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Heterologous expression of genes requires their adaptation to the host organism to achieve adequate protein synthesis rates. Typically codons are adjusted to resemble those seen in highly expressed genes of the host organism which lacks a deeper understanding of codon optimality. The codon-specific elongation model (COSEM) identifies optimal codon choices by simulating ribosome dynamics during mRNA translation. COSEM is used in combination with machine learning techniques to predict protein abundance and to optimize codon usage.

Background Contrary to the scientific differentiation between major and minor allergens, the regulatory framework controlling allergen products in the EU distinguishes relevant and non-relevant allergens. Given the lack of knowledge on their clinical relevance, minor allergens are usually not controlled by allergen product specifications. Especially, in birch pollen (BP) allergen products, minor allergens are commonly disregarded. Objectives To quantify three minor allergens in BP allergen products from different manufacturers and to assess the influence of the utilized BP on minor allergen patterns. Methods Apart from common quality parameters such as Bet v 1 content, Bet v 4, Bet v 6 and Bet v 7 were quantified in 70 BP allergen product batches from six manufacturers, using ELISA systems developed in-house. Batch-to-batch variability was checked for agreement with a variability margin of 50%-200% from mean of the given batches for individual allergen content. Subsequently, minor allergen patterns were generated via multidimensional scaling and related to information on the pollen lots used in production of the respective product batches. Results Like the already established Bet v 4 ELISA, the ELISA systems for quantification of Bet v 6 and Bet v 7 were successfully validated. Differences in minor allergen content between products and batch-to-batch consistency were observed. Correlations between minor and major allergen content were low to moderate. About 20% of batches exceeded the variability margin for at least one minor allergen. Interestingly, these fluctuations could not in all cases be linked to the use of certain BP lots. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance The impact of the observed minor allergen variability on safety and efficacy of BP allergen products can currently not be estimated. As the described differences could only in few cases be related to the used pollen lots, it is evident that additional factors influence minor allergens in BP allergen products.

BACKGROUND With the ongoing public health emergency due to Zika virus (ZIKV), nucleic acid testing (NAT) is essential for clinical diagnosis and screening of blood donors. However, NAT for ZIKV has not been standardized, and this study was performed to establish a World Health Organization (WHO) International Standard (IS) for ZIKV RNA; WHO ISs have been used to improve detection and quantification of blood-borne viruses. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS The candidate IS (cIS), code number 11468/16, was prepared by heat inactivation and lyophilization of a ZIKV strain isolated from a patient in French Polynesia in 2013. The cIS was evaluated together with other reference materials, including both Asian and African ZIKV lineages as well as a panel of clinical samples and in vitro–transcribed RNAs. The samples for evaluation were distributed to 24 laboratories from 11 countries. The assays used consisted of a mixture of in-house developed and commercial assays (available or in development). RESULTS The potencies of the standards were determined by quantitative and qualitative assays. In total, 37 sets of data were analyzed: 19 from quantitative assays and 18 from qualitative assays. Data demonstrated wide variations in reported potencies of the cIS and the other study samples. CONCLUSIONS Assay variability was substantially reduced when ZIKV RNA concentrations from the biological reference materials and clinical samples were expressed relative to the cIS. Thus, the WHO has established 11468/16 as the 1st IS for ZIKV RNA, with a unitage of 50,000,000 IU/mL.

Heterologously expressed genes require adaptation to the host organism to ensure adequate levels of protein synthesis, which is typically approached by replacing codons by the target organism’s preferred codons. In view of frequently encountered suboptimal outcomes we introduce the codon-specific elongation model (COSEM) as an alternative concept. COSEM simulates ribosome dynamics during mRNA translation and informs about protein synthesis rates per mRNA in an organism- and context-dependent way. Protein synthesis rates from COSEM are integrated with further relevant covariates such as translation accuracy into a protein expression score that we use for codon optimization. The scoring algorithm further enables fine-tuning of protein expression including deoptimization and is implemented in the software OCTOPOS. The protein expression score produces competitive predictions on proteomic data from prokaryotic, eukaryotic, and human expression systems. In addition, we optimized and tested heterologous expression of manA and ova genes in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. Superiority over standard methodology was demonstrated by a threefold increase in protein yield compared to wildtype and commercially optimized sequences.