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The aim of this study was to perform a Bayesian genomewide association study (GWAS) to identify genomic regions associated with growth traits in Hereford and Braford cattle, and to select Tag-SNPs to represent these regions in low-density panels useful for genomic predictions. In addition, we propose candidate genes through functional enrichment analysis associated with growth traits using Medical Subject Headings (MeSH). Phenotypic data from 126,290 animals and genotypes for 131 sires and 3,545 animals were used. The Tag-SNPs were selected with BayesB (π = 0.995) method to compose low-density panels. The number of Tag-single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) ranged between 79 and 103 SNP for the growth traits at weaning and between 78 and 100 SNP for the yearling growth traits. The average proportion of variance explained by Tag-SNP with BayesA was 0.29, 0.23, 0.32 and 0.19 for birthweight (BW), weaning weight (WW205), yearling weight (YW550) and postweaning gain (PWG345), respectively. For Tag-SNP with BayesA method accuracy values ranged from 0.13 to 0.30 for k-means and from 0.30 to 0.65 for random clustering of animals to compose reference and validation groups. Although genomic prediction accuracies were higher with the full marker panel, predictions with low-density panels retained on average 76% of the accuracy obtained with BayesB with full markers for growth traits. The MeSH analysis was able to translate genomic information providing biological meanings of more specific gene products related to the growth traits. The proposed Tag-SNP panels may be useful for future fine mapping studies and for lower-cost commercial genomic prediction applications.

Graphical abstract, Highlights • Capsicum annuum reverses rotenone-induced reduction tyrosine hydroxylase activity. • C. annuum potentiates the ameliorative effect of L-DOPA on rotenone-induced motor dysfunction. • C. annuum attenuates rotenone-induced oxidative stress in the brain., Rotenone is a natural pesticide and environmental neurotoxin which mimics key aspects of Parkinson’s disease. This study evaluated the effect of ethyl acetate extract of Capsicum annuum L. (C. annuum) in rotenone-intoxicated rats. Oral doses of C. annuum extract (50, 100 & 200 mg kg−1) and rotenone (2 mg kg−1 i.p.) were co-administered for 25 days during which rearing behavior was monitored. Biochemical alterations in the levels of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), monoamine oxidase (MAO), superoxide dismutase (SOD) as well as reduced and oxidized glutathione (GSH) were estimated. Decrease in rearing behavior resulting from rotenone exposure was ameliorated by 200 mg kg−1 of C. annuum. Furthermore, rotenone exposure significantly (P

Purpose The objective of the present study was to evaluate the systemic anti-inflammatory activity of the hydroalcoholic extract of the leaves of Licania rigida Benth (EHFLR) on models of systemic inflammation in mice. Methods The quantitative chemical profiles of phenolic acids and flavonoids were performed by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Systemic anti-inflammatory activity was determined from carrageenan and dextran-induced paw edema models and the animals were orally treated (p.o.) with EHFLR at doses of 25, 50, 100 mg/kg, indomethacin (10 mg/kg) for carrageenan-induced paw edema and promethazine (6 mg/kg) for dextran-induced paw edema. The possible mechanisms involved in the anti-inflammatory action of the extract were evaluated by the paw edema models induced by histamine and arachidonic acid, and by the model of carrageenan-induced peritonitis, where vascular permeability and leukocyte migration to the peritoneal cavity were evaluated. Results The results of the HPLC identified the presence of phenolic acids and flavonoids, with chlorogenic acid (1.16%) and Caempferol (0.81%) as the main constituents. From the results, it was concluded that the extract has an LD50 ≥5000 mg/kg when administered orally in mice as this dose did not trigger deaths in any of the observed groups. EHFLR (25 mg/kg) showed a significant antiderematogenic effect on histamine and arachidonic acid-induced paw edema at the third hour of the tests, with a percentage of inhibition of 46.64% and 18.33%, respectively. The extract (25 mg/kg, p.o.) also significantly reduced vascular permeability and leukocyte migration in the peritoneal cavity. Conclusions It is concluded that EHFLR exerts a systemic anti-inflammatory action, which seems to depend, at least in part, on the inhibition of arachidonic acid metabolism and the action of vasoactive amines. In addition, the extract reduced the leukocyte migration in the peritoneal cavity, indicating that its action may be linked to the inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokines.

Whole grain cereals are important dietary sources for management of metabolic diseases due to the bioactive components they contain. Hence, this study investigated enzymes (pancreatic lipase, α-amylase, α-glucosidase, xanthine oxidase and angiotensin 1-converting enzyme) inhibitory property, antioxidant activity and phenolics profile of raw and roasted red sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) grains in vitro. Extracts of flours of raw and roasted (150 °C and 180 °C, for 20 min) grains were assayed for enzymes inhibitory and antioxidant activities using spectrophotometric methods; while their phenolic constituents were characterized using HPLC-DAD. The raw grains exhibited strong enzymes inhibitory and antioxidant activities, and contained phenolic acids (gallic, chlorogenic, caffeic, ellagic and p-coumaric acids) and flavonoids (quercetin, luteolin and apigenin). However, whereas the enzymes inhibitory activity and levels of the phenolic compounds in the grains decreased significantly (p

Objective The objective of this work was evaluate the cytotoxic, leishmanicidal and tripanocidal activity, as well as to evaluate its antimicrobial and modulatory activity in association with different antibiotics of the hydroethanolic extract of the Ximenia Americana stem bark (EHXA). Method In vitro tests against Trypanosoma cruzi, Leishmania sp. and citotoxicity were performed. The evaluation of the antibacterial and bacterial resistance modulatory effect was given by the microdilution method. Results The chemical profile show different classes of compounds with significant presence of quercetrin and caffeic acid. The EHXA demonstrated activity only in the concentration of 1000 μg/mL against the L. infantum and L. brasiliensis promastigotes, causing mortality percentage of 40.66 and 27.62%, respectively. The extract presented a significant toxicity only in the concentration of 1000 μg/mL, causing a mortality of 55.42% of fibroblasts. The antibacterial activity of the EHXA demonstrated a MIC value ≥1024 μg/mL against all the tested bacteria. However, in the modulation assay with EHXA in association with different antibiotics the extract had a synergistic effect against S. aureus strains when associated with norfloxacin. Conclusion The results of this investigation demonstrate for the first time the chemical composition of the hydroethanolic extract of the Ximenia Americana stem bark, your potential antiparasitic and modulatory effect. The low cytotoxic and biological potential against S. aureus open therapeutic perspectives against leishmaniosis and bacterial infections.

Phytochemical prospecting was performed by HPLC-DAD. The Inhibitory Concentration of 50% of mortality the microorganisms (IC50) was determined and a cell viability curve was obtained. Minimum Fungicidal Concentration (MFC) was determined by subculture in Sabourad Dextrose Agar. The effect of the combination extract/fluconazole was verified by microdilution, with the extracts in subinhibitory concentrations (MFC/16). Caffeic acid was the major compound of both extracts, representing 6.08% in the aqueous extract and 7.62% in the ethanolic extract. The extracts showed a fungistatic effect (MFC ≥ 16,384 μg/mL). The IC50 results demonstrated that the combination of the extracts with fluconazole were more significant than the products tested alone, with values from 4.9 to 34.8 μg/mL for the ethanolic extract/fluconazole and 5 to 84.7 μg/mL for the aqueous extract/fluconazole. The potentiating effect of fluconazole action was observed against C. albicans and C. tropicalis. In C. krusei the aqueous extract had an antagonistic effect.

Copaifera officinalis L. possesses traditional uses as an analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antiseptic. However, until now the antinociceptive effect and the mechanism of action were not described for Copaifera officinalis L. oil and no compound present in this oil was identified to be responsible for its biological effects. The goal of this study was to identify the presence of kaurenoic acid in Copaifera officinalis oil and investigate its antinociceptive effect, mechanism of action, and possible adverse effects in mice. The quantification of kaurenoic acid in Copaifera officinalis oil was done by HPLC-DAD technique. Male and female albino Swiss mice (25-35 g) were used to test the antinociceptive effect of Copaifera officinalis (10 mg/kg, intragastric) or kaurenoic acid (1 mg/kg) in the tail-flick test, intraplantar injection of capsaicin, allyl isothiocyanate (AITC) or complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA). Copaifera officinalis oil and kaurenoic acid caused the antinociceptive effect in the tail-flick test in a dose-dependent manner, and their effect was reversed by naloxone (an opioid antagonist). Copaifera officinalis oil or kaurenoic acid reduced the nociception caused by capsaicin or AITC and produced an anti-allodynic effect in the CFA model (after acute or repeated administration for 7 days). Possible adverse effects were also observed, and non-detectable adverse effect was observed for the intragastric administration of Copaiba officinalis oil or kaurenoic acid and in the same way, the treatments were neither genotoxic nor mutagenic at the doses tested. Thus, Copaiba officinalis oil, and kaurenoic acid possess antinociceptive action without adverse effects.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Popular medicine use stems of Philodendron bipinnatifidum (Araceae) in inflammation cases, such as in erysipelas, as well as orchitis and rheumatism treatment. The present study, conducted for the first time in literature, investigate the antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of P. bipinnatifidum stems ethyl acetate extract (EPB).GC/MS and HPLC analysis were performed for EPB extract. We used EPB at 250, 375 and 500 mg/kg (oral route, p.o.) in male Swiss mice. The antinociceptive activity of the plant extract assessed by acetic acid induced writhing and formalin tests. To investigate the possible participation of opioid system in EPB-mediated effects, we previously administered naloxone to the mice. Anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated using carrageenan-induced paw oedema. The open-field test aimed to investigate the possible EPB effects on the locomotor and exploratory activities. To assess the protective role of EPB on carrageenan-induced oxidative stress, the levels of NPSH, TBARS, as well as SOD and CAT activities were evaluated in blood and paw tissue. The acute toxicity of the EPB was investigated using OECD 423 guideline.The EPB chemical analysis by GC/MS and HPLC revealed the presence of flavonoids (luteolin and quercetin) and phytosterols (β-sitosterol and stigmasterol). The oral treatment with the EPB inhibited mice abdominal writhings (P 0.01) at 375 and 500 mg/kg, and reduced the formalin effect at the first-phase (500 mg/kg, P 0.05) and also at the second-phase (500 mg/kg, P 0.001) of the test. EPB (375 and 500 mg/kg) did not alter spontaneous locomotion in open field test, however the number of fecal bolus was significantly lower for the EPB group at 500 mg/kg when compared to the vehicle group (P 0.05). The pretreatment with naloxone caused significant inhibition of antinociceptive activity induced by EPB in the formalin test, revealing the possible involvement of opioid receptors. EPB extract administered at 500 mg/kg (p.o.) prevented carrageenan-induced paw oedema (P 0.05 and 0.01) until 6 h after carragenan injection. Evaluation of TBARS and NPSH levels, SOD and CAT activities in the blood and paw tissue of animals submitted to the carrageenan assay suggested that the anti-inflammatory effect of EPB may be linked to oxidative stress inhibition. The acute administration of the EPB (2000 mg/kg, p.o.) caused no mortality, demonstrating low toxicity.The extract of P. bipinnatifidum displays antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities, causing no toxicological effects. The pharmacological activity of this vegetal species may be related to the presence of flavonoids and phytosterols. Our results support the ethnomedical use of this vegetal species as analgesic and anti-inflammatory agent.

Background: The emergence of fungal resistance to commercial drugs has been observed, and because of that, research with natural products have been performed with the aim of obtaining bioactive compounds. Objective: Evaluate the chemical composition and antifungal activity of the ethanolic extract of Costus cf. arabicus L leaves (EECAL) over strains of the genus Candida, as well as its inhibitory potential over yeast virulence. Methods: The composition of EECAL was analyzed through High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) was determined by broth microdilution using spectrophotometer readings and the Minimal Fungicidal Concentration (MFC) was investigated. The reading data of the MIC was used to trace a cellular growth curve and calculate the Inhibitory Concentration for 50% of the cells (IC50) of the extract and fluconazole. The effect over the yeast morphology was verified using wet-chamber microculture and visualized through optical microscopy (40x). Results: HPLC detected the presence of flavonoids and phenolic acids. The extract presented fungistatic effect (MIC of 8.192 µg/mL). The IC50 of the extract and fluconazole varied between 4,008.7 to 5,116.8 µg/mL and 44.0 to 83.1 µg/mL, respectively. The extract inhibited the formation of hyphae at MICx2 against CA LM 77. For the CA INCQS 40006, the inhibition was verified at MIC/2. In the CT LM 23 and CT INCQS 40042 strains the presence of hyphae was considered absent at the MIC. Conclusion: The extract presented antifungal action on cell growth at elevated concentrations and an inhibitory effect of dimorphism in the tested Candida species.

To estimate the prevalence of prediabetes in individuals with moderate or severe periodontitis and to verify the association between periodontitis and glycated hemoglobin levels. A cross-sectional study was conducted including individuals age 18–93 years from a representative sample residing in rural Southern Brazil. Data collection included full mouth periodontal clinical examinations, laboratory screens, and structured questionnaires. Glycemic levels were based on glycated hemoglobin. Periodontitis case definition was based on criteria established by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the American Academy of Periodontology. A logistic regression model adjusted for body mass index was used to estimate odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). The association between periodontal parameters and changes in glycated hemoglobin levels was evaluated using linear regression models. A higher prevalence of prediabetes was observed among individuals with moderate (39.6%) and severe periodontitis (49.7%) than in individuals with mild (23.8%) or no periodontitis (27.8%). Adjusting for body mass index, individuals with severe periodontitis exhibited a 2.5 greater chance of being prediabetic (OR=2.5; 95% CI: 1.3–4.9) that was significantly associated with an increase of 0.10% in HbA1c. Severe periodontitis was associated with elevated blood glucose levels. Individuals with this condition having a higher percentage HbA1c are more likely to be prediabetic. This study highlights the importance of the clinicians’ awareness of the association between severe periodontitis and prediabetes allowing its early detection in the dental office.

The deposition of amyloid protein as senile plaques is the major signature of Alzheimer's disease (AD). It is produced by the sequential cleavage of the amyloid precursor protein by secretases. Moreover, peppers are noted for their antiaging and cognitive enhancing properties. Thus, in this study, the effects of polyphenol-rich extracts from bell pepper on amyloid production and aggregation in vitro were investigated. Bell pepper (ripe and unripe) was extracted with methanol-1 N HCl (1:1 v/v). Thereafter, the inhibitory potentials of the extracts on β-secretase and β-amyloid1-40 aggregation were determined. Phenolic composition of the pepper fruits was further determined by HPLC-DAD (high performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector). There was a dose-dependent inhibition of β-secretase by the pepper fruits with the ripe fruits (2.17 ± 0.17 μg/L) showing a significantly (P < .05) higher inhibitory effect than the unripe (3.44 ± 0.11 μg/L). Furthermore, Thioflavin-T and transmission electron microscopy analyses revealed that phenolic extracts from pepper fruits (1 and 10 μg/L) could counteract the initial aggregation of Aβ1-40, as well as prevent further aggregation preformed fibrils. These inhibitory activities could be attributed to the predominant presence of phenolic constituents in the pepper fruits. It is possible to conclude that bell pepper could be a possible dietary intervention into the management of AD.

The effect of drying on the phytoconstituents, antioxidative, and anti-inflammatory properties of Bryophyllum pinnatum leaves was investigated. The phenolic constituents were characterized using HPLC-DAD. The aqueous extraction was done and various assays (Inhibition of membrane stabilization, albumin Denaturation and heat-induced hemolysis, malondialdehyde (MDA), and reduced glutathione (GSH) contents, as well as superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity), were carried out on human erythrocytes. The fresh portion (89.12 µg/ml) exhibited the highest potential to inhibit heat-induced hemolysis compared to the standard drug-Diclofenac (91.51 µg/ml). Freeze-dried sample showed the highest inhibitory potential on albumin denaturation ([Freeze-dried-330.72 µg/ml], [Diclofenac-318.63 µg/ml]) and membrane destabilization ([Freeze-dried-331.93 µg/ml], [Diclofenac-289.57 µg/ml]) when compared with Diclofenac. Similarly, the freeze-dried sample showed the highest GSH and SOD level and lowest MDA level when human erythrocytes challenged with tertiary butyl hydroperoxide (tBHP) were treated with the extract. This study confirms the retention of a considerable quantity of bioactive constituents of plants when freeze-dried. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: The ideal method of drying Bryophyllum pinnatum and possible anti-inflammatory potential was investigated. This work may apply to the development of anti-inflammatory agents from a natural source with little or no side effect in managing inflammation.

Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam (Moraceae) stem bark has been used locally in managing diabetes mellitus with sparse scientific information. This study investigates the in vitro antioxidant potential of polyphenolic-rich extract of A heterophyllus stem bark as well as its antidiabetic activity in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Fifty male Wistar rats were used with the induction of diabetes by a single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (45 mg/kg body weight) and were orally administered 400 mg/kg free and bound phenols of A heterophyllus stem bark. The animals were sacrificed on the 28th day of the experiment using the cervical dislocation method; antihyperglycemia and anti-inflammatory parameters were subsequently assessed. The polyphenolic extracts demonstrated antioxidant potentials (such as hydrogen peroxide and diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl), as well as strong inhibitory activity against amylase and glucosidase. There was a significant ( P < .05) increase in glycogen, insulin concentration, pancreatic β-cell scores (HOMA-β), antioxidant enzymes and hexokinase activities, as well as glucose transporter concentration in diabetic animals administered the extracts and metformin. Also, a significant ( P < .05) reduction in fasting blood glucose, lipid peroxidation, glucose-6-phosphatase, and all anti-inflammatory parameters were observed in diabetic rats administered the extracts and metformin. The extracts demonstrated antidiabetic potential, which may be useful in the management of diabetes mellitus

Ethnopharmacological relevance Kava extract (Piper methysticum) is a phytotherapic mainly used for the treatment of anxiety. Although the reported effects of Kava drinking improving psychotic symptoms of patients when it was introduced to relieve anxiety in aboriginal communities, its effects on models of psychosis-like symptoms are not investigated. Aim of the study To investigate the effects of Kava extract on behavioral changes induced by amphetamine (AMPH) and its possible relation with alterations in monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity. Materials and methods Mice received vehicle or Kava extract by gavage and, 2 h after vehicle or AMPH intraperitoneally. Twenty-five minutes after AMPH administration, behavioral (elevated plus maze, open field, stereotyped behavior, social interaction and Y maze) and biochemical tests (MAO-A and MAO-B activity in cortex, hippocampus and striatum) were sequentially evaluated. Results Kava extract exhibited anxiolytic effects in plus maze test, increased the locomotor activity of mice in open field test and decreased MAO-A (in cortex) and MAO-B (in hippocampus) activity of mice. Kava extract prevented the effects of AMPH on stereotyped behavior and, the association between Kava/AMPH increased the number of entries into arms in Y maze test as well as MAO-B activity in striatum. However, Kava extract did not prevent hyperlocomotion induced by AMPH in open field test. The social interaction was not modified by Kava extract and/or AMPH. Conclusion The results showed that Kava extract decreased the stereotyped behavior induced by AMPH at the same dose that promotes anxiolytic effects, which could be useful to minimize the psychotic symptoms in patients.

Croton campestris A. St-Hill popularly known as “velame do campo” is a native species of the savannah from northeastern Brazil, being used in folk medicine due to its beneficial effects in the treatment of many diseases, inflammation, detoxification, gastritis, and syphilis; however, its potential use as an antidote against organophosphorus compound poisoning has not yet been shown. Here, the protective effect of the methanolic fraction of C. campestris A. St.-Hill (MFCC) in Drosophila melanogaster exposed to chlorpyrifos (CP) was investigated. Flies were exposed to CP and MFCC during 48 h through the diet. Following the treatments, parameters such as mortality, locomotor behavior, and oxidative stress markers were evaluated. Exposure of flies to CP induced significant impairments in survival and locomotor performance. In parallel, increased reactive oxygen species and lipoperoxidation occurred. In addition, the activity of acetylcholinesterase was inhibited by CP, and superoxide dismutase and glutathione S-transferase activity was induced. Treatment with MFCC resulted in a blockage of all CP-induced effects, with the exception of glutathione S-transferase. Among the major compounds found in MFCC, only gallic acid (GA) showed a protective role against CP while quercetin and caffeic acid alone were ineffective. When in combination, these compounds avoided the toxicity of CP at the same level as GA. As far as we know, this is the first study reporting the protective effect of MFCC against organophosphate toxicity in vivo and highlights the biotechnological potential of this fraction attributing a major role in mediating the observed effects to GA. Therefore, MFCC may be considered a promising source for the development of new therapeutic agents for the treatment of organophosphate intoxications.

This study aimed to assess preslaughter factors responsible for the occurrence of bruises to front, rib, loin, hip, and round sites of cattle carcasses. Data from the slaughter of 148 loads of cattle were assessed, totaling 4,611 carcasses. Evaluated bruising factor variables were animal gender, journey distance (km), vehicle type (m²), journey time (hours), load density (kg/m2 ), handling and facilities conditions (optimal, acceptable, and unacceptable), and unloading waiting time (min). Gender had the strongest influence on carcass bruising, being the first variable to enter in the majority of models related to the carcass sites. Female carcasses displayed higher bruising in all sites. Densities above 401 kg/m² caused more bruising. With the exception of the loin, unacceptable, and acceptable conditions assigned to farm facilities and handling resulted in higher average bruising. Articulated vehicles with a greater load capacity were more likely to cause bruising. The effects of variables causing bruises act differently in the various carcass sites. In this sense, the results of this study suggested possible management practices for specific problems during the preslaughter period to minimize losses by bruising to different carcass sites.

There are some genes associated to the risk of chronic diseases that present potential nutrigenetic response, such as the human manganese-dependent superoxide dismutase gene (Val16Ala-SOD2, rs4880) for which homozygous genotypes (VV and AA) are associated with higher basal superoxide (S) and hydrogen peroxide (HP) levels, respectively. It is possible that the VV- and AA-imbalance could be attenuated by selenium(Se)-rich foods such as Brazil nut (BN). To test this hypothesis, we conducted an in vitro protocol triggering a chemical S-HP imbalance by exposure of dermal fibroblast cells (HFF-1) to paraquat, which generates high S levels (VV-like treatment) and porphyrin (MnTBAP), which generates high HP levels (AA-like treatment). Modulation of cell growth and pro-oxidative and antioxidant markers were evaluated. BN aqueous extract (BNAE) most effective concentration which increased cell growth and decreased oxidative metabolism indicators of imbalanced cells was 75 ng Se/mL. However, this effect was not directly affected by the S-HP imbalance: in AA-SOD2-like cells, thioredoxin reductase (TrxR-1) gene was upregulated and in VV-SOD2-like cells an upregulation of glutathione peroxidase (GPx-1) gene expression was observed, however, this regulation occured in a homeostatic manner. These results suggest that BNAE was able to minimize negative effects in both directions of the S-HP imbalance, by modulation of different oxidative-metabolic pathways.

Made available in DSpace on 2019-10-06T16:51:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2018-11-01 Principal component analysis (PCA) is used to summarize important information from multivariate data in sets of new variables named principal components (PCs). In animal breeding, these new composite variables can be used to study the associations among multiple traits using the magnitude and direction of the PCA coefficients (in the eigenvectors) for each trait. Phenotypic data from 355 524 Nellore animals were used to estimate genetic parameters and explore the relationship among growth (weaning and post-weaning weight gain), visual score (weaning and yearling conformation, finishing precocity and muscling) and reproductive (scrotal circumference) traits using PCA. Genetic parameters were estimated by multi-trait analysis using a mixed linear animal model. The eigen-decomposition of the additive genetic (co)variance matrix (AT matrix) obtained using multi-trait analysis were used to calculate the PCs. In addition, PCA using the (co)variance matrix of the breeding values (EBVs) from single- and multi-trait analyses were investigated for comparison purposes. The direct heritability estimates for the weaning and yearling traits ranged from 0.17 (birth-to-weaning weight gain and conformation) to 0.21 (finishing precocity) and from 0.18 (weaning-to-yearling weight gain) to 0.46 (scrotal circumference), respectively. Genetic correlations estimated among all analyzed traits were positive (favorable) ranging from 0.15 (conformation at weaning and scrotal circumference) to 0.96 (finishing precocity and muscling at weaning). The first three PCs from multi-trait analysis using the eigen-decomposition of the AT matrix, explained 87.11% of the total additive genetic variance for the traits. The first PC (PC1) had negative and relatively similar coefficients for all traits, the second PC (PC2) contrasted the animals with early or late biotype, and the third PC (PC3) characterized a contrast between weaning and yearling traits. Our findings suggest that the PCA could be explored in breeding programs to select Nellore cattle to tailor selection towards specific PC, targeting, for instance, faster growth and precocious biotype. Department of Animal Science School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane Centre for Genetic Improvement of Livestock Department of Animal Biosciences University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East GenSys Associated Consultants Department of Exact Sciences School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane National Council for Science and Technological Development Department of Animal Science Universidade Federal de Pelotas Department of Animal Science School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane Department of Exact Sciences School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane

Objective:Essential oils are widely used as flavors and fragrances in the food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries, especially the bergamot peel oil due to the high polyphenols content, compared to other citrus species. Two types of polyphenols present in bergamot peel oil, brutieridin and melitidin, are directly related to cholesterol biosynthesis inhibition in a similar way as the statins. In this context, this work reports the extraction yields of bergamot peel oil obtained by supercritical carbon dioxide and compressed propane, together with the antimicrobial activity.Methods:The experiments were conducted at 55°C and 350 bar (density 0.881kg/m3) for carbon dioxide and at 55 °C and 40 bar (density 0.441 kg/m3) for propane.Results:Regarding the antimicrobial activity, the minimum inhibitory concentrations of bergamot oil were effective for the gram-positive bacteria growth inhibition,Staphylococcus aureusat 31.25 µg.mL-1of bergamot oil, while 500 µg.mL-1of oil extract was necessary to afford gram-negative bacterium (Escherichia coli) inhibition.

Jaboticaba Plinia peruviana (Poir.) Govaerts is a Brazilian berry that presents high levels of polyphenols, which may play a key role in preventing cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of harmful agents. Although copper is an essential micronutrient that plays an important role in organisms, high copper concentrations may trigger toxicity to animals and plants. Here, we investigated whether Plinia peruviana hydroalcoholic extract prevents copper-induced cytotoxicity in Allium cepa root cells. Five different anthocyanins and phenolic compounds were identified in Plinia peruviana extract. Importantly, the exposure to 1.53 mg/L copper for 24 h impaired mitotic index, as well as increased mitosis disturbances and triggered DNA damage. Pre-incubation with Plinia peruviana extract (0.25 g/L and 0.75 g/L) for 3 h prevented copper-induced changes in the mitotic index and reduced the number of abnormal cells. In conclusion, we suggest that Plinia peruviana peel extract has protective effects against cellular and genetic disturbances induced by copper.

Ethnopharmacological relevance Morus nigra L. is a plant native to Asia, and well adapted to the Brazilian climate. It is popularly known as "amoreira preta”, and is part of the National List of Plants of Interest to the Brazilian Unified Health System. It is used in folk medicine mainly to soften the effects of menopause, as anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic and antihypertensive. However, information on safe doses and use is still precarious. Aim of the study To identify the chemical composition of the ethanolic extract of Morus nigra L. leaves (EEMN), as well as perform a toxicological study in male and female rats. Materials and methods The chemical composition of the extract was performed by HPLC/DAD. In the acute study, the dose administered was 2000 mg/kg, and signs of toxicity and mortality was observed. In the sub-acute study, the extract was administered at doses of 500, 750 and 1000 mg/kg for 28 days. Behavioral changes, object recognition test, renal and hepatic tissue assessments, biochemical and hematological parameters were determined. The extract was administered orally to male and female rats in both studies. Results Quercetin and caffeic acid showed as major compounds in the extract. In the acute treatment, the extract was classified as safe (category 5), according to the protocol. In the subacute study, there was a decrease in AST in males (750 and 1000 mg/kg) and females (1000 mg/kg), reduction of total cholesterol in females (750 and 1000 mg/kg), and increase in renal and hepatic change the LPO levels. Conclusion The present investigation showed that EEMN did not present significant toxic effects when administered orally. Moreover, presented a potentially protective action of organs and possesses hypocholesterolemic activity, thus, it is shown as a promising natural source to be used in pharmacology.

Yacon is an Andean plant used as food and medicine; it is rich in phenolic compounds with several activities described. Thus, we investigated the neuroprotective effects of the leaves and roots of yacon in β-amyloid (Aβ)-induced neurotoxicity in rats. Wistar male rats were supplemented with extracts of the leaves or roots of yacon for 14 d before intra-hippocampal injection with 2 μL of Aβ-25–35. The groups were submitted to memory tests and euthanized, and oxidative stress parameters (hippocampus) and biochemical parameters (serum) were analyzed using classical methodologies. Yacon leaf and root extract supplementation decreased oxidative stress and damage in the hippocampus of Alzheimer-like disease (AD-like), but only the leaf extract prevented Aβ-induced memory deficits. The leaf presents more effective neuroprotection than the root and appears to be a likely candidate for future use in the prevention and/or treatment of AD, however further studies are needed to prove this hypothesis.

Malpighia glabra L. is indicated for the treatment of diseases due presenting several medicinal properties. The aim of the present study was quantify phenolic compounds and carotenoids, additionally, evaluate the antioxidant potential of different methanolic fractions (mature stage, intermediate stage and green maturity stage) of Malpighia glabra. Methanolic fractions of the three stages of maturation were characterized using HPLC-DAD. The antioxidant activity of fractions was evaluated using in vitro assay systems: iron-chelating activity (Fe2+), inhibition of the radical 1-1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and inhibition of production of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS). In quantifying compounds by HPLC-DAD showed that the compounds rutin and quercetin showed the highest peaks in the three samples tested. Regarding carotenoids, the β-carotene stood in the analyze. The methanolic fraction of lyophilized pulp of green fruits showed better results for iron chelation and DPPH tests; TBARS by the methanolic fraction of the ripe fruits showed lower IC50 as the basal. When in the presence of iron as an inducer of peroxidation, the methanolic fraction of the pulp of green fruits showed the lowest IC50. Our research indicates that the o fruits of M. glabra good potential in scavenging free radicals and can be an important source of antioxidant phytochemical.

The size and body condition of cows can affect their reproductive efficiency. However, few studies reported genetic correlations between these traits in beef cattle. Thus, we estimated the genetic parameters and correlations between weight (MW), height (MH) and body condition score (BCS) of cows and reproductive traits (SC: scrotal circumference, AFC: age at first calving, GL: gestation length, DC: days to calving, and CI: calving interval) in Nelore animals. In addition, it has also obtained direct and correlated responses aiming at determining whether changes in cow size and body condition may affect the herd reproductive performance. A series of two-trait Bayesian analyzes were performed including MW, MH or BCS with each of the reproductive traits. The heritability estimated for MW, MH and BCS were 0.46 ± 0.02, 0.35 ± 0.01 and 0.17 ± 0.02, indicating an involvement of additive gene action mainly in cows' size determination. For the reproductive traits of females, heritability ranged from 0.05 ± 0.00 for CI to 0.18 ± 0.01 for GL, and was 0.37 ± 0.01 for SC. Low repeatability were estimates for GL (0.19 ± 0.00), DC (0.19 ± 0.00) and CI (0.05 ± 0.00). The MW was positive correlated with AFC (0.23 ± 0.08), CI (0.25 ± 0.15) and, with lower magnitude, of GL (0.14 ± 0.03). Null genetic correlations were obtained between MW with SC (0.03 ± 0.03) and DC (−0.01 ± 0.04). The MH showed positive and low genetic association with all female reproductive traits, but negative with SC (−0.08 ± 0.03). Negative and favorable genetic correlations were estimated between BCS and females reproductive traits, but unfavorable with SC (−0.13 ± 0.06). In summary, the negative impact of increase the size of Nelore females on their reproductive performance is expected to be small in tropical regions. The use of sires with high genetic breeding values for SC should result in slight reduction of BCS of cows, but no effective genetic response in female size is expected. Selection based on BCS should promote little improvement in reproductive efficiency of cows.

In this study were investigated two growth deceleration genetic parameters (gamma and g-ratio) to evaluate alternatives for sire selection for improvements in finishing precocity without promoting changes in adult size. Additionally, were estimated genetic correlations between these parameters and weights (YW: yearling weight, FW: final weight), carcass quality traits at yearling (LMA: loin muscle area, BF: back fat thickness, RF: rump fat thickness) and morphological composition traits at yearling (BS: body structure score, FS: finishing precocity score, MS: muscling score). Both gamma and g-ratio parameters were obtained by genetic evaluation of animals using a random regression model on linear spline polynomials. Subsequently, (co)variances components and genetic parameters were estimated for gamma and g-ratio parameters and other traits, by bivariate analyses through Bayesian method. All evaluated traits showed genetic variability. However, selection of sires for maternal ability may provide a slow genetic gain. For direct additive genetic effect, the weight at 365 days of age is a good indicator of the weight until 700 days of age. The stronger maternal genetic correlation estimated between weights at 120 and 205 days of age (0.99) indicates that only one of these traits would be necessary for maternal ability selection. Gamma parameter presented weak or null genetic correlation with YW, FW, BF, RF, FS, and MS. Genetic correlations between g-ratio and weight indicated that sire selection based on lower values for g-ratio could reduce breeding values for YW and FW. The g-ratio presented a positive and weak correlation with LMA, BF, and RF (ranging from 0.08 ± 0.02 to 0.15 ± 0.02). Weaker genetic correlation was estimated between g-ratio and BS (0.15 ± 0.02) compared to FS and MS (0.23 ± 0.02 and 0.23 ± 0.02, respectively). Gamma and g-ratio parameters are not, individually, satisfactory indicators of finishing precocity when it is assessed using BF, RF, FS, and MS. However, the inclusion of these growth deceleration parameters in selection indices, along with traits related to carcass quality and morphological composition, could be an alternative to gradually modify growth rate and improve body composition in Nelore cattle herds.

Mono‐culture fermentation by Rhizopus stolonifer could promote the healthiness of immune systems and cholesterol levels. Hence, we examined the effect of diet from mono‐culture fermentation of Moringa oleifera seeds by R. stolonifer (MCF ‐MORS ) on hematological parameters and fundamental indicators of hypercholesterolemia in rat. The animals were divided into six groups (n = 6). Group 1 was placed on basal diet. Group II , III , IV and V were placed on a basal diets supplemented with 7.5%, 15%, 22.5% and 30%, respectively, of MCF ‐MORS . Group VI was placed on basal diet fed with unfermented M. oleifera seeds (UF ‐MOS ). The experiment lasted for eight weeks. The results revealed 7.5% MCF ‐MORS as better biological method to augment PCV , RBC and Hb count in animal model. Also, 7.5% and/or 15% MCF ‐MORS demonstrated highest levels in centrophils, neutrophils and eosinophils, whereas the levels of lymphocytes, basophils and monocytes showed no significant difference. Similarly, 7.5% and 15% MCF ‐MORS modulated LDL and HDL , respectively, better than UF ‐MOS ; but showing no difference in cholesterol level. MCF ‐MORS also maintained architectural integrity of villi and splenocytes better than UF ‐MOS . We therefore concluded that diet from MCF ‐MORS at 7.5% and 15% modulates HDL , LDL , cholesterol and immune system‐related disorders better than UF ‐MOS in rat model.

The lipid lowering, antihypertensive, hepatoprotective and antioxidant activities of Ethiopian pepper (Xylopia aethiopica) supplemented diet in hypercholesterolemic rats were investigated in this study. Animals were divided into five groups (n = 7); normal control rats (NC); untreated hypercholeterolemic rats (Hyper-C diet); hypercholesterolemic rats treated with oral dose of 1 mg/kg of simvastatin (Hyper-C diet + STATIN); hypercholesterolemic rats treated with 2% (Hyper-C diet + 2%ETP) or 4% (Hyper-C diet + 4%ETP) supplementation of ETP. ETP-supplemented diets (2% and 4%ETP) reduced total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and concomitantly increased high-density lipoprotein (HDL). There was no significant difference between the TG and LDL levels of groups fed with Hyper-C diet + 4%ETP and Hyper-C diet + STATIN. Furthermore, Hyper-C diet + 4%ETP significantly reduced plasma angiotensin-I converting enzyme (ACE) levels compared to Hyper-C diet + 2%ETP and Hyper-C diet + STATIN. Furthermore, elevated serum levels of ALT, AST and ALP induced by the high cholesterol diet were reversed by ETP and STATIN supplemented diet. Rutin, quercetin and ellagic acid were the dominant phenolic compounds in ETP as revealed by high performance liquid chromatography analysis. The observed hypolipidemic, antihypertensive and hepatoprotective effects exhibited by ETP suggest its potentials to prevent lipid abnormalities and associated risk factors, and this could be attributed to its phenolic constituents.

Heliconius are unpalatable butterflies that exhibit remarkable intra- and interspecific variation in wing color pattern, specifically warning coloration. Species that have converged on the same pattern are often clustered in Mullerian mimicry rings. Overall, wing color patterns are nearly identical among co-mimics. However, fine-scale differences exist, indicating that factors in addition to natural selection may underlie wing phenotype. Here, we investigate differences in shape and size of the forewing and the red band in the Heliconius postman mimicry ring (H. erato phyllis and the co-mimics H. besckei, H. melpomene burchelli, and H. melpomene nanna) using a landmark-based approach. If phenotypic evolution is driven entirely by predation pressure, we expect nonsignificant differences among co-mimics in terms of wing shape. Also, a reinforcement of wing pattern (i.e., greater similarity) could occur when co-mimics are in sympatry. We also examined variation in the red forewing band because this trait is critical for both mimicry and sexual communication. Morphometric results revealed significant but small differences among species, particularly in the shape of the forewing of co-mimics. Although we did not observe greater similarity when co-mimics were in sympatry, nearly identical patterns provided evidence of convergence for mimicry. In contrast, mimetic pairs could be distinguished based on the shape (but not the size) of the red band, suggesting an "advergence" process. In addition, sexual dimorphism in the red band shape (but not size) was found for all lineages. Thus, we infer that natural selection due to predation by birds might not be the only mechanism responsible for variation in color patterns, and sexual selection could be an important driver of wing phenotypic evolution in this mimicry ring.

Background: Irvingia gabonensis stem bark is a medicinal plant used in most parts of Africa to manage a number of ailments including neurodegenerative diseases that occur without scientific basis. This work characterized the phenolic composition, evaluated the cholinergic enzymes (acetylcholinesterase, AChE and butyrylcholinesterase, BChE) inhibition, and assessed the antioxidant activity of phenolic extracts from I. gabonensis (Aubry-Lecomte ex O‘Rorke) Baill bark. Methods: Total phenol and flavonoids content was evaluated in addition to antioxidant activity as shown by Fe2+ chelation, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging ability, and 2,2-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging ability. Inhibitory activities on AChE and BChE were evaluated. Results: The extract was found to be rich in phenolic acid (ellagic acid) and flavonoids (quercetrin, kaempferol, and apigenin). The phenolic extracts displayed DPPH radical scavenging ability (IC50=19.98 μg/mL), ABTS radical scavenging ability (IC50=18.25 μg/mL), iron chelation (IC50=113.10 μg/mL), and reducing power (Fe3+ to Fe2+) (5.94 mg ascorbic acid equivalent/100 g). Extracts of I. gabonensis inhibited AChE (IC50=32.90 μg/mL) and BChE (IC50=41.50 μg/mL) activities in concentration-dependent manner. Conclusions: Hence, possible mechanism through which the stem bark executes their anti-Alzheimer’s disease activity might be by inhibiting cholinesterase activities in addition to suppressing oxidative-stress-induced neurodegeneration.

Background: Humans are directly/indirectly exposed to hazardous chemicals from the aquatic environment. We investigated the protection of the Launea taraxacifolia methanolic extract (LTME) on the hydroxyl steroid dehydrogenases [(∆5-3β-hydroxyl steroid dehydrogenase (∆5-3β-HSD) and the ∆5-17β-hydroxyl steroid dehydrogenase (∆5-17β-HSD), testicular 5′-nucleotidase and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)] activities as well as the key indicators of oxidative stress in germinal epithelial cells of rats induced with surulere polluted river water (SPRW). Methods: The animals were divided into six groups (n=8). Group I was given 1 mL of distilled water only, Group II received 1 mL of SPRW only, Group III received 200 mg/kg LTME before+1 mL of SPRW after, Group IV received 200 mg/kg LTME+1 mL of SPRW, Group V received 1 mL of SPRW before+200 mg/kg LTME after and Group VI received 200 mg/kg LTME only. The treatment was done via oral administration for 28 days. Results: The HPLC results showed the abundance of quercetin and quercitrin. The SPRW increased 5′-nucleotidase with the concomitant decrease of ∆5-3β-HSD, ∆5-17β-HSD and LDH activities in rats exposed in relation to the control. Similarly, the administration of the SPRW caused a systemic oxidative damage along with adverse histopathological changes in germinal epithelial cells. Conclusions: Interestingly, these alterations were differentially reversed by LTME via the elevation of steroidogenic enzymes and cellular ATP.

Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl.) A. Gray leaves have long been used to manage neurodegenerative diseases without scientific basis. This study characterized the phenolic constituents, evaluated the antioxidant properties of phenolic extracts from T. diversifolia leaves used as traditional medicine in Africa and its inhibition of key enzymes linked to Alzheimer’s disease. The extract was rich in phenolic acids (gallic acid, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid and p-coumaric acid) and flavonoids (apigenin) and had 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazil radical scavenging abilities (IC50 = 41.05 μg. mL−1), 2,2-Azino-bis3-ethylbenthiazoline-6sulphonic acid radical scavenging ability (IC50 = 33.51 μg. mL−1), iron chelation (IC50 = 38.50 μg. mL−1), reducing power (Fe3+- Fe2+) (7.34 AAEmg/100 g), inhibited acetylcholinesterase (IC50 = 39.27 μg mL−1) and butyrylcholinesterase (IC50 = 35.01 μg mL−1) activities. These results reveal the leaf as a rich source of phenolic compounds with antioxidant and cholinesterase inhibitory activity. Keywords: Tithonia diversifolia leaves, Antioxidant activity, Cholinergic enzymes, Alzheimer’s disease

Tocoyena formosa, a small ornamental tree growing in the dry regions of central Brazil, is commonly known as ‘genipapo do bravo'. This is a medicinal plant traditionally used as an analgesic for rheumatic pain, lower back pain and myalgia, however its use is carried out without scientific evidence, which thus justifies the development of studies to investigate and prove its therapeutic potential. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the phytochemical profile of Tocoyena formosa (Cham. & Schlecht.) K. Schum (TFLHE) and the mechanisms involved in its anti-nociceptive effect. The TFLHE revealed the presence of gallic acid, catechin, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, ellagic acid, rutin, quercetin and luteolin. The TFLHE at doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg significantly decreased acetic acid-induced abdominal contortions, the reaction time for the formalin test in both phases and increased the paw withdrawal time in the hot plate thermal stimulus test. The 200 mg/kg dose also significantly inhibited the plantar mechanical hyperalgesia intensity induced by formalin within 24 h. Treatment with the TFLHE did not cause significant changes in motor performance and coordination in the Rota Rod test. The investigation on the possible mechanism of antinociceptive action of TFLHE indicates the involvement of opioid, glutamatergic, nitric oxide/cGMP and vanilloid systems. It is concluded that the TFLHE has an antinociceptive effect promoted by the aforementioned mechanisms.

Etnopharmacological relevance Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels is a plant widely used in folk medicine to treat diabetes mellitus (DM). The tea from its leaves is frequently used by diabetics for lowering hyperglycemia. There is a close relationship between DM and atherosclerosis, a chronic immuno-inflammatory disease, were the early stages encompass oxidative and glycative modifications in the structure of low density lipoprotein (LDL). Aim of this study To investigate the potential protective effects of aqueous-leaf extract from Syzygium cumini (S.cExt) against CuSO4-induced oxidation and methylglyoxal (MG)-induced glycation of human LDL in vitro. Materials and methods LDL oxidative changes were evaluated by measuring conjugated dienes (CD) formation, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) levels, quenching of tryptophan (Trp) fluorescence and structural modifications in LDL particle. In LDL glycated by MG (glyLDL), we determined the levels of fluorescent advanced glycation end products (AGEs) and mobility by agarose gel electrophoresis. Results S.cExt blocked oxidative events induced by CuSO4 in human LDL, plasma and serum. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) revealed that specific regions of apoB100 were oxidized by CuSO4 in human LDL and that S.cExt reduced these oxidations. Unlike, the increased AGEs levels and eletrophoretic mobility observed in LDL MG-glycated were not modified by S.cExt. Conclusion The findings herein indicate that S.cExt could be tested in atherogenesis models as potential protective agent against LDL oxidation.

Hair coat traits are used as indicators of animal adaptation because of their importance for thermoregulation and parasites resistance. These traits are evaluated visually based on a score in some beef cattle breeding programs. Data from 38,800 Angus animals were used to compare linear and threshold animal models in order to validate genetic parameters for visual scores of hair coat at weaning (WHC) and yearling (YHC), and conformation (YC), precocity (YP) and muscling (YM) at yearling. The genetic trends for WHC and YHC and their relationships with YC, YP, YM, birth weight (BW), weight gain from birth to weaning (BWG) and from weaning to yearling (YWG), scrotal circumference (SC), and gestation length (GL) were also obtained. For WHC and YHC, higher heritabilities were estimated with the threshold models (0.249±0.039 and 0.295±0.041, respectively) compared to the linear models (0.188±0.029 and 0.218±0.032, respectively). However, similar heritabilities were obtained with the two models for YC, YP and YM. Rank correlations between sire breeding values predicted for WHC and YHC using linear and threshold models ranged from 0.75 to 0.95, considering the top 2 to 50% of the selected sires. For YC, YP and YM, small changes in sire ranking are expected when these models are used (rank correlations higher than 0.86), regardless of the proportion of selected sires. Cross-validation strategies by regression showed that genetic selection for all visual scores will also promote improvements in phenotypic performance. Genetic trends were significant (P

Impact of roasting and boiling on the phenolic constituents, anti-radicals, xanthine oxidase (XO), and angiotensin 1-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory potentials of Brachystegia eurycoma seeds (BES) was evaluated. Raw BES contained caffeic acid, ellagic acid, rutin, and quercetin as the predominant phenolics, and strongly scavenged DPPH* and ABTS*+, and inhibited XO and ACE. Both roasting and boiling resulted in decrease in the levels of phenolics and bioactivities of the seeds, but roasted seeds retained higher levels of the phenolics and the bioactivities than the boiled seeds. Roasting could be recommended as a valuable processing method for the retention of the phenolics and bioactivities of BES.

Highlights • A focused on the erectogenic potentials of two tropical pumpkin seeds was established. • The antioxidant properties of these seed varieties were also discussed. • The inhibitory effects of the seeds on key enzymes relevant to ED were critically explored. • The potentials of the seeds to manage ED were recommended.

Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poiteau, known as “Bamburral” is a plant widely used in Brazilian folk medicine, however, there are no toxicological studies to ascertain its safety. Thus, we aimed to investigate the phytochemical and toxic effects of essential oil and infusion of the dry leaves of H. suaveolens in Drosophila melanogaster and Artermia salina. The chemical composition of the essential oil was performed by CG-MS, while that of the infused extract was analyzed by HPLC-DAD. The toxicity of the essential oil-OE (3.03–30.3 μg/mL air) to D. melanogaster was performed by means of volatilization; and for infusion (2.5–20 mg/mL), they were submitted to ingestion and then submitted to locomotive activity by means of negative geotaxis. However, for acute toxicity, A. salina cysts were exposed for 24 h to the tested samples (10–1000 μg/mL). Our results demonstrated that OE had three major components: β-Caryophyllene (18.57%), sabinene (15.99%) and spathulenol (11.09%) while the leaf infusion showed caffeic acid as the major component (12.76 mg/g). H. suaveolens leaves infusion was not toxic to the organisms at all the concentrations tested (p > 0.05). However, OE behaved as quite toxic with LC50 of 15.5 and 49.72 μg/mL in D. melanogaster and A. salina, respectively. In addition, OE caused impairment of the locomotor behavior of flies. Therefore, our study indicates that more caution should be taken regarding the dosage and frequent use of H. suaveolens leaf essential oil.

The infusions of Baccharis trimera (Asteraceae) are traditionally used in Brazil as a tea to treat liver disorders. It is one of the major constituents in herbal formulations used for the treatment of liver disorders and other diseases. The present study was therefore, aimed to evaluate the potential in vitro and in vivo antioxidant activities and phenolic profile of Baccharis trimera . High performance liquid chromatography coupled with DAD analysis indicated that the gallic acid, rutin and quercetin were the main phenolic compounds present in aqueous extract. The aqueous extract showed inhibition against thiobarbituric acid reactive species (TBARS), induced by different prooxidants (10 μM FeSO 4 and 5 μM sodium nitroprusside) in rat liver, brain and phospholipid homogenates from egg yolk. Moreover, the free radical scavenging activities of the extract was determined by the quenching of DPPH (IC 50, 415.2 ± 15.2 μg/ml) and hydroxyl radicals in deoxyribose assays. The administration of extract at 100 mg/kg and 250 mg/kg dose significantly reduced the lipid peroxidation, increased the catalase activity and enhanced the levels of ascorbic acid and reduced glutathione in the liver of mice. Thus, oxidative stress in brain and liver could be managed/prevented by dietary intake of Baccharis trimera.

Aim Parinari curatellifolia seed flavonoid extract (PFE) and crude methanol extract (PME) were investigated for their effects on Triton X-100 (TRT; 200 mg/kg i.p.)-induced dyslipidemia in rats. Methods Experimentally induced hyperlipidemic and un-induced, normal rats were treated with nicotinic acid (300 mg/kg), PFE (20, 25, 30 mg/kg) or PME (100, 150 mg/kg) once daily by gavage for 10 days, following which the biochemistry and histology of the heart, aorta and sera were analyzed. Results The seed extracts produced slight decreases in serum activities of the cardiac markers creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase, and did not perturb the cardiac antioxidant status of normal rats. TRT promoted cardiac oxidative stress, decreased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (75%, P < 0.001) and increased total cholesterol (TC; 97%, P < 0.001), triglycerides (138%, P < 0.001), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c; 281%, P < 0.001), coronary risk index (CRI; sixfold) and atherogenic risk index (ARI; 13-fold). PFE (20 mg/kg) and PME (150 mg/kg), respectively, restored cardiac antioxidant status and significantly ameliorated the astronomical changes produced by TRT as regards TC (56% and 31%), triglycerides (70% and 66%), LDL-c (96% and 46%), CRI (92% and 78%) and ARI (99% and 83%), with relatively better efficacy than the reference compound, nicotinic acid (P < 0.01/0.001). In addition, improved heart and aortic histological architecture was observed in rats treated with both extracts. On high-performance liquid chromatography screening, kaempferol, rutin, and quercitrin were identified as some of the active phytochemicals in PFE. Conclusion P. curatellifolia seed flavonoids have remarkable anti-hyperlipidemic and anti-atherogenic effects in acute dyslipidemia caused by TRT.

Mercury (Hg) is widely distributed in the environment and is known to produce several adverse effects in organisms. The aim of the present study was to examine the in vitro antioxidant activity and Hg chelating ability of the hydroalcoholic extract of Psidium guajava leaves (HEPG). In addition, the potential protective effects of HEPG against Hg(II) were evaluated using a yeast model (Saccharomyces cerevisiae). HEPG was found to exert significant antioxidant activity in 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl scavenger and inhibition of lipid peroxidation induced by Fe(II) assays in a concentration-dependent manner. The extract also exhibited significant Hg(II) chelating activity. In yeast, Hg(II) induced a significant decrease in cell viability. In contrast, HEPG partially prevented the fall in cell viability induced by Hg(II). In conclusion, HEPG exhibited protective effects against Hg(II)-mediated toxicity, which may be related to both antioxidant and Hg(II)-chelating activities.

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of oestrous synchrony between donors and recipients and the embryo quality on the pregnancy rate in beef cow recipients. The experiment was performed over two years at an embryo transfer (ET) centre in Southern Brazil. Ninety Aberdeen Angus cows were subjected to superovulation (SOV) protocols, resulting in the recovery of 1,048 transferable embryos. Eleven groups were formed with intervals of 6 hr, from -30 to +30 hr, with respect to recipient versus donor oestrous detection. Evaluation of embryo quality was according to the IETS guidelines. The overall pregnancy rate was 52%. Effects related to donor and recipient oestrous synchronization on pregnancy rate were observed (p = .01), ranging from 36% to 50%. The embryo quality rate affected the pregnancy rate, where Grade I resulted in 57% and Grade III in 43% of pregnancy (p .001). The embryonic state (frozen or fresh) showed no (p .05) effect on pregnancy rate: 53% for fresh embryos and 44% for frozen embryos. The odds ratio for explanatory variables causing pregnancy indicated that Grade III embryos had 31% less chance of conception compared to Grade I. Thus, oestrous synchrony between donor and recipient, considering ±30 hr apart, can affect the pregnancy rate along with embryo quality.

Coconut husk is a potential natural source of some important bioactive compounds with several health benefits. In this study, the inhibitory effects of polyphenolics-rich extract of coconut husk on pancreatic lipase (PL), xanthine oxidase (XO) and angiotensin 1-converting enzyme (ACE), being enzymes whose over-activities contribute to the pathogenesis of obesity, gout and hypertension, respectively, were investigated. Free radicals (DPPH* and ABTS*+) scavenging ability, and HPLC-DAD profile of the flavonoids and phenolic acids constituents of the extract were also evaluated. The extract strongly inhibited PL, XO and ACE in a dose-dependent pattern, with IC50 values of 12.34 ± 1.25 μg/mL, 26.20 ± 2.46 μg/mL and 17.64 ± 1.89 μg/mL, respectively. The extract effectively scavenged DPPH* and ABTS*+. The flavonoids in the extract were in the order of quercetin > apigenin > kaempferol > rutin; while the phenolic acids were in the order of p-coumaric acid > chlorogenic acid > gallic acid > caffeic acid. H...

Bacterial resistance has risen as an important health problem with impact on the pharmaceutical industry because many antibiotics have become ineffective, which has affected their commercialization. The Brazilian biodiversity is marked by a vast variety of natural products with significant therapeutic potential, which could bring new perspectives in the treatment of infections caused by resistant microorganisms. The present study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial effect of the essential oil obtained from Eugenia jambolana (EjEO) using the method of microdilution method to determine the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC). The modulatory effect of this oil on antibiotic activity was determined using both the broth microdilution and gaseous contact methods. The antibacterial effect of the association of the gaseous contact and the use of a LED unit with red and blue lights was also determined. The chemical components of the EjEO were characterized by HPLC, which revealed the presence of α-pinene as a major constituent. The EjEO presented a MIC≥128μg/mL against S. aureus and ≥1024μg/mL against E. coli. The combination of the EjEO with antibiotics presented synergism against E. coli and antagonism against S. aureus. An antagonistic effect was obtained from the association of EjEO with amikacin and erythromycin by the method of gaseous contact. On the other hand, the association of EjEO with ciprofloxacin presented a synergistic effect against S. aureus and E. coli exposed to LED lights. A similar effect was observed in the association of the EjEO with norfloxacin presented synergism against S. aureus in the same conditions. In conclusion, our results demonstrated that the essential oil obtained from Eugenia jambolana interfere with the action of antibiotics against bacteria exposed to LED lights. Thus, further researches are required to elucidate the mechanisms underlying these effects, which could open new perspectives in the development of new antibacterial therapies.

Due to the great biodiversity of its flora, Brazil provides combat tools against bacterial resistance with the utilization of natural products with vegetable origin. Therefore, the present study had as its objective to evaluate the antibacterial potential of the Eugenia uniflora essential oil (EuEO) in vitro, as well as to analyze the modulatory effect of the oil against antibiotics by gaseous contact and to compare them when associated with a LED apparatus. The chemical components were characterised by gas chromatography which revealed the presence of the isoflurane-germacrene, considered the major component (61.69%). The MIC obtained from the EuEO was ≥256 μg/mL for S. aureus and ≥1024 μg/mL for E. coli. When combined with antibiotics, the EuEO presented synergism reducing the MIC when associated, with the exception of gentamicin against E. coli, where an antagonistic effect was observed. The was an interference of the EuEO over the activity of ciprofloxacin when associated with red and blue LED lights, increasing the inhibition halos against S. aureus and E. coli. Norfloxacin presented similar results to ciprofloxacin against S. aureus bacteria. When combined, norfloxacin and the EuEO presented synergism against S. aureus, which did not occur in the combination with ciprofloxacin. Interference occurred only with blue light for E. coli. Thus, it was observed that the EuEO causes changes in the activity of antibiotics, the same occurring with the use of LED lights, without significant differences in the association of the oil and the lights with the antibiotics tested. Further research is needed to elucidate the modulatory effects of the EuEO, as well as its association with LED lights.

The aim of this study was carry out a phytochemical characterization of Operculina hamiltonii and to assess its antiparasitic potential against Trypanosoma cruzi, Leishmania brasiliensis and Leishmania infantum and also its cytotoxic activity. The infusion of this plant was selected on the basis of its popular use. A lyophilized infusion was analyzed by HPLC-DAD methodology. The anti-epimastigote and antipromastigote activity and cytotoxic activity were determined in vitro assay using a concentration range of 62.5–1000 μg/mL. The HPLC results showed the presence of quercetin and chlorogenic acid as the major compounds. The infusion exhibited significant leishmanicidal activity with IC50 of 236.93 μg/mL for Leishmania braziliensis and 342.90 μg/mL for L. infantum. This study showed trypanocidal activity with IC50 10.61 μg/mL, however, demonstrated significant cytotoxicity at concentrations equal to or greater than 250 μg/mL with IC50 47.62 μg/mL. Our results suggest that, due to the cytotoxic activity of this natural product, new assays should be performed to investigate this effect, mainly to evaluate O. hamiltonii for possible anticancer activity.

Arthritis is a chronic inflammatory disease which reduces the life quality of affected individuals. Therapeutic tools used for treating inflammatory pain are associated with several undesirable effects. Buddleja thyrsoides Lam., known as ‘Barbasco’ or ‘Cambara’, is mostly used in several disorders and possesses antirheumatic, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic properties. Here, we investigated the antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of the B. thyrsoides crude extract applied orally and topically in acute pain models and an arthritic pain model induced by complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) paw injection in male mice (25–30 g). The high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) of the B. thyrsoides extract crude revealed the presence of the lupeol, stigmasterol, and β-sitosterol. The stability study of the B. thyrsoides gel did not show relevant changes at low temperatures. The oral treatment with the B. thrysoides extract prevented the capsaicin-induced spontaneous nociception and the acetic acid-induced abdominal writhing, but did not alter the thermal threshold in the tail immersion test. The B. thyrsoides antinociceptive effect was not reversed by naloxone in the capsaicin test. The B. thyrsoides oral or topical treatment reversed the CFA-induced mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia with maximum inhibition (Imax) of 69 ± 6 and 68 ± 5% as well as 78 ± 15 and 87 ± 12%, respectively. Moreover, the topical but not oral treatment inhibited the CFA-induced cell infiltration, but did not reduce the paw edema significantly. The oral treatment with B. thyrsoides did not cause adverse effects. These findings suggest that the oral or topical treatment with B. thyrsoides presents antinociceptive actions in an arthritic pain model without causing adverse effects.

Improving the antioxidant and pasting properties of wheat flour could help enhance its health benefits and industrial uses. Hence, this study evaluated the effect of mango kernel flour addition on the phenolics profile, antioxidant activity and pasting properties of wheat flour. Wheat flour (WF) was mixed with mango kernel flour (MKF) at the ratios of 100:0; 90:10; and 80:20, to obtain 100%WF, WF-10%MKF and WF-20%MKF blends, respectively. The flavonoids and phenolic acids profile; free radicals (2,2-diphenylpicrylhydrazyl [DPPH]* and 2,2′-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic [ABTS]*+) scavenging activities; amylose and amylopectin contents; and pasting properties of the 100%WF and the blends were determined. Flavonoids (rutin and quercetin) and phenolic acids (gallic, chlorogenic and caffeic acids) contents of the blends increased as the level of addition of MKF increased. The free radicals-scavenging activities of the blends also increased significantly (P

The demand for functional beverages has continued to increase because of the health benefits they impart. Acha (Digitaria exilis) and tigernut (Cyperus esculentus) provide great economic and health benefits aside their nutritive values. The study aims to further add values to both by producing beverage blends from malted acha and tigernut extracts, spiced with ginger extract. The radical scavenging abilities of the beverage blends were evaluated and the phenolic constituents were characterized by high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detector (HPLC-DAD). The beverage blends showed good radical scavenging ability with 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), however progressive increase in the proportion of tigernut extract in the blends resulted in significant decreases in radical scavenging by 2,2′-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS) and ferric reducing antioxidant potential (FRAP). Total flavonoid and total phenolic content ranged from 0.24 to 0.50 mg rutin Eqv/mL and 0.20 to 0.30 mg gallic acid Eqv/mL, respectively. The beverages were found to be rich in phenolic acids (gallic acid, chlorogenic acid, ellagic acid and caffeic acid) and flavonoids (quercetin, kaempferol, quercitrin and rutin) with quercetin being the most dominant in all the blends. Sensory evaluation showed that the beverage with 75% tigernut extract had the highest overall acceptability. Thus, the beverage blends possessed significant antioxidant potentials and can be used as replacement to the sugar-laden fizzy drinks.

Tiger nut has been reportedly used in traditional medicine as sex enhancer. Hence, this study sought to investigate its effect in supplemented diet on some key biochemical indices relevant to erectile function in male rats. The rats were divided into five groups (n = 8): rats fed basal diet; rats fed diet supplemented with 10% processed tiger nut; rats fed diet supplemented with 10% raw tiger nut; rats fed diet supplemented with 20% processed tiger nut and rats fed diet supplemented with 20% raw tiger nut. After 14 days, the corpus cavernosum was isolated for the investigation of adenosine deaminase (ADA), acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and arginase activities as well as nitric oxide (NOx) and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents. A marked reduction in ADA, AChE and arginase activities with a concomitant increase in NOx content when compared to the control was observed. These activities could further buttress aphrodisiac properties of tiger nut as obtained in folklore.

SUMMARYDespite significant advances in therapies against Trypanosoma evansi, its effective elimination from the central nervous system (CNS) remains a difficult task. The incapacity of trypanocidal drugs to cross the blood–brain barrier (BBB) after systemic administrations makes the brain the main refuge area for T. evansi. Nanotechnology is showing great potential to improve drug efficacy, such as nerolidol-loaded nanospheres (N-NS). Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate whether the treatment with N-NS was able to cross the BBB and to eliminate T. evansi from the CNS. High-performance liquid chromatography revealed that N-NS can cross the BBB of T. evansi-infected mice, while free nerolidol (F-N) neither the trypanocidal drug diminazene aceturate (D.A.) were not detected in the brain tissue. Polymerase chain reaction revealed that 100% of the animals treated with N-NS were negatives for T. evansi in the brain tissue, while all infected animals treated with F-N or D.A. were positives. Thus, we concluded that nanotechnology improves the therapeutic efficacy of nerolidol, and enables the transport of its active principle through the BBB. In summary, N-NS treatment can eliminate the parasite from the CNS, and possesses potential to treat infected animals.