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Background Despite the notable advances in modern surgery and radiotherapy,no significant increase in the five year survival rate of oral squamous cell carcinoma has been reported. Collecting evidence demonstrates that miR 153 and miR 455-5p play a key role in growth and progression of oral cancer. Early detection of OSCC is important for enhancing patient quality of life and clinical treatment.For this reason, biomarkers or tumour markers offer an opportunity to intervene and avoid development of oral cancer. Methods A total of 50 blood samples from patients from both genders (25 OSCC and 25 healthy people/control groups) were obtained to determine the expression of miR153 and miR455-5p using Real time Polymerase chain reaction and t test. Results In general by using the formula Δ ct, it is evident that the miR 153 expression in peripheral blood is lower in patients than in healthy individuals (1.97) while the miR 455-5p expression in peripheral blood is higher in patients than in healthy individuals (2.56). Conclusion We conclude that miR153 and miR 455-5p expression in serum can function as a diagnostic screening test for the early detection of oral squamous cell carcinoma. .

Objectives : Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is one of the most common types of head and neck cancer. MicroRNAs, as new biomarkers, are recommended for diagnosis and treatment of different types of cancers. Bevacizumab, sold under the trade name Avastin, is a humanized whole monoclonal antibody that targets and blocks VEGF-A (vascular endothelial growth factor A; angiogenesis) and oncogenic signaling pathways. Materials and methods This study comprised 50 cases suffering from OSCC and 50 healthy participants. Peripheral blood samples were collected in glass test tubes, and RNA extraction was started immediately. Expression levels of miR-155, miR-191, and miR-494 biomarkers in the peripheral blood of OSCC-affected individuals and healthy volunteers in vivo were evaluated using real-time PCR. The influence of Avastin on the expression levels of the aforementioned biomarkers in vitro and in the HN5 cell line was also investigated. Results Expression levels of miR-155, miR-191, and miR-494 in the peripheral blood of individuals affected by OSCC were higher than in those who were healthy. Moreover, Avastin at a concentration of 400 μM caused a decrease in the expression levels of the three biomarkers and a 1.5-fold, 3.5-fold, and 4-fold increase in apoptosis in the test samples compared to the controls in the HN5 cell line after 24, 48, and 72 hours, respectively. Conclusion The findings of this study demonstrate that overexpression of miR-155, miR-191, and miR-494 is associated with OSCC, and Avastin is able to regulate and downregulate the expression of those biomarkers and increase apoptosis in cancerous cells in the HN5 cell line.

Background Bone tissue is one of the tissues that are capable of self-regeneration. However, bone self-regeneration is defeated in the case of broad lesion of bone structure. Isolated stem cells from wisdom tooth follicles can potentially differentiate into ectodermal and mesodermal cells. Saghez is a natural substance that has been extracted from Pistacia terebinthus with unique features, such as high temperature and mechanical stability, adhesive structure, biocompatibility, and anti-neoplastic properties. Methods In this study, Saghez-encapsulated BMP2 was applied as a scaffold for wisdom tooth follicle stem cell differentiation into the osteocyte. A total of three wisdom tooth follicles were obtained for stem cell isolation. For verification of differentiation of the isolated stem cells into osteocyte and adipocyte, Oil Red and Alizarin staining were applied, respectively. Moreover, mesenchymal stem cells were distinguished by profiling their cell surface markers, includingCD73, CD90, CD44, and CD105, by flow cytometry. Saghez scaffold loaded with BMP2 factor was prepared using sol-gel method. Four experimental groups were considered in this study: cells seeded on BMP2 encapsulated in Saghez scaffold, Saghez scaffold, osteogenic medium, and DMEM medium. Results Mechanical properties of Saghez scaffold, including tensile Young’s modulus, ultimate tensile stress, compression Young’s modulus, and complex shear modulus, were 19 MPa, 32 MPa, 0.42 MPa, and 0.9 MPa, respectively. The porosity of the scaffold was 70–140 μm, and the percentage of porosity was 75–98%. The results of flow cytometry studies indicated that CD44, CD73, CD90, and CD105 were positively expressed on the membrane of the tooth follicles’ stem cell. The results indicated that the rate of differentiation of the follicle stem cells into osteocyte was the highest in the Saghez-BMP2 scaffold containing differentiation medium groups. These findings were verified by morphological studies, osteoblast and osteocalcin gene and protein expression investigations, and alkaline phosphatase activity measurement. The highest osteopontin and osteocalcin genes expression levels (1.7 and 1.9) were seen in positive control, followed by DMEM + differentiation factor (1.5 and 1.6), scaffold + BMP2 (1.2 and 1.4), DMEM + stem cell (1 and 1) and scaffold (0.4 and 0.5), and negative control respectively. Conclusion This study provides a novel system for differentiation of the stem cell into osteocytes. The results of this study suggest that loaded BMP2 in Saghez scaffold possibly acts as an osteocyte differentiator factor.

Introduction: Lung cancer is the most common cause of cancer-related death among males and females. The diagnosis of lung cancer is of great importance for clinical considerations and follow-up treatment. This study aimed to examine the expression of CEA, LUNX, and CK19 biomarkers in the cancerous and healthy tissues of patients suffering from NSCLC. Methods: In this study, 30 patients with NSCLCs referring to Masih Daneshvari Hospital in Tehran were voluntarily selected prior to taking any treatment. A tissue sample from the center and a sample of healthy tissues close to the cancerous masses were prepared by a specialist in the bronchoscopy sector and tested using real-time RT-PCR. Results: Positive CEA mRNA was observed in cancerous tissues in the center of tumors of 25 out of 30 cases. In the healthy tissue group, the same was found in 10 out of 30 cases (P

Background: Lung cancer is one of the major causes of death worldwide, with more than a million deaths a year. Despite advanced surgical techniques and combined therapies, lung cancer is still a disease with poor prognosis. According to available reports, the number of patients with lung cancer among Iranian men and women is increasing. In a study, 4,361 deaths from lung cancer have been recorded in Iran, which are 9.80% and 6.07% of all cancer deaths among men and women, respectively. Objectives: This study aimed at investigating the proteomes in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and comparing them with those of the healthy individuals to detect protein markers for the diagnosis of the disease in the early stages. Methods: According to the sample size estimation, the tissue samples of 30 patients with NSCLC were compared with 30 healthy tissues. Proteomics and reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) methods were used. First, the tissue samples were collected under sterile conditions and then protein was extracted. Next, 2-dimensional electrophoresis and mass spectrometry were performed. Finally, with proteomic analysis in patients and healthy individuals, differences in the proteomic pattern of healthy and cancerous tissue were examined. Results: More than 40 differences were revealed in the proteomics pattern of the healthy and cancerous tissues, and 2 different spots were submitted for liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/ MS). Then cytochrome b5 reductase 2 (CYB5R2) and fructose-1,6-bisphosphate1 were detected. It has been shown that these proteins down-regulated in cancer tissue compared to healthy tissue. It was also shown molecularly that the expression of fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase 1 messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) and cytochrome b5 reductase 2 messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) in the cancerous tissue was 0.8 and 0.64 times less than their expression in healthy tissues, respectively. Conclusions: The result of this study, which deals with tumor markers of NSCLC, can be considered as a screening diagnostic test for diagnosis of the disease in the early stages. This research could provide the basis for further research to identify the critical effects of these 2 molecules cytochrome b5 reductase 2 and fructose-1,6-bisphosphate on tissue carcinogenesis. It is recommended to do more thorough research.

Background The development of lung cancer is a multifactorial process that involves the environmental and genetic factors. The mortality rate of this cancer is higher than breast, colorectal, and prostate cancers. In this study, we try to analyze the proteome of patients with Non‐Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) and compare it with the healthy samples. Methods This study has compared 30 lung tissue samples from patients with NSCLC and 30 healthy samples using proteomics and RT‐PCR. Hence, tissue samples were obtained from the surgical ward in sterile conditions, and then, protein extraction applied to them. At the next stage, two‐dimensional electrophoresis and mass spectrometry LCMS/MS were performed for protein isolation and sequencing, respectively. Results The proteome analysis identified more than 40 differences in proteomic pattern of normal lung tissues compared to lung tissues with NSCLC. Peroxiredoxin, Haptoglobin, and Alpha‐1 antitrypsin proteins were identified. Molecularly, it has also been shown that the two main proteins of Peroxiredoxin‐2 and Alpha‐1 antitrypsin were upregulated, and the expression of Haptoglobin protein was downregulated in cancer tissue. Conclusion The results of this study showed that there are some differences in term of protein content between the normal and cancerous lung tissues. Further studies are needed to evaluate these proteins that investigate whether these proteins can candidate as biomarkers to use in the early diagnosis of patients with NSCLC., Considering the results of past research and our current study, we find that the expression of two major proteins of Peroxiredoxin‐2 and Alpha‐1 antitrypsin is dramatically decreased in the cancerous tissues, and the expression level of Haptoglobin in the cancerous tissue is strongly increased.

Background: Lung cancer is among the most common cancers. Search is ongoing to find biomarkers to improve the diagnosis lung cancer techniques in early stages. In this study we evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of the MUC1 and CEA gene expressions in the peripheral blood of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Material and Methods: This study was done in Masih Daneshvari Hospital, Tehran, Iran and was case/control study that conducted on 30 NSCLC patients and 30 healthy controls. Peripheral blood was collected and total RNA was extracted then cDNA was synthesized. Sample was separately assessed by real time PCR. Results: The expression of CEA gen was positive in 24 patients indicating 80% sensitivity for this marker. The expression of CEA gen was positive in 9 controls out of 30 each. A statistically significant difference was detected between patients and healthy controls with regard to CEA mRNA expression (P < 0.001). The MUC1 gen expressed in 20 out of 30 patients, while it expressed in 3 controls. The difference in MUC1 mRNA expression was statistically significant between NSCLC patients and healthy controls (P < 0.001). Conclusion: MUC1 and CEA are molecular biomarkers with relatively favorable sensitivity for primary diagnosis of NSCLC.

Background and Objectives: Breast cancer is among the most common causes of cancer related mortality in women worldwide. Early detection and prompt diagnosis of tumor is the first step to prevent cancer-related morbidity and mortality, and a comprehensive understanding of the involved molecular mechanisms can greatly help in this respect. Breast cancer, like many other types of cancer, is caused by a combination of genetic and epigenetic changes such as inactivation of tumor suppressor genes. Materials and Methods: This study was performed on 40 breast cancer patients and 40 healthy controls. Quantitative real time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (real time qRT-PCR) was used to assess the expression of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and mammaglobin mRNA in the peripheral blood of patients and healthy controls. The two groups were compared using t-test. Results: The two groups were not significantly different in terms of the mean age. Twenty-nine out of 40 cancer patients were positive for CEA mRNA and its sensitivity was calculated to be 72.5%. Twelve out of 40 healthy controls were positive for CEA mRNA. Twenty-six out of 40 patients were positive for mammaglobin mRNA indicative of 65% sensitivity while only five out of 40 healthy controls were positive for mammaglobin mRNA. Conclusion: Both CEA and mammaglobin mRNA had high sensitivity in cancer patients; thus, they can be used for screening and early detection of breast cancer patients. Further studies with larger sample sizes are required to confirm the current findings.

Introduction: Ovarian cancer is one of the most common malignancies in women and the fifth cause of cancer-related deaths in women worldwide. Contrary to the challenges in developing new clinical markers using the conventional methods, recent advances in genomics and proteomics have led to identification of candidate and promising biomarkers for the diagnosis of ovarian cancer. Human epididymis protein 4 (HE4) is such a marker that has recently been reported to correlate with recurrence or progression of epithelial ovarian cancer. The purpose of this study was to measure the expression level of HE4 gene in women with ovarian cancer. Methodology: We evaluated and compared paraffin-embedded tissue samples of 20 ovarian cancer patients with 10 samples from healthy individuals. RNA was initially extracted from the samples and cDNA was synthetized. Gene expression level was then measured using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Results: Our results demonstrated that HE4 gene expression level was significantly higher in samples of patients with ovarian cancer compared with samples from healthy individuals. Moreover, higher levels of HE4 gene expression were associated with more advanced disease and larger tumor size. Conclusion: HE4 gene over-expression has the potential to be used as a biomarker for detecting early-stage ovarian cancer in women. Future more comprehensive studies are needed to confirm our findings.

Context: The major aim of tissue engineering is inducing of the body’s mechanisms to regenerate damaged tissues to original condition and task. Scaffolds are 3D porous constructs which provide a cellular microenvironment needed for tissue engineering. Choosing a biomaterial with proper biological, physical, and mechanical properties is of great importance in tooth tissue engineering. Thus, the current study reviews the properties of different polymers and ceramics for use as scaffolds in tooth dental regeneration. Evidence Acquisition: The current study searched databases such as Elsevier, Wiley, Google Scholar, and PubMed in English from 1972 to 2018. After going through the required process, 29 articles were eventually confirmed and enrolled in this review paper. Conclusions: The results of this work confirmed that thanks to having the ability to provide suitable amounts of interconnected porosities, high ratio of surface area to volume, proper mechanical strength, and different geometries required for tissue engineering, polymers are a good option for regeneration of tooth tissues. Although bioceramics such as calcium phosphate and glasses have good biocompatibility and bioactivity, their poor mechanical properties and low degradation rate limit their extensive use in tooth tissue regeneration.

Alginate scaffolds are extensively used in bone and cartilage tissue engineering because of their chemical similarity to the extracellular matrix. However, for the successful replacement of hard tissue, the properties of alginate scaffolds should be tailored. In this study, for the first time, we optimized the porosity, degradation rate, mechanical, and osteogenic properties of alginate scaffolds by the freeze-drying method. The freeze-drying method was used to prepare different concentrations of alginate scaffolds (4, 8, and 16% (w/v)). Their porosity, mechanical properties, surface-wetting behavior, and osteogenic properties were characterized. The results showed that the 8% (w/v) alginate scaffold had an interconnected porosity of about 80%, a hydrophilic surface with a contact angle of water on the surface of 39o ± 0.56, and compressive strength of 2.7 MPa. This concentration of alginate also showed the degradation rate of 70% in Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle’s Medium (DMEM) with fetal bovine serum. The periodontal ligament stem cells culture results confirmed that the 8% alginate scaffold had good biocompatibility and cell differentiation ability and it could enhance cell ingrowth and attachment. These results showed that the modified 8% (w/v) alginate scaffold is a good candidate in cartilage and bone tissue replacement.

Porous alginate/polyvinyl alcohol hybrid scaffolds have been extensively used in cartilage, bone, and dental tissue substitute applications. However, its mechanical and osteogenesis properties are not good enough to meet the requirement for use in hard tissues repair applications. In this study, to achieve the best mechanical and physical properties, we carried out the cross-linking of PVA physically and alginate chemically. Hydroxyapatite nanoparticles (nHA), the important component of hard tissues, was added to the hydrogel to improve its mechanical properties and osteoconductivity. The results showed that the fabricated alginate/polyvinyl alcohol-nHA scaffold has around 81% interconnected porosity, hydrophilic surface with the contact angle of water on the surface in the range of 38 ± 0.29°, 3.51 MPa compressive strength, and a degradation rate of 71%. The periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs) culture results showed that both fabricated alginate/polyvinyl alcohol hybrid scaffolds with and without nHA had good cell attachment ability and could promote PDLSCs ingrowth. The real-time RT-PCR assay showed that the presence of nHA in the alginate/polyvinyl alcohol hybrid scaffold could significantly accelerate the expression of specific markers of pre- and mature osteoblast stages such as osteocalcin, alkaline phosphate, and osteopontin genes. These results showed that alginate/polyvinyl alcohol hybrid scaffolds with hydroxyapatite nanoparticles can be used in bone and dental substitute applications as osteoconductive and reinforcement components.

Background Among the myriad adverse events of drugs in the oral cavity, Bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (BRONJ) is one of the most detrimental drug reactions that have ever been known. Objective This study was aimed to investigate the success of applying collagen scaffold alone and platelet-rich plasma (PRP)+collagen scaffold in prevention of zoledronic acid-induced BRONJ in the rat. Methods A total of 17 male Wistar-rats were treated with 4 weekly doses of zoledronic acid. All rats were undergone bilateral tooth extraction of mandibular first molars and divided into three groups of scaffold + PRP + suture, scaffold + suture, and suture only. All rats were scarified and clinical, radiological, histological and histomorphomerical evaluations were made on week 8 post-treatment. The soft tissue healing, bone mineralized density (BMD), number of osteoclasts and osteoblasts, necrotic bone (NB), intensity of inflammation and new bone formation (NBF) were analyzed. Results BMD, number of osteoblasts and NBF variables proved to be statistically were higher in the treatment groups than the control group. In addition, the PRP + scaffold group showed the better results in terms of BMD, number of osteoblasts and NBF than that of the scaffold alone group. Number of osteoclasts, inflammation intensity and osteonecrosis were also significantly different in the PRP + scaffold group compared to the scaffold alone and the control groups. Conclusion Application of a PRP-enriched collagen scaffold appeared to be a successful preventive treatment for BRONJ by effecting of the number of osteoblasts and osteoclasts, BMD, NBF, inflammation, and osteonecrosis.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical effects of dexamethasone administration in patients with mild to moderate acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) due to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The study included 50 patients who were randomly assigned to the dexamethasone group or control group. Dexamethasone was administered at a dose of 20 mg/day from day 1-5 and then at 10 mg/day from day 6-10. The need for invasive mechanical ventilation, death rate, duration of clinical improvement, length of hospital stay, and radiological changes in the computed tomography scan were assessed. The results revealed that 92% and 96% of patients in the dexamethasone and control groups, respectively, required noninvasive ventilation (P = 0.500). Among them, 52% and 44% of patients in the dexamethasone and control groups, respectively, required invasive mechanical ventilation (P = 0.389). At the end of the study, 64% of patients in the dexamethasone group and 60% of patients in the control group died (P = 0.500); the remaining patients were discharged from the hospital during the 28-day follow-up period. The median length of hospital stay was 11 days in the dexamethasone group and 6 days in the control group (P = 0.036) and the median length of hospital stay was 7 days in the dexamethasone group and 3 days in the control group (P