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Physiological variables such as maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), velocity at maximal oxygen uptake (vVO2max), running economy (RE) and changes in lactate levels are considered the main factors determining performance in long-distance races. The aim of this review was to present the mathematical models available in the literature to estimate performance in the 5000 m, 10,000 m, half-marathon and marathon events. Eighty-eight articles were identified, selections were made based on the inclusion criteria and the full text of the articles were obtained. The articles were reviewed and categorized according to demographic, anthropometric, exercise physiology and field test variables were also included by athletic specialty. A total of 58 studies were included, from 1983 to the present, distributed in the following categories: 12 in the 5000 m, 13 in the 10,000 m, 12 in the half-marathon and 21 in the marathon. A total of 136 independent variables associated with performance in long-distance races were considered, 43.4% of which pertained to variables derived from the evaluation of aerobic metabolism, 26.5% to variables associated with training load and 20.6% to anthropometric variables, body composition and somatotype components. The most closely associated variables in the prediction models for the half and full marathon specialties were the variables obtained from the laboratory tests (VO2max, vVO2max), training variables (training pace, training load) and anthropometric variables (fat mass, skinfolds). A large gap exists in predicting time in long-distance races, based on field tests. Physiological effort assessments are almost exclusive to shorter specialties (5000 m and 10,000 m). The predictor variables of the half-marathon are mainly anthropometric, but with moderate coefficients of determination. The variables of note in the marathon category are fundamentally those associated with training and those derived from physiological evaluation and anthropometric parameters.

espanolEl rinon del anciano experimenta cambios estructurales y funcionales, que lo convierte en mas vulnerable para la enfermedad renal. La mayoria de ancianos con enfermedad renal cronica fallece antes de desarrollar progresion renal. Sin embargo, el principal grupo de pacientes incidentes de nefropatia terminal es el de personas mayores de 65 anos, representando la diabetes mellitus y las causas vasculares sus principales etiologias. En esta revision se analizan elementos renales (filtrado glomerular, proteinuria/albuminuria, potasio, fracaso renal agudo y diureticos) y factores geriatricos (estado funcional, cognitivo y fragilidad) como predictores de progresion de enfermedad renal. La identificacion de estos factores contribuira a establecer estrategias de prevencion renal y al pronostico de la enfermedad en la toma decisiones. EnglishThe kidney in elderly people suffers structural and functional changes, which makes it more vulnerable to kidney disease. The majority of the elderly with chronic kidney disease die before developing renal progression. However, the main group of patients that develop terminal nephropathy is that of people older than 65 years, representing diabetes mellitus and vascular causes the main etiologies. In this review, renal elements (glomerular filtration, proteinuria/ albuminuria, potassium, acute renal failure and diuretics) and geriatric factors (functional, cognitive and frail state) are analyzed as predictors of renal disease progression. The identification of these factors will help to establish strategies for renal prevention and the prognosis of the disease in decision making.