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Interventional radiology is today considered the first-line treatment for osteoid osteoma both in the form of needle-guided technique of ablation (Radiofrequency) and of needleless technique (magnetic resonance-guided focused ultrasound surgery). The follow-up study of the procedures is mainly clinical, since the disappearance of pain is consistent with the success of the procedure. However, due to the minimally invasive and innovative nature of the approach, interpretation of the follow-up imaging could be ambiguous and misleading. Aim of our review was to define the main findings on the imaging that can best describe the regular evolution of these types of treatment. In particular, four findings were considered: (1) bone marrow oedema; (2) reactive phenomena (perilesional inflammatory reaction for extra-articular lesions or synovial reaction for intra-articular lesions); (3) bone remodelling (disappearance of the nidus and bone healing); (4) ring sign (considered as the granulation tissue around the nidus treated). These findings were evaluated using MRI and CT with a follow-up study that lasted up to 24 months.

Carbon monoxide (CO) inhalation is nowadays the most common cause of fatal poisoning worldwide. CO binds to haemoglobin 230–270 times more avidly than oxygen, thus leading to formation of carboxyhaemoglobin with subsequent reduction of tissue oxygenation. Brain is mainly affected due to its high oxygen requirement. Up to two-thirds of patients who survive the acute phase of this pathology present a delayed leukoencephalopathy, usually in a period ranging from two to 40 days. White matter damage closely relates to long-term prognosis of these patients. On the other hand CO seems to play a fundamental role as a possible neuro-protective agent in ischaemic stroke. Diagnostic imaging, with computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging, especially magnetic resonance spectroscopy, is very useful to depict the presence and extension of this pathology, in both acute and late phase. Nevertheless, a correlation of imaging studies with clinical history and laboratory data is fundamental to perform the correct diagnosis. The purpose of this article is to highlight the imaging features of brain CO poisoning in acute and late phase, describing a case report of a 56-year-old man found unconscious at home.

IgG4-related disease is a recently discovered pathological entity, histologically characterised by fibrosis and IgG4-positive plasma cell infiltration. This condition may virtually involve every site of the organism, with a various range of clinical presentations. The most commonly affected organ is the pancreatic gland, but it can also involve the biliary tract, salivary and lacrimal glands, kidneys, orbital tissues, lymph nodes, lungs and many others. More recently, IgG4-related disease has been demonstrated to involve, in rare cases, also the central nervous system, with a pattern mainly characterised by hypertrophic pachymeningitis. In this paper we evaluated the clinical and magnetic resonance imaging features of the IgG4-related disease in the central nervous system, reporting a case of brain and spinal cord involvement. In our case, in fact, a 62-year-old man complaining of paresthesia, burning dysesthesia and severe hyposthenia in the lower limbs presented with inflammatory pseudotumour with orbital involvement and focal dural and spinal root thickening.

Prostate cancer (PCa) is one of the most common cancers in male population. Multiparametric prostate magnetic resonance imaging (mp-MRI) has assumed a primary role in the diagnosis of PCa, combining morphological and functional data. Among different sequences, functional diffusion weighted imaging (DWI) is a powerful clinical tool which provides information about tissue on a cellular level. However, there is a considerable overlap between either BPH (Benign Prostate Hypertrophy) and prostatic cancer condition, as a different DWI signal intensity could be shown in the normal architecture gland. Apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) has shown an increasing accuracy in addition to the DWI analysis in detection and localization of PCa. Notably, ADC maps derived DWI sequences has shown an overall high correlation with Gleason score (GS), considering the importance of an accurate grading of focal lesion, as main predictor factor. Furthermore, beyond the comparative analysis with DWI, ADC values has proven to be an useful marker of tumor aggressiveness, providing quantitative information on tumor characteristics according with GS and Gleason pattern, even more strenuous data are needed in order to verify which ADC analysis is more accurate.