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Résumé L’infection à SARS-CoV2, responsable de détresse respiratoire aigue grave est déclarée pandémie mondiale par l’OMS à partir du 11 mars 2020. Si les manifestations pulmonaires sont le plus souvent au premier plan, des complications cardiovasculaires ont été observées et associées à un plus mauvais pronostic. L'enzyme ACE2 intrinsèquement impliquée dans la physiologique de la fonction cardiaque et dans le développement de l'hypertension et du diabète a été identifiée comme un récepteur fonctionnel du SARS-CoV-2. Il est difficile préciser les mécanismes des atteintes cardiaques car ils sont probablement multiples : atteinte myocardique directe du SARS-CoV-2 responsable de myocardites virales ; atteinte secondaire à l’état d’inflammation systémique exacerbé avec l’hypoxémie responsable de souffrance myocardique. Par ailleurs, les traitements à l’étude dans cette maladie provoquent des modifications de l’électrocardiogramme avec un allongement du segment QT. Les dosages des marqueurs cardiaques sont nécessaires si une souffrance myocardique est suspectée ainsi qu’une surveillance échographique. Les atteintes cardiaques augmentant la morbidité post hospitalière, la stratification du risque avec l’IRM cardiaque et le suivi prolongé des patients semblent nécessaires.

Resume Les patients ayant eu des formes severes de COVID-19 ont pose des problemes nutritionnels en reanimation. L’immobilisation prolongee en reanimation, associee a une reaction inflammatoire systemique exacerbee, a ete a l’origine d’une faiblesse et d’une fatigue musculaire. Pour pallier ce probleme, l’instauration d’une nutrition enterale precoce est recommandee, pour atteindre progressivement la cible energetique de 25 kcal/kg/jour et proteique de 1,3 g/kg/jour en 4 jours environ. La survenue d’un syndrome de renutrition inappropriee doit etre surveillee. En cas d’intolerance digestive refractaire a un traitement prokinetique, une nutrition parenterale complementaire ou totale est indiquee, en favorisant les emulsions lipidiques mixtes (contenant de l’huile de poisson) de nouvelle generation et en surveillant regulierement la triglyceridemie. La prise en charge nutritionnelle des patients doit se faire en limitant les procedures a risque de contamination pour le personnel soignant.

Resume La proportion de patients obeses, porteurs de comorbidites, augmente en reanimation. En situation d’agression, les sujets obeses mobilisent leurs reserves proteiques et glucidiques, mais pas lipidiques. L’etat nutritionnel peut s’apprecier par l’imagerie de la masse musculaire Les apports nutritionnels se font preferentiellement par voie enterale. L’apport proteique est augmente et associe a un apport vitaminique. Le monitorage biologique evite la survenue de syndrome de renutrition.

BackgroundRegional analgesia is worth performing in the multimodal postoperative management of hip fracture (HF) because it reduces hospital morbidity and mortality. The aim of this study is to compare the efficacy and side effects of the recently described “Pericapsular Nerve Group (PENG) Block” with those of the femoral block, which is considered the standard of care for postoperative pain control after femoral neck fracture.Materials and methodsWe conducted a comparative observational study at a university hospital (Saint Antoine Hospital, Sorbonne University, Paris, France), where the PENG block was introduced in August 2019. We include all patients from June to October 2019, who were coming for femoral neck fractures and who had an analgesic femoral block or PENG block before their surgery. The primary outcome was the comparison of cumulative postoperative morphine consumption 48 hours after surgery.ResultsDemographics, medical charts, and perioperative data of 42 patients were reviewed: 21 patients before (Femoral group) and 21 patients after the introduction of PENG block (PENG group) in clinical practice. Thirteen total hip arthroplasties (THA) and eight hemi arthroplasties (HA) were included in each group. Demographics were also comparable. The median, postoperative, morphine equivalent consumption at 48 hours was 10 [0–20] mg and 20 [0–50] mg in Femoral and PENG groups respectively (p = 0.458). No statistically significant differences were found in postoperative pain intensity, time to ambulation, incidence of morphine-related side effects, or length of hospital stay. The postoperative muscle strength of the quadriceps was greater in the PENG group than in the Femoral group (5/5 vs. 2/5, p = 0.001).ConclusionIn the management of hip fractures, PENG block is not associated in our study with a significant change in postoperative morphine consumption, compared to femoral block. However, it does significantly improve the immediate mobility of the operated limb, making it appropriate for inclusion in enhanced recovery programs after surgery.

The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection leads to 5% to 16% hospitalization in intensive care units (ICU) and is associated with 23% to 75% of kidney impairments, including acute kidney injury (AKI). The current work aims to precisely characterize the renal impairment associated to SARS-CoV-2 in ICU patients. Forty-two patients consecutively admitted to the ICU of a French university hospital who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 between 25 March 2020, and 29 April 2020, were included and classified in categories according to their renal function. Complete renal profiles and evolution during ICU stay were fully characterized in 34 patients. Univariate analyses were performed to determine risk factors associated with AKI. In a second step, we conducted a logistic regression model with inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW) analyses to assess major comorbidities as predictors of AKI. Thirty-two patients (94.1%) met diagnostic criteria for intrinsic renal injury with a mixed pattern of tubular and glomerular injuries within the first week of ICU admission, which lasted upon discharge. During their ICU stay, 24 patients (57.1%) presented AKI which was associated with increased mortality (p = 0.007), hemodynamic failure (p = 0.022), and more altered clearance at hospital discharge (p = 0.001). AKI occurrence was associated with lower pH (p = 0.024), higher PaCO2 (CO2 partial pressure in the arterial blood) (p = 0.027), PEEP (positive end-expiratory pressure) (p = 0.027), procalcitonin (p = 0.015), and CRP (C-reactive protein) (p = 0.045) on ICU admission. AKI was found to be independently associated with chronic kidney disease (adjusted OR (odd ratio) 5.97 (2.1–19.69), p = 0.00149). Critical SARS-CoV-2 infection is associated with persistent intrinsic renal injury and AKI, which is a risk factor of mortality. Mechanical ventilation settings seem to be a critical factor of kidney impairment.

International audience; Background: No evidence exists to date on which to base the selection of outcome measures for assessing nutritional interventions in critically ill patients. We conducted a systematic literature review to describe the outcomes used in recent randomised controlled trials (RCTs) assessing nutritional interventions in critically ill patients. Our objective was to set the foundation for the development of a core set of outcome measures for use in future RCTs.Methods: We searched the PubMed/MEDLINE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and ClinicalTrials.gov databases for RCTs of nutritional interventions in critically ill patients aged 18 years or older, published and/or registered between January 2000 and August 2018. Outcomes were divided into six categories (mortality, length of stay, duration of organ dysfunction, complications, functional outcomes, and others) and analysed according to the study characteristics and publication year.Results: Of the 885 references retrieved, 170 were included in the review. Of these, 136 (80%) defined a primary outcome, 114 (67%) defined secondary outcomes (two per study on average), and 34 (20%) did not specify whether outcomes were primary or secondary. We identified 24 different outcomes in all, of which 19 were primary. Complications were the most widely used primary outcome (65/136, 48%). Mortality was the primary outcome in 17/136 (13%) studies, with six different timepoints. The main secondary outcomes were length of stay (90/114, 79%), mortality (82/114, 72%), and duration of organ dysfunction (75/114, 65%).Conclusions: This systematic review highlights the heterogeneity of outcomes used in recent randomized controlled trials evaluating nutritional interventions in critically ill patients. The results of our systematic review may have implications for designing future RCTs of nutritional interventions in the ICU.

International audience; PURPOSE:Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) is a dreadful event in patients with hematological malignancies (HM). Recent advances have standardized diagnostic, prophylactic and curative therapeutic strategies. We sought to assess whether these advances actually translate into improved survival in critically ill patients with acute respiratory failure and IPA.METHODS:This was a retrospective, multicenter study. Adult patients with HM, IPA, admitted to the ICU for acute respiratory failure over a 20-year period (January 1998-December 2017) were included. A cox regression model was used to identify variables independently associated with day-90 survival.RESULTS:Overall, 219 patients were included [138 (63%) men, median age 55 (IQR 44-64)]. Acute myeloid leukemia (30.1%) and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (22.8%) were the most frequent malignancies, and 53 (24.2%) were allogeneic stem cell recipients. Day-1 SOFA score was 9 [7-12]. Most patients presented with probable IPA, whereas 15 (7%) underwent lung biopsies or pleurocentesis and met criteria for proven IPA. Overall ICU and day-90 mortality were, respectively, 58.4% and 75.2% (80.4% if invasive mechanical ventilation) without any significant improvement over time. By multivariable analysis adjusted on day-1 SOFA score and ventilation strategies, voriconazole use (HR 0.49, CI 95 0.34-0.73, p

Resume La nutrition enterale intermittente correspond a l’administration breve (20 a 60 minutes) et repetee (4 a 6 fois par jour) d’une solution de nutrition enterale. Cette alternative, decrite comme plus physiologique, semble offrir des avantages seduisants compare au schema classique d’administration continue, considere comme la reference en reanimation. Un schema intermittent permettrait une atteinte plus rapide de la cible energetique et potentialiserait l’anabolisme musculaire chez le sujet agresse sans majoration des complications infectieuses ou des effets indesirables digestifs. Aucune difference en termes de consommation d’insuline ou de variabilite glycemique n’est a ce jour objectivee avec une nutrition enterale intermittente. L’utilisation quotidienne d’une telle pratique pourrait permettre de faciliter la realisation de seances de mobilisation ou d’exercice physique en s’inscrivant dans une demarche de rehabilitation fonctionnelle precoce. Des essais controles randomises de grande ampleur sont necessaires pour integrer cette technique novatrice dans notre pratique quotidienne.

Background Muscle wasting in critically ill patients is associated with negative clinical outcomes. Ultrasound quadriceps femoris muscle assessment may constitute a convenient tool to evaluate muscle wasting. Nevertheless, its reliability remains uncertain. Our primary aim was to study the intra- and inter-observer reliability of this technique. Our secondary aim was to assess the evolution of the quadriceps muscle during the first 3 weeks after ICU admission and its possible association with nutritional intake. Methods This observational study included patients expected to stay more than 7 days in the ICU. Ultrasound quadriceps muscle thickness was measured with a 12 MHz linear transducer, by two trained physicians, on D1, D3, D5, D7 and D21. Two measurements sites were evaluated: on the midpoint or on the two-thirds of the length between the anterior superior iliac spine and the upper border of the patella. Intra and inter-observer reliability was assessed by calculating the intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC). Results A total of 280 ultrasound quadriceps thickness measurements were performed on 29 critically ill patients. Intra-observer reliability’s ICC was 0.74 [95% CI 0.63; 0.84] at the “midpoint” site and 0.83 [95% CI 0.75; 0.9] at the “two-thirds” site. Inter-observer reliability’s ICC was 0.76 [95% CI, 0.66; 0.86] at the “midpoint” site and 0.81 [95% CI, 0.7; 0.9] at the “two-thirds” site. Quadriceps femoris muscle thickness decreased over 16% within the first week after ICU admission. No correlation was found between muscle loss and caloric (p = 0.96) or protein (p = 0.80) debt over the first week. Conclusion The assessment by ultrasonography of the quadriceps muscle thickness reveals good intra- and inter-observer reliability and may constitute a promising tool to evaluate the effect of nutritional-based interventions on muscle wasting in critically ill patients. Trial registration “Committee for the Protection of Human Subjects in Biomedical Research” - Paris Ile de France VI Pitié-Salpêtrière – 10/07/2014. French Data Protection Committee (“Commission Nationale Informatique et Libertés”) - #1771144.