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The human oral mucosa hosts a diverse microbiome and is exposed to potentially toxic biomaterials from dental restoratives. Mucosal health is partly determined by cell and tissue responses to challenges such as dental materials and pathogenic bacteria. An in vitro model to rapidly determine potential layer-specific responses would lead to a better understanding of mucosal homeostasis and pathology. Therefore, this study aimed to develop a co-cultured microfluidic mucosal model on-a-chip to rapidly assess mucosal remodeling and the responses of epithelial and subepithelial layers to challenges typically found in the oral environment. A gingival fibroblast-laden collagen hydrogel was assembled in the central channel of a three-channel microfluidic chamber with interconnecting pores, followed by a keratinocyte layer attached to the collagen exposed in the pores. This configuration produced apical and subepithelial side channels capable of sustaining flow. Keratinocyte, fibroblast, and collagen densities were optimized to create a co-culture tissue-like construct stable over one week. Cells were stained and imaged with epifluorescence microscopy to confirm layer characteristics. As proof-of-concept, the mucosal construct was exposed separately to a dental monomer, 2-hydroxylethyl methacrylate (HEMA), and the oral bacteria Streptococcus mutans. Exposure to HEMA lowered mucosal cell viability, while exposure to the bacteria lowered trans-epithelial electrical resistance. These findings suggest that the oral mucosa-on-a-chip is useful for studying oral mucosal interactions with bacteria and biomaterials with a histology-like view of the tissue layers.