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Background Liver transplantation (LT) has been accepted as a standard treatment of pediatric liver diseases that can progress to end-stage liver disease or lead to acute liver failure. However, there is a lack of studies clarifying quality of life (QoL) and the characteristics and the prevalence of common psychiatric disorders in children before and/or after LT. Thus, this study aimed to investigate QoL and the prevalence of anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in children and adolescents before and after LT and to compare them with healthy controls. Methods The study included 30 children aged 5-18 years who were waiting for LT (pTx group) or had undergone LT (Tx group) as the study groups and 20 children for the control group. The PedsQL was used to evaluate QoL, and SCARED, CDI, and the CPTSD-RI were used to evaluate psychopathology. Results The QoL scores were higher in the control group compared with the study groups in all or most of the dimensions, depending on the reporter. The mean scores of anxiety, depression, and PTSD of the control group were significantly lower than those of the Tx and pTx groups. A significant positive correlation was found between depression, anxiety, and PTSD scores, and a negative correlation was observed between depression, anxiety, and PTSD scores and QoL. Conclusion Waiting for LT and the transplantation process itself seem to be psychologically traumatic for children. Healthcare providers need to be trained to recognize the symptoms of the main psychiatric disorders.