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Aims We compared the protective effects of sodium glucose co-transporter (SGLT) 2 inhibitor luseogliflozin on pancreatic β-cells between early and advanced stages of diabetes and between short- and long-term use. Materials and methods Diabetic db/db mice were treated with luseogliflozin for 2 weeks in an early stage of diabetes (7-9 weeks of age) and an advanced stage of diabetes (16-18 weeks) for a longer period of time (7-18 weeks). We performed various morphological analyses of pancreatic islets and examined gene expression profiles in islets after such treatment. Results In diabetic db/db mice, insulin biosynthesis and secretion were markedly increased by luseogliflozin in an early stage of diabetes but not in an advanced stage. In addition, β-cell mass was preserved by luseogliflozin only in an early stage. Furthermore, when db/db mice were treated with luseogliflozin for a longer period of time, starting from an early stage, β-cell function and mass were markedly preserved even after a longer period of time compared to untreated db/db mice. Conclusion Luseogliflozin exerts more protective effects in an early stage of diabetes compared to an advanced stage, and longer-term use of luseogliflozin exerts more beneficial effects on pancreatic β-cells compared to short-term use.

It has been thought that incretin signaling prevents arteriosclerosis, and very recently anti-arteriosclerotic effects through GLP-1 receptor were finally demonstrated in clinical human study. The purpose of this study was to investigate how vascular GLP-1 receptor expression is influenced in human subjects. First, we evaluated GLP-1 receptor expression in human arteries in immunostaining. Next, we separated the artery into the intima and media, and evaluated gene expression levels of various factors. We divided the subjects into obesity and non-obesity group and compared their expression levels between them. Finally, we evaluated which factors determine vascular GLP-1 receptor expression. GLP-1 receptor expression in intima and media was lower in obesity group compared to non-obesity group which was correlated with the alteration of TCF7L2 expression. Multiple regression analyses showed that BMI was an independent determining factor for GLP-1 receptor expression in the intima and media. Furthermore, using small interfering RNA method and TCF7L2-EGFP adenovirus, we showed that TCF7L2 was involved in GLP-1 receptor expression in human vascular cells. Taken together, vascular GLP-1 receptor and TCF7L2 expression was significantly down-regulated in human subjects with obesity. In addition, it is likely that TCF7L2 functions as a modulator of vascular GLP-1 receptor expression.