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Aeromonas salmonicida is a ubiquitous fish pathogen known to cause furunculosis. With the emergence of new subtypes and the expansion of the host range, it has threatened the health of a variety of marine and freshwater fish, particularly the non-salmonids, manifesting differently from the classical furunculosis. Although there have been reports of infection by atypical strains on the crucian carp, the pathogenesis and tissue pathology remain unclear. In this study, transcriptomics and histopathology were used to analyze the immune response and lesions of crucian carp infected with A. salmonicida. Comparative analysis showed 6579 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) (3428 down-regulated and 3151 up-regulated) were identified on day 5 post-infection (5 dpi). Further annotation and analysis revealed that the DEGs were enriched in enzyme regulator activity, response to oxidative stress, iron ion homeostasis and other functions, and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), toll-like receptor (TLR), and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptor (NLR) etc., and immune-related signaling pathways. Meanwhile, the four C-type lysozyme genes found in all DEGs were significantly up-regulated after infection. In addition, there was severe bleeding on the body of the infected fish. Also, the intestine, liver, spleen, and kidney showed varying degrees of inflammatory damage, especially the goblet cell hyperplasia of intestinal mucosa epithelium and degeneration and necrosis of renal tubular epithelium cells. Additionally, with the increase in pathogen concentration, the cumulative mortality increased, the severity of lesions in the hindgut and head-kidney tissues increased. The relative expression levels of four immune-related genes (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-11, C-lysozyme) were also significantly upregulated, compared with the control (P

The aggregated lymphoid nodules area (ALNA) in the abomasum is a special organized lymphoid tissue discovered only in Bactrian camels at present. This study aimed to explore the impact of aging on distribution of IgA+ and IgG+ cells in ALNA in abomasum of Bactrian camels. Twenty-four Alashan Bactrian camels were divided into the following four age groups: young (1-2years), pubertal (3-5years), middle-aged (6-16years) and old (17-20years). IgA+ and IgG+ cells in the lamina propria of ALNA were observed and analyzed using immunohistochemical and statistical techniques. The results showed that, in ALNA, the distribution of IgA+ and IgG+ cells were diffuse, and only a few were in subepithelium dome (SED) and most of them in non-SED. Meanwhile, there were significantly more IgA+ cells than IgG+ cells in SED from the young to the middle aged group, but which reversed in old group (P

Silkworm (Bombyx mori) larvae are widely used to express exogenous proteins. Moreover, some silkworm pupal proteins can be used as drug-loading materials for selfexpressed oral tolerance drugs. However, several proteins expressed in silkworm pupae cause severe allergic reactions in humans and animals. Interestingly, some baculovirus vectors have been shown to alter the host gene and its expression in insect cells, but this has not been confirmed in silkworm. Here, we analyzed the effects of infection with an empty B. mori baculovirus (BmNPV) vector on silkworm pupal protein expression. Using a proteomics approach, the allergens thiol peroxiredoxin (Jafrac1), 27-kDa glycoprotein (p27k), arginine kinase, and paramyosin as well as 32 additional differentially expressed proteins were identified. Downregulation of the messenger RNA expression of the four known allergens was observed after BmNPV infection; subsequent changes in protein expression were confirmed by the western blot analysis using polyclonal antibodies prepared with recombinant proteins of the four allergens. Collectively, these data indicate that the four known allergens of silkworm pupae can be reduced by infection ith an empty BmNPV vector to increase the safety of silkworm pupa-based exogenous protein expression and drug delivery of oral pharmaceuticals. In addition, the four recombinant allergen proteins may contribute to the diagnosis of allergic diseases of silkworm pupa.

Background The neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) plays a crucial role in transporting IgG and associated antigens across polarized epithelial barriers in mucosal immunity. However, it was not clear that FcRn expression in aggregated lymphoid nodules area (ALNA) in abomasum, a unique and important mucosal immune structure discovered only in Bactrian camels. In the present study, 27 Alashan Bactrian camels were divided into the following five age groups: fetus (10–13 months of gestation), young (1–2 years), pubertal (3–5 years), middle-aged (6–16 years) and old (17–20 years). The FcRn expressions were observed and analyzed in detail with histology, immunohistochemistry, micro-image analysis and statistical methods. Results The results showed that the FcRn was expressed in mucosal epithelial cells of ALNA from the fetus to the old group, although the expression level rapidly declined in old group; moreover, after the ALNA maturated, the FcRn expression level in the non-follicle-associated epithelium (non-FAE) was significantly higher than that in FAE (P