recognized in IMFs. Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and thermo-gravimetric analysis confirmed that IMFs are rich in cellulose content and thermally stable with a crystallinity index of 72%.

Nanostructures of noble metals were immensely studied owing to their eminent salient features like morphology, controllable size dispersity and surface chemistry. Herein, we report a facile and eco-friendly route to synthesize gold nanoparticles (CGAuNPs) within a shorter period of time using the aqueous fruit extract of Couroupita guianensis Aubl. (CGFE) as a potential bioreductant to reduce Au 3 + ions into their nanoscale counterparts. Growth of CGAuNPs generates a shift in the color of reaction medium due to the excitation of surface plasmon resonance (SPR) which produces an intense absorbance peak at 530 nm in UV–Visible spectroscopy. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) confirms the active role of water soluble phenolic compounds in achieving the reduction and stabilization of CGAuNPs. Additionally, transmission electron microscope (TEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) studies revealed that the synthesized CGAuNPs were anisotropic face centered cubic crystalline in nature, having an average size of 26 ± 11 nm. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) and Energy dispersive spectroscopic (EDAX) results were proved that the synthesized CGAuNPs were free from contaminants and they were stable, possessing negative electric charge without aggregation. On the other hand, in vitro antioxidant assays demonstrate that the aqueous CGFE and formulated CGAuNPs possess extraordinary antioxidant properties. Hemocompatibility assay depicts the safe nature of synthesized CGAuNPs for biomedical applications. Thus, the results of present study will be useful to synthesize AuNPs instantly via green chemistry route for its valuable applications in nanomedicine.

This study presented a novel utilization of biomass solid waste, named Polyalthia longifolia (Mast tree) seed as a reinforcement in a composite, using a compression molding technique. An attempt was made to reinforce vinyl ester matrix (VE) with Polyalthia longifolia seed filler (PLSF), ranging from 5 to 50 wt% loadings. Mechanical properties of the fabricated Polyalthia longifolia seed filler/vinyl ester (PLSF-VE) composite samples were tested and analyzed. The results showed that the PLSF-VE composite exhibited optimum mechanical properties at 25 % wt of filler loading; ultimate tensile strength and modulus were approximately 32.50 MPa and 1.23 GPa, respectively. The ultimate flexural, impact strengths and hardness were observed around 125 MPa, 31.09 kJ/m2 and 36.50, respectively. The heat deflection test and thermo-gravimetric analysis depicted that the PLSF-VE composites withstood up to 66 °C and 430 °C, respectively. Furthermore, the PLSF and its various composite samples were studied, using energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscope (SEM).

The present work deals with the characterization of banana ribbon, a new natural fiber, and the effect of rope mat and random orientation on the mechanical and thermal properties of banana ribbon-reinforced polyester composites. Of all the fabricated composites, the banana ribbon rope mat composites showed improved mechanical and thermal properties compared to randomly oriented composites and other natural fiber composites. The surface morphologies of fractured mechanical testing samples were studied by scanning electron microscope to probe the fiber–matrix interaction. Furthermore, the mat composites are used to fabricate windshield of four wheelers and mudguard of two wheelers.

Secured and trustable routing in military information system is a sophisticated task in which sharing of information with no distortion or collusion is important. Mobile ad hoc networking enables the military communication by forwarding the information to the corresponding nodes on the right time. In the available system, Neighborhood-based Interference-Aware (NIA) routing is performed over an environment of stabilized position node. This research cannot offer support to the military communication system where the troops of soldiers might have to move to different positions. This issue is resolved in the new research strategy by implementing the new framework known as Multi-Objective concerned Reliable Routing in Dynamic MANET (MORR-MANET). In this technical work, optimal routing is performed with due consideration to different QoS parameters making use of pareto-optimal approach. Once the optimal route path is found, interference is prevented through the monitoring of the information regarding the neighborhood. Moreover, this research work is also related to the path breakage due to the resource unavailability or node mobility, as observed in this research work making use of Modified Go-Back-N ARQ technique. The whole research is realized and thereafter shown in the simulation environment, and it is revealed that the proposed research methodology provides a better result, in comparison with the previous research work NIA. The proposed technique indicates better performance in terms of 13% better residual energy, 7% larger the number of live nodes, 13% least relative error compared to the available technique NIA.

The main objective of this work is to modify the mechanical as well as surface properties of weld nugget by the reinforcement of hybrid ceramic particles (alumina and silicon carbide). This is accomplished by combining friction stir welding (FSW) and friction stir processing (FSP) on dissimilar AA6101-T6 and AA1350 aluminium alloys. For this purpose, various levels of mixing proportions of Al2O3 & SiC particles are used with constant groove depth and width i.e. constant groove dimension. To evaluate the quality of joints, tensile, bending, micro-hardness, wear and microstructural studies are carried out. Among these, reinforcement of 100% alumina particles exhibits better mechanical and wear properties. On the other hand, reinforcement of 100% silicon carbide particles produces poor mechanical and wear properties. And also increment in percentage of reinforcement of alumina particles improves the mechanical and wear properties of weld nugget, when compared to increment in percentage of reinforcement of silicon carbide particles.

Gallium nitride nanostructures have been receiving considerable attention as building blocks for nanophotonic technologies due to their unique high aspect ratios, promising the realization of photonic and biological nanodevices such as blue light emitting diodes (LEDs), short-wavelength ultraviolet nanolasers, and nanofluidic biochemical sensors. We report on the growth of hierarchical GaN nanowires (NWs) by dynamically adjusting the growth parameters using the pulsed flow metal-organic chemical vapor deposition technique. We carried out two step growth processes to grow hierarchical GaN NWs. In the first step, the GaN NWs were grown at 950°C, and in the second, we suitably decreased the growth temperature to 630°C and 710°C to grow the hierarchical structures. The surface morphology and optical characterization of the grown GaN NWs were studied by field-emission scanning electron microscopy, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, photoluminescence, and cathodoluminescence measurements. These kinds of hierarchical GaN NWs are promising for allowing flat band quantum structures that are shown to improve the efficiency of LEDs.