Author: "Rachael McLean" / Topic: 03 medical and health sciences - Searchworks@Jio Institute Digital Library Search Results

41 results on '"Rachael McLean"'

1. Further evidence that methods based on spot urine samples should not be used to examine sodium‐disease relationships from the Science of Salt: A regularly updated systematic review of salt and health outcomes (November 2018 to August 2019)

Author: Sudhir Raj Thout, JoAnne Arcand, Sarah Dash, Jacqui Webster, Kristina S. Petersen, Sarah Rae, Rachael McLean, Norm R.C. Campbell, and Daniela Malta
Subjects: Lightheadedness, DASH diet, Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Sodium, chemistry.chemical_element, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, Urine collection device, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Environmental health, Outcome Assessment, Health Care, Dash, Post-hoc analysis, Internal Medicine, medicine, Humans, 030212 general & internal medicine, Sodium Chloride, Dietary, Clinical Trials as Topic, business.industry, Sodium, Dietary, Diet, Sodium-Restricted, Statements by the World Hypertension League and Partner Organizations, Critical appraisal, chemistry, Hypertension, medicine.symptom, Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine, business, Low sodium
Abstract: The aim of this eighth Science of Salt outcomes review is to identify, summarize, and critically appraise studies on dietary sodium and health outcomes published between November 1, 2018, and August 31, 2019, to extend this series published in the Journal since 2016. The standardized Science of Salt search strategy was conducted. Studies were screened based on a priori defined criteria to identify publications eligible for detailed critical appraisal. The search strategy resulted in 2621 citations with 27 studies on dietary sodium and health outcomes identified. Two studies met the criteria for detailed critical appraisal and commentary. We report more evidence that high sodium intake has detrimental health effects. A post hoc analysis of the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) sodium trial showed that lightheadedness occurred at a greater frequency with a high sodium DASH diet compared to a low sodium DASH diet. In addition, evidence from a post‐trial analysis of the Trials of Hypertension (TOHP) I and II cohorts showed that estimates of sodium intake from methods based on spot urine samples are inaccurate and this method alters the linearity of the sodium‐mortality association. Compared to measurement of 24‐hour sodium excretion using three to seven 24‐hour urine collections, estimation of average 24‐hour sodium excretion with the Kawasaki equation appeared to change the mortality association from linear to J‐shaped. Only two high‐quality studies were identified during the review period, both were secondary analyses of previously conducted trials, highlighting the lack of new methodologically sound studies examining sodium and health outcomes.
Published: 2020
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2. Comparison of 24‐hour urine and 24‐hour diet recall for estimating dietary sodium intake in populations: A systematic review and meta‐analysis

Author: Claire Cameron, Mark Woodward, Nancy R. Cook, Norm R.C. Campbell, Rachael McLean, and Elizabeth Butcher
Subjects: Adult, Male, Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Urinary system, Population, Physiology, Urine, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, Eating, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Internal Medicine, Humans, Medicine, 030212 general & internal medicine, Noncommunicable Diseases, education, Aged, Urine Specimen Collection, Aged, 80 and over, education.field_of_study, Recall, business.industry, Sodium, Sodium, Dietary, Middle Aged, Diet Records, Diet Surveys, Systematic review, Salt and Blood Pressure, Meta-analysis, Female, Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine, business
Abstract: This systematic literature review and meta‐analysis examined whether 24‐hour diet recall is a valid way to measure mean population sodium intake compared with the gold standard 24‐hour urinary assessment. The authors searched electronic databases MEDLINE, Embase, and Scopus using pre‐defined terms. Studies were eligible for inclusion if they assessed adult humans in free‐living settings, and if they included group means for 24‐hour diet recall and 24‐hour urinary collection of sodium intake in the same participants. Studies that included populations with an active disease state that might interfere with normal sodium metabolism were excluded. Results of 28 studies are included in the meta‐analysis. Overall, 24‐hour diet recall underestimated population mean sodium intake by an average of 607 mg per day compared to the 24‐hour urine collection. The difference between measures from 24‐hour urine and 24‐hour diet recall was smaller in studies conducted in high‐income countries, in studies where multiple‐pass methods of 24‐hour diet recall were reported and where urine was validated for completeness. Higher quality studies also reported smaller differences between measures than lower quality studies. Monitoring of population sodium intake with 24‐hour urinary excretion remains the most accurate method of assessment. Twenty‐four‐hour diet recall tends to underestimate intake, although high‐quality 24‐hour diet recall improves accuracy, and may be used if 24‐hour urine is not feasible.
Published: 2019
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3. The Science of Salt: Updating the evidence on global estimates of salt intake

Author: Joseph Alvin Santos, Kathy Trieu, Jacqui Webster, Briar McKenzie, Rachael McLean, Sudhir Raj Thout, JoAnne Arcand, Norman R.C. Campbell, and Claire Johnson
Subjects: Adult, Male, Canada, Samoa, Salt Policy and Research, Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Population, Adult population, MEDLINE, India, Barbados, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, World Health Organization, World health, Global Burden of Disease, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Environmental health, Internal Medicine, Benin, Fiji, Humans, Medicine, 030212 general & internal medicine, Sodium Chloride, Dietary, Salt intake, education, Aged, Urine Specimen Collection, Aged, 80 and over, education.field_of_study, business.industry, Salt reduction, Australia, Feeding Behavior, Middle Aged, United States, Europe, Urine collection method, Hypertension, Female, Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine, business, New Zealand, Urine collection
Abstract: The Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2010 study estimated national salt intake for 187 countries based on data available up to 2010. The purpose of this review was to identify studies that have measured salt intake in a nationally representative population using the 24‐hour urine collection method since 2010, with a view to updating evidence on population salt intake globally. Studies published from January 2011 to September 2018 were searched for from MEDLINE, Scopus, and Embase databases using relevant terms. Studies that provided nationally representative estimates of salt intake among the healthy adult population based on the 24‐hour urine collection were included. Measured salt intake was extracted and compared with the GBD estimates. Of the 115 identified studies assessed for eligibility, 13 studies were included: Four studies were from Europe, and one each from the United States, Canada, Benin, India, Samoa, Fiji, Barbados, Australia, and New Zealand. Mean daily salt intake ranged from 6.75 g/d in Barbados to 10.66 g/d in Portugal. Measured mean population salt intake in Italy, England, Canada, and Barbados was lower, and in Fiji, Samoa, and Benin was higher, in recent surveys compared to the GBD 2010 estimates. Despite global targets to reduce population salt intake, only 13 countries have published nationally representative salt intake data since the GBD 2010 study. In all countries, salt intake levels remain higher than the World Health Organization's recommendation, highlighting the need for additional global efforts to lower salt intake and monitor salt reduction strategies.
Published: 2019
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4. Associations Between Sugars Intakes and Urinary Sugars Excretion and Carbon Stable Isotope Ratios in Red Blood Cells as Biomarkers of Sugars Intake in a Predominantly Māori Population

Author: Lisa Te Morenga, Devonia Kruimer, Rachael McLean, Amandine J. M. Sabadel, Robert van Hale, Xavier Tatin, Jennié Harre Hindmarsh, Jim Mann, and Tony Merriman
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, Sucrose, Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Urinary system, Population, Māori, dietary biomarker, urinary excretion, urinary sugars, free sugars, Excretion, 03 medical and health sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, 0302 clinical medicine, TX341-641, 030212 general & internal medicine, Food science, education, Sugar, Nutrition, Original Research, education.field_of_study, 030109 nutrition & dietetics, Nutrition and Dietetics, Stable isotope ratio, Nutrition. Foods and food supply, added sugars, Food frequency questionnaire, Fructose, chemistry, carbon stable isotope ratio, New Zealand, Food Science
Abstract: Determining the extent to which added sugars intake contribute to non-communicable disease in various populations is challenging because it is difficult to accurately measure intakes. Biomarkers may provide a reliable and easily measured method of assessing intakes. In a predominantly Māori population we compared various sugars intake estimates derived from a 36 item sugar-specific food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) with biomarkers of sugars intake; urinary sugars excretion in random spot collections (n = 153) and carbon stable isotope ratios (n = 36) in red blood cells (RBCs, δ13CRBC) and in the alanine fraction of the RBCs (δ13Calanine). Estimated 24 h urinary sucrose+fructose excretion was statistically significantly correlated with intakes of total sugars (r = 0.23), sucrose (r = 0.26) and added sugars from sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs; r = 0.26). δ13Calanine was correlated with added sugars (r = 0.40). In log linear multiple regression models adjusted with HbA1C and eGFR δ13Calanine predicted added sugars intakes (r2 = 0.29) and estimated 24 h urinary sucrose+fructose excretion predicted intakes of total sugars (r2 = 0.14), sucrose (r2 = 0.17), added sugars (r2 = 0.17) and sugars from SSBs (r2 = 0.14). These biomarkers have potential for improving assessment of sugars intake in New Zealand populations enabling monitoring of the effectiveness of sugar reduction strategies designed to reduce risk of NCDs. However, further validation is required to confirm these preliminary findings.
Published: 2021
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5. Heterogeneous contributions of change in population distribution of body mass index to change in obesity and underweight

Author: Maryam Sharafkhah, Emanuel Zitt, Majid Ezzati, Luxia Zhang, Young-Ho Khang, Ellina Rakhimova, Kairit Mikkel, Tiina Vlasoff, Eruke E. Egbagbe, Sidsel Graff-Iversen, Ilona Nenko, Magdalena Klimek, Mathilde Savy, Sanjib Kumar Sharma, Alfonso Siani, Luís Lopes, Vanina Bongard, Gregor Jurak, Jacqueline F. Price, Christina-Paulina Lambrinou, Maria Lc Iurilli, Rainford J. Wilks, Bontha V. Babu, Fereidoun Azizi, Harunobu Nakamura, Marialaura Bonaccio, Angela Döring, Zhenyu Zhang, Naser Ahmadi, Jolanta Słowikowska-Hilczer, Ana Paula Carlos Cândido, Clive Osmond, Thirunavukkarasu Sathish, Robert J. Adams, Themistoklis Tzotzas, Reina Engle-Stone, Atul Trivedi, Shoichiro Tsugane, Niels Møller, Jorge Bezerra, Dénes Molnár, Muhammad Fadhli Mohd Yusoff, Badreya Al-Lahou, J. Jaime Miranda, Bahram Mohajer, Sigmund A. Anderssen, Lital Keinan Boker, Eero Kajantie, Martin Gulliford, Maties Torrent, Sumit Bharadwaj, Toshiharu Ninomiya, Zbigniew Gaciong, Nayu Ikeda, Li Juan Wu, Adrian Richter, Licia Iacoviello, Marc J. Gunter, Wenbin Wei, Norsyamlina Che Abdul Rahim, Eman Aly, Ambady Ramachandran, Nils Lehmann, Soile E. Puhakka, Giovanni Veronesi, Hongsheng Bi, Eiji Oda, Jia Li Duan, Per Tynelius, José María Huerta, Janne Schurmann Tolstrup, Rodrigo M. Carrillo-Larco, Rosangela Fernandes Lucena Batista, Victoria E Soto-Rojas, Hanno Ulmer, Shukri F. Mohamed, Anthony Kafatos, Suyeon Park, Mohsen Ibrahim, Hamed Pouraram, Bin Zhou, May Soe Aung, Lars Bo Andersen, Erfan Ghasemi, René Charles Sylva, Himanshu K. Chaturvedi, Luc Dauchet, Ahmad Ali Zainuddin, Angela Chetrit, Dan Zhu, Valérie Deschamps, Ko Ko Zaw, Peter Vollenweider, Tomas Vega, Yves Martin-Prével, Mahfuzar Rahman, Dorja Vočanec, Roman Topor-Madry, Vinay Nangia, Herculina S. Kruger, Asher Fawwad, Emily Sonestedt, Elena Pahomova, Aleksander Giwercman, Elżbieta Dziankowska-Zaborszczyk, Cecilia Björkelund, Tatjana Hejgaard, Maria Puiu, Maria Benedetta Donati, Andrew Wong, Carlos P. Boissonnet, Santosh K. Bhargava, Patrick Kolsteren, Dermot O'Reilly, Bahareh Kheiri, Wolfgang Kratzer, Susanne R. de Rooij, H. Bas Bueno-de-Mesquita, Günther Fink, José R. Banegas, Michele Monroy-Valle, Drude Molbo, Mahmudur Rahman, Hynek Pikhart, Rafael N. Pichardo, Massimo Salvetti, Hui Cai, Sarah Filippi, Georg Posch, Hung-Kwan So, Yonghua Hu, Katsuyasu Kouda, Joana Carvalho, Gailute Bernotiene, Hannu Uusitalo, Thein Thein Htay, Felix Kaducu, Maigeng Zhou, Lars Ängquist, Thi Tuyet-Hanh Tran, Charles Lunogelo, Michel Joffres, Sabina Zambon, Ronald D. Gregor, Vayia Rarra, Seyed Mohammad Hashemi-Shahri, Loreto Santa Marina, Galina Obreja, Rudolf Kaaks, Aya Mostafa, Maria do Carmo Franco, Beata Gurzkowska, Chien-Jen Chen, Marie Moitry, Nizal Sarrafzadegan, Xiangjun Wang, Diego Giulliano Destro Christofaro, Imperia Brajkovich, Fangfang Chen, Francesco Panza, Ling Yang, Holly E. Syddall, Cecily Kelleher, Michael Tornaritis, Ningli Wang, Lutgarde Thijs, Marjolein Visser, Angelika Schaffrath Rosario, María José Tormo, Jostein Steene-Johannessen, Norbert Amougou, Emmanuella Magriplis, Mar Alvarez-Pedrerol, Jingli Gao, Stig E. Bojesen, Giuseppe Grosso, Seongjun Ha, Lauren Lissner, Mikhail Benet, Anastasia Markaki, Sanjay Rampal, Antônio Augusto Moura da Silva, Maria Lorenza Muiesan, Angelique Chan, Yvonne T. van der Schouw, Annamari Lundqvist, Philippe Amouyel, Kristyna Zejglicova, Charalambos Hadjigeorgiou, João Breda, Jørgen Meisfjord, Fatima Zahra Laamiri, Carl Lachat, Kai-Uwe Saum, Vilma Irazola, Leng Huat Foo, Óscar Lopes, Dickman Gareta, Flavio Nervi, Imre Janszky, Ruzena Kubinova, Terho Lehtimäki, Mario V. Capanzana, Moyses Szklo, Ramfis Nieto-Martínez, Viswanathan Mohan, Shuohua Chen, Arvind Pandey, Luigi Palmieri, Roya Kelishadi, Srinivasan Kannan, Jie Mi, Robert Beaglehole, Liliana Dacica, Jyrki K. Virtanen, Mohan Deepa, Peter Ueda, Isti Ilmiati Fujiati, Hermann Pohlabeln, Morten Sodemann, Jytte Halkjær, Zbigniew Kułaga, Sophie Visvikis-Siest, Farshad Farzadfar, Mohsen Azimi-Nezhad, Henry Völzke, Karolina Milkowska, Zahra Mohammadi, Belgin Ünal, Magda Gasull, George S. Stergiou, Marshall K. Tulloch-Reid, Seppo Koskinen, James E. Bennett, Marcela González-Gross, Virginija Dulskiene, Idris Guessous, Assembekov Batyrbek, Kamarul Imran Musa, Jeannette Lee, Josep Redon, Bihungum Bista, Luisa M Macieira, Johan Sundström, Andres Metspalu, Lariane M Ono, Flora A. Ukoli, Salar Rahimikazerooni, Andrea Gualtieri, Trevor S. Ferguson, Félicité Tchibindat, Eliza Cinteza, Ha Tp Do, Tajana Zeljkovic Vrkic, Tuyen D Le, Alison J. Hayes, Abdul Basit, Chandini Nekkantti, Teresa Norat, Eunice Ugel, Gulmira Aitmurzaeva, Mariachiara Di Cesare, Abdul Hamid Zargar, Vincenzo Solfrizzi, Garry L. Jennings, Aline Meirhaeghe, Kaare Christensen, Päivi Mäki, Xu Lin, Ali Esmaeili, Joanna Baran, Aneta Grajda, Renata Cifkova, Alexandre C. Pereira, Martin Bobak, Iuliia A Rusakova, Keiu Nelis, Damian K Francis, Guansheng Ma, Axel C. Carlsson, Alejandro Diaz, Alireza Ansari-Moghaddam, N Capkova, Zumin Shi, Maria Turley, Imelda A. Agdeppa, Helena I. S. Nogueira, Marcia Scazufca, Katharina Maruszczak, Natascia Rinaldo, Paulo A. Lotufo, Nuno Lunet, Thor Aspelund, Caroline H.D. Fall, Antonio Cabrera de León, Ahmad Faudzi Yusoff, Holger Theobald, Beatriz D'Agord Schaan, Pedro Marques-Vidal, William A. Neal, Mihai Gafencu, Tandi E. Matsha, Ana B. Crujeiras, Ahmad Reza Dorosty, Alain Morejon, Weili Yan, Dominique Hange, Bekbolat Zholdin, Frédéric Gottrand, Jorge Mota, Jana Námešná, Stevo Popovic, Louise Eriksen, Line Lund Kårhus, Cihangir Erem, Juergen Breckenkamp, Mathilde Kersting, Yi Song, Martin McKee, Aleksandra Gomula, Rafaela Rosário, Enzo Manzato, S. Goya Wannamethee, Sounnia Mediene Benchekor, Azim Nejatizadeh, Krishna Kumar Aryal, Juan P. González-Rivas, Vedrana Sember, Stephen T. McGarvey, Jukka T. Salonen, Patrick Pasquet, Patricia Varona-Pérez, Amelia C. Crampin, Ramin Heshmat, Violeta Iotova, Juvenal Soares Dias-da-Costa, Oye Gureje, Aletta E. Schutte, João Luiz Bastos, Anelise Reis Gaya, Konrad Jamrozik, Dalia Luksiene, Amina Barkat, Maria Paula Santos, José Camolas, Azli Baharudin, Diego Vanuzzo, Doris Stöckl, Rosalynn Siantar, Jouko Saramies, Albertino Damasceno, Davood Khalili, Simona Bo, Martina Müller-Nurasyid, Dominique Cottel, Markku Peltonen, Fikru Tullu, Ana Isabel Rito, Angélica Ochoa-Avilés, Annette J. Dobson, Christopher T. Cowell, Charumathi Sabanayagam, Rildo de Souza Wanderley Júnior, Oanh T. H. Trinh, Farahnaz Joukar, Mostafa K. Mohamed, Mostafa Qorbani, Jeongseon Kim, Helmut Schröder, Machi Suka, Natasja M. van Schoor, Jussi Kauhanen, Teresa Haugsgjerd, Goodarz Danaei, M. Fernanda Lima-Costa, Yong Tao, Elisabetta L. Romeo, Grazyna Jasienska, Victor Guillermo Sequera, Kazem Mohammad, Yanina Zócalo, Fernanda Cunha Soares, Jianfeng Wu, Mohammad Esmaeel Motlagh, María Elena Díaz-Sánchez, Monika Zuziak, Eldridge Ferrer, Anette Varbo, Leila Beltrami Moreira, Jeremy M. Jacobs, Kenneth James, Elena Sacchini, Pascal Bovet, Mahboubeh Parsaeian, Tania Lopez, Ya Xing Wang, Wojciech Drygas, Jody C Miller, Svetlana A. Shalnova, Maria Elisa Zapata, Chung T Nguyen, Nimmathota Arlappa, Edwige Landais, Thorkild I. A. Sørensen, Jeannette Klimont, Amirabbas Momenan, Erik J. Timmermans, Mari-Liis Tammesoo, Jost B. Jonas, Stefania Toselli, Maria Teresa Anselmo Olinto, Bahman Cheraghian, Kouamelan Doua, Esteban Carmuega, Marjeta Mišigoj-Duraković, Bo Werner, M. Arfan Ikram, Breige A. McNulty, Christa Meisinger, Clara Homs, Namuna Shrestha, Alina Kerimkulova, Youcef Laid, Claes Ohlsson, Alicia Matijasevich, Alison J Price, Ala'a Alkerwi, Kristine H. Allin, Lorenza Pilotto, Mohannad Al Nsour, Ingunn Holden Bergh, Marianna Noale, Heba Fouad, Vilnis Dzerve, Novie O. Younger-Coleman, Peter Willeit, Andrea R. V. R. Horimoto, Freda Pitakaka, Habiba Ben Romdhane, Savvas C. Savva, Rajeev Gupta, Jennifer Servais, Cristina Padez, Sarah P. Garnett, Maria del Cristo Rodriguez-Perez, Michala Lustigová, Tien Yin Wong, Rosa Haghshenas, Jonathan Giovannelli, Christina Howitt, Marleen E. Hendriks, Fadia AlBuhairan, Huashuai Chen, Gretchen A Stevens, Luís B. Sardinha, David Goltzman, Jenny M. Kindblom, Karina Mary de Paiva, Yousef Khader, Eric Monterrubio-Flores, Rajendra Pradeepa, Yi-Ting Lin, Martin Neovius, Juan Francisco Miquel, Ellis Owusu-Dabo, Anil Poudyal, Marzieh Katibeh, Tanja Stocks, Veronica Mocanu, Ulla Roggenbuck, Robespierre Ribeiro, Gabriele Eiben, Mary Simon, Christine Cameron, Hamid Hakimi, Kamel Ajlouni, Jakub Stokwiszewski, Iulia Jurca Simina, Pietro Amedeo Modesti, Frederick C. W. Wu, Peter Kristensen, Charles Mondo, Felix Gutzwiller, Mariana Sbaraini, Martijn Huisman, Betina H. Thuesen, Queenie Chan, Antonisamy Belavendra, Artur Mazur, Ulf Ekelund, Laura A. Rodríguez-Villamizar, Marcos André Moura-dos-Santos, Jean Ferrières, Farhad Zamani, Shina Avi, Yves Kameli, Luis Paulo Gomes Mascarenhas, Aluísio J D Barros, Thomas Meinertz Dantoft, Hossein Poustchi, Farid Najafi, Giovanni de Gaetano, Azaliia M Tuliakova, Vera Lanska, Tint Swe Latt, Matthias Bopp, Abbas Rezaianzadeh, Rod Jackson, Johan Van der Heyden, Reecha Sofat, Koen Van Herck, Allan G. Hill, Con Burns, Emanuela Pettenuzzo, Ming-Dong Wang, Stela McLachlan, Ulrike Gehring, Ranko Stevanovic, Nagalla Balakrishna, Lekhraj Rampal, Marjolijn C. E. Bragt, Saeid Eslami, Napoleón Pérez-Farinós, G. K. Mini, Viktoria Anna Kovacs, Rosemarie Martin, Nahla Hwalla, Wei Zheng, Hoang Van Minh, Edward D Janus, Laetitia Huiart, Farhad Pourfarzi, Sudha Ramachandra Rao, Fred Paccaud, Marcia Makdisse, Aye Aye Sein, Enrique Gutiérrez-González, Yang Yang, Anneke Blokstra, Henrike Galenkamp, Jaume Marrugat, Nazan Yardim, Wan Nazaimoon Wan Mohamud, Jesús Ibarluzea, Julio Zuñiga Cisneros, Laura Lauria, Argyro Karakosta, Dragana P Jovic, Jun Hata, Elio Riboli, Piotr Bandosz, Xun Tang, Parvina Mukhtorova, Jean Dallongeville, Jean-Bernard Ruidavets, Anne Tjønneland, Guillermo Frontera, Rahul Malhotra, Thomas Ferrao, Aleksandra Piwońska, Dusan Grafnetter, Mette Rasmussen, Daniel Weghuber, Sherali Rakhmatulloev, Martine Vrijheid, Johann Willeit, Motahareh Kheradmand, Małgorzata Mossakowska, Lechaba Tshepo, Dongfeng Gu, Hyeon Chang Kim, Vilmundur Gudnason, Maria Forsner, Peter Bjerregaard, Leon A. Simons, Rachael McLean, Japhet Killewo, Ramón Suárez-Medina, Y Nikitin, Eng Joo Tan, Jean Claude Mbanya, Aroor Bhagyalaxmi, Renata Kuciene, Kairat Davletov, Jose Eugenio Lozano, Afshin Ostovar, Niloofar Peykari, Guy De Backer, Soheir H Ahmed, Nicholas J. Wareham, Sai Yin Ho, Constanta Huidumac Petrescu, Maria Hassapidou, Iris Pigeot, Myriam Galfo, Susana Cararo Confortin, Blanca Sandra Ruiz-Betancourt, W. M. Monique Verschuren, Catterina Ferreccio, Fabio Galvano, Leila Houti, Daniel Bia, Annika Rosengren, Marcin Rutkowski, Biruta Velika, Joana Araújo, Fernando Rigo, Angela Spinelli, Scott B. McLean, Shirin Djalalinia, Marie Kunešová, Boban Mugoša, Sania Nishtar, Mangesh S. Pednekar, Shahla AlDhukair, Helle-Mai Loit, Antonis Zampelas, Altan Onat, Maciej Banach, Shohreh Naderimagham, Hajer Aounallah-Skhiri, Maja Bæksgaard Jørgensen, Yin Guo, Ewelina Czenczek-Lewandowska, Parasmani Dasgupta, Elvis Oa Wambiya, Inge Huybrechts, Raimund Erbel, Jari Jokelainen, Ana P. Ortiz, Stefan Kiechl, Emmanuel Cohen, Caleb Ochimana, Shynar Abdrakhmanova, Laura Censi, Iqbal Bata, Geetha R Menon, Snehalatha Chamukuttan, Pedro Plans-Rubio, Domenico Palli, Ana Azevedo, Slawomir Koziel, Benoît Salanave, Parinaz Mehdipour, Shu Ti Chiou, Lela Sturua, Lubica Ticha, Felipe Vogt Cureau, Jin Soo Moon, Ming-Hui Zhao, Urho M. Kujala, Nathalie Michels, Ertugrul Celikcan, Jaakko Tuomilehto, Judith Benedics, Tobias F. Rinke de Wit, Agnès Le Port, Reza Homayounfar, Andrea Rodriguez-Martinez, Tai Hing Lam, Yn-Tz Sung, Jürgen König, Kodavanti Mallikharjuna Rao, Hazzaa M. Al-Hazzaa, Karen Morgan, Bogdan Wojtyniak, Cynthia M. Pérez, Ilse Khouw, Manoli Garcia-de-la-Hera, Dong Wook Shin, Genc Burazeri, Ausra Petrauskiene, Charles Sossa Jérome, Kenisha Russell Jonsson, José Boggia, Daniela Galeone, Alice Bonilla-Vargas, Han Cg Kemper, Rahman Shiri, Stefaan Demarest, Else Karin Grøholt, San-Lin You, Adelheid Weber, Juha Auvinen, Aida Pilav, Sibel Gogen, Suzanne N Morin, Wan Mohamad Wan Bebakar, Viviane Cunha Cardoso, Kavumpurathu Raman Thankappan, Hana Zamrazilová, Frank Claessens, Karien Stronks, Helen Gonçalves, Tahir Aris, Luis Revilla, Sérgio Viana Peixoto, Zhamilya Battakova, Jing Liu, Eliza Markidou Ioannidou, Leticia Hernandez Cadena, Priscilla Duboz, Sandjaja, Tiina Laatikainen, Rafel Ramos, Sareh Eghtesad, Judith Simons, Orn Olafsson, E. Shyong Tai, Louise A. Baur, Nihal Thomas, Aung Soe Htet, Bente Sparboe-Nilsen, Paul Elliott, Soon-Woo Park, Angel R. Gonzalez, Ying-Wei Wang, Rob M. van Dam, Ryutaro Ohtsuka, Ludmila Sevcikova, Suhaila Abdul Ghaffar, Lynell V Maniego, Fariborz Mansour-Ghanaei, Maria Dorobantu, Giovanni Viegi, Xiaoguang Yang, Honor Bixby, Prakash C. Gupta, Ofra Kalter-Leibovici, Eugene Sobngwi, Ričardas Radišauskas, Jurate Medzioniene, Roy A Wong-McClure, Kim F. Michaelsen, Antonia Trichopoulou, Tania Tello, Francesco Branca, Johanna Gunnlaugsdottir, Els Clays, Wei-Yen Lim, Suzanne C. Ho, Toomas Veidebaum, Rebecca Goldsmith, Margot González-León, Matthias Nauck, Alibek Mereke, Marta Buoncristiano, Jakob Tarp, Rosalba Rojas-Martínez, Maya Tanrygulyyeva, Reza Malekzadeh, Abdonas Tamosiunas, Dimitrios Poulimeneas, Pedro Ordunez, Isabelle Herter-Aeberli, Khanh Le Nguyen Bao, Anne Juolevi, Vassilis Zafiropulos, Emanuela Gualdi-Russo, Jordi Sunyer, Manu Raj, Chaoqiang Jiang, Sofia Malyutina, Efthymios Kapantais, Maria Lazo-Porras, Maung Maung Than Htike, Michael Hobbs, Ranjit Mohan Anjana, Merike Liivak, Johan G. Eriksson, Margarita Samoutian, Andreia N. Pizarro, Mohammed Rasoul Tarawneh, Jean Woo, Kaspar Staub, Maria Teresa Menzano, Mojtaba Farjam, Adroaldo Cesar Araujo Gaya, Mohammad El-khateeb, Zulfiqar A Bhutta, Mukharram M. Bikbov, Hsien-Ho Lin, Oscar Noboa, Thomas Waldhör, Garry Brian, Simona Costanzo, Frank Tanser, Nor Azwany Yaacob, Michelle Cilia, Ivo Rakovac, Bill Stavreski, Ioannis Pagkalos, Ivan Pećin, Carlo M. Barbagallo, Abla M. Sibai, Yuna He, Matsuda Fumihiko, Bharathi Viswanathan, Ali Reza Safarpour, Wei Cheng Lo, Abdullatif Husseini, Jiang He, Liv Elin Torheim, Nipa Rojroongwasinkul, Aicha Soumare, Astrid Petersmann, Tomasz Grodzicki, Davide Noto, Panayiotis K. Yiallouros, Kelias P. Msyamboza, William R. Tebar, Yingfeng Zheng, Eha Nurk, Bhawesh Koirala, Ana Jelakovic, Suhad Bahijri, Freja B Kampmann, Qi Sheng You, Marika Ferrari, María-Elena González-Villalpando, Aline Wagner, Olfa Saidi, Anwar Batieha, Eduardo Capuano, Coimbatore Subramaniam Shanthirani, Dong Wook Kim, Albina A Fakhretdinova, Tom Wilsgaard, Maria Avdicova, Moesijanti Soekatri, Chiara Donfrancesco, Salim Mohanna, Paola Russo, Uruwan Yamborisut, Rafael dos Santos Henrique, Martin Nankap, Allan Linneberg, Khairil Si-Ramlee, Kirsten Mehlig, Christina Mavrogianni, Raluca Pop, Lèlita Santos, Graziella Bruno, Valentina Peterkova, Iná S. Santos, Georg Lappas, Alberto Palloni, Malay K. Mridha, Andrzej Pajak, Marta García-Solano, Stefaan De Henauw, Daniel Ferrante, Rute Santos, Anders Grøntved, Lucjan Szponar, Mihaela Vladulescu, Chien-An Sun, Jan A. Staessen, Paula Duarte de Oliveira, Norazizah Ibrahim Wong, Maria Nordendahl, Elaine M. Dennison, Jeonghee Lee, Diego Salmerón, Ida Maria Schmidt, Gao Pei, Noushin Mohammadifard, Igor Spiroski, Fernando Rodríguez-Artalejo, Xu Ma, Elin Pettersen Sørgjerd, Valéria Regecová, Cláudia S. Minderico, Johanna A. Otero, Jamila Abubakar Garba, Vesselka Duleva, Rui Ornelas, Ilpo Huhtaniemi, Cesar G. Victora, Lijuan Liu, Rody G. Sy, Mahmood Moosazadeh, Ali Ahmadi, Antonio Pedro Graça, Natalia Nowak-Szczepanska, Miao Li Chee, Michael Sjöström, Charles Agyemang, Shiqi Zhen, Xiu-Hua Guo, Pawel Kurjata, Jardena J. Puder, Mehrdad Azmin, Neil Murphy, Kaosar Afsana, Alireza Sadjadi, Johanna M. Geleijnse, Prashant Mathur, Elysée Claude Bika Lele, Raphael Mendes Ritti-Dias, Yannis Manios, Majid Shirani, Rosemary B. Duda, Liis Nelis, Jurate Klumbiene, Zhengming Chen, Wichai Aekplakorn, Alun Evans, Andrzej Wiecek, Lars Lind, Denise Eldemire-Shearer, Bernardo L. Horta, Macia Enguerran, Seyed Rasoul Zakavi, Daniel Fernández-Bergés, Kumiko Ohara, Ursula Kiechl-Kohlendorfer, Hermann Brenner, Przemyslaw Slusarczyk, Espen Bjertness, Jutta Stieber, Augusto Di Castelnuovo, Joel G. R. Roy, Aryeh D. Stein, Ruth Frikke-Schmidt, Vera Musil, Amaneh Shayanrad, Marcel Goldberg, Ramon O. Jimenez, Mohammad Reza Fattahi, Jolanda Hyska, Amir Houshang Mehrparvar, Elin Kolle, Mohamed Bamoshmoosh, Michelle Holdsworth, Felipe F. Casanueva, Børge G. Nordestgaard, Niels Wedderkopp, Eva Corpeleijn, Elias F. Gudmundsson, Antonio Mistretta, Daniel Lemogoum, Larissa Pruner Marques, Slavica Sović, Olli T. Raitakari, Marco Aurélio Peres, Alexandra Cucu, Gregorio Varela-Moreiras, Janine Clarke, Andrea Gazzinelli, Mieczysław Litwin, Sara Schramm, Xenophon Theodoridis, Harshpal Singh Sachdev, Mohammad Reza Mirjalili, Dimitrios Papandreou, Peter T. Katzmarzyk, Benjamin Acosta-Cazares, Ben Schöttker, Prabhdeep Kaur, Norlaila Mustafa, Shariq Rashid Masoodi, Sadaf G. Sepanlou, Adolfo Rubinstein, Francis Delpeuch, Julianne Williams, Abbas Dehghan, Leanne M. Riley, Heloisa Bettiol, Gabriele Nagel, Ellisiv B. Mathiesen, Ekaterina Stoyanova, Alisha N. Wade, Zhamyila Usupova, Arnaud Chiolero, Oonagh Markey, Jacqueline Ramke, Elena Bogova, Niveen M E Abu-Rmeileh, Nguyen D Nguyen, Tomasz Zdrojewski, Marjo-Riitta Järvelin, Jose Sanchez-Abanto, Rômulo Araújo Fernandes, Lourdes Ribas-Barba, Nalan Uysal, Mohamad Hasnan Ahmad, Krista Fischer, Maria Wany Louzada Strufaldi, Ramiro Guerrero, Farnam Mohebi, Tran Quoc Bao, Flávio Danni Fuchs, Salim Berkinbayev, Enisa Kujundzic, Sari Voutilainen, Farzad Hadaegh, Robert Lundqvist, Saeid Safiri, Iraj Mohebbi, George Luiz Lins Machado-Coelho, Annette Peters, Gonzalo Valdivia, Magdalena Korzycka, Rajiv T Erasmus, Masanori Iwasaki, Charmaine A. Duante, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam, Quang Ngoc La, Ricky Eddie, Petra Rust, Daniela Rodrigues, Dirk De Bacquer, Karen Sparrenberger, Agneta Sjöberg, Thet Thet Mu, Katarzyna Dereń, Cora L. Craig, Jorge Motta, Janina Petkeviciene, Boyd Swinburn, Paibul Suriyawongpaisal, Visnja Djordjic, Ramón Alberto Rascón-Pacheco, Pradeep Joshi, Daan Kromhout, Marius B. Bjertness, Stefano Marventano, Juel Jarani, Alireza Khosravi, Eva Martos, David De Ridder, Lizzy M. Brewster, Nico Dragano, Liam Smeeth, Kenji Shibuya, Emma Ruiz Moreno, Hashem Jaddou, Grzegorz Sobek, Dimitrios Trichopoulos, Marvin Cervantes-Loaiza, Abu Am Hanif, Elaine M. Murtagh, Carlos A. Aguilar-Salinas, Graziella D'Arrigo, Kyungwon Oh, Heiner Boeing, Regina Heidinger-Felso, André Luiz Sena Guimarães, Balkish M. Naidu, Avula Laxmaiah, Ana M. B. Menezes, Marie Eliasen, Francesco Pistelli, Yuan He, Dusko Bjelica, José A. Casajús, Guang Ning, Lutgart Braeckman, Dirk Vanderschueren, Jochanan Stessman, Ivana Radic, Yi Zeng, Hans Concin, Damaskini Valvi, Sari Hantunen, Catherine Kyobutungi, Diego Augusto Santos Silva, Wenhua Zhao, Sok King Ong, Anne W. Taylor, Iraj Nabipour, Justyna Godos, Cyrus Cooper, Mattias Johansson, Samuel C. Dumith, Magdalena Muc, Sabine Schipf, Idowu O Senbanjo, Jim Mann, Rajaa Al-Raddadi, Yih Chung Tham, Kay-Tee Khaw, Joseph Cacciottolo, Ana Henriques, Sahar Saeedi Moghaddam, Reza Mohammadpourhodki, Bernhard O. Boehm, Songhomitra Panda-Jonas, Iveta Pudule, Elisabete Ramos, Lacramioara Aurelia Brinduse, Paul H. Lee, Terence W O'Neill, Javad Aghazadeh-Attari, Margus Punab, Bojan Jelaković, Camilla T. Damsgaard, Takafumi Ishida, Ekaterina Chikova-Iscener, Mirjam M. Heinen, Tazeen H. Jafar, Semánová Csilla, Constance Schultsz, Santiago F. Gomez, Raija Korpelainen, Edward W. Gregg, Laura Gutierrez, Pierre Traissac, Victor M. Herrera, Aristides M. Machado-Rodrigues, Fatemeh Malekzadeh, Shouling Wu, Jennifer L. Baker, Clicerio González-Villalpando, Eleonora d'Orsi, Irene G. M. van Valkengoed, Anna Fijałkowska, Wen-Harn Pan, Gregor Starc, Meghnath Dhimal, Murat Topbaş, George Moschonis, Robert Eggertsen, Abdullah Alkandari, Quang Ngoc Nguyen, Janette Walton, Elnaz Faramarzi, Saeed Dastgiri, Lien Braeckevelt, Nasheeta Peer, Radka Taxová Braunerová, Mohamed M. Ali, Steiner Krokstad, Harald Geiger, Morteza Shamshirgaran, Lela Shengelia, María Ángeles Dal Re Saavedra, Silvana Donoso, Khem Bahadur Karki, Timothy J. Key, Maria G. Grammatikopoulou, Susana Vale, Felix K. Assah, Juan A Rivera, Peter H. Whincup, Oana-Florentina Gheorghe-Fronea, Cassiano Ricardo Rech, Paul Ferdinand M. Reganit, Rachakulla Hari Kumar, Jaakko Mursu, Luis A. Moreno, Glen Gironella, Jelena Kos, Tilema Cama, Haakon E. Meyer, Jun Ma, Raphael E. Arku, Ziad Abdeen, Dianna J. Magliano, Jitendra Jonnagaddala, Konstantinos Gkiouras, Paola Nardone, Alberto Barceló, Tomi-Pekka Tuomainen, Francesco Gianfagna, Stefania Maggi, Mohammad Hossein Somi, Behrooz Hamzeh, Miquel Porta, Vesna Jureša, Alexander D. Deev, David Faeh, Antonio Bernabe-Ortiz, Sirkka Keinänen-Kiukaanniemi, Ian Hambleton, Stefan Savin, Andre Pascal Kengne, R. Krishna Kumar, Kurt Widhalm, Marco M Ferrario, Parisa Amiri, Anjani Kumar Jha, Thamara Hubler Figueiró, Jana Kratenova, Claudia M. Hormiga, Maria Tsigga, Zivka Dika, Indrapal I. Meshram, Ei Ei K. Nang, Ian Rouse, Rusidah Selamat, Paul Korrovits, Grethe S. Tell, Julie Taylor, Anabela Mota-Pinto, Paolo Vineis, Kotsedi D Monyeki, Khuong Quynh Long, Frank J Rühli, Shelly R. McFarlane, Sara Santos Sanz, Edyta Łuszczki, Maria G. Stathopoulou, Tara Coppinger, Karin De Ridder, Lucie Viet, Anna Bugge, Mehdi Yaseri, Safiah Md Yusof, Sandra C. 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Patel, Reynaldo Martorell, Ching-Yu Cheng, Stine Schramm, Hana Shimizu-Furusawa, Jacek Jóźwiak, Radwan Qasrawi, Herman Borghs, Zhanna Kalmatayeva, Heidi Klakk, Akram Pourshams, Naomi S. Levitt, Son Thai Pham, Simona Giampaoli, Dong Zhao, Indah Suci Widyahening, Merete Osler, Paula Margozzini, Silvia Bel-Serrat, Dora Romaguera, Monira Alarouj, Winsome R. Parnell, Marloes Cardol, Giota Touloumi, Janice Luisa Lukrafka, Adela Chirita-Emandi, Maryam Kavousi, Sanja Musić Milanović, Jean-Michel Gaspoz, Jalila El Ati, Sauli Herrala, Liang Xu, Pilar Guallar-Castillón, Bee Koon Poh, Luis Serra-Majem, Jonathan E. Shaw, Belong Cho, Daphne Mirkopoulou, Salvador Villalpando, Yuki Fujita, Tiffany K. Gill, Nish Chaturvedi, Erkin M. Mirrakhimov, Günay Can, Mark Woodward, Esther Lopez-Garcia, Mauro Virgílio Gomes de Barros, Ahmed A. Madar, Shoaib Afzal, Melanie J. Cowan, Gareth Stratton, Eduardo Salazar Martinez, Sameer Narake, Norie Sawada, Deepak Amarapurkar, Deepa Weerasekera, Diana A. 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Chan School of Public Health, Middlesex University [London], Organisation Mondiale de la Santé / World Health Organization Office (OMS / WHO), Montpellier Interdisciplinary center on Sustainable Agri-food systems (Social and nutritional sciences) (UMR MoISA), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier (CIHEAM-IAMM), Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes (CIHEAM)-Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes (CIHEAM)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut 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Ltd, Orebro University, University of London, Universitas Indonesia, Institute of Food and Nutrition Development of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Children’s Hospital of Fudan University, University of Cyprus, Niigata University, International Medical University, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Center for Diabetes and Endocrine Care, Peking University First Hospital, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Sun Yat-sen University, West Kazakhstan Medical University, Inner Mongolia Medical University, University of Ghana, Maria Lc Iurilli , Bin Zhou , James E Bennett , Rodrigo M Carrillo-Larco , Marisa K Sophiea , Andrea Rodriguez-Martinez , Honor Bixby , Bethlehem D Solomon , Cristina Taddei , Goodarz Danaei , Mariachiara Di Cesare , Gretchen A Stevens , Leanne M Riley , Stefan Savin , Melanie J Cowan , Pascal Bovet , Albertino Damasceno , Adela Chirita-Emandi , Alison J Hayes , Nayu Ikeda , Rod T Jackson , Young-Ho Khang , Avula Laxmaiah , Jing 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Mišigoj-Durakovic , Antonio Mistretta , Veronica Mocanu , Pietro A Modesti , Sahar Saeedi Moghaddam , Bahram Mohajer , Mostafa K Mohamed , Shukri F Mohamed , Kazem Mohammad , Zahra Mohammadi , Noushin Mohammadifard , Reza Mohammadpourhodki , Viswanathan Mohan , Salim Mohanna , Muhammad Fadhli Mohd Yusoff , Iraj Mohebbi , Farnam Mohebi , Marie Moitry , Drude Molbo , Line T Møllehave , Niels C Møller , Dénes Molnár , Amirabbas Momenan , Charles K Mondo , Michele Monroy-Valle , Eric Monterrubio-Flores , Kotsedi Daniel K Monyeki , Jin Soo Moon , Mahmood Moosazadeh , Leila B Moreira , Alain Morejon , Luis A Moreno , Karen Morgan , Suzanne N Morin , Erik Lykke Mortensen , George Moschonis , Malgorzata Mossakowska , Aya Mostafa , Anabela Mota-Pinto , Jorge Mota , Mohammad Esmaeel Motlagh , Jorge Motta , Marcos André Moura-Dos-Santos , Malay K Mridha , Kelias P Msyamboza , Thet Thet Mu , Magdalena Muc , Boban Mugoša , Maria L Muiesan , Parvina Mukhtorova , Martina Müller-Nurasyid , Neil Murphy 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Thai Pham , Rafael N Pichardo , Daniela Pierannunzio , Iris Pigeot , Hynek Pikhart , Aida Pilav , Lorenza Pilotto , Francesco Pistelli , Freda Pitakaka , Aleksandra Piwonska , Andreia N Pizarro , Pedro Plans-Rubió , Bee Koon Poh , Hermann Pohlabeln , Raluca M Pop , Stevo R Popovic , Miquel Porta , Georg Posch , Anil Poudyal , Dimitrios Poulimeneas , Hamed Pouraram , Farhad Pourfarzi , Akram Pourshams , Hossein Poustchi , Rajendra Pradeepa , Alison J Price , Jacqueline F Price , Rui Providencia , Jardena J Puder , Iveta Pudule , Soile E Puhakka , Maria Puiu , Margus Punab , Radwan F Qasrawi , Mostafa Qorbani , Tran Quoc Bao , Ivana Radic , Ricardas Radisauskas , Salar Rahimikazerooni , Mahfuzar Rahman , Mahmudur Rahman , Olli Raitakari , Manu Raj , Ellina Rakhimova , Sherali Rakhmatulloev , Ivo Rakovac , Sudha Ramachandra Rao , Ambady Ramachandran , Jacqueline Ramke , Elisabete Ramos , Rafel Ramos , Lekhraj Rampal , Sanjay Rampal , Vayia Rarra , Ramon A Rascon-Pacheco , Mette Rasmussen , Cassiano Ricardo Rech , Josep Redon , Paul Ferdinand M Reganit , Valéria Regecová , Luis Revilla , Abbas Rezaianzadeh , Lourdes Ribas-Barba , Robespierre Ribeiro , Elio Riboli , Adrian Richter , Fernando Rigo , Natascia Rinaldo , Tobias F Rinke de Wit , Ana Rito , Raphael M Ritti-Dias , Juan A Rivera , Cynthia Robitaille , Romana Roccaldo , Daniela Rodrigues , Fernando Rodríguez-Artalejo , María Del Cristo Rodriguez-Perez , Laura A Rodríguez-Villamizar , Ulla Roggenbuck , Rosalba Rojas-Martinez , Nipa Rojroongwasinkul , Dora Romaguera , Elisabetta L Romeo , Rafaela V Rosario , Annika Rosengren , Ian Rouse , Joel Gr Roy , Adolfo Rubinstein , Frank J Rühli , Jean-Bernard Ruidavets , Blanca Sandra Ruiz-Betancourt , Maria Ruiz-Castell , Emma Ruiz Moreno , Iuliia A Rusakova , Kenisha Russell Jonsson , Paola Russo , Petra Rust , Marcin Rutkowski , Charumathi Sabanayagam , Elena Sacchini , Harshpal S Sachdev , Alireza Sadjadi , Ali Reza Safarpour , Saeid Safiri , Nader Saki , Benoit Salanave , Eduardo Salazar Martinez , Diego Salmerón , Veikko Salomaa , Jukka T Salonen , Massimo Salvetti , Margarita Samoutian , Jose Sánchez-Abanto , Sandjaja , Susana Sans , Loreto Santa Marina , Diana A Santos , Ina S Santos , Lèlita C Santos , Maria Paula Santos , Osvaldo Santos , Rute Santos , Sara Santos Sanz , Jouko L Saramies , Luis B Sardinha , Nizal Sarrafzadegan , Thirunavukkarasu Sathish , Kai-Uwe Saum , Savvas Savva , Mathilde Savy , Norie Sawada , Mariana Sbaraini , Marcia Scazufca , Beatriz D Schaan , Angelika Schaffrath Rosario , Herman Schargrodsky , Anja Schienkiewitz , Sabine Schipf , Carsten O Schmidt , Ida Maria Schmidt , Peter Schnohr , Ben Schöttker , Sara Schramm , Stine Schramm , Helmut Schröder , Constance Schultsz , Aletta E Schutte , Aye Aye Sein , Rusidah Selamat , Vedrana Sember , Abhijit Sen , Idowu O Senbanjo , Sadaf G Sepanlou , Victor Sequera , Luis Serra-Majem , Jennifer Servais , Ludmila Ševcíková , Svetlana A Shalnova , Teresa Shamah-Levy , 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Paola, Nauck, Matthia, Neal, William A, Nejatizadeh, Azim, Nekkantti, Chandini, Nelis, Keiu, Nelis, Lii, Nenko, Ilona, Neovius, Martin, Nervi, Flavio, Nguyen, Chung T, Nguyen, Nguyen D, Nguyen, Quang Ngoc, Nieto-Martínez, Ramfis E, Nikitin, Yury P, Ning, Guang, Ninomiya, Toshiharu, Nishtar, Sania, Noale, Marianna, Noboa, Oscar A, Nogueira, Helena, Norat, Teresa, Nordendahl, Maria, Nordestgaard, Børge G, Noto, Davide, Nowak-Szczepanska, Natalia, Al Nsour, Mohannad, Nuhoglu, Irfan, Nurk, Eha, O'Neill, Terence W, O'Reilly, Dermot, Obreja, Galina, Ochimana, Caleb, Ochoa-Avilés, Angélica M, Oda, Eiji, Oh, Kyungwon, Ohara, Kumiko, Ohlsson, Clae, Ohtsuka, Ryutaro, Olafsson, Örn, Olinto, Maria Teresa A, Oliveira, Isabel O, Omar, Mohd Azahadi, Onat, Altan, Ong, Sok King, Ono, Lariane M, Ordunez, Pedro, Ornelas, Rui, Ortiz, Ana P, Ortiz, Pedro J, Osler, Merete, Osmond, Clive, Ostojic, Sergej M, Ostovar, Afshin, Otero, Johanna A, Overvad, Kim, Owusu-Dabo, Elli, Paccaud, Fred Michel, Padez, 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Salvador, Vineis, Paolo, Vioque, Jesu, Virtanen, Jyrki K, Visser, Marjolein, Visvikis-Siest, Sophie, Viswanathan, Bharathi, Vladulescu, Mihaela, Vlasoff, Tiina, Vocanec, Dorja, Vollenweider, Peter, Völzke, Henry, Voutilainen, Ari, Voutilainen, Sari, Vrijheid, Martine, Vrijkotte, Tanja GM, Wade, Alisha N, Wagner, Aline, Waldhör, Thoma, Walton, Janette, Wambiya, Elvis OA, Bebakar, Wan Mohamad Wan, Mohamud, Wan Nazaimoon Wan, de Souza Wanderley Júnior, Rildo, Wang, Ming-Dong, Wang, Ningli, Wang, Qian, Wang, Xiangjun, Wang, Ya Xing, Wang, Ying-Wei, Wannamethee, S Goya, Wareham, Nichola, Weber, Adelheid, Wedderkopp, Niel, Weerasekera, Deepa, Weghuber, Daniel, Wei, Wenbin, Weres, Aneta, Werner, Bo, Whincup, Peter H, Widhalm, Kurt, Widyahening, Indah S, Wiecek, Andrzej, Wilks, Rainford J, Willeit, Johann, Willeit, Peter, Williams, Julianne, Wilsgaard, Tom, Wojtyniak, Bogdan, Wong-McClure, Roy A, Wong, Andrew, Wong, Jyh Eiin, Wong, Tien Yin, Woo, Jean, Woodward, Mark, Wu, Frederick C, Wu, Jianfeng, Wu, Li Juan, Wu, Shouling, Xu, Haiquan, Xu, Liang, Yaacob, Nor Azwany, Yamborisut, Uruwan, Yan, Weili, Yang, Ling, Yang, Xiaoguang, Yang, Yang, Yardim, Nazan, Yaseri, Mehdi, Yasuharu, Tabara, Ye, Xingwang, Yiallouros, Panayiotis K, Yoosefi, Moein, Yoshihara, Akihiro, You, Qi Sheng, You, San-Lin, Younger-Coleman, Novie O, Md Yusof, Safiah, Yusoff, Ahmad Faudzi, Zaccagni, Luciana, Zafiropulos, Vassili, Zainuddin, Ahmad A, Zakavi, Seyed Rasoul, Zamani, Farhad, Zambon, Sabina, Zampelas, Antoni, Zamrazilová, Hana, Zapata, Maria Elisa, Zargar, Abdul Hamid, Ko Zaw, Ko, Zdrojewski, Tomasz, Zejglicova, Kristyna, Vrkic, Tajana Zeljkovic, Zeng, Yi, Zhang, Luxia, Zhang, Zhen-Yu, Zhao, Dong, Zhao, Ming-Hui, Zhao, Wenhua, Zhen, Shiqi, Zheng, Wei, Zheng, Yingfeng, Zholdin, Bekbolat, Zhou, Maigeng, Zhu, Dan, Zins, Marie, Zitt, Emanuel, Zocalo, Yanina, Cisneros, Julio Zuñiga, Zuziak, Monika, Ezzati, Majid, Filippi, Sarah, Cohortes épidémiologiques en population (CONSTANCES), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Paris-Saclay-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes (CIHEAM)-Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes (CIHEAM)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro - Montpellier SupAgro, and Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)
Subjects: Population -- Health aspects, Leanness, Baixo peso/Underweight, none, Double burden, alipainoisuus, tulotaso, global health, systematic analysis, Sedentary behaviors, RC1200, Prospective associations, 0302 clinical medicine, underweight, nälänhätä, Biology (General), skin and connective tissue diseases, Children, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Body mass index, Human Nutrition & Health, education.field_of_study, Humane Voeding & Gezondheid, ylipaino, General Medicine, kansainvälinen vertailu, 3. Good health, World health, Medicine, A100 Pre-clinical Medicine, Population distribution, medicine.medical_specialty, QH301-705.5, Science, Socio-culturale, Nursing, Social sciences, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, 03 medical and health sciences, Thinness, SDG 3 - Good Health and Well-being, BMI, epidemiology, obesity, None, Humans, Obesidade/Obesity, SDG 2 - Zero Hunger, education, VLAG, US adults, Omvårdnad, body mass index, malnutrition, obesity, underweight, nutritional and metabolic diseases, medicine.disease, terveellisyys, Obesity, Faculdade de Ciências Sociais, Body Mass Index, Prevalence, Risk Factors, General Biochemistry, WIAS, lihavuus, RA, Demography, N.A, double burden, Settore MED/09 - Medicina Interna, alueelliset erot, Nutrition and Disease, Animal Nutrition, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Medizin, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, 0601 Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Change distribution of body mass index, RA0421, Voeding en Ziekte, Epidemiology, Medicine and Health Sciences, Global health, Índice de massa corporal/Body Mass Index, 030212 general & internal medicine, Underweight, painoindeksi, 2. Zero hunger, General Neuroscience, aliravitsemus, elintarvikkeet, health, Public Health, Global Health, Social Medicine and Epidemiology, Diervoeding, 3142 Public health care science, environmental and occupational health, purl.org/pe-repo/ocde/ford#3.01.03 [https], Chinese adults, pooled analysis, medicine.symptom, Diet quality, B120 Physiology, Research Article, trends, purl.org/pe-repo/ocde/ford#1.06.03 [https], prevalence, Population, Mothers, Genetics and Molecular Biology, 3121 Internal medicine, medicine, Life Science, ddc:610, 3125 Otorhinolaryngology, ophthalmology, kehonkoostumus, Nutrition, Australian adults, General Immunology and Microbiology, purl.org/pe-repo/ocde/ford#3.01.04 [https], Ciências sociais, Folkhälsovetenskap, global hälsa, socialmedicin och epidemiologi, Malnutrition, Epidemiology and Global Health, sense organs, Estilos de Vida e Impacto na Saúde
Abstract: From 1985 to 2016, the prevalence of underweight decreased, and that of obesity and severe obesity increased, in most regions, with significant variation in the magnitude of these changes across regions. We investigated how much change in mean body mass index (BMI) explains changes in the prevalence of underweight, obesity, and severe obesity in different regions using data from 2896 population-based studies with 187 million participants. Changes in the prevalence of underweight and total obesity, and to a lesser extent severe obesity, are largely driven by shifts in the distribution of BMI, with smaller contributions from changes in the shape of the distribution. In East and Southeast Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, the underweight tail of the BMI distribution was left behind as the distribution shifted. There is a need for policies that address all forms of malnutrition by making healthy foods accessible and affordable, while restricting unhealthy foods through fiscal and regulatory restrictions., Wellcome Trust, Medical Research Council, peer-reviewed
Published: 2021
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6. The Frequency and Context of Snacking among Children: An Objective Analysis Using Wearable Cameras

Author: Moira Smith, Rachael McLean, Ryan Gage, Ester Joe, Martin Girling-Butcher, Louise Signal, Viliami Puloka, Christina McKerchar, and Cliona Ni Mhurchu
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, Male, obesity, genetic structures, Adolescent, Ethnic group, lcsh:TX341-641, Objective analysis, Context (language use), Article, Body Mass Index, 03 medical and health sciences, Wearable Electronic Devices, 0302 clinical medicine, children, Environmental health, medicine, Humans, 030212 general & internal medicine, Child, Socioeconomic status, Consumption (economics), 030109 nutrition & dietetics, Nutrition and Dietetics, Snacking, wearable cameras, digestive, oral, and skin physiology, food and beverages, Feeding Behavior, medicine.disease, snacking, Obesity, eating, Female, Snacks, Psychology, lcsh:Nutrition. Foods and food supply, Body mass index, human activities, Food Science
Abstract: Snacking is a common eating behaviour, but there is little objective data about children&rsquo, s snacking. We aimed to determine the frequency and context of children&rsquo, s snacking (n = 158, mean age = 12.6 years) by ethnicity, gender, socioeconomic deprivation and body mass index (BMI) children. Participants wore wearable cameras that passively captured images of their surroundings every seven seconds. Images (n = 739,162) were coded for snacking episodes, defined as eating occasions in between main meals. Contextual factors analysed included: snacking location, food source, timing, social contact and screen use. Rates of total, discretionary (not recommended for consumption) and healthful (recommended for consumption) snacking were calculated using negative binomial regression. On average, children consumed 8.2 (95%CI 7.4, 9.1) snacks per day, of which 5.2 (95%CI 4.6, 5.9) were discretionary foods/beverages. Children consumed more discretionary snacks than healthful snacks in each setting and at all times, including 15.0&times, more discretionary snacks in public spaces and 2.4&times, more discretionary snacks in schools. Most snacks (68.9%) were sourced from home. Girls consumed more total, discretionary and healthful snacks than boys, and Māori and Pacific consumed fewer healthful snacks than New Zealand (NZ) Europeans. Results show that children snack frequently, and that most snacking involves discretionary food items. Our findings suggest targeting home buying behaviour and environmental changes to support healthy snacking choices.
Published: 2020

7. Sodium reduction in New Zealand requires major behaviour change

Author: Catherine Lofthouse, Rachael McLean, and Lisa Te Morenga
Subjects: Adult, Male, Behaviour change, Adolescent, food.diet, Sodium, Health Behavior, chemistry.chemical_element, Pilot Projects, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, Low sodium diet, Recommended Dietary Allowances, World health, Body Mass Index, Food Preferences, Young Adult, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, food, Food Labeling, Risk Factors, Environmental health, Humans, Medicine, 030212 general & internal medicine, Sodium reduction, Health Education, Meals, General Psychology, Aged, Nutrition and Dietetics, business.industry, Dietary intake, Sodium, Dietary, Diet, Sodium-Restricted, Middle Aged, Sodium intake, chemistry, Cardiovascular Diseases, Feasibility Studies, Patient Compliance, Female, business, Follow-Up Studies, Urine collection
Abstract: © 2016 Elsevier Ltd This pilot study examined the feasibility of adherence to a low sodium diet in a sample of healthy New Zealand adults. It also addressed whether following a low sodium diet was accompanied by changes in intakes of other nutrients that influence cardiovascular risk. Eleven healthy adults provided dietary intake data and a 24-hour urine collection at baseline and follow-up. They then received nutritional counselling based on the World Health Organization recommendation for sodium intake (
Published: 2020
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8. Change in mean salt intake over time using 24-h urine versus overnight and spot urine samples: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Author: Gian Luca Di Tanna, Jacqui Webster, Liping Huang, Ka Chun Li, Kristina S. Petersen, Joseph Alvin Santos, and Rachael McLean
Subjects: Population, Medicine (miscellaneous), lcsh:TX341-641, Urine, Review, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Animal science, Overnight urine, Medicine, Humans, 030212 general & internal medicine, Salt intake, Sodium Chloride, Dietary, education, Spot urine, Sensitivity analyses, lcsh:RC620-627, 24 h urine, Urine Specimen Collection, education.field_of_study, Nutrition and Dietetics, business.industry, lcsh:Nutritional diseases. Deficiency diseases, 24-h urine, Pooled variance, Meta-analysis, business, lcsh:Nutrition. Foods and food supply
Abstract: Background Little is known about the capacity of overnight and spot urine samples to estimate changes in mean salt intake over time. The objective of this review was to compare the estimates of change in mean population salt intake based on 24-h urine and overnight/spot urine samples. Methods Studies were systematically identified through searches of peer-reviewed databases (Medline, Embase, Global Health, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews) and grey literature. Studies that reported estimates of mean salt intake for at least two time points based on both 24-h and overnight/spot urines were deemed eligible. The capacity of overnight/spot urine samples to estimate the change in mean salt intake was assessed both at the individual-study level and overall through random-effects meta-analyses. The level of heterogeneity was assessed through the I2 statistic. Subgroup and sensitivity analyses were conducted to explore possible sources of heterogeneity, and check the robustness of the findings from the primary analysis. Results A total of 1244 records were identified, 50 were assessed as full text, and 14 studies met the criteria, capturing data on 7291 participants from seven countries. Nine and five studies collected overnight and spot urines, respectively. The comparison of the change in mean salt intake between 24-h and overnight/spot urines showed some inconsistencies at the individual study-level. The pooled mean change in salt intake was − 0.43 g/day (95% CI − 1.16 to 0.30; I2 = 95%) using 24-h urines, and − 0.22 g/day (− 0.65 to 0.20; I2 = 87%) using overnight/spot urines, with a pooled difference-in-differences between the two methods of 0.27 g/day (− 0.23 to 0.77; I2 = 89%). Subgroup analyses showed substantial heterogeneity for most subgroups. Sensitivity analyses did not change the effect observed in the primary analysis. Conclusion The evidence for the capacity of overnight/spot urines to estimate changes in mean salt intake over time is uncertain. More research where overnight/spot urines are collected in parallel with 24-h urines is needed to enable a more in-depth evaluation of these alternative approaches to estimating change in mean salt intake.
Published: 2020

9. Twenty-Four-Hour Diet recall and Diet records compared with 24-hour urinary excretion to predict an individual’s sodium consumption: A Systematic Review

Author: Norman R.C. Campbell, Victoria L. Farmer, Claire Cameron, Alice Nettleton, Nancy R. Cook, Rachael McLean, Mark Woodward, and Consortium, TRUE
Subjects: Male, 0301 basic medicine, medicine.medical_specialty, Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Urinary system, MEDLINE, Nutritional Status, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, Cochrane Library, Diet Records, Excretion, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Internal medicine, Internal Medicine, medicine, Humans, Urine Specimen Collection, 030109 nutrition & dietetics, Recall, business.industry, Society Statements, Sodium, Dietary, Diet Surveys, Diet, Systematic review, Hypertension, Mental Recall, Female, Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine, business
Abstract: This systematic literature review aimed to investigate whether 24 hour diet recall and diet records are reliable and valid ways to measure usual dietary sodium intake compared with 24 hour urinary assessment. We searched electronic databases Medline, Embase, Cinahl, Lilacs, Google Scholar and the Cochrane Library using pre‐defined terms Studies were eligible for inclusion if they assessed adult humans in free‐living settings, and if they included dietary assessment and 24 hours urinary collection for assessment of sodium intake in the same participants. Studies that included populations with an active disease state that might interfere with normal sodium metabolism were excluded. Results of 20 studies using 24 hour diet recall recall (including 14 validation studies) and 10 studies using food records (including six validation studies) are included in this review. Correlations between estimates from dietary assessment and urinary excretion ranged from 0.16 to 0.72 for 24 hour diet recall, and 0.11 to 0.49 for food diaries. Bland‐Altman analysis in two studies of 24 hour diet recall showed poor agreement with 24 hours urinary sodium excretion. These results show that 24 hour diet recall and diet records inaccurately measure dietary sodium intake in individuals compared with the gold standard 24 hours urinary excretion. Validation studies of dietary assessment methods should include multiple days of assessment and 24 hours urine collection, use relevant food composition databases and Bland‐Altman methods of analysis.
Published: 2018
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10. The Science of Salt: A focused review on salt-related knowledge, attitudes and behaviors, and gender differences

Author: Jacqui Webster, Rachael McLean, Kathy Trieu, Claire Johnson, Sudhir Raj Thout, Joseph Alvin Santos, JoAnne Arcand, and Briar McKenzie
Subjects: Adult, Male, Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice, Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, Review: The Science of Salt, 03 medical and health sciences, Sex Factors, 0302 clinical medicine, Primary outcome, Surveys and Questionnaires, Environmental health, Internal Medicine, Humans, Medicine, 030212 general & internal medicine, Sodium Chloride, Dietary, Salt intake, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, business.industry, Salt reduction, Behavior change, Feeding Behavior, Middle Aged, Intervention studies, Benchmarking, Consumer knowledge, Female, Self Report, Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine, business
Abstract: The aim of the current review was to examine the scope of studies published in the Science of Salt Weekly that contained a measure of self‐reported knowledge, attitudes, and behavior (KAB) concerning salt. Specific objectives were to examine how KAB measures are used to evaluate salt reduction intervention studies, the questionnaires used, and whether any gender differences exist in self‐reported KAB. Studies were reviewed from the commencement of Science of Salt Weekly, June 2013 to the end of August 2017. Seventy‐five studies had relevant measures of KAB and were included in this review, 13 of these were salt‐reduction intervention‐evaluation studies, with the remainder (62) being descriptive KAB studies. The KAB questionnaires used were specific to the populations studied, without evidence of a best practice measure. 40% of studies used KAB alone as the primary outcome measure; the remaining studies used more quantitative measures of salt intake such as 24‐hour urine. Only half of the descriptive studies showed KAB outcomes disaggregated by gender, and of those, 73% showed women had more favorable KAB related to salt. None of the salt intervention‐evaluation studies showed disaggregated KAB data. Therefore, it is likely important that evaluation studies disaggregate, and are appropriately powered to disaggregate all outcomes by gender to address potential disparities.
Published: 2018
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11. Experiences of New Zealand Haemodialysis Patients in Relation to Food and Nutrition Management: A Qualitative Study

Author: Vicky Nelson, Emma H. Wyeth, Vili Nosa, Robert J. Walker, Audrey Po'e-Tofaeono, Rachael McLean, Zhengxiu Xie, and Hla Thein
Subjects: Adult, Male, Gerontology, Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice, kidney disease, 030232 urology & nephrology, Ethnic group, Article, Nonprobability sampling, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Cost of Illness, Renal Dialysis, Health care, medicine, Humans, TX341-641, 030212 general & internal medicine, Renal Insufficiency, Chronic, Social isolation, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Nutrition and Dietetics, Nutrition. Foods and food supply, business.industry, Dietary management, Extended family, Middle Aged, haemodialysis, Quality of Life, Female, Nutrition Therapy, medicine.symptom, Thematic analysis, diet, business, qualitative research, New Zealand, Food Science, Qualitative research
Abstract: People receiving haemodialysis have considerable and complex dietary and healthcare needs, including co-morbidities. A recent New Zealand study has shown that few patients on haemodialysis are able to meet nutritional requirements for haemodialysis. This study aims to describe the perspectives and experiences of dietary management among patients on haemodialysis in New Zealand. This exploratory qualitative study used in-depth semi-structured interviews. Purposive sampling was used to recruit participants from different ethnic groups. Forty interviews were conducted, audio-recorded and transcribed verbatim. An inductive approach was taken using thematic analysis. Forty participants were interviewed. Participants spoke of major disruption to their lives as a result of their chronic kidney disease and being on haemodialysis, including loss of employment, financial challenges, loss of independence, social isolation and increased reliance on extended family. Most had received adequate dietary information, although some felt that more culturally appropriate support would have enabled a healthier diet. These findings show that further support to make the recommended dietary changes while on haemodialysis should focus on socio-cultural factors, in addition to the information already provided.
Published: 2021
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12. Assessment of dietary sodium intake using a food frequency questionnaire and 24-hour urinary sodium excretion: a systematic literature review

Author: Alice Nettleton, Rachael McLean, Claire Cameron, Norman R.C. Campbell, Nancy R. Cook, and Victoria L. Farmer
Subjects: Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Urine, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, World Hypertension League: Sodium, Urine collection device, Excretion, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Environmental health, Internal Medicine, Humans, Medicine, 030212 general & internal medicine, Urine Specimen Collection, Urinary sodium, business.industry, Dietary sodium intake, Reproducibility of Results, Sodium, Dietary, Nutrition Surveys, Diet Surveys, Systematic review, Hypertension, Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine, business
Abstract: Food frequency questionnaires (FFQs) are often used to assess dietary sodium intake, although 24‐hour urinary excretion is the most accurate measure of intake. The authors conducted a systematic review to investigate whether FFQs are a reliable and valid way of measuring usual dietary sodium intake. Results from 18 studies are described in this review, including 16 validation studies. The methods of study design and analysis varied widely with respect to FFQ instrument, number of 24‐hour urine collections collected per participant, methods used to assess completeness of urine collections, and statistical analysis. Overall, there was poor agreement between estimates from FFQ and 24‐hour urine. The authors suggest a framework for validation and reporting based on a consensus statement (2004), and recommend that all FFQs used to estimate dietary sodium intake undergo validation against multiple 24‐hour urine collections.
Published: 2017
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13. The Science of Salt: A regularly updated systematic review of the implementation of salt reduction interventions (September 2016-February 2017)

Author: Claire Johnson, Joseph A. Santos, Briar McKenzie, Sudhir Raj Thout, Kathy Trieu, Rachael McLean, Kristina S. Petersen, Norm R.C. Campbell, and Jacqui Webster
Subjects: Adult, Male, Adolescent, Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Nutritional composition, Psychological intervention, MEDLINE, Sodium Chloride, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, Rigour, External validity, Young Adult, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Environmental health, Internal Medicine, Humans, Medicine, 030212 general & internal medicine, Sodium Chloride, Dietary, Qualitative Research, Aged, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, business.industry, Sodium, Salt reduction, Food Packaging, Sodium, Dietary, Feeding Behavior, Evidence-based medicine, Diet, Sodium-Restricted, Middle Aged, Hypertension, Feasibility Studies, Female, Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine, business, Qualitative research
Abstract: This periodic review aims to identify, summarize, and appraise studies relating to the implementation of salt reduction strategies that were published between September 2016 and February 2017. A total of 41 studies were included as relevant to the design, assessment, and implementation of salt reduction strategies, and a detailed appraisal was conducted on the seven studies that evaluated the impact of salt reduction strategies. Of these, three were national studies or included large populations and four were conducted in communities with small participant sample sizes. Each study used a different strategy for reducing salt intake varying from category‐specific sodium targets for packaged food to use of a low‐sodium salt substitute to behavior change interventions. Four studies found statistically significant decreases in dietary salt intake and one study showed statistically significant decreases in mean sodium density of packaged food products. Four of the seven studies used either spot or 24‐hour urine samples to measure dietary salt intake and five were conducted in East or Southeast Asia—two of which were in low‐ and middle‐income countries. Study quality varied among the seven studies and all except one had one or more risks related to bias.
Published: 2017
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14. A salt-reduction smartphone app supports lower-salt food purchases for people with cardiovascular disease: Findings from the SaltSwitch randomised controlled trial

Author: Rebecca McLean, Rachael McLean, Cliona Ni Mhurchu, Bruce Neal, Helen Eyles, Yannan Jiang, and Robert N. Doughty
Subjects: Male, Telemedicine, Epidemiology, Salt (cryptography), Health Promotion, Disease, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, smartphone, Nutrition facts label, law.invention, 03 medical and health sciences, Traffic signal, 0302 clinical medicine, Randomized controlled trial, Food Labeling, law, self-care, salt, Humans, Medicine, 030212 general & internal medicine, Sodium Chloride, Dietary, sodium, Retrospective Studies, heart diseases, business.industry, Salt reduction, Advertising, Consumer Behavior, Middle Aged, Mobile Applications, Cardiovascular diseases, cellular phone, Smartphone app, Female, telemedicine, Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine, business, secondary prevention, New Zealand
Abstract: Background SaltSwitch is an innovative smartphone application (app) that enables shoppers to scan the barcode of a packaged food and receive an immediate, interpretive, traffic light nutrition label on the screen, along with suggestions for lower salt alternatives. Our aim was to determine the effectiveness of SaltSwitch to support people with cardiovascular disease to make lower salt food choices. Design Six-week, two-arm, parallel, randomised controlled trial in Auckland, New Zealand (2 weeks baseline and 4 weeks intervention). Methods Sixty-six adults with diagnosed cardiovascular disease (mean (SD) age 64 (7) years) were randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio to either the SaltSwitch smartphone app or control (usual care). The primary outcome was the salt content of household packaged food purchases during the 4-week intervention (g/MJ). Secondary outcomes were the saturated fat content (g/MJ), energy content (kJ/kg) and expenditure (NZ$) of household food purchases; systolic blood pressure (mmHg), urinary sodium (mg) and use and acceptability of the SaltSwitch app. Results Thirty-three participants with cardiovascular disease were allocated to the SaltSwitch intervention, and 33 to the control group. A significant reduction in mean household purchases of salt was observed (mean difference (95% confidence interval), -0.30 (-0.58 to -0.03) g/MJ), equating to a reduction of ∼0.7 g of salt per person per day during the 4-week intervention phase. There were no significant between-group differences in any secondary outcomes (all P > 0.05). Conclusions The SaltSwitch smartphone app is effective in supporting people with cardiovascular disease to make lower salt food purchases. A larger trial with longer follow-up is warranted to determine the effects on blood pressure. Trial registration Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry https://www.anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=365784&isReview=true ACTRN12614000206628.
Published: 2017
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15. Comparison of 24-h Diet Records, 24-h Urine, and Duplicate Diets for Estimating Dietary Intakes of Potassium, Sodium, and Iodine in Children

Author: Sheila Skeaff, Rachael McLean, Jillian J. Haszard, and Rana Peniamina
Subjects: Male, Sodium, Potassium, Population, chemistry.chemical_element, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, Iodine, Diet Records, Diet Surveys, Article, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Nutrient, Animal science, children, duplicate diets, Medicine, Humans, 030212 general & internal medicine, Bland–Altman plot, education, Child, sodium, 24 h urine, education.field_of_study, Nutrition and Dietetics, business.industry, iodine, potassium, Nutritional Requirements, Potassium, Dietary, dietary intakes, Sodium, Dietary, Feeding Behavior, Diet, 24-h urine, Cross-Sectional Studies, chemistry, Female, business, Child Nutritional Physiological Phenomena, Food Science, New Zealand
Abstract: Accurately estimating nutrient intake can be challenging, yet it is important for informing policy. This cross-sectional validation study compared the use of three methods for estimating the intake of sodium, potassium, and iodine in children aged 9&ndash, 11 years in New Zealand. Over the same 24 hour period, participants collected duplicate diets (n = 37), weighed food records (n = 84), and 24 hour urine samples (n = 82). Important differences were found between dietary estimates of sodium, potassium, and iodine using the three methods of dietary assessment, suggesting that different methods of assessment have specific limitations for the measurement of these nutrients in children. Bland Altman plots show relatively wide limits of agreement for all measures and nutrients. These results support the World Health Organization&rsquo, s (WHOs) recommendations to use urinary assessment to measure population sodium and iodine intake, while dietary assessment appears to be more accurate for estimating potassium intake. Compared to reference values, our results suggest that the children in this study consume inadequate iodine, inadequate potassium, and excess dietary sodium. Public health measures to reduce sodium intake, increase intake of fruit and vegetables, and iodine-rich foods are warranted in New Zealand.
Published: 2019

16. Science of Salt: A regularly updated systematic review of salt and health outcomes studies (April to October 2018)

Author: Norman R.C. Campbell, Rachael McLean, JoAnne Arcand, Daniela Malta, Claire Johnson, Sudhir Raj Thout, Sarah Rae, Kristina S. Petersen, and Kathy Trieu
Subjects: Adult, Male, Dietary Approaches To Stop Hypertension, Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Blood Pressure, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, law.invention, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Randomized controlled trial, law, Environmental health, Dash, Post-hoc analysis, Outcome Assessment, Health Care, Internal Medicine, Medicine, Humans, 030212 general & internal medicine, Prospective Studies, Salt intake, Sodium Chloride, Dietary, Prospective cohort study, Aged, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Aged, 80 and over, business.industry, Incidence, Sodium, Feeding Behavior, Middle Aged, Critical appraisal, Blood pressure, Cardiovascular Diseases, Cohort, Hypertension, Female, Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine, business
Abstract: The Science of Salt reviews identify, summarize, and critically appraise published studies on dietary salt and health outcomes according to pre-specified methods. This review covers the period April 3 to October 30, 2018. Here, nineteen studies that fit pre-specified criteria for review and summary are included. Three of these, one prospective cohort study, one randomized controlled trial, and a post hoc analysis of the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) sodium trial fulfilled the quality criteria for detailed critical appraisal, including risk of bias assessment, and commentary. Two trials demonstrated a positive association between salt intake and blood pressure. In a cohort of older Italians, increased risk of total mortality was observed with salt intake less than ~16 g/d (6300 mg sodium/d) at baseline; no association existed for incident cardiovascular disease (CVD) or CVD mortality. The paucity of published studies which met our criteria for methodological quality is of concern.
Published: 2019

17. The International Consortium for Quality Research on Dietary Sodium/Salt (TRUE) position statement on the use of 24-hour, spot, and short duration (24 hours) timed urine collections to assess dietary sodium intake

Author: Graham A. MacGregor, Mark Woodward, Mary R. L’Abbé, Norm R C Campbell, Paul K. Whelton, JoAnne Arcand, Rachael McLean, Laura K. Cobb, Francesco P. Cappuccio, Daniel T. Lackland, Bruce Neal, Monique Tan, Feng J. He, Antti Jula, and Mary E. Cogswell
Subjects: dietary salt, Male, Time Factors, Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Urine, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, Recommended Dietary Allowances, Urine collection device, Global Burden of Disease, 0302 clinical medicine, Quality research, RA0421, 030212 general & internal medicine, dietary sodium, 1102 Cardiorespiratory Medicine and Haematology, Aged, 80 and over, education.field_of_study, public health, nutrition, Systematic review, 1101 Medical Biochemistry and Metabolomics, Cardiovascular Diseases, Hypertension, Female, Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine, 4-Aminobenzoic Acid, RM, medicine.medical_specialty, Population, Nutritional Status, Article, 03 medical and health sciences, Dietary Sodium, Environmental health, Internal Medicine, medicine, Humans, Sodium Chloride, Dietary, education, Short duration, Aged, Urine Specimen Collection, business.industry, Public health, Sodium, 1103 Clinical Sciences, Cardiovascular System & Hematology, RB, business, RC
Abstract: The International Consortium for Quality Research on Dietary Sodium/Salt (TRUE) is a coalition of intentional and national health and scientific organizations formed because of concerns low‐quality research methods were creating controversy regarding dietary salt reduction. One of the main sources of controversy is believed related to errors in estimating sodium intake with urine studies. The recommendations and positions in this manuscript were generated following a series of systematic reviews and analyses by experts in hypertension, nutrition, statistics, and dietary sodium. To assess the population's current 24‐hour dietary sodium ingestion, single complete 24‐hour urine samples, collected over a series of days from a representative population sample, were recommended. To accurately estimate usual dietary sodium at the individual level, at least 3 non‐consecutive complete 24‐hour urine collections obtained over a series of days that reflect the usual short‐term variations in dietary pattern were recommended. Multiple 24‐hour urine collections over several years were recommended to estimate an individual's usual long‐term sodium intake. The role of single spot or short duration timed urine collections in assessing population average sodium intake requires more research. Single or multiple spot or short duration timed urine collections are not recommended for assessing an individual's sodium intake especially in relationship to health outcomes. The recommendations should be applied by scientific review committees, granting agencies, editors and journal reviewers, investigators, policymakers, and those developing and creating dietary sodium recommendations. Low‐quality research on dietary sodium/salt should not be funded, conducted, or published.\ud \ud
Published: 2019

18. The Science of Salt: A Regularly Updated Systematic Review of the Implementation of Salt Reduction Interventions (November 2015 to February 2016)

Author: Kathy Trieu, Rachael McLean, Claire Johnson, Joseph Alvin Santos, Thout Sudhir Raj, Norm RC. Campbell, and Jacqui Webster
Subjects: Evidence-Based Medicine, Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Clinical Studies as Topic, Guidelines as Topic, Diet, Sodium-Restricted, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, 03 medical and health sciences, Nutrition Assessment, 0302 clinical medicine, Science of Salt, Hypertension, Internal Medicine, Humans, 030212 general & internal medicine, Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine, Qualitative Research
Abstract: The objective of this periodic review was to identify, summarize, and appraise studies relating to the implementation of salt reduction strategies that were retrieved between November 2015 and February 2016. From the established MEDLINE search, 56 studies were identified as relevant to the implementation of salt reduction initiatives. Detailed appraisal was performed on seven studies that evaluated the impact of salt reduction interventions. While study quality varied, all had one or more risks related to bias. There was consistent evidence, from three studies, demonstrating that setting‐based structural interventions to improve the nutritional composition of foods were effective in reducing salt but mixed evidence in relation to the effectiveness of behavioral interventions. The development of an evaluation guidance framework that supports scientific rigor and external validity would aid future design and interpretation of studies evaluating salt reduction interventions, particularly for low‐resource countries.
Published: 2016
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19. The Science of Salt: A Systematic Review of Quality Clinical Salt Outcome Studies June 2014 to May 2015

Author: Jacqui Webster, Claire Johnson, Alexander A. Leung, Kathy Trieu, Norm R.C. Campbell, Rachael McLean, JoAnne Arcand, Michelle M.Y. Wong, and Thout Sudhir Raj
Subjects: Gerontology, medicine.medical_specialty, Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Population, MEDLINE, Blood Pressure, Population health, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, Risk Assessment, law.invention, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Meta-Analysis as Topic, Randomized controlled trial, law, Environmental health, Internal Medicine, medicine, Humans, 030212 general & internal medicine, Sodium Chloride, Dietary, Salt intake, education, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, education.field_of_study, business.industry, Public health, Headache, Blood Pressure Determination, Cardiovascular Diseases, Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine, Risk assessment, business, From the World Hypertension League, Cohort study
Abstract: Studies identified from an updated systematic review (from June 2014 to May 2015) on the impact of dietary salt intake on clinical and population health are reviewed. Randomized controlled trials, cohort studies, and meta‐analyses of these study types on the effect of sodium intake on blood pressure, or any substantive adverse health outcomes were identified from MEDLINE searches and quality indicators were used to select studies that were relevant to clinical and public health. From 6920 studies identified in the literature search, 144 studies were selected for review, of which only three (n=233,680) met inclusion criteria. Between them, the three studies demonstrated a harmful association between excess dietary salt and all‐cause mortality, noncardiovascular and cardiovascular disease mortality, and headache. None of the included studies found harm from lowering dietary salt. The findings of this systematic review are consistent with the large body of research supportive of efforts to reduce population salt intake and congruent with our last annual review from June 2013 to May 2014.
Published: 2016
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20. Tick front-of-pack label has a positive nutritional impact on foods sold in New Zealand

Author: Louise A. Mainvil, Rachael McLean, Rachel K Thomson, and Sherry X Ning
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, Trans fat, Food industry, Saturated fat, Population, Medicine (miscellaneous), Tick, 03 medical and health sciences, Agricultural science, Food Labeling, Front of pack, education, education.field_of_study, 030109 nutrition & dietetics, Nutrition and Dietetics, biology, business.industry, Food marketing, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, biology.organism_classification, Research Papers, Marketing strategy, Cross-Sectional Studies, Food, Business, Nutritive Value, New Zealand
Abstract: ObjectiveNutritional impact of the Tick front-of-pack labelling programme was evaluated by investigating nutrient changes to the purchased food supply and the nutritional quality of Tick v. non-Tick products. Factors influencing manufacturers’ decisions to develop and license Tick products were also explored.DesignObservational, cross-sectional and change over time data.SettingNew Zealand food supply, 2011–2013.SubjectsForty-five newly licensed Tick products from five food categories were analysed: Edible Oil Spreads, Yoghurt & Dairy Desserts, Frozen Desserts, Ready Meals and Processed Poultry. Four manufacturers of these products were interviewed.ResultsEligible products (31 % of all Tick products in these categories) removed 4·1 million megajoules of energy, 156·0 tonnes of saturated fat, 15·4 tonnes of trans-fat and 4·0 tonnes of sodium from food products sold in New Zealand over three years. In each food category, these Tick products were, on average, 14–76 % lower in energy, saturated fat, trans-fat and sodium than non-Tick products, indicating healthier options. Participating manufacturers reported that international market trends and consumer demand for tasty, healthy foods primarily influenced Tick product development and sales. Tick was used as part of their marketing strategy as it was perceived as a credible, well-recognised logo for New Zealand consumers. Tick was cited as the primary initiative encouraging saturated fat reduction.ConclusionsThe Tick Programme is continuing to encourage manufacturers to make meaningful improvements to the nutritional quality of the New Zealand food supply. Over time, these changes are likely to influence population nutrient intakes and reduce CVD risk factors.
Published: 2016
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21. The Science of Salt: A Regularly Updated Systematic Review of the Implementation of Salt Reduction Interventions (June-October 2015)

Author: Blake Angell, Joseph Alvin Santos, Alexander A. Leung, Michelle M.Y. Wong, Norm R.C. Campbell, Bruce Neal, Jacqui Webster, Thout Sudhir Raj, Kathy Trieu, Rachael McLean, JoAnne Arcand, and Claire Johnson
Subjects: chemistry.chemical_classification, business.industry, Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Salt reduction, Psychological intervention, Salt (chemistry), Sodium Chloride, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, Andrology, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, chemistry, Environmental health, Hypertension, Internal Medicine, Humans, Medicine, 030212 general & internal medicine, Sodium Chloride, Dietary, Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine, business, From the World Hypertension League
Published: 2016
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22. Mean population salt intake estimated from 24-h urine samples and spot urine samples: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Author: Jason H Y Wu, Jacqui Webster, Bruce Neal, Mark Woodward, Mary Anne Land, Federica Barzi, Rachael McLean, Liping Huang, Michelle Crino, and Batsaikhan Enkhtungalag
Subjects: Urine Specimen Collection, education.field_of_study, Epidemiology, business.industry, Population, General Medicine, Urine, Estimating equations, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, Recommended Dietary Allowances, World Health Organization, Urine collection device, Spot urine, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Animal science, Meta-analysis, Humans, Medicine, 030212 general & internal medicine, Sodium Chloride, Dietary, Salt intake, business, education
Abstract: Background Estimating equations based on spot urine samples have been identified as a possible alternative approach to 24-h urine collections for determining mean population salt intake. This review compares estimates of mean population salt intake based upon spot and 24-h urine samples. Methods We systematically searched for all studies that reported estimates of daily salt intake based upon both spot and 24-h urine samples for the same population. The associations between the two were quantified and compared overall and in subsets of studies. Results A total of 538 records were identified, 108 were assessed as full text and 29 were included. The included studies involved 10,414 participants from 34 countries and made 71 comparisons available for the primary analysis. Overall average population salt intake estimated from 24-h urine samples was 9.3 g/day compared with 9.0 g/day estimated from the spot urine samples. Estimates based upon spot urine samples had excellent sensitivity (97%) and specificity (100%) at classifying mean population salt intake as above or below the World Health Organization maximum target of 5 g/day. Compared with the 24-h samples, estimates based upon spot urine overestimated intake at lower levels of consumption and underestimated intake at higher levels of consumption. Conclusions Estimates of mean population salt intake based upon spot urine samples can provide countries with a good indication of mean population salt intake and whether action on salt consumption is required.
Published: 2016
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23. Periodontitis and multiple markers of cardiometabolic risk in the fourth decade: a cohort study

Author: Tien Yin Wong, Claire Cameron, W. Murray Thomson, Graham A Wilson, Richie Poulton, Michael J.A. Williams, Dara M. Shearer, Reremoana Theodore, Sandhya Ramrakha, and Rachael McLean
Subjects: Adult, Male, medicine.medical_specialty, Bleeding on probing, Dunedin Multidisciplinary Health and Development Study, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, Systemic inflammation, Article, Cohort Studies, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Risk Factors, Internal medicine, medicine, Humans, Periodontal Probing, Endothelial dysfunction, General Dentistry, Triglycerides, Periodontitis, Glycated Hemoglobin, Metabolic Syndrome, business.industry, Cholesterol, HDL, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Retinal Vessels, 030206 dentistry, medicine.disease, Cardiovascular Diseases, Chronic Periodontitis, Female, Endothelium, Vascular, medicine.symptom, Metabolic syndrome, Periodontal Index, business, Biomarkers, Cohort study, New Zealand
Abstract: Objectives To examine associations between periodontitis at ages 32 and 38 and a range of early cardiometabolic risk biomarkers at age 38. Methods Periodontal probing depth and bleeding on probing data collected during the age-32 and age-38 assessments in the Dunedin Multidisciplinary Health and Development Study were used to quantify periodontal inflammatory load. Retinal microvascular abnormalities, endothelial dysfunction, and metabolic syndrome data were collected during the age-38 assessment. Regression models were used to examine associations between these cardiometabolic risk markers and (1) the inflammatory load at age 38 and (2) the change in inflammatory load between ages 32 and 38. Results Periodontal inflammatory load was recorded for 890 Study members at age 32, 891 at age 38, and 856 at both ages. Retinal vessel data were available for 922, endothelial dysfunction data for 909 and metabolic syndrome data for 905 at age 38. Neither the inflammatory load of periodontitis at 38 nor the changes in inflammatory load 32-38 were found to be associated with any of the three cardiometabolic risk markers. Conclusions Periodontitis was not associated with markers of cardiometabolic risk at this relatively early stage in the life course. It is possible that any influence of periodontitis on cardiometabolic health develops later in life, or periodontitis is not involved in the putative causal chain comprising systemic inflammation, cardiometabolic risk markers, and subsequent cardiovascular risk.
Published: 2018

24. Percentage of ingested sodium excreted in 24-hour urine collections: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Author: Rachael McLean, Feng J. He, Mary E. Cogswell, Mary R. L’Abbé, Graham A. MacGregor, Mark Woodward, Bruce Neal, Doreen M. Rabi, Paul K. Whelton, Aaron M. Lucko, Norm R.C. Campbell, Cheryl A.M. Anderson, JoAnne Arcand, and Chelsea Doktorchik
Subjects: Male, Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Sodium, TRUE Consortium, MEDLINE, chemistry.chemical_element, Physiology, Review, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Internal Medicine, Medicine, Humans, 030212 general & internal medicine, Sodium Chloride, Dietary, Meals, 1102 Cardiorespiratory Medicine and Haematology, 24 h urine, Urine Specimen Collection, business.industry, 1103 Clinical Sciences, Diet, chemistry, 1101 Medical Biochemistry and Metabolomics, Cardiovascular System & Hematology, Meta-analysis, Female, Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine, business
Abstract: 24 hr. urine sodium excretion is generally regarded as the ‘gold’ standard for assessing dietary sodium in population and epidemiological studies. This review examines the percentage of dietary sodium that is excreted in a 24 hr. urine collection. We systematically searched for all studies where a known and constant amount of dietary sodium was ingested for a minimum of 3 days and where sodium excretion in 24 hr. urine collections was measured. Studies with ‘healthy’ adult participants, or participants with health risks such as hypertension, were considered. 5264 unique studies were identified in the search; 392 underwent a full-text review and 35 studies were included. The pooled estimate for the percentage dietary sodium excreted in urine was 92.8% (95% confidence interval 90.7, 95.0) with little to no differences in subgroup analyses. There was high heterogeneity between studies, indicating that caution is required in interpreting the average percentage excretion, however, lack of study methodological rigor is likely to have contributed to the high heterogeneity. Although the generally high variability in sodium intake indicates that results from a single 24 hr. urine collection should not be used to assess an individual’s usual long-term sodium intake, this meta-analysis suggests that it is an appropriate method for assessing average dietary sodium in a healthy population or people with chronic stable health risks.
Published: 2018

25. Dietary Sodium and Other Nutrient Intakes among Patients Undergoing Hemodialysis in New Zealand

Author: Rachael McLean, Mark R. Marshall, and Zhengxiu Xie
Subjects: Adult, Male, Calorie, medicine.medical_treatment, Sodium, 030232 urology & nephrology, Nutritional Status, chemistry.chemical_element, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, Dialysis patients, Article, Nutrition Policy, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Nutrient, Animal science, Dietary Sodium, Renal Dialysis, medicine, Humans, renal dialysis, sodium dietary, diet, energy intake, New Zealand, Excess sodium, Nutrition and Dietetics, business.industry, Sodium, Dietary, Middle Aged, Diet, chemistry, Kidney Failure, Chronic, Female, Hemodialysis, business, Food Science, Recommended Intake
Abstract: This study describes baseline intakes of sodium and other nutrients in a multi-ethnic sample of hemodialysis patients in New Zealand participating in the SoLID Trial between May/2013 to May/2016. Baseline 3-day weighed food record collections were analyzed using Foodworks 8 Professional food composition database, supplemented by other sources of nutrient information. Intakes of dietary sodium and other nutrients were compared with relevant guidelines and clinical recommendations. Eighty-five participants completed a 3-day weighed food record. The mean (SD) sodium intake was 2502 (957) mg/day at and more than half of the participants exceeded recommended intake levels. Sodium intake was positively associated with energy intake. Only 5% of participants met the recommended calorie density; nine percent of participants ate the recommended minimum of 1.2 g/kg of protein per day; 68% of participants were consuming inadequate fiber at baseline. A high proportion of dialysis patients in SoLID Trial did not meet current renal-specific dietary recommendations. The data show excess sodium intake. It is also evident that there was poor adherence to dietary guidelines for a range of other nutrients. A total diet approach is needed to lower sodium intake and improve total diet quality among hemodialysis patients in New Zealand.
Published: 2018
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26. The Science of Salt: A Regularly Updated Systematic Review of Salt and Health Outcomes (June and July 2015)

Author: Alexander A. Leung, Jacqui Webster, JoAnne Arcand, Bruce Neal, Thout Sudhir Raj, Rachael McLean, Norm R.C. Campbell, Kathy Trieu, Claire Johnson, and Michelle M.Y. Wong
Subjects: Adult, medicine.medical_specialty, Adolescent, Cross-sectional study, Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Alternative medicine, MEDLINE, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, Recommended Dietary Allowances, World Health Organization, Health outcomes, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Internal Medicine, Health Status Indicators, Humans, Medicine, 030212 general & internal medicine, Sodium Chloride, Dietary, Child, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Nutrition assessment, Traditional medicine, business.industry, Clinical Studies as Topic, Mental health, Cross-Sectional Studies, Mental Health, Nutrition Assessment, Cardiovascular Diseases, Family medicine, Heart Function Tests, Hypertension, Female, Kidney Diseases, Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine, business, From the World Hypertension League
Published: 2015
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27. Announcing 'Up to Date in the Science of Sodium'

Author: Claire Johnson, Bruce Neal, Kathy Trieu, Thout Sudhir Raj, Alexander A. Leung, Norm R.C. Campbell, Rachael McLean, JoAnne Arcand, Jacqui Webster, and Michelle M.Y. Wong
Subjects: Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice, Waste management, business.industry, Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Sodium, Clinical Studies as Topic, Nutritional Requirements, chemistry.chemical_element, Blood Pressure, Sodium, Dietary, Water-Electrolyte Balance, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, chemistry, Outcome Assessment, Health Care, Internal Medicine, Humans, Medicine, 030212 general & internal medicine, Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine, business, From the World Hypertension League
Published: 2015
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28. Sodium in commonly consumed fast foods in New Zealand: a public health opportunity

Author: Claire Smith, Celia A Prentice, and Rachael McLean
Subjects: Adult, Male, 0301 basic medicine, medicine.medical_specialty, Restaurants, Adolescent, Sodium, Food standards, Population, Adult population, Medicine (miscellaneous), chemistry.chemical_element, Young Adult, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, medicine, Humans, Nutrition survey, Nutrition information, 030212 general & internal medicine, Food science, education, Aged, education.field_of_study, 030109 nutrition & dietetics, Nutrition and Dietetics, business.industry, Public health, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Sodium, Dietary, Middle Aged, Nutrition Surveys, Research Papers, Cross-Sectional Studies, chemistry, Linear Models, Fast Foods, Female, Public Health, business, New Zealand, Fast foods
Abstract: Objective(i) To determine the Na content of commonly consumed fast foods in New Zealand and (ii) to estimate Na intake from savoury fast foods for the New Zealand adult population.DesignCommonly consumed fast foods were identified from the 2008/09 New Zealand Adult Nutrition Survey. Na values from all savoury fast foods from chain restaurants (n 471) were obtained from nutrition information on company websites, while the twelve most popular fast-food types from independent outlets (n 52) were determined using laboratory analysis. Results were compared with the UK Food Standards Agency 2012 sodium targets. Nutrient analysis was completed to estimate Na intake from savoury fast foods for the New Zealand population using the 2008/09 New Zealand Adult Nutrition Survey.SettingNew Zealand.SubjectsAdults aged 15 years and above.ResultsFrom chain restaurants, sauces/salad dressings and fried chicken had the highest Na content (per 100 g) and from independent outlets, sausage rolls, battered hotdogs and mince and cheese pies were highest in Na (per 100 g). The majority of fast foods exceeded the UK Food Standards Agency 2012 sodium targets. The mean daily Na intake from savoury fast foods was 283 mg/d for the total adult population and 1229 mg/d for fast-food consumers.ConclusionsTaking into account the Na content and frequency of consumption, potato dishes, filled rolls, hamburgers and battered fish contributed substantially to Na intake for fast-food consumers in New Zealand. These foods should be targeted for Na reduction reformulation.
Published: 2015
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29. Urinary iodine concentration of New Zealand adults improves with mandatory fortification of bread with iodised salt but not to predicted levels

Author: Julia Edmonds, Sheila Skeaff, Rachael McLean, and Sheila M. Williams
Subjects: Adult, Male, 0301 basic medicine, Adolescent, Fortification, Population, Nutritional Status, Medicine (miscellaneous), chemistry.chemical_element, 030209 endocrinology & metabolism, Iodine, Body Mass Index, Urine collection device, Excretion, Young Adult, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Animal science, Surveys and Questionnaires, medicine, Cluster Analysis, Humans, Food science, Sodium Chloride, Dietary, education, education.field_of_study, 030109 nutrition & dietetics, Nutrition and Dietetics, business.industry, Body Weight, Bread, Middle Aged, medicine.disease, Iodine deficiency, Iodised salt, Cross-Sectional Studies, Socioeconomic Factors, chemistry, Food, Fortified, Linear Models, Female, Urinary iodine, business, New Zealand
Abstract: To measure the iodine status and iodine intake of New Zealand adults 18–64 years of age following mandatory fortification of bread with iodine. A cross-sectional survey of NZ adults living in Dunedin and Wellington during February–November 2012. Three hundred and one men and women aged 18–64 years randomly selected from the New Zealand Electoral Roll completed a 24-h urine collection, a demographic and iodine-specific food frequency questionnaire (FFQ), and had height and weight measured. Urine collections were analysed for iodine and reported as median urinary iodine concentration (UIC) µg/L and median urinary iodine excretion (UIE) µg/day. The FFQ was used to estimate iodine intake with and without discretionary iodised salt use. The median UIC for all adults was 73 µg/L, indicative of mild iodine deficiency. The mean urinary volume was 2.0 L. As an estimate of iodine intake, the median UIE was 127 µg/day. Estimated iodine intake, using the FFQ which included discretionary iodised salt use, was 132 µg/day. Iodine intakes were associated with UIC (P = 0.040) and UIE (P = 0.003), but not with bread iodine intake and iodised salt use. Using the WHO/UNICEF/ICCIDD target for iodine sufficiency (a UIC of >100 µg/L) based on school-aged children with a mean urinary volume of 1.0 L, the iodine status of NZ adults does not reach adequate levels (73 µg/L). A more realistic parameter in a population with a higher urinary volume excretion (2.0 L) is the UIE. A median UIE of 127 µg/day suggests that the iodine status of NZ adults is now likely to be adequate.
Published: 2015
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30. Dietary guidelines on trial: the charges are not evidence based

Author: Robert Beaglehole, Lisa Te Morenga, Cliona Ni Mhurchu, Jonathan Kennedy, Jim Mann, Rod Jackson, Rachael McLean, and Boyd Swinburn
Subjects: 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, Diet, Mediterranean, Nutrition Policy, Diet, Carbohydrate-Restricted, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Japan, Dietary Carbohydrates, Humans, Medicine, Obesity, 030212 general & internal medicine, Diet, Fat-Restricted, Ldl cholesterol, Clinical Trials as Topic, Evidence-Based Medicine, business.industry, Incidence, Cholesterol, HDL, Cholesterol hdl, Cholesterol, LDL, General Medicine, Dietary Fats, Chronic disease, Cardiovascular Diseases, Food, Chronic Disease, business, All cause mortality
Published: 2016
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31. Estimating Free and Added Sugar Intakes in New Zealand

Author: Jillian J. Haszard, Alice Nettleton, Devonia Kruimer, Elizabeth A. Fleming, Lisa Te Morenga, Rachael McLean, and Rachael Kibblewhite
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, Sucrose, Population level, Free sugar, lcsh:TX341-641, Added sugar, World health, free sugars, 03 medical and health sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, medicine, Nutrition survey, Food science, dietary guidelines, 030109 nutrition & dietetics, Nutrition and Dietetics, business.industry, added sugars, dietary sugars, sucrose, carbohydrate, dietary intake, nutrition recommendations, population survey, New Zealand, medicine.disease, Obesity, chemistry, business, lcsh:Nutrition. Foods and food supply, 24 h recall, Food Science
Abstract: © 2017 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. The reduction of free or added sugar intake (sugars added to food and drinks as a sweetener) is almost universally recommended to reduce the risk of obesity-related diseases and dental caries. The World Health Organisation recommends intakes of free sugars of less than 10% of energy intake. However, estimating and monitoring intakes at the population level is challenging because free sugars cannot be analytically distinguished from naturally occurring sugars and most national food composition databases do not include data on free or added sugars. We developed free and added sugar estimates for the New Zealand (NZ) food composition database (FOODfiles 2010) by adapting a method developed for Australia. We reanalyzed the 24 h recall dietary data collected for 4721 adults aged 15 years and over participating in the nationally representative 2008/09 New Zealand Adult Nutrition Survey to estimate free and added sugar intakes. The median estimated intake of free and added sugars was 57 and 49 g/day respectively and 42% of adults consumed less than 10% of their energy intake from free sugars. This approach provides more direct estimates of the free and added sugar contents of New Zealand foods than previously available and will enable monitoring of adherence to free sugar intake guidelines in future.
Published: 2017
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32. Spot urine and 24-h diet recall estimates of dietary sodium intake from the 2008/09 New Zealand Adult Nutrition Survey: a comparison

Author: Rachael McLean, Lisa Te Morenga, Sheila M. Williams, and Jim Mann
Subjects: Adult, Male, Adolescent, Cross-sectional study, Sodium, Population, Medicine (miscellaneous), chemistry.chemical_element, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, World Health Organization, Diet Records, Body Mass Index, Excretion, 03 medical and health sciences, Young Adult, 0302 clinical medicine, Animal science, Surveys and Questionnaires, Medicine, Humans, 030212 general & internal medicine, Young adult, education, Aged, education.field_of_study, Nutrition and Dietetics, business.industry, Sodium, Dietary, Feeding Behavior, Anthropometry, Middle Aged, Nutrition Surveys, Cross-Sectional Studies, chemistry, Mental Recall, Female, business, Body mass index, New Zealand
Abstract: We aimed to test the difference between estimates of dietary sodium intake using 24-h diet recall and spot urine collection in a large sample of New Zealand adults. We analysed spot urine results, 24-h diet recall, dietary habits questionnaire and anthropometry from a representative sample of 3312 adults aged 15 years and older who participated in the 2008/09 New Zealand Adult Nutrition Survey. Estimates of adult population sodium intake were derived from 24-h diet recall and spot urine sodium using a formula derived from analysis of INTERSALT data. Correlations, limits of agreement and mean difference were calculated for the total sample, and for population subgroups. Estimated total population 24-h urinary sodium excretion (mean (95% CI)) from spot urine samples was 3035 mg (2990, 3079); 3612 mg (3549, 3674) for men and 2507 mg (2466, 2548) for women. Estimated mean usual daily sodium intake from 24-h diet recall data (excluding salt added at the table) was 2564 mg (2519, 2608); 2849 mg (2779, 2920) for men and 2304 mg (2258, 2350) for women. Correlations between estimates were poor, especially for men, and limits of agreement using Bland–Altman mean difference analysis were wide. There is a poor agreement between estimates of individual sodium intake from spot urine collection and those from 24-hour diet recall. Although, both 24-hour dietary recall and estimated urinary excretion based on spot urine indicate mean population sodium intake is greater than 2 g, significant differences in mean intake by method deserve further investigation in relation to the gold standard, 24-hour urinary sodium excretion.
Published: 2017

33. Recommended standards for assessing blood pressure in human research where blood pressure or hypertension is a major focus

Author: Eoin O'Brien, Liu Lisheng, Francesco P. Cappuccio, Martin G. Myers, Claire Johnson, Bruce S. Alpert, Mary R. L’Abbé, Don MacKay, Lyne Cloutier, Pedro Ordunez, Mark L. Niebylski, Jacqui Webster, Janusz Feber, Mary E. Cogswell, Joseph T. Flynn, Alison Atrey, JoAnne Arcand, Tej K. Khalsa, Stephen R. Daniels, Alex Leung, Fleetwood Loustalot, Rhian M. Touyz, George S. Stergiou, Norm R.C. Campbell, Nancy R. Cook, Graham A. MacGregor, Ricardo Correa-Rotter, Graeme J. Hankey, Mark Gelfer, Branka Legetic, Antti Jula, Birinder K. Mangat, Doreen M. Rabi, Michael Rakotz, Lawrence J. Appel, Janusz Kaczorowski, Mark Woodward, Temo Waqanivalu, Janis M. Dionne, Marc Weber, Rachael McLean, Raj Padwal, and Cheryl A.M. Anderson
Subjects: Focus (computing), medicine.medical_specialty, business.industry, Blood Pressure Determination, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, 3. Good health, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Blood pressure, Hypertension, Internal Medicine, medicine, Humans, 030212 general & internal medicine, Human research, Intensive care medicine, business
Abstract: Recommended standards for assessing blood pressure in human research where blood pressure or hypertension is a major focus
Published: 2017

34. The Science of Salt: A regularly updated systematic review of the implementation of salt reduction interventions (March-August 2016)

Author: JoAnne Arcand, Jacqui Webster, Kathy Trieu, Claire Johnson, Thout Sudhir Raj, Rachael McLean, and Joseph Alvin Santos
Subjects: business.industry, Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Salt reduction, Psychological intervention, Health Plan Implementation, Sodium, Dietary, Bread, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, Diet, Sodium-Restricted, Health outcomes, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Environmental health, Hypertension, Internal Medicine, Medicine, Humans, 030212 general & internal medicine, Hypertension and Salt, Sodium Chloride, Dietary, Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine, Sodium reduction, business, Developing Countries, Dietary salt
Abstract: This review aims to identify, summarize, and appraise studies reporting on the implementation of salt reduction interventions that were published between March and August 2016. Overall, 40 studies were included: four studies evaluated the impact of salt reduction interventions, while 36 studies were identified as relevant to the design, assessment, and implementation of salt reduction strategies. Detailed appraisal and commentary were undertaken on the four studies that measured the impact of the interventions. Among them, different evaluation approaches were adopted; however, all demonstrated positive health outcomes relating to dietary salt reduction. Three of the four studies measured sodium in breads and provided consistent evidence that sodium reduction in breads is feasible and different intervention options are available. None of the studies were conducted in low- or lower middle-income countries, which stresses the need for more resources and research support for the implementation of salt reduction interventions in these countries.
Published: 2016

35. Reliable Quantification of the Potential for Equations Based on Spot Urine Samples to Estimate Population Salt Intake: Protocol for a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Author: Jason H Y Wu, Batsaikhan Enkhtungalag, Oscar Noboa, Ellen Holm, Sohel Reza Choudhury, Alexander L Gerbes, Jacqui Webster, Paul Elliott, Mary E. Cogswell, Kristina S. Petersen, Bruce Neal, Norrina B. Allen, Michelle Crino, Hirotsugu Ueshima, Jose G Mill, Rachael McLean, Norm R.C. Campbell, Jorge Polónia, Caryl A. Nowson, Ulla Toft, Bahaa Senousy, Mark Woodward, Leonella Luzardo, Yoshinari Yasuda, Tania W Furlanetto, Lizzy M. Brewster, Sonat Pinar Kara, Jasminka Z Ilich, Srinivas Subramanian, Yet Hoi Hong, Damian Cohall, Mary-Anne Land, Liping Huang, and Boon Wee Teo
Subjects: dietary salt, Dietary Salt, Population, Urine, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, Cochrane Library, computer.software_genre, Spot Urine Collection, 24-Hour Urine Collection, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, systematic review, Statistics, Protocol, spot urine collection, Medicine, 030212 general & internal medicine, Salt intake, education, sodium, Protocol (science), education.field_of_study, business.industry, Sodium, General Medicine, meta-analysis, Sample size determination, Meta-analysis, Population study, Data mining, 24-hour urine collection, business, computer
Abstract: Background: Methods based on spot urine samples (a single sample at one time-point) have been identified as a possible alternative approach to 24-hour urine samples for determining mean population salt intake. Objective: The aim of this study is to identify a reliable method for estimating mean population salt intake from spot urine samples. This will be done by comparing the performance of existing equations against one other and against estimates derived from 24-hour urine samples. The effects of factors such as ethnicity, sex, age, body mass index, antihypertensive drug use, health status, and timing of spot urine collection will be explored. The capacity of spot urine samples to measure change in salt intake over time will also be determined. Finally, we aim to develop a novel equation (or equations) that performs better than existing equations to estimate mean population salt intake. Methods: A systematic review and meta-analysis of individual participant data will be conducted. A search has been conducted to identify human studies that report salt (or sodium) excretion based upon 24-hour urine samples and spot urine samples. There were no restrictions on language, study sample size, or characteristics of the study population. MEDLINE via OvidSP (1946-present), Premedline via OvidSP, EMBASE, Global Health via OvidSP (1910-present), and the Cochrane Library were searched, and two reviewers identified eligible studies. The authors of these studies will be invited to contribute data according to a standard format. Individual participant records will be compiled and a series of analyses will be completed to: (1) compare existing equations for estimating 24-hour salt intake from spot urine samples with 24-hour urine samples, and assess the degree of bias according to key demographic and clinical characteristics; (2) assess the reliability of using spot urine samples to measure population changes in salt intake overtime; and (3) develop a novel equation that performs better than existing equations to estimate mean population salt intake. Results: The search strategy identified 538 records; 100 records were obtained for review in full text and 73 have been confirmed as eligible. In addition, 68 abstracts were identified, some of which may contain data eligible for inclusion. Individual participant data will be requested from the authors of eligible studies. Conclusions: Many equations for estimating salt intake from spot urine samples have been developed and validated, although most have been studied in very specific settings. This meta-analysis of individual participant data will enable a much broader understanding of the capacity for spot urine samples to estimate population salt intake. [JMIR Res Protoc 2016;5(3):e190]
Published: 2016

36. High-risk glycated hemoglobin trajectories established by mid-20s: findings from a birth cohort study

Author: W. Murray Thomson, Rachael McLean, Dara M. Shearer, Jonathan M. Broadbent, Richie Poulton, and Jim Mann
Subjects: Research design, Gerontology, Waist, HbA1c, endocrine system diseases, Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Dunedin Multidisciplinary Health and Development Study, 030209 endocrinology & metabolism, 03 medical and health sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, BMI, 0302 clinical medicine, Diabetes mellitus, Medicine, 030212 general & internal medicine, Prediabetes, Epidemiology/Health Services Research, Glycemic, 2. Zero hunger, business.industry, Smoking, nutritional and metabolic diseases, Anthropometry, medicine.disease, 3. Good health, chemistry, Glycated hemoglobin, Waist Circumference, business, Demography
Abstract: Objective To describe the natural history of glycemia (as measured by glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c)) over 12 years using group-based trajectory modeling (GBTM), and to examine baseline predictors of trajectory. Research design and methods HbA1c data collected at ages 26, 32 and 38 in the long-running, prospective Dunedin Multidisciplinary Health and Development Study were used to assign study members (n=893) to trajectories applying GBTM. A generalization of the model allowed the statistical linking of baseline demographic, smoking and anthropometric characteristics to group membership probability. Results Mean HbA1c increased with age, as did prevalence of prediabetes, diabetes and dysglycemia. The greatest increase occurred between ages 26 and 32. Glycemic health status at age 26 predicted glycemic health status at age 38. 3 HbA1c trajectory groups were identified: ‘low’ (n=98, 11.0%); ‘medium’ (n=482, 54.0%); and ‘high’ (n=313, 35.0%) with mean HbA1c of 29.6, 34.1, and 38.7 mmol/mol, respectively, at age 38. High waist circumference (≥880 mm for women and ≥1020 mm for men), high waist-height ratio (≥0.50), and being a smoker at age 26 predicted membership of the least favorable trajectory over the next 12 years. High body mass index (≥30) at age 26 did not predict of trajectory. Conclusions Trajectories of HbA1c are established relatively early in adulthood. HbA1c levels, waist circumference, waist-height ratio, and smoking status at age 26 are valid clinical predictors for future dysglycemic risk. The identification of HbA1c trajectories and their predictors introduces the possibility of an individualized approach to prevention at an earlier stage than is currently done.
Published: 2016

37. Adequate Iodine Status in New Zealand School Children Post-Fortification of Bread with Iodised Salt

Author: Emma Jones, Briar Davies, Sheila Skeaff, Rochelle Hawkins, Zheng Feei Ma, Eva Meiklejohn, and Rachael McLean
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, Male, Pediatrics, medicine.medical_specialty, Cross-sectional study, Fortification, fortification, chemistry.chemical_element, 030209 endocrinology & metabolism, lcsh:TX341-641, Iodine, Thyroglobulin, World health, Article, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Animal science, children, Surveys and Questionnaires, Medicine, Humans, Sodium Chloride, Dietary, Child, Iodine intake, iodine, iodised salt, deficiency, New Zealand, 030109 nutrition & dietetics, Nutrition and Dietetics, business.industry, Significant difference, Bread, medicine.disease, Nutrition Surveys, Iodine deficiency, Iodised salt, Cross-Sectional Studies, chemistry, Socioeconomic Factors, Food, Fortified, Female, business, Child Nutritional Physiological Phenomena, lcsh:Nutrition. Foods and food supply, Food Science
Abstract: Iodine deficiency re-emerged in New Zealand in the 1990s, prompting the mandatory fortification of bread with iodised salt from 2009. This study aimed to determine the iodine status of New Zealand children when the fortification of bread was well established. A cross-sectional survey of children aged 8–10 years was conducted in the cities of Auckland and Christchurch, New Zealand, from March to May 2015. Children provided a spot urine sample for the determination of urinary iodine concentration (UIC), a fingerpick blood sample for Thyroglobulin (Tg) concentration, and completed a questionnaire ascertaining socio-demographic information that also included an iodine-specific food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). The FFQ was used to estimate iodine intake from all main food sources including bread and iodised salt. The median UIC for all children (n = 415) was 116 μg/L (females 106 μg/L, males 131 μg/L) indicative of adequate iodine status according to the World Health Organisation (WHO, i.e., median UIC of 100–199 μg/L). The median Tg concentration was 8.7 μg/L, which was
Published: 2016

38. Correction: McLean, R., Edmonds, J., Williams, S., Mann, J., Skeaff, S. Balancing Sodium and Potassium: Estimates of Intake in a New Zealand Adult Population Sample. Nutrients 2015, 7(11), 8930–8938

Author: Jim Mann, Sheila M. Williams, Rachael McLean, Julia Edmonds, and Sheila Skeaff
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, Adult, Male, Adolescent, Sodium, Potassium, Adult population, Mineralogy, chemistry.chemical_element, lcsh:TX341-641, Sample (statistics), Blood Pressure, 03 medical and health sciences, Young Adult, Nutrient, Animal science, Humans, Sodium Chloride, Dietary, Mathematics, 030109 nutrition & dietetics, Nutrition and Dietetics, Correction, Middle Aged, Diet, n/a, Nutrition Assessment, chemistry, Cardiovascular Diseases, Female, lcsh:Nutrition. Foods and food supply, Food Science, New Zealand
Abstract: Dietary intakes of sodium and potassium are important determinants of blood pressure. We assessed sodium and potassium intake in a cross-sectional survey which included a random sample of New Zealand Adults aged 18 to 64 years from two New Zealand cities: Dunedin and Wellington. Participants completed a short questionnaire, had height, weight and blood pressure measured, and collected a 24 h urine sample. Mean 24 h sodium excretion was 3386 mg/day (95% CI 3221, 3551): 3865 mg/day for men and for 2934 mg/day women. Mean 24 h potassium excretion was 2738 mg/day (95% CI 2623, 2855): 3031 mg/day for men and 2436 mg/day for women. Mean sodium:potassium ratio was 1.32 (95% CI 1.26, 1.39); 1.39 for men and 1.26 for women. Sodium intake was higher among younger people, men, those with a higher BMI and higher potassium excretion. Potassium excretion was higher among older people, men and those with a higher sodium excretion. New Zealand adults have high sodium intakes and low potassium intakes compared to recommended levels. This is likely to adversely affect population blood pressure levels as well as incidence of cardiovascular disease. A comprehensive public health programme to reduce dietary sodium intake and increase intake of fruit and vegetables is warranted.
Published: 2016

39. Impact of a Modified Version of Baby-Led Weaning on Infant Food and Nutrient Intakes: The BLISS Randomized Controlled Trial

Author: Brittany J. Morison, Liz Williams Erickson, Benjamin J Wheeler, Barry J Taylor, Anne-Louise M Heath, Rachael McLean, Lisa Te Morenga, Elizabeth A. Fleming, Rachael W. Taylor, Louise J. Fangupo, Claudia Leong, Lisa Daniels, and Jillian J. Haszard
Subjects: Male, 0301 basic medicine, Pediatrics, food intake, Saturated fat, law.invention, BLISS, Child Development, 0302 clinical medicine, Nutrient, Randomized controlled trial, law, Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena, computer.programming_language, Baby-Led Weaning, Nutrition and Dietetics, nutrient intake, infants, Age Factors, Child, Preschool, Female, Infant Food, lcsh:Nutrition. Foods and food supply, Nutritive Value, Baby-led weaning, Baby-Led Introduction to SolidS, medicine.medical_specialty, Lactation consultant, Nutritional Status, lcsh:TX341-641, Weaning, Diet Records, Article, complementary feeding, Feeding Methods, 03 medical and health sciences, 030225 pediatrics, medicine, Humans, 030109 nutrition & dietetics, traditional spoon-feeding, business.industry, Infant, Feeding Behavior, Nutrition Assessment, Infant Behavior, business, computer, New Zealand, Food Science
Abstract: Despite growing international interest in Baby-Led Weaning (BLW), we know almost nothing about food and nutrient intake in infants following baby-led approaches to infant feeding. The aim of this paper was to determine the impact of modified BLW (i.e., Baby-Led Introduction to SolidS, BLISS) on food and nutrient intake at 7&ndash, 24 months of age. Two hundred and six women recruited in late pregnancy were randomized to Control (n = 101) or BLISS (n = 105) groups. All participants received standard well-child care. BLISS participants also received lactation consultant support to six months, and educational sessions about BLISS (5.5, 7, and 9 months). Three-day weighed diet records were collected for the infants (7, 12, and 24 months). Compared to the Control group, BLISS infants consumed more sodium (percent difference, 95% CI: 35%, 19% to 54%) and fat (6%, 1% to 11%) at 7 months, and less saturated fat (&minus, 7%, &minus, 14% to &minus, 0.4%) at 12 months. No differences were apparent at 24 months of age but the majority of infants from both groups had excessive intakes of sodium (68% of children) and added sugars (75% of children). Overall, BLISS appears to result in a diet that is as nutritionally adequate as traditional spoon-feeding, and may address some concerns about the nutritional adequacy of unmodified BLW. However, BLISS and Control infants both had high intakes of sodium and added sugars by 24 months that are concerning.
Published: 2018
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40. Erratum: Estimating Free and Added Sugar Intakes in New Zealand; Nutrients 2017, 9, 1292

Author: Lisa Te Morenga, Rachael McLean, Rachael Kibblewhite, Jillian J. Haszard, Alice Nettleton, Elizabeth A. Fleming, and Devonia Kruimer
Subjects: Adult, Male, 0301 basic medicine, Adolescent, Dietary Sugars, Biology, Added sugar, Recommended Dietary Allowances, World Health Organization, Article, free sugars, Young Adult, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Nutrient, Humans, Obesity, 030212 general & internal medicine, Food science, dietary guidelines, Aged, 030109 nutrition & dietetics, Nutrition and Dietetics, added sugars, sucrose, Middle Aged, nutrition recommendations, Nutrition Surveys, population survey, Diet, carbohydrate, Female, Erratum, dietary intake, New Zealand, Food Science
Abstract: The reduction of free or added sugar intake (sugars added to food and drinks as a sweetener) is almost universally recommended to reduce the risk of obesity-related diseases and dental caries. The World Health Organisation recommends intakes of free sugars of less than 10% of energy intake. However, estimating and monitoring intakes at the population level is challenging because free sugars cannot be analytically distinguished from naturally occurring sugars and most national food composition databases do not include data on free or added sugars. We developed free and added sugar estimates for the New Zealand (NZ) food composition database (FOODfiles 2010) by adapting a method developed for Australia. We reanalyzed the 24 h recall dietary data collected for 4721 adults aged 15 years and over participating in the nationally representative 2008/09 New Zealand Adult Nutrition Survey to estimate free and added sugar intakes. The median estimated intake of free and added sugars was 57 and 49 g/day respectively and 42% of adults consumed less than 10% of their energy intake from free sugars. This approach provides more direct estimates of the free and added sugar contents of New Zealand foods than previously available and will enable monitoring of adherence to free sugar intake guidelines in future.
Published: 2018
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41. Associations of fats and carbohydrates with cardiovascular disease and mortality—PURE and simple?

Author: Joerg J Meerpohl, Rachael McLean, Chizuru Nishida, Jim Mann, and Lisa Te Morenga
Subjects: 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, business.industry, Medicine, 030212 general & internal medicine, General Medicine, Disease, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, business, Bioinformatics, Simple (philosophy)
Published: 2018
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