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1. Evaluation of the Efficacy of Alcohol-Based Hand Sanitizers Sold in Southwest Ethiopia

Author: Abyot Asres, Wondwossen Niguse, Fikadu Ejeta, Andualem Henok, Gizachew Ayele Manaye, Desalegn Feyissa, Desalegn Muleta, and Yitagesu Mamo
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, Salmonella, Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), 030106 microbiology, Alcohol, medicine.disease_cause, Toxicology, 03 medical and health sciences, Minimum inhibitory concentration, chemistry.chemical_compound, 0302 clinical medicine, Hand sanitizer, medicine, Pharmacology (medical), 030212 general & internal medicine, Original Research, alcohol-based hand sanitizers, Shigella boydii, hand sanitizers, Pharmacology, biology, COVID-19, biology.organism_classification, Infectious Diseases, chemistry, Staphylococcus aureus, Infection and Drug Resistance, sanitizers, Concentration gradient
Abstract: Gizachew Manaye,1 Desalegn Muleta,1 Andualem Henok,2 Abyot Asres,2 Yitagesu Mamo,3 Desalegn Feyissa,3 Fikadu Ejeta,3 Wondwossen Niguse4 1Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Mizan-Tepi University, Mizan Teferi, Ethiopia; 2Department of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Mizan-Tepi University, Mizan Teferi, Ethiopia; 3Department of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Mizan-Tepi University, Mizan Teferi, Ethiopia; 4Department of Nursing, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Mizan-Tepi University, Mizan Teferi, EthiopiaCorrespondence: Gizachew ManayeDepartment of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Mizan-Tepi University, P.O. Box: 206, MizanTefri, EthiopiaTel +251928444333Email ayele.gizachew@yahoo.comBackground: Regarding the protection of community and health professionals suffering from a COVID-19 outbreak, currently different alcohol-based hand sanitizers have been distributed. Even though for effective protection effective alcohol-based hand sanitizers are mandatory. Their efficacy was not evaluated. This is the reason why this research was designed to assess the antimicrobial efficacy of hand sanitizers that have been sold in southern parts of Ethiopia.Methods: Six test organisms (Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Salmonella typhimurium and Shigella boydii) were selected from different clinical specimens. Then seven locally made products of alcohol-based hand sanitizers (MTU, Folium Fine, Epharm, Harego, Taflen and Sheba) were purchased and the disc diffusion, minimum inhibition concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration test were done against selected test organisms. Quality control measures throughout the whole process of the laboratory work were implemented and descriptive parameters were analyzed.Results: The zones of inhibition of the hand sanitizers at their claim concentration were ranged from noninhibition zone (Folium) to 27mm (Sheba). The minimum inhibitory concentration against all selected test organisms was observed at 45%, 55%, 65% and Taflen on undiluted form. The growth of test organisms was decreased across increasing the concentration gradient of different hand sanitizers. MTU except against E. coli, Fine, Hargo, Ephra and Sheba hand sanitizers were showed growth below 60% concentrations for all test micro-organisms. But a Folium product against all selected test micro-organisms and MTU product against E. coli were not bactericidal.Conclusion: Fine, Hargo, Ephra, Sheba and Taflen sanitizers were the products that were effective in inhibiting the growth of all the selected test organisms, and they were having effective bactericidal activity in vitro at their claim concentration. But MTU product against E. coli and Folium product against all test microorganisms were not having an effective bactericidal activity. So, regulatory authorities and manufacturers should implement strict quality control measures and regular observations throughout the production to ensure the efficacy of hand sanitizers.Keywords: alcohol-based hand sanitizers, hand sanitizers, sanitizers, COVID-19
Published: 2021

2. The global distribution of lymphatic filariasis, 2000–18:a geospatial analysis

Author: Nataliya Foigt, Dina Nur Anggraini Ningrum, Ayenew Negesse Abejie, Samath Dhamminda Dharmaratne, Paramjit Gill, Marcela Agudelo-Botero, Alyssa N. Sbarra, Mario Poljak, Siavash Rahimi, Olalekan A. Uthman, Animut Alebel, Mohsen Naghavi, Olatunji O. Adetokunboh, Maarten J. Postma, Zemichael Gizaw, Chhabi Lal Ranabhat, Leonardo Roever, Mojtaba Bagherzadeh, Smita Pakhale, Seyyed Meysam Mousavi, Morenike Oluwatoyin Folayan, Robert C. Reiner, Phetole Walter Mahasha, Walter Mendoza, Azeem Majeed, Agus Sudaryanto, Dessalegn Ajema Berbada, Kate E. LeGrand, Takeshi Fukumoto, Mehdi Sayyah, Konrad Pesudovs, Mahesh P A, Nihal Thomas, Man Mohan Mehndiratta, Malede Mequanent Sisay, Azadeh Shafieesabet, Muhammad Usman, Balbir Singh, Ahsan Saleem, Ahmed Abualhasan, Maheswar Satpathy, Vijay Kumar Chattu, Mehdi Fazlzadeh, Ali H. Mokdad, Irfan Ullah, Sahar Saeedi Moghaddam, Luca Ronfani, James Albright, Si Si, Bartosz Miazgowski, Moses K. Muriithi, Catalina Liliana Andrei, Isaac Oluwafemi Dipeolu, Brijesh Sathian, Shishay Wahdey Tekelemedhin, Tufa Kolola, Mona M. Khater, Reta Tsegaye Gayesa, Andrew T Olagunju, Achala Upendra Jayatilleke, David L. Smith, Raaj Kishore Biswas, Rosario Cardenas, Andre M. N. Renzaho, Benjamin K. Mayala, Soraya Siabani, Ebrahim Babaee, Tsegaye Lolaso Lenjebo, Miliva Mozaffor, Bolajoko O. Olusanya, Joseph Frostad, Emma Elizabeth Spurlock, Hesham M. Al-Mekhlafi, Aso Mohammad Darwesh, Quynh Anh P. Nguyen, Kebede Embaye Gezae, Junaid Khan, Dessalegn Haile, Marcel Ausloos, David C. Schwebel, Bruno Piassi Sao Jose, Milena Ilic, Ionut Negoi, Ninuk Hariyani, Jost B. Jonas, Dian Kusuma, Sachin R Atre, Goura Kishor Rath, Muhammad Aziz Rahman, Dereje Bayissa Demissie, Eirini Skiadaresi, Simon I. Hay, Preeti Dhillon, Ejaz Ahmad Khan, Mohammad Hasan Imani-Nasab, Gebrehiwot G. Kassa, Nicole Davis Weaver, Mowafa Househ, Soumyadeep Bhaumik, Bahram Armoon, Martin Amogre Ayanore, Shaimaa I. El-Jaafary, Deborah Carvalho Malta, Rufus Adesoji Adedoyin, Alexandria Brown, Zewdie Aderaw Alemu, Mihiretu Kebede, Charles Shey Wiysonge, Bach Xuan Tran, Lal B. Rawal, Kala M. Mehta, Guoqing Hu, Yousef Khader, Heather J. Zar, Shiwei Liu, Norberto Perico, I A Adedeji, Sergio I. Prada, Shai Linn, Saad M.A. Dahlawi, Brigette F. Blacker, Anusha Ganapati Bhat, Desta Haftu Hayelom, Amit Arora, Mohammad Hossein Khosravi, Sanjay Zodpey, Farshad Farzadfar, Mehran Asadi-Aliabadi, Bárbara Niegia Garcia de Goulart, D. R. Mahadeshwara Prasad, Ajay Patle, Daniel Adane Endalew, Jagdish Khubchandani, Sharareh Eskandarieh, Mohammed Ibrahim Mohialdeen Gubari, Derrick A Bennett, Ziad A. Memish, Eduarda Fernandes, Chandrashekhar T Sreeramareddy, Seyed Mohammad Riahi, Hisham Atan Edinur, Taddese Alemu Zerfu, Robert S. Bernstein, Nader Jahanmehr, Yuming Guo, Tomohide Yamada, Manfred Mario Kokou Accrombessi, Mohamed I Hegazy, Liliana Preotescu, Sanjay Basu, Mohammad Reza Sobhiyeh, Frank B. Osei, Adhena Ayaliew Werkneh, Hamideh Salimzadeh, Ali Bijani, Shanshan Li, Alem Girmay, Sonali Kochhar, Meghnath Dhimal, Yonatal Mesfin Tefera, Saravanan Muthupandian, Francesco Saverio Violante, Monika Sawhney, Shally Awasthi, Samer Hamidi, Davide Guido, Van C. Lansingh, Engida Yisma, Muhammad Redzwan S Rashid Ali, Nima Hafezi-Nejad, Sadaf G. Sepanlou, Ali Kiadaliri, Hamed Zandian, Aparna Lal, Diana Fernanda Bejarano Ramirez, Dhirendra N Sinha, Florian Fischer, Hebat Allah Salah A. Yousof, Khanh Bao Tran, Kimberly B. Johnson, Senthilkumar Balakrishnan, Vo Dinh Bay, Arianna Maever L. Amit, Gbenga A. Kayode, John S. Ji, Akhil Soman ThekkePurakkal, Santi Martini, Behzad Heibati, Kebreab Paulos, Tefera Chane Mekonnen, Hagazi Gebre Meles, Vishnu Renjith, Paulina A. Lindstedt, Dinh Toi Chu, Gregory M. Garcia, Ahamarshan Jayaraman Nagarajan, Krishna K. Aryal, Irina Filip, Michelle L. Bell, Manfred S. Green, Alaa Badawi, Daniel Bekele Ketema, Claudio Alberto Dávila-Cervantes, Mohamad-Hani Temsah, Anton Sokhan, Julio Cesar Campuzano Rincon, Navid Manafi, Siddhesh Zadey, Davide Rasella, Hedayat Abbastabar, Manu Raj Mathur, Till Bärnighausen, Paula Moraga, Joan B. Soriano, Victor Adekanmbi, Seid Tiku Mereta, Mehran Shams-Beyranvand, Osayomwanbo Osarenotor, Mahya Beheshti, Farnam Mohebi, Genet Melak Alamene, Andem Effiong, Thomas R. Hird, Colm McAlinden, In-Hwan Oh, Arash Etemadi, Thirunavukkarasu Sathish, Rajesh Sharma, Puja C Rao, Masoud Foroutan, Sangram Kishor Patel, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam, Aniruddha Deshpande, Paul H. Lee, Tukur Dahiru, Chinwe Juliana Iwu, Alireza Rafiei, Somayeh Bohlouli, Juan Sanabria, Javad Nazari, Siamak Sabour, Izza Shahid, Tuomo J. Meretoja, Ireneous N. Soyiri, André Karch, Mehdi Yaseri, Huong Lan Thi Nguyen, Khaled Khatab, Pushpendra Kumar, Ziyad Al-Aly, Khalid A. Altirkawi, Emerito Jose A. Faraon, Hagos Tasew Atalay, Sojib Bin Zaman, Gillian I. Hollerich, Hajer Elkout, Jonathan F. Mosser, Fakher Rahim, Kavumpurathu Raman Thankappan, Benny Antony, Nelson Alvis-Guzman, Ismael R. Campos-Nonato, Mohammad Moradi-Joo, Bineyam Taye, Ghulam Mustafa, Cheru Tesema Leshargie, Jacek Jerzy Jozwiak, Krittika Bhattacharyya, Tariq Jamal Siddiqi, Rafael Alves Guimarães, Vahid Alipour, Themba G. Ginindza, Wubalem Fekadu, Rafael Tabarés-Seisdedos, Mika Shigematsu, Bryan L. Sykes, Gebrekiros Gebremichael Meles, Delia Hendrie, Santosh Varughese, Manasi Kumar, Govinda Prasad Dhungana, Aziz Sheikh, Oladimeji M. Adebayo, Mohsen Bayati, B. Suresh Kumar Shetty, Kinley Wangdi, Hiroshi Yatsuya, Marzieh Nojomi, Carlo La Vecchia, Nuworza Kugbey, Zubair Kabir, Aslam Pervaiz, Muhammed Magdy Abd El Razek, Farzaneh Ghazi Sherbaf, Narinder Pal Singh, Jan Walter De Neve, Mohammad Khazaei, G. K. Mini, Eun-Kee Park, Haileab Fekadu Wolde, Zemenu Tadesse Tessema, Amir Radfar, Syed Ather Hussain, Gebre Teklemariam Demoz, Nasir Salam, Mohammad Ali Mansournia, Babak Moazen, Adnan Kisa, Milena Santric-Milicevic, Mitchell T. Wallin, Doris D. V. Ortega-Altamirano, Anwar Ahmed, Yousef Mohammad, Tanuj Kanchan, Feleke Gebremeskel W, Rajesh Sagar, Marwa Rashad Salem, Michael R.M. Abrigo, Fatemeh Heydarpour, Ammar Albujeer, Yasir Waheed, Noore Alam, Vera Marisa Costa, Rajat Das Gupta, Ritesh G. Menezes, Molly K. Miller-Petrie, Amira Shaheen, Seyyede Masoume Athari, Marcos Roberto Tovani-Palone, Ken Lee Chin, Ghobad Moradi, Ruth W Kimokoti, Peter Njenga Keiyoro, Kirsten E. Wiens, Nikolay Ivanovich Briko, K M Shivakumar, Ziad El-Khatib, Narayan Bahadur Mahotra, Ronny Westerman, Kamarul Imran Musa, Farshad Pourmalek, Kiomars Sharafi, Yared Asmare Aynalem, Entezar Mehrabi Nasab, Mu'awiyyah Babale Sufiyan, D J Christopher, Valery L. Feigin, Harish Chander Gugnani, Mathew M. Baumann, Platon D. Lopukhov, Tewodros Eshete Wonde, Hai Quang Pham, Luis Alberto Cámera, Meghdad Pirsaheb, Nelson J. Alvis-Zakzuk, Ahmad Daryani, Teferi Mekonnen, Yousef Veisani, Sharath Burugina Nagaraja, Parvaiz A Koul, Daniel Diaz, Ali S. Akanda, Mohammad Hifz Ur Rahman, Getachew Mullu Kassa, Daniel J. Weiss, Nauman Khalid, Hassen Mohammed, Edson Serván-Mori, Foad Abd-Allah, Fisaha Haile Tesfay, Abdullah Al Mamun, Yoshan Moodley, Adrian Pana, Salman Rawaf, Amir Almasi-Hashiani, Abdu A. Adamu, Fatemeh Rajati, German Martinez, Habib Benzian, Georgy Lebedev, Ben Lacey, Amir Hasanzadeh, Amir Khater, Merhawi Gebremedhin Tekle, Juanita A. Haagsma, Segun Emmanuel Ibitoye, Ahmed I. Hasaballah, Telma Zahirian Moghadam, Mehdi Hosseinzadeh, Virendra Singh, Demelash Woldeyohannes Handiso, Gabrielle Britton, Tiffany K. Gill, Sezer Kisa, Zahid A. Butt, Bruno Ramos Nascimento, Ian Pollock, Ted R. Miller, Rebecca Ivers, Savita Lasrado, Rovshan Khalilov, Ai Koyanagi, Benn Sartorius, Maciej Banach, Berhe Etsay Tesfay, Hedley Quintana, Joseph Adel Mattar Banoub, Praveen Hoogar, Ehsan Sadeghi, Kedir Hussein Abegaz, Hasan Yusefzadeh, Bogdan Oancea, Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar, Anbissa Muleta Senbeta, Subramanian Senthilkumaran, Ole Frithjof Norheim, Ester Cerin, Zulfiqar A Bhutta, Jennifer Rickard, M Alijanzadeh, Ali Almasi, Erkin M. Mirrakhimov, Seyed Hossein Yahyazadeh Jabbari, Sandra B. Munro, Ambrish Singh, Naohiro Yonemoto, Rahman Shiri, Girmay Teklay Weldesamuel, Jacqueline Elizabeth Alcalde-Rabanal, Daniel Asmelash, Mekdes Tigistu Yilma, Ahmad Ghashghaee, Natalie Maria Cormier, Samiah Alam, Yahya Salimi, Henok Biresaw Netsere, Anh Kim Dang, Jae Il Shin, S. Mohammad Sajadi, Francisco Rogerlândio Martins-Melo, Taweewat Wiangkham, Shankar M Bakkannavar, Eleonora Dubljanin, Itamar S. Santos, Temesgen Yihunie Akalu, Amir Kasaeian, Yahya Safari, Abel Fekadu Fekadu Dadi, Mohammad Fareed, Peter Memiah, Ali Kabir, Ensiyeh Jenabi, Ali Yadollahpour, Josephine W. Ngunjiri, Barthelemy Kuate Defo, Carlos A Castañeda-Orjuela, Reza Malekzadeh, Shymaa Enany, Hamidreza Haririan, Ayman Grada, Amador Goodridge, Salvatore Rubino, Jacob Olusegun Olusanya, Jalal Arabloo, Mohammad Reza Salahshoor, Masoud Behzadifar, Fernando de la Hoz, Mohammed Shannawaz, Hosni Salem, Syed Mohamed Aljunid, G Anil Kumar, Veincent Christian Filipino Pepito, Andre Rodrigues Duraes, Duduzile Ndwandwe, Jasvinder A. Singh, Yuan-Pang Wang, Tissa Wijeratne, Ingan Ukur Tarigan, Giuseppe Remuzzi, Sebastian Vollmer, Rakhi Dandona, Ahmed Abdelalim, Akram Pourshams, Felix Akpojene Ogbo, Alan J Thomson, Yves Miel H Zuniga, Alex Yeshaneh, Birhanu Geta Meharie, Mihajlo Jakovljevic, Obinna Onwujekwe, Ali S. Shalash, Bahram Mohajer, Nefsu Awoke, Hoa Thi Do, Jaifred Christian F. Lopez, Ernoiz Antriyandarti, Yilma Chisha Dea Geramo, Lucas Guimarães Abreu, Mohammad Ali Sahraian, Giang Hai Ha, Nizal Sarrafzadegan, Vinay Nangia, David M. Pigott, Arash Ziapour, Seyed Sina Naghibi Irvani, Andrew S. Azman, Amira Hamed Darwish, MohammadBagher Shamsi, Soewarta Kosen, Degena Bahrey Tadesse, Soufiane Boufous, Mehedi Hasan, Franz Castro, Adauto Martins Soares Filho, Oliver J. Brady, Elizabeth A. Cromwell, Olatunde Aremu, Samad Azari, Hala Rashad Elhabashy, Hamid Yimam Hassen, Julia Moreira Pescarini, Saeed Amini, Mehdi Ahmadi, Andualem Henok, Yafeng Wang, Nevine El Nahas, Paul S. F. Yip, Miguel A Barboza, Ibrahim Abdollahpour, Augustine Mwangi Gatotoh, Gurudatta Naik, Carl Abelardo T. Antonio, Morteza Abdullatif Khafaie, Meysam Behzadifar, hawariat, Enrico Rubagotti, Andre Faro, Kebede Deribe, Bhaskaran Unnikrishnan, Robert L. Thompson, Muhammad Shahdaat Bin Sayeed, Lalit Dandona, Seyyed Shamsadin Athari, Ashish Pathak, Masoud Moradi, Muluken Bekele Sorrie, Vivekanand Jha, Cuong Tat Nguyen, Naser Mohammad Gholi Mezerji, Chabila C Mapoma, Aubrey J. Levine, Solomon Gedlu Nigatu, Keivan Ahmadi, Hailay Abrha Gesesew, Getasew Taddesse Worku, Kewal Krishan, Hany Aref, Alebachew Fasil Fasil, Aziz Eftekhari, Claudiu Herteliu, Wasiq Faraz Rawasia, Zoubida Zaidi, Simin Mouodi, Dawit Zewdu Wondafrash, Hafiz Ansar Rasul Suleria, Oluchi Ezekannagha, Getinet Ayano, Gebremicheal Gebreslassie Kasahun, Usman Iqbal, Andrey Nikolaevich Briko, Workua Mekonnen Metekiya, Chuanhua Yu, Pascual R. Valdez, Mohsen Mazidi, Hamidreza Komaki, Turki Alanzi, Amir Jalali, Mina Anjomshoa, Chukwudi A Nnaji, Mostafa Leili, Hagos Degefa Hidru, Morteza Shamsizadeh, Tomislav Mestrovic, Beatriz Paulina Ayala Quintanilla, Chi Linh Hoang, Jemal Abdu Mohammed, Christopher J L Murray, Reza Shirkoohi, Aditya Prasad Dash, Thomas Pilgrim, Alessandra C. Goulart, Rajeev Gupta, Mustafa Z. Younis, Maha El Tantawi, Maysaa El Sayed Zaki, Aleksandra Barac, Christiane Dolecek, Mohammad Mahdi Zamani, Jean Jacques Noubiap, Faris Lami, Mehdi Naderi, Yunquan Zhang, Babak Eshrati, Jagadish Rao Padubidri, Navid Rabiee, Mayowa O. Owolabi, Netsanet Fentahun, Nuruzzaman Khan, Roghayeh Mohammadibakhsh, Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad, Serge Resnikoff, Dharmesh Kumar Lal, Habtamu Kebebe Kasaye, Ketema Bizuwork Gebremedhin, Surendra Karki, Edgar Denova-Gutiérrez, Félix Carvalho, Yun Jin Kim, Sonia Lewycka, Rashmi Gupta, Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi, Neeraj Bedi, Binaya Chalise, Masood Ali Shaikh, Lauren E. Schaeffer, Kerrie E. Doyle, Gianna Gayle Herrera Amul, Richard C. Franklin, Dara K. Mohammad, Naznin Hossain, Jorge Cano, Jai K Das, Ana Isabel Ribeiro, Boris Bikbov, Sameer Vali Gopalani, Mohsen Afarideh, Behnam Heidari, Fares Alahdab, Takahiro Tabuchi, J. Car, Hilton Y. Lam, Diego Augusto Santos Silva, Linda Morales, Brian J. Hall, Mamusha Aman Hussen, Carsten Flohr, Ravi Prakash Jha, Shafiu Mohammed, Tara Ballav Adhikari, Abbas Mosapour, Muktar Beshir Ahmed, Wondimeneh Shibabaw Shiferaw, Mohamed M. Gad, Assefa Desalew, Eugenio Traini, Aisha Elsharkawy, Benjamin Uzochukwu, Anas M. Saad, Mohammad Rabiee, Sivan Yegnanarayana Iyer Saraswathy, Ansariadi Ansariadi, Abdallah M. Samy, Roman Topor-Madry, Afsaneh Arzani, Ayesha Humayun, Michael Tamene Haile, Maryam Khayamzadeh, Farah Daoud, Arash Tehrani-Banihashemi, Public Health, Johnson, KB, Local Burden of Disease 2019 Neglected Tropical Diseases Collaborator, Violante FS, Department of Earth Observation Science, UT-I-ITC-ACQUAL, Faculty of Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation, GeoHealth, and Instituto de Saúde Pública da Universidade do Porto
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, Geospatial analysis, 030231 tropical medicine, Elephantiasis, ELIMINATION, computer.software_genre, Article, Local Burden of Disease 2019 Neglected Tropical Diseases Collaborators, 1117 Public Health and Health Services, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, RA0421, Environmental health, Global health, medicine, 030212 general & internal medicine, Mass drug administration, Lymphatic filariasis, Public health, lcsh:Public aspects of medicine, Tropical disease, lcsh:RA1-1270, General Medicine, medicine.disease, 3. Good health, QR, Geography, Lymphatic system, ITC-ISI-JOURNAL-ARTICLE, A990 Medicine and Dentistry not elsewhere classified, ITC-GOLD, computer, 0605 Microbiology
Abstract: Background Lymphatic filariasis is a neglected tropical disease that can cause permanent disability through disruption of the lymphatic system. This disease is caused by parasitic filarial worms that are transmitted by mosquitos. Mass drug administration (MDA) of antihelmintics is recommended by WHO to eliminate lymphatic filariasis as a public health problem. This study aims to produce the first geospatial estimates of the global prevalence of lymphatic filariasis infection over time, to quantify progress towards elimination, and to identify geographical variation in distribution of infection. Methods A global dataset of georeferenced surveyed locations was used to model annual 2000–18 lymphatic filariasis prevalence for 73 current or previously endemic countries. We applied Bayesian model-based geostatistics and time series methods to generate spatially continuous estimates of global all-age 2000–18 prevalence of lymphatic filariasis infection mapped at a resolution of 5 km2 and aggregated to estimate total number of individuals infected. Findings We used 14 927 datapoints to fit the geospatial models. An estimated 199 million total individuals (95% uncertainty interval 174–234 million) worldwide were infected with lymphatic filariasis in 2000, with totals for WHO regions ranging from 3·1 million (1·6–5·7 million) in the region of the Americas to 107 million (91–134 million) in the South-East Asia region. By 2018, an estimated 51 million individuals (43–63 million) were infected. Broad declines in prevalence are observed globally, but focal areas in Africa and southeast Asia remain less likely to have attained infection prevalence thresholds proposed to achieve local elimination. Interpretation Although the prevalence of lymphatic filariasis infection has declined since 2000, MDA is still necessary across large populations in Africa and Asia. Our mapped estimates can be used to identify areas where the probability of meeting infection thresholds is low, and when coupled with large uncertainty in the predictions, indicate additional data collection or intervention might be warranted before MDA programmes cease. Funding Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
Published: 2020
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3. Mapping geographical inequalities in access to drinking water and sanitation facilities in low-income and middle-income countries, 2000-17

Author: Joseph Frostad, Eirini Skiadaresi, Mehran Asadi-Aliabadi, Aleksandra Barac, Simon I. Hay, Deborah Carvalho Malta, Achala Upendra Jayatilleke, David L. Smith, Mohamad-Hani Temsah, Brigette F. Blacker, Nuworza Kugbey, Bineyam Taye, Carlo La Vecchia, Kavumpurathu Raman Thankappan, Benny Antony, Cheru Tesema Leshargie, Eduarda Fernandes, Chandrashekhar T Sreeramareddy, Turki Alanzi, Amir Jalali, Chukwudi A Nnaji, Daniel Asmelash, Manu Raj Mathur, Jai K Das, Ana Isabel Ribeiro, Sachin R Atre, Tomislav Mestrovic, Rajeev Gupta, Smita Pakhale, Félix Carvalho, Yun Jin Kim, Quynh Anh P. Nguyen, Sameer Vali Gopalani, Chi Linh Hoang, Jean Jacques Noubiap, Manfred Accrombessi, Christopher J L Murray, Ninuk Hariyani, Ken Lee Chin, Jagadish Rao Padubidri, Mehdi Fazlzadeh, Mohammad Fareed, Mustafa Z. Younis, Navid Rabiee, Osayomwanbo Osarenotor, Brian J. Hall, Ejaz Ahmad Khan, Daniel Diaz, Salman Rawaf, Tara Ballav Adhikari, Mayowa O. Owolabi, Sonia Lewycka, Catalina Liliana Andrei, Henok Biresaw Netsere, Hagos Degefa Hidru, Morteza Shamsizadeh, Shai Linn, Saad M.A. Dahlawi, Demelash Woldeyohannes Handiso, Jemal Abdu Mohammed, Thomas Pilgrim, Alessandra C. Goulart, Ravi Prakash Jha, Norberto Perico, Sergio I. Prada, Ted R. Miller, Rebecca Ivers, Habib Benzian, David C. Schwebel, Milena Ilic, Siddhesh Zadey, Davide Rasella, Hedayat Abbastabar, Aso Mohammad Darwesh, Kinley Wangdi, Ritesh G. Menezes, Jost B. Jonas, Dian Kusuma, Molly K. Miller-Petrie, Savita Lasrado, Goura Kishor Rath, Lalit Dandona, Farshad Farzadfar, Georgy Lebedev, Ahmed I. Hasaballah, Shaimaa I. El-Jaafary, Aniruddha Deshpande, Jacek Jerzy Jozwiak, Joseph Adel Mattar Banoub, Amir Almasi-Hashiani, Praveen Hoogar, Fares Alahdab, Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar, Anbissa Muleta Senbeta, Subramanian Senthilkumaran, Ambrish Singh, Fatemeh Rajati, Sonali Kochhar, Amir Khater, Ali Almasi, Juanita A. Haagsma, Segun Emmanuel Ibitoye, Telma Zahirian Moghadam, Rajesh Sharma, Abel Fekadu Dadi, Sezer Kisa, Arash Etemadi, Zubair Kabir, Aslam Pervaiz, Muhammed Magdy Abd El Razek, Syed Ather Hussain, Mohsen Mazidi, Hamidreza Komaki, Reza Shirkoohi, Alex Yeshaneh, Faris Lami, Maha El Tantawi, Yunquan Zhang, Hamidreza Haririan, Lucas Guimarães Abreu, Tissa Wijeratne, Giuseppe Remuzzi, Bahram Mohajer, Christiane Dolecek, Vinay Nangia, Gebremicheal Gebreslassie Kasahun, Usman Iqbal, Nataliya A. Foigt, Andrey Nikolaevich Briko, Workua Mekonnen Metekiya, Chuanhua Yu, Elizabeth A. Cromwell, Pascual R. Valdez, Jennifer Rickard, Masoud Moradi, Hailay Abrha Gesesew, Naser Mohammad Gholi Mezerji, Getasew Taddesse Worku, Dinh-Toi Chu, Claudiu Herteliu, Dawit Zewdu Wondafrash, Gianna Gayle Herrera Amul, Mostafa Leili, Gebrehiwot G. Kassa, Soumyadeep Bhaumik, Ester Cerin, Bahram Armoon, Martin Amogre Ayanore, Shafiu Mohammed, Alexandria Brown, Charles Shey Wiysonge, Abbas Mosapour, Bach Xuan Tran, Lal B. Rawal, Muktar Beshir Ahmed, Wondimeneh Shibabaw Shiferaw, Mohamed M. Gad, Eugenio Traini, Aisha Elsharkawy, David M. Pigott, Temesgen Yihunie Akalu, Syed Mohamed Aljunid, Reza Malekzadeh, Ahmad Daryani, Olatunde Aremu, Mohammad Reza Salahshoor, Merhawi Gebremedhin Tekle, Derrick A Bennett, Oladimeji M. Adebayo, Bogdan Oancea, Jagdish Khubchandani, Sandra B. Munro, Naohiro Yonemoto, Ahmad Ghashghaee, Mohammed Ibrahim Mohialdeen Gubari, Marcela Agudelo-Botero, Bárbara Niegia Garcia de Goulart, Daniel Adane Endalew, Davide Guido, Alyssa N. Sbarra, Kerrie E. Doyle, Olalekan A. Uthman, Olatunji O. Adetokunboh, Zemichael Gizaw, Muhammad Usman, Farzaneh Ghazi Sherbaf, MohammadBagher Shamsi, Degena Bahrey Tadesse, Aziz Eftekhari, André Karch, Narinder Pal Singh, Carl Abelardo T. 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Brady, Ebrahim Babaee, Takahiro Tabuchi, Alebachew Fasil, Anusha Ganapati Bhat, Marwa Rashad Salem, Till Winfried Bärnighausen, Sadaf G. Sepanlou, Paula Moraga, J. Car, Hoa Thi Do, Samad Azari, hawariat, Cuong Tat Nguyen, Michelle L. Bell, Mohamed I Hegazy, Mehedi Hasan, Mamusha Aman Hussen, Erkin M. Mirrakhimov, Seyed Hossein Yahyazadeh Jabbari, Santi Martini, Vishnu Renjith, Haileab Fekadu Wolde, Chabila C Mapoma, Aubrey J. Levine, Solomon Gedlu Nigatu, Hamid Yimam Hassen, Anh Kim Dang, S. Mohammad Sajadi, Francisco Rogerlândio Martins-Melo, Shankar M Bakkannavar, Doris D. V. Ortega-Altamirano, Kala M. Mehta, Boris Bikbov, Assefa Desalew, Carsten Flohr, Yahya Safari, Michael R.M. Abrigo, Mohammad Moradi-Joo, Jan-Walter De Neve, Carlos A Castañeda-Orjuela, Julia Moreira Pescarini, Saeed Amini, Mehdi Ahmadi, Benjamin Uzochukwu, Anas M. Saad, Robert C. Reiner, Ammar Albujeer, Narayan Bahadur Mahotra, Nelson J. Alvis-Zakzuk, Teferi Mekonnen, Lauren E. 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Ginindza, Babak Moazen, Feleke Gebremeskel W, Meghdad Pirsaheb, Shally Awasthi, Morenike Oluwatoyin Folayan, Roman Topor-Madry, Phetole Walter Mahasha, Kamarul Imran Musa, Hebat Allah Salah A. Yousof, Afsaneh Arzani, Yousef Veisani, Farshad Pourmalek, Sharath Burugina Nagaraja, Ayesha Humayun, Michael Tamene Haile, Kiomars Sharafi, Wasiq Faraz Rawasia, Zoubida Zaidi, Getachew Mullu Kassa, Tsegaye Lolaso Lenjebo, Maryam Khayamzadeh, Nima Hafezi-Nejad, Mohammad Zamani, Takeshi Fukumoto, Masoud Foroutan, Noore Alam, Simin Mouodi, Miliva Mozaffor, Khanh Bao Tran, Farnam Mohebi, Sanjay Basu, Robert L. Thompson, Behzad Heibati, Santosh Varughese, Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi, Neeraj Bedi, Hafiz Ansar Rasul Suleria, Oluchi Ezekannagha, Gabriel Martinez, Getinet Ayano, Farah Daoud, Konrad Pesudovs, Julio Cesar Campuzano Rincon, Tukur Dahiru, Mehdi Hosseinzadeh, Andualem Henok, Mina Anjomshoa, Rovshan Khalilov, Ai Koyanagi, Raaj Kishore Biswas, Navid Manafi, Yousef Mohammad, Keivan Ahmadi, Seyyed Shamsadin Athari, Binaya Chalise, Masood Ali Shaikh, Joan B. Soriano, Victor Adekanmbi, Seid Tiku Mereta, Delia Hendrie, Vijay Kumar Chattu, Gebrekiros Gebremichael Meles, Si Si, Manasi Kumar, Netsanet Fentahun, Amira Shaheen, Seyyede Masoume Athari, Marcos Roberto Tovani-Palone, Ben Lacey, Peter Njenga Keiyoro, Yared Asmare Aynalem, Entezar Mehrabi Nasab, K M Shivakumar, Tewodros Eshete Wonde, Dessalegn Ajema Berbada, Yahya Salimi, Adnan Kisa, Hisham Atan Edinur, Benn Sartorius, Kate E. LeGrand, Azadeh Shafieesabet, Richard C. Franklin, Dara K. Mohammad, Naznin Hossain, Mona M. Khater, Reta Tsegaye Gayesa, Natalie Maria Cormier, Ghulam Mustafa, Ehsan Sadeghi, Nikolay Ivanovich Briko, Robert S. Bernstein, Samiah Alam, Duduzile Ndwandwe, Andrew T Olagunju, Obinna Onwujekwe, B. Suresh Kumar Shetty, Behnam Heidari, Arianna Maever L. Amit, John S. Ji, Pushpendra Kumar, Sangram Kishor Patel, Vera Marisa Costa, Yafeng Wang, Irfan Ullah, Sahar Saeedi Moghaddam, Virendra Singh, Tufa Kolola, Mehdi Yaseri, Abdullah Al Mamun, Hilton Y. Lam, Diego Augusto Santos Silva, Samath D Dharmaratne, Hajer Elkout, Yoshan Moodley, Linda Morales, Adrian Pana, Nauman Khalid, Hassen Mohammed, Fakher Rahim, Emma Elizabeth Spurlock, Mika Shigematsu, Bryan L. Sykes, Isaac Oluwafemi Dipeolu, Platon D. Lopukhov, Marzieh Nojomi, Khalid A Altirkawi, Dessalegn Haile, Mohsen Bayati, Senthilkumar Balakrishnan, Mohammad Ali Sahraian, Yasir Waheed, Ernoiz Antriyandarti, Tomohide Yamada, Alireza Rafiei, Bruno Ramos Nascimento, Ian Pollock, Ahamarshan Jayaraman Nagarajan, Kebede Embaye Gezae, Anton Sokhan, Mehran Shams-Beyranvand, Junaid Khan, Jacqueline Elizabeth Alcalde-Rabanal, Enrico Rubagotti, Mehran Alijanzadeh, Gillian I. Hollerich, Ismael R. Campos-Nonato, Eleonora Dubljanin, Itamar S. Santos, Wubalem Fekadu, Ole Frithjof Norheim, Florian Fischer, Kedir Hussein Abegaz, Nihal Thomas, Alaa Badawi, Amir Hasanzadeh, Nasir Salam, Muhammad Ali, Mohammad Ali Mansournia, Marcel Ausloos, Ensiyeh Jenabi, Bruno Piassi Sao Jose, Edgar Denova-Gutiérrez, Jae Il Shin, Jacob Olusegun Olusanya, Mohammad Hasan Imani-Nasab, Rajesh Sagar, Ahmed Abdelalim, Benjamin K. Mayala, Fatemeh Heydarpour, Maysaa El Sayed Zaki, Shiwei Liu, Soraya Siabani, Jonathan F. Mosser, Veincent Christian Filipino Pepito, Andre Rodrigues Duraes, Valery L. Feigin, Yuan-Pang Wang, Mathew M. Baumann, Saravanan Muthupandian, Ingan Ukur Tarigan, Jasvinder A. Singh, Sebastian Vollmer, Felix Akpojene Ogbo, Alan J Thomson, Agus Sudaryanto, Birhanu Geta Meharie, Mihajlo Jakovljevic, Ahsan Saleem, Ali S. Shalash, Rakhi Dandona, Mojtaba Bagherzadeh, Ahmed Abualhasan, Muhammad Shahdaat Bin Sayeed, Meghnath Dhimal, Yves Miel H Zuniga, Akram Pourshams, Ionut Negoi, Yilma Chisha Dea Geramo, Franz Castro, Nefsu Awoke, Vahid Alipour, Rosario Cárdenas, Mohammad Khazaei, Mitchell T. Wallin, Yonatal Mesfin Tefera, Sanjay Zodpey, Bolajoko O. Olusanya, Ziad A. Memish, Taddese Alemu Zerfu, Claudio Alberto Dávila-Cervantes, Samer Hamidi, Gbenga A. Kayode, Peter Memiah, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam, Francesco Saverio Violante, Bartosz Miazgowski, Babak Eshrati, Moses K. Muriithi, Mihiretu Kebede, Mowafa Househ, Monika Sawhney, Preeti Dhillon, Desta Haftu Hayelom, Ajay Patle, Thirunavukkarasu Sathish, Krittika Bhattacharyya, Hiroshi Yatsuya, Jaifred Christian F. Lopez, Barthelemy Kuate Defo, Arash Ziapour, Paul H. Lee, Emerito Jose A. Faraon, Seyed Sina Naghibi Irvani, Hagos Tasew Atalay, Tariq Jamal Siddiqi, Rafael Alves Guimarães, Aziz Sheikh, Adauto Martins Soares Filho, Eun-Kee Park, Kirsten E. Wiens, Hai Quang Pham, Berhe Etsay Tesfay, G. K. Mini, Zewdie Aderaw Alemu, Hedley Quintana, Milena Santric-Milicevic, Rajat Das Gupta, Parvaiz A Koul, Edson Serván-Mori, Foad Abd-Allah, Rahul Gupta, Dereje Bayissa Demissie, Chinwe Juliana Iwu, Gabrielle B. Britton, Colm McAlinden, Ayenew Negesse Abejie, Mohsen Naghavi, Maarten J. Postma, Chhabi Lal Ranabhat, Liliana Preotescu, Walter Mendoza, Manfred S. Green, Mahesh P A, Somayeh Bohlouli, Huong Lan Thi Nguyen, Khaled Khatab, Ziyad Al-Aly, Ali H. Mokdad, Aditya P Dash, Andre M. N. Renzaho, Muhammad Aziz Rahman, Ghobad Moradi, Ruth W Kimokoti, Jalal Arabloo, Kimberly B. Johnson, Seyyed Meysam Mousavi, Hesham M. Al-Mekhlafi, D. R. Mahadeshwara Prasad, Rufus A. Adedoyin, Arash Tehrani-Banihashemi, Govinda Prasad Dhungana, Engida Yisma, Azeem Majeed, Dina Nur Anggraini Ningrum, Hagazi Gebre Meles, Hala Elhabashy, Devasahayam J. Christopher, Malede Mequanent Sisay, Juan Sanabria, Gebre Teklemariam Demoz, Leonardo Roever, Shishay Wahdey Tekelemedhin, Guoqing Hu, Yousef Khader, Heather J. Zar, Hamideh Salimzadeh, Ali Bijani, Mehdi Sayyah, Shanshan Li, Kebreab Paulos, Tefera Chane Mekonnen, Mahya Beheshti, Siamak Sabour, Izza Shahid, Tuomo J. Meretoja, Ireneous N. Soyiri, Luca Ronfani, James Albright, Brijesh Sathian, Maciej Banach, Hasan Yusefzadeh, Rahman Shiri, Girmay Teklay Weldesamuel, Mekdes Tigistu Yilma, Taweewat Wiangkham, Soewarta Kosen, Fernando de la Hoz, Mohammed Shannawaz, Luis Camera, Nevine El Nahas, Paul S. F. Yip, Miguel A Barboza, Ibrahim Abdollahpour, Augustine Mwangi Gatotoh, Gurudatta Naik, Kebede Deribe, Real World Studies in PharmacoEpidemiology, -Genetics, -Economics and -Therapy (PEGET), Value, Affordability and Sustainability (VALUE), Microbes in Health and Disease (MHD), Instituto de Saúde Pública da Universidade do Porto, IRAS OH Epidemiology Chemical Agents, Local Burden of Disease WaSH Collaborator, Violante FS, Public Health, Department of Earth Observation Science, UT-I-ITC-ACQUAL, Faculty of Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation, GeoHealth, HUS Comprehensive Cancer Center, Clinicum, University of Helsinki, Department of Oncology, Yisma, Engida, and Local Burden of Disease WaSH Collaborators
Subjects: Drinking water access, Sanitation, Universal design, Geographic Mapping, Socioeconomic Factor, DISEASE, 0302 clinical medicine, RA0421, Hygiene, 11. Sustainability, Global health, 030212 general & internal medicine, media_common, 2. Zero hunger, Public health, lcsh:Public aspects of medicine, 1. No poverty, General Medicine, 3142 Public health care science, environmental and occupational health, 6. Clean water, Low-income countries, 3. Good health, A990 Medicine and Dentistry not elsewhere classified, CHILD GROWTH, TERRITORIES, HYGIENE, Human, 0605 Microbiology, Diarrhea, AFRICA, medicine.medical_specialty, media_common.quotation_subject, 030231 tropical medicine, Local Burden of Disease WaSH Collaborators, Developing country, Article, Geographical inequalities, 1117 Public Health and Health Services, 12. Responsible consumption, Developing Countrie, 03 medical and health sciences, NUTRITIONAL INTERVENTIONS, Environmental health, medicine, SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS, Humans, QUALITY, Sanitation/statistics & numerical data, Open defecation, Improved sanitation, hand washing, Developing Countries, Models, Statistical, Middle-income countries, Drinking Water, lcsh:RA1-1270, Bayes Theorem, GLOBAL BURDEN, diarrheal disease, DIARRHEA, Diarrhea/epidemiology, Local Burden of Disease WaSH Collaborator, Socioeconomic Factors, 0605 Microbiology, 1117 Public Health and Health Services, ITC-ISI-JOURNAL-ARTICLE, Business, Human medicine, Sanitation facilities, ITC-GOLD
Abstract: Background: Universal access to safe drinking water and sanitation facilities is an essential human right, recognised in the Sustainable Development Goals as crucial for preventing disease and improving human wellbeing. Comprehensive, high-resolution estimates are important to inform progress towards achieving this goal. We aimed to produce highresolution geospatial estimates of access to drinking water and sanitation facilities. Methods: We used a Bayesian geostatistical model and data from 600 sources across more than 88 low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) to estimate access to drinking water and sanitation facilities on continuous continent-wide surfaces from 2000 to 2017, and aggregated results to policy-relevant administrative units. We estimated mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive subcategories of facilities for drinking water (piped water on or off premises, other improved facilities, unimproved, and surface water) and sanitation facilities (septic or sewer sanitation, other improved, unimproved, and open defecation) with use of ordinal regression. We also estimated the number of diarrhoeal deaths in children younger than 5 years attributed to unsafe facilities and estimated deaths that were averted by increased access to safe facilities in 2017, and analysed geographical inequality in access within LMICs. Findings: Across LMICs, access to both piped water and improved water overall increased between 2000 and 2017, with progress varying spatially. For piped water, the safest water facility type, access increased from 40·0% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 39·4–40·7) to 50·3% (50·0–50·5), but was lowest in sub-Saharan Africa, where access to piped water was mostly concentrated in urban centres. Access to both sewer or septic sanitation and improved sanitation overall also increased across all LMICs during the study period. For sewer or septic sanitation, access was 46·3% (95% UI 46·1–46·5) in 2017, compared with 28·7% (28·5–29·0) in 2000. Although some units improved access to the safest drinking water or sanitation facilities since 2000, a large absolute number of people continued to not have access in several units with high access to such facilities (>80%) in 2017. More than 253 000 people did not have access to sewer or septic sanitation facilities in the city of Harare, Zimbabwe, despite 88·6% (95% UI 87·2–89·7) access overall. Many units were able to transition from the least safe facilities in 2000 to safe facilities by 2017; for units in which populations primarily practised open defecation in 2000, 686 (95% UI 664–711) of the 1830 (1797–1863) units transitioned to the use of improved sanitation. Geographical disparities in access to improved water across units decreased in 76·1% (95% UI 71·6–80·7) of countries from 2000 to 2017, and in 53·9% (50·6–59·6) of countries for access to improved sanitation, but remained evident subnationally in most countries in 2017. Interpretation: Our estimates, combined with geospatial trends in diarrhoeal burden, identify where efforts to increase access to safe drinking water and sanitation facilities are most needed. By highlighting areas with successful approaches or in need of targeted interventions, our estimates can enable precision public health to effectively progress towards universal access to safe water and sanitation. This work was primarily supported by a grant from the Gates Foundation (OPP1132415). LGA has received support from Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (Finance Code 001), Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico and Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais. OOA acknowledges the Department of Science and Innovation, National Research Foundation, and DSI/NRF Centre of Excellence for Epidemiological Modelling and Analysis, Stellenbosch, South Africa. SMAl acknowledges the Department of Health Policy and Management, Faculty of Public Health, Kuwait University and International Centre for Casemix and Clinical Coding, Faculty of Medicine, National University of Malaysia for the approval and support to participate in this research project. HTA acknowledges Aksum University. MAu and CH are partly supported by a grant from the Romanian National Authority for Scientific Research and Innovation, CNDS-UEFISCDI, project number PN-III-P4-ID-PCCF-2016-0084. AAz acknowledges funding from the Gates Foundation (OPP1171700). ABad is supported by the Public Health Agency of Canada. TWB was supported by the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation through the Alexander von Humboldt Professor award, funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research; the EU; the Wellcome Trust; and from National Institute of Child Health and Human Development of National Institutes of Health (NIH; R01-HD084233), National Institute on Aging of NIH (P01AG041710), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases of NIH (R01-AI124389 and R01-AI112339), as well as Fogarty International Center of NIH (D43-TW009775). DABen was supported by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre. The views expressed are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the National Health Service, the NIHR, or the UK Department of Health and Social Care. GBB is supported by Sistema Nacional de Investigación (SNI) de la Secretaría Nacional de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación (SENACYT) of Panamá. FCar acknowledges UID/ MULTI/04378/2019 and UID/QUI/50006/2019 support with funding from FCT/Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia e Ensino Superior through national funds. VMC acknowledges her grant (SFRH/BHD/110001/2015), received by Portuguese national funds through Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (FCT), IP, under the Norma Transitória DL57/2016/CP1334/CT0006. JDN acknowledges support from the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation. DBD acknowledges support from the Gates Foundation. KD is supported by a Wellcome Trust grant (number 201900/Z/16/Z) as part of his International Intermediate Fellowship. AGo acknowledges Sistema Nacional de Investigadores de Panamá (SNI), Secretaría Nacional de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación (SENACYT). CH is partly supported by a grant co-funded by European Fund for Regional Development through the Operational Program for Competitiveness (project ID P_40_382). SMSI is funded by a Fellowship from National Heart Foundation of Australia and Deakin University. MJ and the Serbian part of this GBD contribution was co-funded through grant OI175014 of the Ministry of Education Science and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia. JK is a recipient of the 2020 Benjamin V Cohen Peace Fellowship from Ball State University Center for Peace and Conflict Studies. YJK’s work was supported by the Research Management Centre, Xiamen University Malaysia, grants number XMUMRF/2018-C2/ ITCM/0001. KKr is supported by a DST PURSE grant and UGC Center of Advanced Study awarded to the Department of Anthropology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India. BL acknowledges support from the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre and the British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, Oxford. PTNM acknowledges the Council for the Development of Social Science Research in Africa. ANA acknowledges Debre Markos University for its support in-terms of office and internet access while reviewing this paper. AMSam received a fellowship from the Egyptian Fulbright Mission programme. MMS-M acknowledges the support of the Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia (contract number 175087). AShi acknowledges the support of Health Data Research UK. MRS acknowledges the Clinical Research Development Center of Imam Reza Hospital, Kermanshah university of Medical sciences for their wise advice. JBS is part of Centro de Investigación en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain. RT-S was supported in part by grant PI17/00719 from Instituto de Salud Carlos III–FEDER. BU acknowledges Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal. TWij acknowledges the Migraine Foundation Australia and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rajarata, Saliyapura, Anuradhapuraya, Sri Lanka. CSW was supported by the South African Medical Research Council. SBZ received a scholarship from the Australian Government research training program in support of his academic career.
Published: 2020
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4. Mapping disparities in education across low- and middle-income countries

Author: Lauren E. Schaeffer, Belay Tessema, Reza Malekzadeh, Olatunde Aremu, Mehdi Hosseinzadeh, Milena M Santric Milicevic, Seyyed Meysam Mousavi, Azeem Majeed, Badr Hasan Sobaih, Jalal Arabloo, Philimon Gona, Aliasghar Ahmad Kiadaliri, Mostafa Qorbani, Fatemeh Rajati, Ipsita Sutradhar, Giuseppe Remuzzi, Babak Eshrati, Olufemi Ajumobi, Lauren Woyczynski, Parul Puri, Vinay Nangia, Guoqing Hu, Yousef Khader, Suzanne Barker-Collo, Hamideh Salimzadeh, Félix Carvalho, Yun Jin Kim, Moslem Soofi, Ali Bijani, Shanshan Li, Catalina Liliana Andrei, Ali Kazemi Karyani, Mehran Asadi-Aliabadi, Andrea Sylvia Winkler, Arya Haj-Mirzaian, Maziar Moradi-Lakeh, Farnam Mohebi, Mohamad-Hani Temsah, Kala M. Mehta, Simon I. Hay, Benjamin B. Massenburg, Sanjay Zodpey, Tuomo J. Meretoja, Ireneous N. Soyiri, Bach Xuan Tran, George C Patton, Kavumpurathu Raman Thankappan, Engida Yisma, Vasily Vlassov, Samer Hamidi, Ghulam Mustafa, André Faro, Eduarda Fernandes, Chandrashekhar T Sreeramareddy, Rajat Gupta, Shirin Djalalinia, Dina Nur Anggraini Ningrum, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam, Juan Sanabria, Leonardo Roever, Dayane Gabriele Alves Silveira, Samad Azari, Vahid Alipour, Gabrielle B. Britton, Luca Ronfani, Rosario Cárdenas, Maarten J. Postma, Hamid Yimam Hassen, Pn Sylaja, Brijesh Sathian, Paul S. F. Yip, Vegard Skirbekk, Chhabi Lal Ranabhat, Paramjit Gill, Walter Mendoza, Lorenzo Monasta, Dara K. Mohammad, Naznin Hossain, Dhirendra N Sinha, Ali H. Mokdad, Aziz Rezapour, Megan F. Schipp, Ziyad Al-Aly, Takeshi Fukumoto, Kebede Deribe, Paula Moraga, Mohammad Ebrahimi Kalan, Ai Koyanagi, Andre M. N. Renzaho, Cyrus Cooper, Ghobad Moradi, Ruth W Kimokoti, Swayam Prakash, Rafael Tabarés-Seisdedos, Zahra Jorjoran Shushtari, Zemenu Tadesse Tessema, Amir Radfar, Jean Jacques Noubiap, Emmanuela Gakidou, Mahdi Afshari, Suleman Atique, Reza Majdzadeh, Kiomars Sharafi, Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad, Foad Abd-Allah, Zahid A Butt, Beruk Berhanu Desalegn, Ruxandra Irina Negoi, Marek Majdan, Yoshan Moodley, Jianrong Zhang, Farid Najafi, Aso Mohammad Darwesh, Benn Sartorius, Amber Sligar, Nicole Davis Weaver, Naohiro Yonemoto, Jacob Olusegun Olusanya, Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi, Neeraj Bedi, Suraj Bhattarai, Sadaf G. Sepanlou, Francisco Rogerlandio Martins-Melo, Malihe Nourollahpour Shiadeh, Bernardo Hernández Prado, Masood Ali Shaikh, Khalid A Altirkawi, Carlos Rios-Gonzalez, Claudiu Herteliu, Jason B. Hall, Irina Filip, Abdullah Sulieman Terkawi, Sojib Bin Zaman, Nathaniel J Henry, Eleonora Dubljanin, Jasvinder A. Singh, Pushpendra Kumar, Akram Pourshams, Jung-Chen Chang, Irfan Ullah, Lorainne Tudor Car, Franz Castro, George A. Mensah, Delia Hendrie, Mehran Shams-Beyranvand, Zulfiqar A Bhutta, Jaifred Christian F. Lopez, Laura Dwyer-Lindgren, Lee Ling Lim, Charles D.A. Wolfe, Adnan Kisa, Seyed Sina Naghibi Irvani, Alaa Badawi, Bolajoko O. Olusanya, Tomohide Yamada, Gholamreza Roshandel, Jonathan F. Mosser, Jose A. Garcia, Andre Rodrigues Duraes, Mohammadreza Amiresmaili, Krittika Bhattacharyya, Yuan-Pang Wang, Sebastian Vollmer, Felix Akpojene Ogbo, Birkneh Tilahun Tadesse, Mihajlo Jakovljevic, Songhomitra Panda-Jonas, Paul H. Lee, Michael Collison, Sanghamitra Pati, Aziz Sheikh, Kalkidan Hassen Abate, Anthony Barnett, Ejaz Ahmad Khan, Michael A. Cork, Meghnath Dhimal, Norberto Perico, Francesco Saverio Violante, Daniel N. Kiirithio, Ted R. Miller, Arundhati R. Sawant, Olalekan A. Uthman, Kewal Krishan, Ashish Awasthi, Anthony Masaka, Katherine F. Wilson, Padukudru Anand Mahesh, Roy Burstein, Amir Kasaeian, Yuming Guo, Peter Nyasulu, Chuanhua Yu, Pascual R. Valdez, Josephine W. Ngunjiri, Vipin Gupta, Tomislav Mestrovic, Long Hoang Nguyen, Neda Izadi, Faris Lami, Marcos Roberto Tovani-Palone, Azin Nahvijou, Jun She, Christopher J L Murray, Krishna K. Aryal, Payman Salamati, Mona M. Khater, Rajeev Gupta, Robert Reiner, Mustafa Z. Younis, Ali Rostami, Duduzile Ndwandwe, Obinna Onwujekwe, Manasi Kumar, Nafis Sadat, Nahla Anber, Joan B. Soriano, Victor Adekanmbi, John C. Wilkinson, Babak Moazen, Andrew T Olagunju, Nicholas Graetz, Andualem Henok, Mina Anjomshoa, Boris Bikbov, Melaku Desta, Yahya Safari, Jan-Walter De Neve, Carlos A Castañeda-Orjuela, Mohammad Fareed, Ayman Grada, Eduardo Ortiz-Panozo, Rajesh Sharma, Beatriz Paulina Ayala Quintanilla, Enrico Rubagotti, John S. Ji, Mika Shigematsu, Fakher Rahim, Randah R. Hamadeh, G. K. Mini, Yasir Waheed, Meghdad Pirsaheb, Yousef Veisani, Daniel Diaz, Adrian Pana, Salman Rawaf, Ehsan Sadeghi, Yahya Salimi, Joseph Adel Mattar Banoub, Carl Abelardo T. Antonio, Morteza Abdullatif Khafaie, David M. Pigott, Fares Alahdab, Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar, Anbissa Muleta Senbeta, Tomi Akinyemiju, Damaris K. Kinyoki, Morteza Shamsizadeh, Ziad El-Khatib, Abdallah M. Samy, Roman Topor-Madry, Farah Daoud, Cuong Tat Nguyen, Aubrey J. Levine, Sameer Vali Gopalani, Ravi Prakash Jha, Mesfin Tadese Dinberu, Shafiu Mohammed, Simon Øverland, David Laith Rawaf, Arvin Haj-Mirzaian, Satar Rezaei, Oladimeji Adebayo, Nasir Salam, Mohammad Ali Mansournia, Rajesh Sagar, Alex Yeshaneh, Michael K. Hole, Agus Sudaryanto, Yunquan Zhang, Mahbobeh Faramarzi, Natalia V. Bhattacharjee, Aniruddha Deshpande, Soewarta Kosen, Mahmoud Yousefifard, Jacek Jerzy Jozwiak, Mehedi Hasan, Shane D. Morrison, Erkin M. Mirrakhimov, Marcel Ausloos, Ionut Negoi, Jacqueline Elizabeth Alcalde Rabanal, Barthelemy Kuate Defo, Giang Thu Vu, Lucas Earl, Doris D. V. Ortega-Altamirano, Yu Liao, Peter Njenga Keiyoro, Tanuj Kanchan, Chandrasekharan Nair Kesavachandran, Mu'awiyyah Babale Sufiyan, Mohammad Hifz Ur Rahman, Lidia Morawska, Tiffany K. Gill, Manisha Dubey, David C. Schwebel, Jost B. Jonas, Ester Cerin, Mehran Alijanzadeh, Florian Fischer, Stefan Listl, Benjamin K. Mayala, Mahmood Moosazadeh, Soraya Siabani, Derrick A Bennett, Collaborators, Local Burden of Disease Educational Attainment, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, HUS Comprehensive Cancer Center, Clinicum, Helsinki University Hospital Area, University of Helsinki, Local Burden Dis Educ Attainment C, Graetz N., Woyczynski L., Wilson K.F., Hall J.B., Abate K.H., Abd-Allah F., Adebayo O.M., Adekanmbi V., Afshari M., Ajumobi O., Akinyemiju T., Alahdab F., Al-Aly Z., Rabanal J.E.A., Alijanzadeh M., Alipour V., Altirkawi K., Amiresmaili M., Anber N.H., Andrei C.L., Anjomshoa M., Antonio C.A.T., Arabloo J., Aremu O., Aryal K.K., Asadi-Aliabadi M., Atique S., Ausloos M., Awasthi A., Quintanilla B.P.A., Azari S., Badawi A., Banoub J.A.M., Barker-Collo S.L., Barnett A., Bedi N., Bennett D.A., Bhattacharjee N.V., Bhattacharyya K., Bhattarai S., Bhutta Z.A., Bijani A., Bikbov B., Britton G., Burstein R., Butt Z.A., Cardenas R., Carvalho F., Castaneda-Orjuela C.A., Castro F., Cerin E., Chang J.-C., Collison M.L., Cooper C., Cork M.A., Daoud F., Das Gupta R., Weaver N.D., De Neve J.-W., Deribe K., Desalegn B.B., Deshpande A., Desta M., Dhimal M., Diaz D., Dinberu M.T., Djalalinia S., Dubey M., Dubljanin E., Duraes A.R., Dwyer-Lindgren L., Earl L., Kalan M.E., El-Khatib Z., Eshrati B., Faramarzi M., Fareed M., Faro A., Fereshtehnejad S.-M., Fernandes E., Filip I., Fischer F., Fukumoto T., Garcia J.A., Gill P.S., Gill T.K., Gona P.N., Gopalani S.V., Grada A., Guo Y., Gupta R., Gupta V., Haj-Mirzaian A., Hamadeh R.R., Hamidi S., Hasan M., Hassen H.Y., Hendrie D., Henok A., Henry N.J., Prado B.H., Herteliu C., Hole M.K., Hossain N., Hosseinzadeh M., Hu G., Ilesanmi O.S., Irvani S.S.N., Islam S.M.S., Izadi N., Jakovljevic M., Jha R.P., Ji J.S., Jonas J.B., Shushtari Z.J., Jozwiak J.J., Kanchan T., Kasaeian A., Karyani A.K., Keiyoro P.N., Kesavachandran C.N., Khader Y.S., Khafaie M.A., Khan E.A., Khater M.M., Kiadaliri A.A., Kiirithio D.N., Kim Y.J., Kimokoti R.W., Kinyoki D.K., Kisa A., Kosen S., Koyanagi A., Krishan K., Defo B.K., Kumar M., Kumar P., Lami F.H., Lee P.H., Levine A.J., Li S., Liao Y., Lim L.-L., Listl S., Lopez J.C.F., Majdan M., Majdzadeh R., Majeed A., Malekzadeh R., Mansournia M.A., Martins-Melo F.R., Masaka A., Massenburg B.B., Mayala B.K., Mehta K.M., Mendoza W., Mensah G.A., Meretoja T.J., Mestrovic T., Miller T.R., Mini G.K., Mirrakhimov E.M., Moazen B., Mohammad D.K., Darwesh A.M., Mohammed S., Mohebi F., Mokdad A.H., Monasta L., Moodley Y., Moosazadeh M., Moradi G., Moradi-Lakeh M., Moraga P., Morawska L., Morrison S.D., Mosser J.F., Mousavi S.M., Murray C.J.L., Mustafa G., Nahvijou A., Najafi F., Nangia V., Ndwandwe D.E., Negoi I., Negoi R.I., Ngunjiri J.W., Nguyen C.T., Nguyen L.H., Ningrum D.N.A., Noubiap J.J., Shiadeh M.N., Nyasulu P.S., Ogbo F.A., Olagunju A.T., Olusanya B.O., Olusanya J.O., Onwujekwe O.E., Ortega-Altamirano D.D.V., Ortiz-Panozo E., Overland S., Mahesh P.A., Pana A., Panda-Jonas S., Pati S., Patton G.C., Perico N., Pigott D.M., Pirsaheb M., Postma M.J., Pourshams A., Prakash S., Puri P., Qorbani M., Radfar A., Rahim F., Rahimi-Movaghar V., Rahman M.H.U., Rajati F., Ranabhat C.L., Rawaf D.L., Rawaf S., Reiner R.C., Remuzzi G., Renzaho A.M.N., Rezaei S., Rezapour A., Rios-Gonzalez C., Roever L., Ronfani L., Roshandel G., Rostami A., Rubagotti E., Sadat N., Sadeghi E., Safari Y., Sagar R., Salam N., Salamati P., Salimi Y., Salimzadeh H., Samy A.M., Sanabria J., Santric Milicevic M.M., Sartorius B., Sathian B., Sawant A.R., Schaeffer L.E., Schipp M.F., Schwebel D.C., Senbeta A.M., Sepanlou S.G., Shaikh M.A., Shams-Beyranvand M., Shamsizadeh M., Sharafi K., Sharma R., She J., Sheikh A., Shigematsu M., Siabani S., Silveira D.G.A., Singh J.A., Sinha D.N., Skirbekk V., Sligar A., Sobaih B.H., Soofi M., Soriano J.B., Soyiri I.N., Sreeramareddy C.T., Sudaryanto A., Babale Sufiyan M., Sutradhar I., Sylaja P., Tabares-Seisdedos R., Tadesse B.T., Temsah M.-H., Terkawi A.S., Tessema B., Tessema Z.T., Thankappan K.R., Topor-Madry R., Tovani-Palone M.R., Tran B.X., Car L.T., Ullah I., Uthman O.A., Valdez P.R., Veisani Y., Violante F.S., Vlassov V., Vollmer S., Thu Vu G., Waheed Y., Wang Y.-P., Wilkinson J.C., Winkler A.S., Wolfe C.D.A., Yamada T., Yeshaneh A., Yip P., Yisma E., Yonemoto N., Younis M.Z., Yousefifard M., Yu C., Bin Zaman S., Zhang J., Zhang Y., Zodpey S., Gakidou E., Hay S.I., Graetz, Nicholas, Woyczynski, Lauren, Wilson, Katherine F, Hall, Jason B, Yisma, Engida, Hay, Simon I, Local Burden of Disease Educational Attainment Collaborators, Microbes in Health and Disease (MHD), Real World Studies in PharmacoEpidemiology, -Genetics, -Economics and -Therapy (PEGET), and Value, Affordability and Sustainability (VALUE)
Subjects: Male, ATTAINMENT, Health Status, Disease, education, low- and middle-income countries, 0302 clinical medicine, WORLD, gender, Global health, risk factors, 030212 general & internal medicine, Aetiology, 10. No inequality, media_common, Developing world, Pediatric, Multidisciplinary, 1. No poverty, Multidisciplinary Sciences, Geography, Science & Technology - Other Topics, Female, HEALTH, developing world, social and economic factors, Engineering sciences. Technology, disparitie, AFRICA, medicine.medical_specialty, Inequality, General Science & Technology, media_common.quotation_subject, MODELS, Developing country, Local Burden of Disease Educational Attainment Collaborators, Article, Healthcare improvement science Radboud Institute for Health Sciences [Radboudumc 18], Education, 03 medical and health sciences, 2.3 Psychological, medicine, Humans, Society, Social determinants of health, Developing Countries, Science & Technology, Equity (economics), MORTALITY, Public health, Bayes Theorem, Educational attainment, 3141 Health care science, society, Good Health and Well Being, Risk factors, Socioeconomic Factors, Demographic economics, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery
Abstract: Educational attainment is an important social determinant of maternal, newborn, and child health1–3. As a tool for promoting gender equity, it has gained increasing traction in popular media, international aid strategies, and global agenda-setting4–6. The global health agenda is increasingly focused on evidence of precision public health, which illustrates the subnational distribution of disease and illness7,8; however, an agenda focused on future equity must integrate comparable evidence on the distribution of social determinants of health9–11. Here we expand on the available precision SDG evidence by estimating the subnational distribution of educational attainment, including the proportions of individuals who have completed key levels of schooling, across all low- and middle-income countries from 2000 to 2017. Previous analyses have focused on geographical disparities in average attainment across Africa or for specific countries, but—to our knowledge—no analysis has examined the subnational proportions of individuals who completed specific levels of education across all low- and middle-income countries12–14. By geolocating subnational data for more than 184 million person-years across 528 data sources, we precisely identify inequalities across geography as well as within populations., Analyses of the proportions of individuals who have completed key levels of schooling across all low- and middle-income countries from 2000 to 2017 reveal inequalities across countries as well as within populations.
Published: 2020
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5. Depression and Its Associated Factors among Diabetes Mellitus Patients Attending Selected Hospitals in Southwest Ethiopia: A Cross-Sectional Study

Author: Yitagesu Mamo, Ameha Zewudie, Adane Asefa, Andualem Henok, and Tadesse Nigussie
Subjects: Psychiatry, medicine.medical_specialty, Article Subject, business.industry, Cross-sectional study, Medical record, Prevalence, RC435-571, 030209 endocrinology & metabolism, General Medicine, medicine.disease, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Sexual dysfunction, Internal medicine, Statistical significance, Diabetes mellitus, Medicine, Marital status, 030212 general & internal medicine, medicine.symptom, business, Depression (differential diagnoses), Research Article
Abstract: Background. Diabetes mellitus and depression are very common diseases worldwide, and the prevalence rates of both conditions are increasing rapidly. Depression among patients with diabetes mellitus results in poor glycemic control through different mechanisms. Besides, the coexistence of a chronic medical illness with depression reduces the probability of recognizing and treating depression. The study is aimed at assessing the prevalence and factors associated with depression among adults with diabetes mellitus. Methods. A hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted among adult diabetes mellitus patients on follow-up in Mizan-Tepi University Teaching Hospital and Tepi General Hospital. A consecutive sampling technique was employed to recruit the study participants, and data were collected through face-to-face interview and medical chart review. Depression was measured using Patient Health Questionnaire-nine (PHQ-9). Binary logistic regression analysis was done and a p value of less than 0.05 was used as a level of significance. Results. The prevalence of depression among study participants was 37.0% (95% CI 32.0%-42.0%). The majority (44.7%) of the patients had mild depression, while only 2% had severe depression. Being male (AOR=1.92, 95% CI: 1.15-3.22), urban residence (AOR=3.02, 95% CI: 1.57-5.78), single marital status (AOR=7.72, 95% CI: 3.6-16.53), duration of diabetes mellitus 5 years and more (AOR=2.00, 95% CI: 1.21-3.5), and having sexual dysfunction (AOR=3.55, 95% CI: 2.13-5.91) were associated with increased odds of depression among diabetes mellitus patients. Conclusions. The prevalence of depression among diabetes mellitus was high. Therefore, the patients should be thoroughly screened for this comorbid condition, and the significant factors should be addressed during routine follow-up.
Published: 2020

6. Burden of injury along the development spectrum: associations between the Socio-demographic Index and disability-adjusted life year estimates from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

Author: Hassan Haghparast Bidgoli, Young Eun Kim, Duduzile Ndwandwe, Marilita M Moschos, Diego De Leo, Mark A. Stokes, Faris Lami, Lorenzo Monasta, Amit Arora, Hamid Asayesh, Dhirendra N Sinha, Ferrán Catalá-López, Ana Maria Nogales Vasconcelos, Swayam Prakash, Rafael Tabarés-Seisdedos, Melkamu Merid Mengesha, Yuichiro Yano, Olalekan A. Uthman, Amir Radfar, Manasi Kumar, Kamarul Imran Musa, Babak Moazen, Spencer L. James, Ahmad Daryani, Achala Upendra Jayatilleke, Siavash Rahimi, Carl Abelardo T. Antonio, Morteza Abdullatif Khafaie, Meysam Behzadifar, Dan J. Stein, Kathryn H. Jacobsen, Jiabin Shen, Rajesh Kumar Rai, Ehimario U. Igumbor, Amir Kasaeian, Ali Kabir, Morteza Shamsizadeh, Ziad El-Khatib, Sharareh Eskandarieh, Sorin Hostiuc, Jarnail Singh Thakur, Takeshi Fukumoto, Shai Linn, João Pedro Silva, Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi, Gizachew Assefa Tessema, Naohiro Yonemoto, Jacek Jerzy Jozwiak, Masood Ali Shaikh, Seyyed Meysam Mousavi, Syed Mohamed Aljunid, Azeem Majeed, Alexandra Brazinova, Nader Jahanmehr, Yuming Guo, Sonia Saxena, Juanita A. Haagsma, Devasahayam J. Christopher, Lorainne Tudor Car, Shamsa Zafar, Roghayeh Mohammadibakhsh, Khanh Bao Tran, Reza Malekzadeh, Martha Híjar, Addisu Melese, Tinuke O Olagunju, Guoqing Hu, Yousef Khader, Olatunde Aremu, Yahya Salimi, Corina Benjet, Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad, Julio Cesar Campuzano Rincon, Rizwan Kalani, Bach Xuan Tran, Serge Resnikoff, Félix Carvalho, Suzanne Barker-Collo, Basema Saddik, Abraham Getachew Kelbore, Chris D Castle, Andre Pascal Kengne, Joan B. Soriano, Aliasghar Ahmad Kiadaliri, Derrick A Bennett, Pedro R. Olivares, Ali Bijani, Shanshan Li, Srinivas Murthy, Dragos Virgil Davitoiu, Farid Najafi, Seyed Sina Naghibi Irvani, Maziar Moradi-Lakeh, Adauto Martins Soares Filho, Vasily Vlassov, Alessandra C. Goulart, Alireza Ahmadi, Theo Vos, Heather Orpana, Narayan Bahadur Mahotra, Dillon O Sylte, Tuomo J. Meretoja, Ireneous N. Soyiri, Susan M Sawyer, Nauman Khalid, Louisa Degenhardt, Kebede Embaye Gezae, Ubai Alsharif, Richard C. Franklin, Shane D. Morrison, Randah R. Hamadeh, G. K. Mini, Naznin Hossain, Zachary V Dingels, Kate Dolan, Florian Fischer, Atte Meretoja, Yasir Waheed, Milena M Santric Milicevic, Ai Koyanagi, Sadaf G. Sepanlou, Manisha Dubey, Michael Phillips, Koustuv Dalal, Maysaa El Sayed Zaki, Elena Varavikova, Rahul Gupta, Rajaa Al-Raddadi, Sergey Soshnikov, David Laith Rawaf, Zoubida Zaidi, David C. Schwebel, Hassan Magdy Abd El Razek, Jost B. Jonas, Flávia Ribeiro Machado, Yoshan Moodley, Stefania Mondello, Nicholas L S Roberts, N. Bedi, Amrit Banstola, Yong Zhao, Vladimir I. 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Lansingh, Felix Akpojene Ogbo, Mihajlo Jakovljevic, Till Bärnighausen, Naser Mohammad Gholi Mezerji, Kiana Ramezanzadeh, Muhammed Magdy Abd El Razek, Rasmus Havmoeller, Konrad Pesudovs, Salman Rawaf, Walter Mendoza, Smita Pakhale, Mahesh P A, Ted R. Miller, Rebecca Ivers, Gabrielle deVeber, Pallab K. Maulik, Ali H. Mokdad, Burcu Kucuk Bicer, Andre M. N. Renzaho, Muhammad Aziz Rahman, Fares Alahdab, Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar, Dipan Bose, Alireza Rafiei, Payman Salamati, Engida Yisma, Huong Lan Thi Nguyen, Juan Sanabria, Priyanka Yadav, Andrew T Olagunju, Ejaz Ahmad Khan, Irina Filip, Shahab Rezaeian, Ghobad Moradi, Mohammad Zamani, Rosario Cárdenas, Delia Hendrie, Yogesh Sabde, Marek Majdan, Mariam Molokhia, Adnan Kisa, Jacob E. Sunshine, Narayanaswamy Venketasubramanian, Mahdi Sharif-Alhoseini, Sanjay Zodpey, Ashish Awasthi, Rahman Shiri, Zahra Jorjoran Shushtari, Shivanthi Balalla, Samer Hamidi, Hailemariam Abiy Alemu Meheretu, Raimundas Lunevicius, Suzanne Polinder, Tomasz Miazgowski, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam, Tim Driscoll, Son Hoang Nguyen, Mika Shigematsu, Bryan L. Sykes, Arash Tehrani-Banihashemi, Dina Nur Anggraini Ningrum, Josep Maria Haro, Leonardo Roever, Gholamreza Roshandel, Andrea Sylvia Winkler, Mehran Shams-Beyranvand, Ilais Moreno Velásquez, Luca Ronfani, Arvin Haj-Mirzaian, Arya Haj-Mirzaian, Jee-Young Jasmine Choi, Mohammad Ali Mansournia, Daniel Kim, Maheswar Satpathy, Ionut Negoi, Michael K. Hole, Miloud Taki Eddine Aichour, Erkin M. Mirrakhimov, Barthelemy Kuate Defo, Alan D. Lopez, Masoud Behzadifar, Rohan Borschmann, Ana-Laura Manda, Ione Jayce Ceola Schneider, Lydia R. Lucchesi, Trang Huyen Nguyen, Mu'awiyyah Babale Sufiyan, Janet L Leasher, Shafiu Mohammed, Lidia Morawska, Getenet Dessie, Reza Assadi, Tiffany K. Gill, Francesco Saverio Violante, Monika Sawhney, Enayatollah Homaie Rad, Yirga Legesse Nirayo, Muktar Beshir Ahmed, Oladimeji Adebayo, Mikk Jürisson, Soumyadeep Bhaumik, Hadi Hassankhani, Stanislav S. Otstavnov, Aziz Sheikh, Benjamin Uzochukwu, Aman Yesuf Endries, Eun-Kee Park, Jack T Fox, Abdallah M. Samy, Richard Ofori-Asenso, Ravi Prakash Jha, Inbal Salz, Benjamin B. Massenburg, Soufiane Boufous, Hamid Yimam Hassen, Pablo Montero-Zamora, Tissa Wijeratne, Abdullah T Khoja, Lidia Sanchez Riera, Vinay Nangia, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Haagsma, Juanita A, James, Spencer L, Castle, Chris D, Dingels, Zachary V, Yisma, Engida, Vos, Theo, Haagsma J.A., James S.L., Castle C.D., Dingels Z.V., Fox J.T., Hamilton E.B., Liu Z., Lucchesi L.R., Roberts N.L.S., Sylte D.O., Adebayo O.M., Ahmadi A., Ahmed M.B., Aichour M.T.E., Alahdab F., Alghnam S.A., Aljunid S.M., Al-Raddadi R.M., Alsharif U., Altirkawi K., Anjomshoa M., Antonio C.A.T., Appiah S.C.Y., Aremu O., Arora A., Asayesh H., Assadi R., Awasthi A., Ayala Quintanilla B.P., Balalla S., Banstola A., Barker-Collo S.L., Barnighausen T.W., Bazargan-Hejazi S., Bedi N., Behzadifar M., Benjet C., Bennett D.A., Bensenor I.M., Bhaumik S., Bhutta Z.A., Bijani A., Borges G., Borschmann R., Bose D., Boufous S., Brazinova A., Campuzano Rincon J.C., Cardenas R., Carrero J.J., Carvalho F., Castaneda-Orjuela C.A., Catala-Lopez F., Choi J.-Y.J., Christopher D.J., Crowe C.S., Dalal K., Daryani A., Davitoiu D.V., Degenhardt L., De Leo D., De Neve J.-W., Deribe K., Dessie G.A., Deveber G.A., Dharmaratne S.D., Doan L.P., Dolan K.A., Driscoll T.R., Dubey M., El-Khatib Z., Ellingsen C.L., El Sayed Zaki M., Endries A.Y., Eskandarieh S., Faro A., Fereshtehnejad S.-M., Fernandes E., Filip I., Fischer F., Franklin R.C., Fukumoto T., Gezae K.E., Gill T.K., Goulart A.C., Grada A., Guo Y., Gupta R., Haghparast Bidgoli H., Haj-Mirzaian A., Hamadeh R.R., Hamidi S., Haro J.M., Hassankhani H., Hassen H.Y., Havmoeller R., Hendrie D., Henok A., Hijar M., Hole M.K., Homaie Rad E., Hossain N., Hostiuc S., Hu G., Igumbor E.U., Ilesanmi O.S., Irvani S.S.N., Islam S.M.S., Ivers R.Q., Jacobsen K.H., Jahanmehr N., Jakovljevic M., Jayatilleke A.U., Jha R.P., Jonas J.B., Jorjoran Shushtari Z., Jozwiak J.J., Jurisson M., Kabir A., Kalani R., Kasaeian A., Kelbore A.G., Kengne A.P., Khader Y.S., Khafaie M.A., Khalid N., Khan E.A., Khoja A.T., Kiadaliri A.A., Kim Y.-E., Kim D., Kisa A., Koyanagi A., Kuate Defo B., Kucuk Bicer B., Kumar M., Lalloo R., Lam H., Lami F.H., Lansingh V.C., Leasher J.L., Li S., Linn S., Lunevicius R., MacHado F.R., Magdy Abd El Razek H., Magdy Abd El Razek M., Mahotra N.B., Majdan M., Majeed A., Malekzadeh R., Malik M.A., Malta D.C., Manda A.-L., Mansournia M.A., Massenburg B.B., Maulik P.K., Meheretu H.A.A., Mehndiratta M.M., Melese A., Mendoza W., Mengesha M.M., Meretoja T.J., Meretoja A., Mestrovic T., Miazgowski T., Miller T.R., Mini G.K., Mirrakhimov E.M., Moazen B., Mohammad Gholi Mezerji N., Mohammadibakhsh R., Mohammed S., Molokhia M., Monasta L., Mondello S., Montero-Zamora P.A., Moodley Y., Moosazadeh M., Moradi G., Moradi-Lakeh M., Morawska L., Velasquez I.M., Morrison S.D., Moschos M.M., Mousavi S.M., Murthy S., Musa K.I., Naik G., Najafi F., Nangia V., Nascimento B.R., Ndwandwe D.E., Negoi I., Nguyen T.H., Nguyen S.H., Nguyen L.H., Nguyen H.L.T., Ningrum D.N.A., Nirayo Y.L., Ofori-Asenso R., Ogbo F.A., Oh I.-H., Oladimeji O., Olagunju A.T., Olagunju T.O., Olivares P.R., Orpana H.M., Otstavnov S.S., Mahesh P.A., Pakhale S., Park E.-K., Patton G.C., Pesudovs K., Phillips M.R., Polinder S., Prakash S., Radfar A., Rafay A., Rafiei A., Rahimi S., Rahimi-Movaghar V., Rahman M.A., Rai R.K., Ramezanzadeh K., Rawaf S., Rawaf D.L., Renzaho A.M.N., Resnikoff S., Rezaeian S., Roever L., Ronfani L., Roshandel G., Sabde Y.D., Saddik B., Salamati P., Salimi Y., Salz I., Samy A.M., Sanabria J., Sanchez Riera L., Santric Milicevic M.M., Satpathy M., Sawhney M., Sawyer S.M., Saxena S., Saylan M., Schneider I.J.C., Schwebel D.C., Seedat S., Sepanlou S.G., Shaikh M.A., Shams-Beyranvand M., Shamsizadeh M., Sharif-Alhoseini M., Sheikh A., Shen J., Shigematsu M., Shiri R., Shiue I., Silva J.P., Singh J.A., Sinha D.N., Soares Filho A.M., Soriano J.B., Soshnikov S., Soyiri I.N., Starodubov V.I., Stein D.J., Stokes M.A., Sufiyan M.B., Sunshine J.E., Sykes B.L., Tabares-Seisdedos R., Tabb K.M., Tehrani-Banihashemi A., Tessema G.A., Thakur J.S., Tran K.B., Tran B.X., Tudor Car L., Uthman O.A., Uzochukwu B.S.C., Valdez P.R., Varavikova E., Vasconcelos A.M.N., Venketasubramanian N., Violante F.S., Vlassov V., Waheed Y., Wang Y.-P., Wijeratne T., Winkler A.S., Yadav P., Yano Y., Yenesew M.A., Yip P., Yisma E., Yonemoto N., Younis M.Z., Yu C., Zafar S., Zaidi Z., Zaman S.B., Zamani M., Zhao Y., Zodpey S., Hay S.I., Lopez A.D., Mokdad A.H., Vos T., Public Health, HUS Comprehensive Cancer Center, Clinicum, Department of Surgery, University of Helsinki, Helsinki University Hospital Area, and HUS Neurocenter
Subjects: Epidemiology, burden of disease, descriptive epidemiology, epidemiology, ECONOMIC-DEVELOPMENT, 1106 Human Movement and Sports Sciences, Poison control, Global Health, Global Burden of Disease, 0302 clinical medicine, Quality-Adjusted Life Year, Global health, 030212 general & internal medicine, 10. No inequality, 1. No poverty, Burden of disease, DALYS, 3142 Public health care science, environmental and occupational health, ddc, 3. Good health, Descriptive epidemiology, Epidemiological transition, REGISTRATION, Disabled Person, Public Health, Human, medicine.medical_specialty, DEATHS, Adolescent, 1117 Public Health and Health Services, 03 medical and health sciences, Life Expectancy, Injury prevention, SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS, medicine, Disability-adjusted life year, Disease burden, Estimation, burden of disease, descriptive epidemiology, epidemiology, MORTALITY, Public health, EPIDEMIOLOGIC TRANSITION, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, 030208 emergency & critical care medicine, TRENDS, EXPECTANCY HALE, 1701 Psychology, Wounds and Injuries, Human medicine, Demography
Abstract: Incluye: Correction: Burden of injury along the development spectrum: associations between the Socio-demographic Index and disability-adjusted life year estimates from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Inj Prev. 2020 Oct;26(Supp 1):i164. doi: 10.1136/injuryprev-2019-043296corr1. Epub 2020 Sep 28. PMID: 32989004 Background: The epidemiological transition of non-communicable diseases replacing infectious diseases as the main contributors to disease burden has been well documented in global health literature. Less focus, however, has been given to the relationship between sociodemographic changes and injury. The aim of this study was to examine the association between disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) from injury for 195 countries and territories at different levels along the development spectrum between 1990 and 2017 based on the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2017 estimates. Methods: Injury mortality was estimated using the GBD mortality database, corrections for garbage coding and CODEm-the cause of death ensemble modelling tool. Morbidity estimation was based on surveys and inpatient and outpatient data sets for 30 cause-of-injury with 47 nature-of-injury categories each. The Socio-demographic Index (SDI) is a composite indicator that includes lagged income per capita, average educational attainment over age 15 years and total fertility rate. Results: For many causes of injury, age-standardised DALY rates declined with increasing SDI, although road injury, interpersonal violence and self-harm did not follow this pattern. Particularly for self-harm opposing patterns were observed in regions with similar SDI levels. For road injuries, this effect was less pronounced. Conclusions: The overall global pattern is that of declining injury burden with increasing SDI. However, not all injuries follow this pattern, which suggests multiple underlying mechanisms influencing injury DALYs. There is a need for a detailed understanding of these patterns to help to inform national and global efforts to address injury-related health outcomes across the development spectrum. Funding for GBD 2017 was provided by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. Sí
Published: 2020
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7. Morbidity and mortality from road injuries : results from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

Author: Andualem Henok, Mohammad Reza Sobhiyeh, Arash Tehrani-Banihashemi, Sanjay Zodpey, Hayimro Edemealem Merie, Parvaiz A Koul, Dillon O Sylte, Nicholas L S Roberts, Carlo La Vecchia, Oladimeji Adebayo, Molly R Nixon, Catherine Bisignano, Simon I. Hay, Zeinab Sharafi, Spencer L. James, Naser Mohammad Gholi Mezerji, Boikhutso Tlou, Yun Jin Kim, Suliman Alghnam, Erin B Hamilton, Zichen Liu, David M. Pigott, Farkhonde Salehi, Eyasu Tamru Bekru, Teamur Aghamolaei, Rajan Nikbakhsh, Belayneh K Gelaw, Yoshan Moodley, Mustafa Z. Younis, Aso Mohammad Darwesh, Taweewat Wiangkham, Manoochehr Karami, Hagos de Hidru, Ali H. Mokdad, Ted R. Miller, Rafael Tabarés-Seisdedos, Melkamu Merid Mengesha, Robert C. Reiner, Guoqing Hu, Obinna Onwujekwe, Nitin Joseph, Derrick A Bennett, Peter Memiah, Jack T Fox, Mohammad Ali Jahani, Bereket Duko Adema, Ahmed Omar Bali, Alaa Badawi, Kebede Deribe, Sharvari Rahul Shukla, Jens R. Chapman, Eskezyiaw Agedew Getahun, Maziar Moradi-Lakeh, Reza Pourmirza Kalhori, Kamarul Imran Musa, Saeed Shahabi, Yousef Fatahi, Roman Topor-Madry, Meysam Behzadifar, Peter Nyasulu, Delia Hendrie, Morteza Shamsizadeh, Mehdi Yaseri, Mehdi Mirzaei-Alavijeh, Farzad Jalilian, Alan D. Lopez, Masoud Behzadifar, Nuruzzaman Khan, Roghayeh Mohammadibakhsh, Reza Majdzadeh, Bryan L. Sykes, Seifadin Ahmed Shallo, Degena Bahrey Tadesse, Abraham Getachew Kelbore, Arash Ziapour, Mehdi Hosseinzadeh, Zachary V Dingels, Syed Mohamed Aljunid, Mihajlo Jakovljevic, Bruno Ramos Nascimento, Man Mohan Mehndiratta, Sanni Yaya, Muluken Azage Yenesew, Amir Almasi-Hashiani, Shai Linn, Sanghamitra Pati, Lydia R. Lucchesi, Yonatal Mesfin Tefera, Darrah McCracken, Chris D Castle, Joan B. Soriano, James, Spencer L, Lucchesi, Lydia R, Bisignano, Catherine, Castle, Chris D, Adema, Bereket Duko, and Mokdad, Ali H
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, Asia, Population, Poison control, burden of disease, pedestrian injuries, Global Health, road injuries, pedestrian injuries, Global Burden of Disease, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Injury prevention, Epidemiology, medicine, Humans, 030212 general & internal medicine, Mortality, education, Original Research, education.field_of_study, business.industry, road traffic accident, Mortality rate, Incidence (epidemiology), traumatic brain injury, motorcycle, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Accidents, Traffic, Miscellaneous, Epidemiological transition, Years of potential life lost, Wounds and Injuries, road injuries, Quality-Adjusted Life Years, Morbidity, business, descriptive epidemiology, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, Demography
Abstract: BackgroundThe global burden of road injuries is known to follow complex geographical, temporal and demographic patterns. While health loss from road injuries is a major topic of global importance, there has been no recent comprehensive assessment that includes estimates for every age group, sex and country over recent years.MethodsWe used results from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2017 study to report incidence, prevalence, years lived with disability, deaths, years of life lost and disability-adjusted life years for all locations in the GBD 2017 hierarchy from 1990 to 2017 for road injuries. Second, we measured mortality-to-incidence ratios by location. Third, we assessed the distribution of the natures of injury (eg, traumatic brain injury) that result from each road injury.ResultsGlobally, 1 243 068 (95% uncertainty interval 1 191 889 to 1 276 940) people died from road injuries in 2017 out of 54 192 330 (47 381 583 to 61 645 891) new cases of road injuries. Age-standardised incidence rates of road injuries increased between 1990 and 2017, while mortality rates decreased. Regionally, age-standardised mortality rates decreased in all but two regions, South Asia and Southern Latin America, where rates did not change significantly. Nine of 21 GBD regions experienced significant increases in age-standardised incidence rates, while 10 experienced significant decreases and two experienced no significant change.ConclusionsWhile road injury mortality has improved in recent decades, there are worsening rates of incidence and significant geographical heterogeneity. These findings indicate that more research is needed to better understand how road injuries can be prevented.
Published: 2020

8. Prevalence of sexual dysfunction and related factors among diabetes mellitus patients in Southwest Ethiopia

Author: Adane Asefa, Yitagesu Mamo, Andualem Henok, and Tadesse Nigussie
Subjects: Adult, Male, medicine.medical_specialty, Adolescent, Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Sexual dysfunction, 030209 endocrinology & metabolism, Logistic regression, lcsh:Diseases of the endocrine glands. Clinical endocrinology, Sexual disorder, Diabetes Complications, 03 medical and health sciences, Young Adult, 0302 clinical medicine, Diabetes mellitus, Risk Factors, Internal medicine, Surveys and Questionnaires, Health care, medicine, Prevalence, Humans, 030212 general & internal medicine, Sexual Dysfunctions, Psychological, Depression (differential diagnoses), Reproductive health, Response rate (survey), lcsh:RC648-665, business.industry, Medical record, General Medicine, Middle Aged, medicine.disease, Sex disorder, Sexual Dysfunction, Physiological, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Ethiopia, medicine.symptom, business, Research Article
Abstract: Background Diabetes mellitus causes multiple medical, psychological and sexual problems in both men and women. Sexual dysfunction is one of those problems that lead to a strong social and psychological problem which adversely affect marital relation and treatment outcome. The issue has not been well studied in Ethiopia; therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the prevalence and factors related to sexual dysfunction in adult patients with diabetes mellitus. Methods Facility-based cross-sectional study was conducted among adults with diabetes mellitus on follow-up at diabetic clinics of Mizan-Tepi University Teaching Hospital and Tepi General Hospital. A consecutive sampling technique was employed to select 423 study participants, and data were collected through interviewer-administered questionnaire and patients’ medical chart review. Changes in Sexual Functioning Questionnaire-fourteen items (CSFQ-14) was used to measure sexual dysfunction. Descriptive statistics and binary logistic regression analyses were performed. Two tail tests at α of less 0.05 were used as a level of significance. Results A total of 398 diabetic patients were interviewed, with a 94% response rate. The prevalence of sexual dysfunction was 53.3%. Age of above 41 years (AOR: 3.98, 95% CI 2.32–6.85), lack of formal education (AOR: 3.20, 95% CI 1.60–6.39), divorced or widowed (AOR: 5.28, 95% CI 2.35–11.86), type 2 DM (AOR: 4.52, 95% CI 2.17–9.42), depression (AOR: 4.05, 95% CI 2.32–7.10), complications or co-morbidity (AOR: 2.05, 95% CI 1.18–3.58), and not doing physical activity (AOR: 1.62, 95% CI; 1.47–1.77) were significantly associated with sexual dysfunction among diabetes patients. Conclusions The prevalence of sexual dysfunction was as high as reports from other studies. Therefore, health care providers should include the issue of sexual health in their routine discussions with adult diabetes mellitus patients. Presence of depression, not doing physical activity and having complications or co-morbidity are modifiable factors associated with sexual dysfunction; therefore, they should be attended during care addressing sexual dysfunction.
Published: 2019

9. Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and mortality of HIV, 1980–2017, and forecasts to 2030, for 195 countries and territories: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2017

Author: Ephrem Tsegay Asfaw, Irina Filip, Maciej Banach, Amjad Mohamadi-Bolbanabad, Girmay Teklay Weldesamuel, Joshua A. Salomon, Anemaw A Asrat, Zahra Jorjoran Shushtari, Hamidreza Komaki, Mekdes Tigistu Yilma, Reza Shirkoohi, Mostafa Qorbani, Ahamarshan Jayaraman Nagarajan, Don C. Des Jarlais, Adnan Kisa, Gebreamlak Gebremedhn Gebremeskel, Kidu Gidey Weldegwergs, Amir Kasaeian, Peter Memiah, Son Hoang Nguyen, Segun Emmanuel Ibitoye, Ali Kabir, Subash Thapa, Diego Augusto Santos Silva, Kefyalew Addis Alene, Alireza Rafiei, Huong Lan Thi Nguyen, Erlyn Rachelle King Macarayan, Kelali Kalaye Gebreyohannes, Khaled Khatab, Ghobad Moradi, Noore Alam, Aletta E. Schutte, Sharareh Eskandarieh, H. Dean Hosgood, Rakhi Dandona, Taye Abuhay Zewale, Sezer Kisa, Gessessew Bugssa Hailu, Hedayat Abbastabar, Ketema Bizuwork Gebremedhin, Smita Pakhale, Govinda Prasad Dhungana, Dina Nur Anggraini Ningrum, Bakhtiar Piroozi, Yaschilal Muche Belayneh, Tesfaye Dessale Kassa, Irfan Ullah, Sahar Saeedi Moghaddam, Jean Jacques Noubiap, Mojtaba Bagherzadeh, Akram Pourshams, Alberto L. García-Basteiro, Helen Bitew, Kindie Fentahun Muchie, Mehdi Sayyah, Kevin S Ikuta, Moses K. Muriithi, Aliasghar Ahmad Kiadaliri, Zerihun Menlkalew Zenebe, Cesar Reis, Themba G. Ginindza, Jagadish Rao Padubidri, Yoosik Youm, Saba Abraham Belay, Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi, Neeraj Bedi, Maziar Moradi-Lakeh, Hamid Sharifi, Nefsu Awoke, Manasi Kumar, Carlos Magis-Rodriguez, Muhammad Shahdaat Bin Sayeed, Maheswar Satpathy, Andrew Blinov, Fiseha Wadilo Wada, Babak Moazen, Hadi Hassankhani, Jae Il Shin, Sanjay Basu, Aziz Eftekhari, Masood Ali Shaikh, Arya Haj-Mirzaian, Laura Dwyer-Lindgren, Haileab Fekadu Wolde, Habtamu Abera Areri, Krista M. Steuben, Lalit Dandona, Keivan Ahmadi, Aso Mohammad Darwesh, Belete Kassa, Keyghobad Ghadiri, Arash Ziapour, Raquel Crider, Alaa Badawi, Tahvi Frank, Amir Hasanzadeh, Marcel Yotebieng, Jemal Abdu Mohammed, Marcos Roberto Tovani-Palone, Emmanuel Peprah, Mekonnen Sisay, Ghulam Mustafa, Oghenowede Eyawo, Seyed Sina Naghibi Irvani, Vahid Alipour, Reza Malekzadeh, Bereket Duko Adema, Direslgne Misker Abyu, Tinuke O Olagunju, Olatunde Aremu, Roghayeh Mohammadibakhsh, Linh Phuong Doan, Mihiretu Kebede, Aman Yesuf Endries, Amira Shaheen, Belete Biadgo, Ali Rostami, Marwa Rashad Salem, Getnet Gedefaw, Stein Emil Vollset, Gurudatta Naik, Veincent Christian Filipino Pepito, Duduzile Ndwandwe, Melese Abate Reta, Aleksandra Barac, Simon I. Hay, Vishnu Renjith, Seifadin Ahmed Shallo, Kebede Deribe, Malihe Nourollahpour Shiadeh, Tewodros Eshete Wonde, Nuno Taveira, Mohammad Ali Sahraian, Marilita M Moschos, Masoud Foroutan, Alebachew Fasil Ashagre, Félix Carvalho, Yun Jin Kim, Farid Najafi, Tukur Dahiru, Chinwe Juliana Iwu, Dharmesh Kumar Lal, Varshil Mehta, Molly R Nixon, Nahla Anber, Seyedmojtaba Seyedmousavi, Mohammad Rabiee, Nauman Khalid, Felix Akpojene Ogbo, Anselm Okoro, Sanjay Zodpey, Birhanu Geta, Kebede Embaye Gezae, Shirin Djalalinia, Amanda E. Smith, Naser Mohammad Gholi Mezerji, Arvin Haj-Mirzaian, Birkneh Tilahun Tadesse, Yared Belete Belay, Saeed Amini, Ziad A. Memish, Stephanie M. Topp, Eduarda Fernandes, Mohammed Suleiman Obsa, Junaid Khan, Andem Effiong, Jane Jean-Hee Lee, Emmanuel Ngassa Laurent Mayenga, Abdallah M. Samy, Anton Sokhan, Rajesh Sagar, Dawit Zewdu Wondafrash, Atalay Goshu Muluneh, Birhan Alemnew, Asmamaw Demis, Samer Hamidi, Getnet Mengistu, Michael Tamene Haile, Gbenga A. Kayode, Huyen Phuc Do, Yoshan Moodley, Mehdi Hosseinzadeh, Moslem Mohammadi, Dayane Gabriele Alves Silveira, Samad Azari, Gulfaraz Khan, Maysaa El Sayed Zaki, Emmanuel Ankrah Odame, Anusha Ganapati Bhat, Louisa Degenhardt, Mu'awiyyah Babale Sufiyan, Harish Chander Gugnani, Sadaf G. Sepanlou, Ai Koyanagi, Ebrahim M Yimer, Maryam Adabi, Javad Nazari, Saravanan Muthupandian, Evanson Z. Sambala, Salman Khazaei, Nelson Alvis-Guzman, Hunduma Amensisa Bojia, Anwar Rafay, Richard Ofori-Asenso, Ehsan Ahmadpour, José Neves, Desalegn Tadese Mengistu, Shafiu Mohammed, Hamid Yimam Hassen, Navid Rabiee, Dinh-Toi Chu, Zoubida Zaidi, Sajjad Ur Rahman, Tilahun Belete Mossie, Olanrewaju Oladimeji, Krittika Bhattacharyya, Gebrekiros Gebremichael Meles, Hassan Magdy Abd El Razek, Stanislav S. Otstavnov, Shaimaa I. El-Jaafary, Habtamu Temesgen, Lolemo Kelbiso Hanfore, Milad Mohammadoo-Khorasani, Muktar Beshir Ahmed, Karzan Abdulmuhsin Mohammad, Carl Abelardo T. Antonio, Morteza Abdullatif Khafaie, Spencer L. James, Bhaskaran Unnikrishnan, Morteza Shamsizadeh, Kenean Getaneh Tlaye, Ziad El-Khatib, Zohreh Anbari, Aisha Elsharkawy, Nancy Fullman, Cuong Tat Nguyen, Chalachew Genet Akal, Chabila C Mapoma, Amir H. Pakpour, Rafael Alves Guimarães, Jalal Arabloo, Eyasu Ejeta Duken, Hailay Abrha Gesesew, Koku Sisay Tamirat, Batool Fatima, Tissa Wijeratne, Addisu Gize Yeshanew, Benn Sartorius, Kathryn H. Jacobsen, Abdullah T Khoja, Morenike Oluwatoyin Folayan, Phetole Walter Mahasha, Takeshi Fukumoto, Maryam Moossavi, Bahram Mohajer, Ravi Prakash Jha, Oladimeji Adebayo, Farshad Farzadfar, Francisco Rogerlândio Martins-Melo, Solomon Sisay, Ensiyeh Jenabi, Bach Xuan Tran, Eleonora Dubljanin, Farnam Mohebi, Jasvinder A. Singh, Barthelemy Kuate Defo, Masoud Behzadifar, Yousef Mohammad, Feleke Mekonnen Demeke, G Anil Kumar, Jan-Walter De Neve, Afshin Zarghi, Hosein Shabaninejad, Trang Huyen Nguyen, Degena Bahrey Tadesse, Monika Sawhney, Eyal Oren, Bayu Begashaw Bekele, Saeed Safari, Salvatore Rubino, Kenji Shibuya, Daniel Diaz, Salman Rawaf, Demelash Woldeyohannes Handiso, Ted R. Miller, Fares Alahdab, Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar, Seyyed Meysam Mousavi, Sonali Kochhar, Azeem Majeed, Till Bärnighausen, Zubair Kabir, Devasahayam J. Christopher, Malede Mequanent Sisay, Adane Teshome Kefale, Shishay Wahdey Tekelemedhin, Tsegaye Lolaso Lenjebo, Yousef Khader, Ali Bijani, Kebreab Paulos, Hagazi Gebre Meles, Euripide Frinel G Arthur Avokpaho, Alireza Ahmadi, Tuomo J. Meretoja, Padukudru Anand Mahesh, Florian Fischer, Mulugeta Melku, Fakher Rahim, Manisha Dubey, Cheru Tesema Leshargie, Vijay Kumar Chattu, Yasir Waheed, Mehdi Noroozi, Austin Carter, Chuanhua Yu, Ronny Westerman, Andualem Henok, Yousef Veisani, Sharath Burugina Nagaraja, Reta Tsegaye Gayesa, Mina Anjomshoa, Andrew T Olagunju, Getachew Mullu Kassa, Belayneh K Gelaw, Jost B. Jonas, Ejaz Ahmad Khan, Adugnaw Berhane, Chukwudi A Nnaji, Daniel Asmelash, Tomislav Mestrovic, Addisu Melese, Stephen S Lim, Yahya Salimi, Chi Linh Hoang, Christopher J L Murray, Mohammad Sadegh Rezai, Bruno F. Sunguya, Herbert C. Duber, Senad Handanagic, Ashish Awasthi, Anthony Masaka, Megha Arora, Sergey Soshnikov, Sangram Kishor Patel, Kwaku Oppong Asante, Haidong Wang, Rajendra Kadel, Bryan L. Sykes, Lucero Cahuana-Hurtado, Afarin Rahimi-Movaghar, Deepa Jahagirdar, Manaye Yihune Teshale, Samantha Leigh Larson, Martin Amogre Ayanore, Sergey K Vladimirov, Gebre Teklemariam Demoz, Fisaha Haile Tesfay, Mohsen Naghavi, Chhabi Lal Ranabhat, Walter Mendoza, Kassawmar Angaw Bogale, Khanh Bao Tran, Berhanu Yazew Wondmagegn, Carlos Miguel Rios González, Ahmad Daryani, Ali H. Mokdad, Julio Cesar Campuzano Rincon, Alemayehu Toma Mena, Navid Manafi, Andre Pascal Kengne, Victor Adekanmbi, Netsanet Fentahun, Olalekan A. Uthman, Desmond Kuupiel, Olatunji O. Adetokunboh, Zahid A Butt, Mohamed Hsairi, Bulat Idrisov, Ranjani Somayaji, Dan J. Stein, Molly H Biehl, Samuel B. Albertson, Laith J. Abu-Raddad, Parvaiz A Koul, Elias Merdassa Roro, Marek Majdan, Dereje Bayissa Demissie, Emilie R Maddison, Naohiro Yonemoto, Ahmad Ghashghaee, Young-Ho Khang, Solomon Olum, Hmwe H Kyu, Amir Radfar, Dirk Douwes-Schultz, Elham Ahmadian, Graduate School, AII - Infectious diseases, APH - Global Health, APH - Methodology, GBD 2017 HIV Collaborators, Clinicum, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, HUS Comprehensive Cancer Center, Staff Services, University of Helsinki, Department of Oncology, Adema, Bereket Duko, GBD 2017 HIV collaborators, and Public Health
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, A300 Clinical Medicine, Epidemiology, CITIES, HIV Infections, Mortalities, Global Burden of Disease, 0302 clinical medicine, Risk Factors, Seroepidemiologic Studies, Cause of Death, Prevalences, Prevalence, Global health, LIFE EXPECTANCY, 030212 general & internal medicine, 10. No inequality, education.field_of_study, CHALLENGES, Incidence, Incidence (epidemiology), Incidences, 1. No poverty, MEN, 3. Good health, AIDS, Infectious Diseases, Life Sciences & Biomedicine, GBD 2017 HIV collaborators, medicine.medical_specialty, Forecasts, Immunology, Population, Cause of Death/trends, UNITED-STATES, Context (language use), History, 21st Century, 03 medical and health sciences, SDG 3 - Good Health and Well-being, Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), Virology, Environmental health, medicine, Humans, education, Global Burden of Disease/trends, Estimation, Science & Technology, SEX-SPECIFIC MORTALITY, business.industry, DISABILITY, Public health, HIV, coverage of antiretroviral therapy, History, 20th Century, medicine.disease, mortality, R1, PREVENTION, TRENDS, 030112 virology, HIV Infections/mortality, 3121 General medicine, internal medicine and other clinical medicine, Life expectancy, Human medicine, business, Forecasting
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Understanding the patterns of HIV/AIDS epidemics is crucial to tracking and monitoring the progress of prevention and control efforts in countries. We provide a comprehensive assessment of the levels and trends of HIV/AIDS incidence, prevalence, mortality, and coverage of antiretroviral therapy (ART) for 1980-2017 and forecast these estimates to 2030 for 195 countries and territories.METHODS: We determined a modelling strategy for each country on the basis of the availability and quality of data. For countries and territories with data from population-based seroprevalence surveys or antenatal care clinics, we estimated prevalence and incidence using an open-source version of the Estimation and Projection Package-a natural history model originally developed by the UNAIDS Reference Group on Estimates, Modelling, and Projections. For countries with cause-specific vital registration data, we corrected data for garbage coding (ie, deaths coded to an intermediate, immediate, or poorly defined cause) and HIV misclassification. We developed a process of cohort incidence bias adjustment to use information on survival and deaths recorded in vital registration to back-calculate HIV incidence. For countries without any representative data on HIV, we produced incidence estimates by pulling information from observed bias in the geographical region. We used a re-coded version of the Spectrum model (a cohort component model that uses rates of disease progression and HIV mortality on and off ART) to produce age-sex-specific incidence, prevalence, and mortality, and treatment coverage results for all countries, and forecast these measures to 2030 using Spectrum with inputs that were extended on the basis of past trends in treatment scale-up and new infections.FINDINGS: Global HIV mortality peaked in 2006 with 1·95 million deaths (95% uncertainty interval 1·87-2·04) and has since decreased to 0·95 million deaths (0·91-1·01) in 2017. New cases of HIV globally peaked in 1999 (3·16 million, 2·79-3·67) and since then have gradually decreased to 1·94 million (1·63-2·29) in 2017. These trends, along with ART scale-up, have globally resulted in increased prevalence, with 36·8 million (34·8-39·2) people living with HIV in 2017. Prevalence of HIV was highest in southern sub-Saharan Africa in 2017, and countries in the region had ART coverage ranging from 65·7% in Lesotho to 85·7% in eSwatini. Our forecasts showed that 54 countries will meet the UNAIDS target of 81% ART coverage by 2020 and 12 countries are on track to meet 90% ART coverage by 2030. Forecasted results estimate that few countries will meet the UNAIDS 2020 and 2030 mortality and incidence targets.INTERPRETATION: Despite progress in reducing HIV-related mortality over the past decade, slow decreases in incidence, combined with the current context of stagnated funding for related interventions, mean that many countries are not on track to reach the 2020 and 2030 global targets for reduction in incidence and mortality. With a growing population of people living with HIV, it will continue to be a major threat to public health for years to come. The pace of progress needs to be hastened by continuing to expand access to ART and increasing investments in proven HIV prevention initiatives that can be scaled up to have population-level impact.FUNDING: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, National Institute of Mental Health of the US National Institutes of Health (NIH), and the National Institute on Aging of the NIH.
Published: 2019
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10. Past, present, and future of global health financing: a review of development assistance, government, out-of-pocket, and other private spending on health for 195 countries, 1995–2050

Author: Angela Y. Chang, Krycia Cowling, Angela E. Micah, Abigail Chapin, Catherine S. Chen, Gloria Ikilezi, Nafis Sadat, Golsum Tsakalos, Junjie Wu, Theodore Younker, Yingxi Zhao, Bianca S. Zlavog, Cristiana Abbafati, Anwar E Ahmed, Khurshid Alam, Vahid Alipour, Syed Mohamed Aljunid, Mohammed J. Almalki, Nelson Alvis-Guzman, Walid Ammar, Catalina Liliana Andrei, Mina Anjomshoa, Carl Abelardo T. Antonio, Jalal Arabloo, Olatunde Aremu, Marcel Ausloos, Leticia Avila-Burgos, Ashish Awasthi, Martin Amogre Ayanore, Samad Azari, Natasha Azzopardi-Muscat, Mojtaba Bagherzadeh, Till Winfried Bärnighausen, Bernhard T Baune, Mohsen Bayati, Yared Belete Belay, Yihalem Abebe Belay, Habte Belete, Dessalegn Ajema Berbada, Adam E. Berman, Mircea Beuran, Ali Bijani, Reinhard Busse, Lucero Cahuana-Hurtado, Luis Alberto Cámera, Ferrán Catalá-López, Bal Govind Chauhan, Maria-Magdalena Constantin, Christopher Stephen Crowe, Alexandra Cucu, Koustuv Dalal, Jan-Walter De Neve, Selina Deiparine, Feleke Mekonnen Demeke, Huyen Phuc Do, Manisha Dubey, Maha El Tantawi, Sharareh Eskandarieh, Reza Esmaeili, Mahdi Fakhar, Ali Akbar Fazaeli, Florian Fischer, Nataliya A. Foigt, Takeshi Fukumoto, Nancy Fullman, Adriana Galan, Amiran Gamkrelidze, Kebede Embaye Gezae, Alireza Ghajar, Ahmad Ghashghaee, Ketevan Goginashvili, Annie Haakenstad, Hassan Haghparast Bidgoli, Samer Hamidi, Hilda L. Harb, Edris Hasanpoor, Hamid Yimam Hassen, Simon I. Hay, Delia Hendrie, Andualem Henok, Ileana Heredia-Pi, Claudiu Herteliu, Chi Linh Hoang, Michael K. Hole, Enayatollah Homaie Rad, Naznin Hossain, Mehdi Hosseinzadeh, Sorin Hostiuc, Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi, Seyed Sina Naghibi Irvani, Mihajlo Jakovljevic, Amir Jalali, Spencer L. James, Jost B. Jonas, Mikk Jürisson, Rajendra Kadel, Behzad Karami Matin, Amir Kasaeian, Habtamu Kebebe Kasaye, Mesfin Wudu Kassaw, Ali Kazemi Karyani, Roghayeh Khabiri, Junaid Khan, Md Nuruzzaman Khan, Young-Ho Khang, Adnan Kisa, Katarzyna Kissimova-Skarbek, Stefan Kohler, Ai Koyanagi, Kristopher J. Krohn, Ricky Leung, Lee-Ling Lim, Stefan Lorkowski, Azeem Majeed, Reza Malekzadeh, Morteza Mansourian, Lorenzo Giovanni Mantovani, Benjamin Ballard Massenburg, Martin McKee, Varshil Mehta, Atte Meretoja, Tuomo J Meretoja, Neda Milevska Kostova, Ted R Miller, Erkin M Mirrakhimov, Bahram Mohajer, Aso Mohammad Darwesh, Shafiu Mohammed, Farnam Mohebi, Ali H Mokdad, Shane Douglas Morrison, Seyyed Meysam Mousavi, Saravanan Muthupandian, Ahamarshan Jayaraman Nagarajan, Vinay Nangia, Ionut Negoi, Cuong Tat Nguyen, Huong Lan Thi Nguyen, Son Hoang Nguyen, Shirin Nosratnejad, Olanrewaju Oladimeji, Stefano Olgiati, Jacob Olusegun Olusanya, Obinna E Onwujekwe, Stanislav S Otstavnov, Adrian Pana, David M. Pereira, Bakhtiar Piroozi, Sergio I Prada, Mostafa Qorbani, Mohammad Rabiee, Navid Rabiee, Alireza Rafiei, Fakher Rahim, Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar, Usha Ram, Chhabi Lal Ranabhat, Anna Ranta, David Laith Rawaf, Salman Rawaf, Satar Rezaei, Elias Merdassa Roro, Ali Rostami, Salvatore Rubino, Mohamadreza Salahshoor, Abdallah M. Samy, Juan Sanabria, João Vasco Santos, Milena M Santric Milicevic, Bruno Piassi Sao Jose, Miloje Savic, Falk Schwendicke, Sadaf G. Sepanlou, Masood Sepehrimanesh, Aziz Sheikh, Mark G Shrime, Solomon Sisay, Shahin Soltani, Moslem Soofi, Vinay Srinivasan, Rafael Tabarés-Seisdedos, Anna Torre, Marcos Roberto Tovani-Palone, Bach Xuan Tran, Khanh Bao Tran, Eduardo A. Undurraga, Pascual R Valdez, Job F M van Boven, Veronica Vargas, Yousef Veisani, Francesco S Violante, Sergey Konstantinovitch Vladimirov, Vasily Vlassov, Sebastian Vollmer, Giang Thu Vu, Charles D A Wolfe, Naohiro Yonemoto, Mustafa Z. Younis, Mahmoud Yousefifard, Sojib Bin Zaman, Alireza Zangeneh, Elias Asfaw Zegeye, Arash Ziapour, Adrienne Chew, Christopher J L Murray, Joseph L Dieleman, Chang A.Y., Cowling K., Micah A.E., Chapin A., Chen C.S., Ikilezi G., Sadat N., Tsakalos G., Wu J., Younker T., Zhao Y., Zlavog B.S., Abbafati C., Ahmed A.E., Alam K., Alipour V., Aljunid S.M., Almalki M.J., Alvis-Guzman N., Ammar W., Andrei C.L., Anjomshoa M., Antonio C.A.T., Arabloo J., Aremu O., Ausloos M., Avila-Burgos L., Awasthi A., Ayanore M.A., Azari S., Azzopardi-Muscat N., Bagherzadeh M., Barnighausen T.W., Baune B.T., Bayati M., Belay Y.B., Belay Y.A., Belete H., Berbada D.A., Berman A.E., Beuran M., Bijani A., Busse R., Cahuana-Hurtado L., Camera L.A., Catala-Lopez F., Chauhan B.G., Constantin M.-M., Crowe C.S., Cucu A., Dalal K., De Neve J.-W., Deiparine S., Demeke F.M., Do H.P., Dubey M., El Tantawi M., Eskandarieh S., Esmaeili R., Fakhar M., Fazaeli A.A., Fischer F., Foigt N.A., Fukumoto T., Fullman N., Galan A., Gamkrelidze A., Gezae K.E., Ghajar A., Ghashghaee A., Goginashvili K., Haakenstad A., Haghparast Bidgoli H., Hamidi S., Harb H.L., Hasanpoor E., Hassen H.Y., Hay S.I., Hendrie D., Henok A., Heredia-Pi I., Herteliu C., Hoang C.L., Hole M.K., Homaie Rad E., Hossain N., Hosseinzadeh M., Hostiuc S., Ilesanmi O.S., Irvani S.S.N., Jakovljevic M., Jalali A., James S.L., Jonas J.B., Jurisson M., Kadel R., Karami Matin B., Kasaeian A., Kasaye H.K., Kassaw M.W., Kazemi Karyani A., Khabiri R., Khan J., Khan M.N., Khang Y.-H., Kisa A., Kissimova-Skarbek K., Kohler S., Koyanagi A., Krohn K.J., Leung R., Lim L.-L., Lorkowski S., Majeed A., Malekzadeh R., Mansourian M., Mantovani L.G., Massenburg B.B., McKee M., Mehta V., Meretoja A., Meretoja T.J., Milevska Kostova N., Miller T.R., Mirrakhimov E.M., Mohajer B., Mohammad Darwesh A., Mohammed S., Mohebi F., Mokdad A.H., Morrison S.D., Mousavi S.M., Muthupandian S., Nagarajan A.J., Nangia V., Negoi I., Nguyen C.T., Nguyen H.L.T., Nguyen S.H., Nosratnejad S., Oladimeji O., Olgiati S., Olusanya J.O., Onwujekwe O.E., Otstavnov S.S., Pana A., Pereira D.M., Piroozi B., Prada S.I., Qorbani M., Rabiee M., Rabiee N., Rafiei A., Rahim F., Rahimi-Movaghar V., Ram U., Ranabhat C.L., Ranta A., Rawaf D.L., Rawaf S., Rezaei S., Roro E.M., Rostami A., Rubino S., Salahshoor M., Samy A.M., Sanabria J., Santos J.V., Santric Milicevic M.M., Sao Jose B.P., Savic M., Schwendicke F., Sepanlou S.G., Sepehrimanesh M., Sheikh A., Shrime M.G., Sisay S., Soltani S., Soofi M., Srinivasan V., Tabares-Seisdedos R., Torre A., Tovani-Palone M.R., Tran B.X., Tran K.B., Undurraga E.A., Valdez P.R., van Boven J.F.M., Vargas V., Veisani Y., Violante F.S., Vladimirov S.K., Vlassov V., Vollmer S., Vu G.T., Wolfe C.D.A., Yonemoto N., Younis M.Z., Yousefifard M., Zaman S.B., Zangeneh A., Zegeye E.A., Ziapour A., Chew A., Murray C.J.L., Dieleman J.L., Global Burden Dis Hlth Financing C, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Chang, A, Cowling, K, Micah, A, Chapin, A, Chen, C, Ikilezi, G, Sadat, N, Tsakalos, G, Wu, J, Younker, T, Zhao, Y, Zlavog, B, Abbafati, C, Ahmed, A, Alam, K, Alipour, V, Aljunid, S, Almalki, M, Alvis-Guzman, N, Ammar, W, Andrei, C, Anjomshoa, M, Antonio, C, Arabloo, J, Aremu, O, Ausloos, M, Avila-Burgos, L, Awasthi, A, Ayanore, M, Azari, S, Azzopardi-Muscat, N, Bagherzadeh, M, Barnighausen, T, Baune, B, Bayati, M, Belay, Y, Belete, H, Berbada, D, Berman, A, Beuran, M, Bijani, A, Busse, R, Cahuana-Hurtado, L, Camera, L, Catala-Lopez, F, Chauhan, B, Constantin, M, Crowe, C, Cucu, A, Dalal, K, De Neve, J, Deiparine, S, Demeke, F, Do, H, Dubey, M, Tantawi, M, Eskandarieh, S, Esmaeili, R, Fakhar, M, Fazaeli, A, Fischer, F, Foigt, N, Fukumoto, T, Fullman, N, Galan, A, Gamkrelidze, A, Gezae, K, Ghajar, A, Ghashghaee, A, Goginashvili, K, Haakenstad, A, Bidgoli, H, Hamidi, S, Harb, H, Hasanpoor, E, Hassen, H, Hay, S, Hendrie, D, Henok, A, Heredia-Pi, I, Herteliu, C, Hoang, C, Hole, M, Rad, E, Hossain, N, Hosseinzadeh, M, Hostiuc, S, Ilesanmi, O, Irvani, S, Jakovljevic, M, Jalali, A, James, S, Jonas, J, Jurisson, M, Kadel, R, Matin, B, Kasaeian, A, Kasaye, H, Kassaw, M, Karyani, A, Khabiri, R, Khan, J, Khan, M, Khang, Y, Kisa, A, Kissimova-Skarbek, K, Kohler, S, Koyanagi, A, Krohn, K, Leung, R, Lim, L, Lorkowski, S, Majeed, A, Malekzadeh, R, Mansourian, M, Mantovani, L, Massenburg, B, Mckee, M, Mehta, V, Meretoja, A, Meretoja, T, Kostova, N, Miller, T, Mirrakhimov, E, Mohajer, B, Darwesh, A, Mohammed, S, Mohebi, F, Mokdad, A, Morrison, S, Mousavi, S, Muthupandian, S, Nagarajan, A, Nangia, V, Negoi, I, Nguyen, C, Nguyen, H, Nguyen, S, Nosratnejad, S, Oladimeji, O, Olgiati, S, Olusanya, J, Onwujekwe, O, Otstavnov, S, Pana, A, Pereira, D, Piroozi, B, Prada, S, Qorbani, M, Rabiee, M, Rabiee, N, Rafiei, A, Rahim, F, Rahimi-Movaghar, V, Ram, U, Ranabhat, C, Ranta, A, Rawaf, D, Rawaf, S, Rezaei, S, Roro, E, Rostami, A, Rubino, S, Salahshoor, M, Samy, A, Sanabria, J, Santos, J, Milicevic, M, Jose, B, Savic, M, Schwendicke, F, Sepanlou, S, Sepehrimanesh, M, Sheikh, A, Shrime, M, Sisay, S, Soltani, S, Soofi, M, Srinivasan, V, Tabares-Seisdedos, R, Torre, A, Tovani-Palone, M, Tran, B, Tran, K, Undurraga, E, Valdez, P, Van Boven, J, Vargas, V, Veisani, Y, Violante, F, Vladimirov, S, Vlassov, V, Vollmer, S, Vu, G, Wolfe, C, Yonemoto, N, Younis, M, Yousefifard, M, Zaman, S, Zangeneh, A, Zegeye, E, Ziapour, A, Chew, A, Murray, C, and Dieleman, J
Subjects: health financing, coverage, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, systematic analysis, Global Health, Gross domestic product, DISEASE, burden, project, 0302 clinical medicine, Per capita, Global health, Healthcare Financing, 030212 general & internal medicine, our of pocket, 11 Medical and Health Sciences, Government spending, government, 1. No poverty, Public Health, Global Health, Social Medicine and Epidemiology, General Medicine, Public Assistance, COVERAGE, Models, Economic, 8. Economic growth, health financing, project, government, our of pocket, BURDEN, Life Sciences & Biomedicine, Human, Gross Domestic Product, Department of Error, 03 medical and health sciences, Medicine, General & Internal, General & Internal Medicine, SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS, Revenue, Humans, medicine (all), Health policy, Finance, sex-specific mortality, Government, disease, Science & Technology, SEX-SPECIFIC MORTALITY, business.industry, Prepaid Health Plan, International health, Global Burden of Disease Health Financing Collaborator Network, Health Expenditure, Folkhälsovetenskap, global hälsa, socialmedicin och epidemiologi, Human medicine, Health Expenditures, business, Prepaid Health Plans
Abstract: Published Erratum. Past, present, and future of global health financing: a review of development assistance, government, out-of-pocket, and other private spending on health for 195 countries, 1995-2050. Lancet. 2021 Sep 11;398(10304):956. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01806-7. PMID: 34509230. BACKGROUND: Comprehensive and comparable estimates of health spending in each country are a key input for health policy and planning, and are necessary to support the achievement of national and international health goals. Previous studies have tracked past and projected future health spending until 2040 and shown that, with economic development, countries tend to spend more on health per capita, with a decreasing share of spending from development assistance and out-of-pocket sources. We aimed to characterise the past, present, and predicted future of global health spending, with an emphasis on equity in spending across countries. METHODS: We estimated domestic health spending for 195 countries and territories from 1995 to 2016, split into three categories-government, out-of-pocket, and prepaid private health spending-and estimated development assistance for health (DAH) from 1990 to 2018. We estimated future scenarios of health spending using an ensemble of linear mixed-effects models with time series specifications to project domestic health spending from 2017 through 2050 and DAH from 2019 through 2050. Data were extracted from a broad set of sources tracking health spending and revenue, and were standardised and converted to inflation-adjusted 2018 US dollars. Incomplete or low-quality data were modelled and uncertainty was estimated, leading to a complete data series of total, government, prepaid private, and out-of-pocket health spending, and DAH. Estimates are reported in 2018 US dollars, 2018 purchasing-power parity-adjusted dollars, and as a percentage of gross domestic product. We used demographic decomposition methods to assess a set of factors associated with changes in government health spending between 1995 and 2016 and to examine evidence to support the theory of the health financing transition. We projected two alternative future scenarios based on higher government health spending to assess the potential ability of governments to generate more resources for health. FINDINGS: Between 1995 and 2016, health spending grew at a rate of 4·00% (95% uncertainty interval 3·89-4·12) annually, although it grew slower in per capita terms (2·72% [2·61-2·84]) and increased by less than $1 per capita over this period in 22 of 195 countries. The highest annual growth rates in per capita health spending were observed in upper-middle-income countries (5·55% [5·18-5·95]), mainly due to growth in government health spending, and in lower-middle-income countries (3·71% [3·10-4·34]), mainly from DAH. Health spending globally reached $8·0 trillion (7·8-8·1) in 2016 (comprising 8·6% [8·4-8·7] of the global economy and $10·3 trillion [10·1-10·6] in purchasing-power parity-adjusted dollars), with a per capita spending of US$5252 (5184-5319) in high-income countries, $491 (461-524) in upper-middle-income countries, $81 (74-89) in lower-middle-income countries, and $40 (38-43) in low-income countries. In 2016, 0·4% (0·3-0·4) of health spending globally was in low-income countries, despite these countries comprising 10·0% of the global population. In 2018, the largest proportion of DAH targeted HIV/AIDS ($9·5 billion, 24·3% of total DAH), although spending on other infectious diseases (excluding tuberculosis and malaria) grew fastest from 2010 to 2018 (6·27% per year). The leading sources of DAH were the USA and private philanthropy (excluding corporate donations and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation). For the first time, we included estimates of China's contribution to DAH ($644·7 million in 2018). Globally, health spending is projected to increase to $15·0 trillion (14·0-16·0) by 2050 (reaching 9·4% [7·6-11·3] of the global economy and $21·3 trillion [19·8-23·1] in purchasing-power parity-adjusted dollars), but at a lower growth rate of 1·84% (1·68-2·02) annually, and with continuing disparities in spending between countries. In 2050, we estimate that 0·6% (0·6-0·7) of health spending will occur in currently low-income countries, despite these countries comprising an estimated 15·7% of the global population by 2050. The ratio between per capita health spending in high-income and low-income countries was 130·2 (122·9-136·9) in 2016 and is projected to remain at similar levels in 2050 (125·9 [113·7-138·1]). The decomposition analysis identified governments' increased prioritisation of the health sector and economic development as the strongest factors associated with increases in government health spending globally. Future government health spending scenarios suggest that, with greater prioritisation of the health sector and increased government spending, health spending per capita could more than double, with greater impacts in countries that currently have the lowest levels of government health spending. INTERPRETATION: Financing for global health has increased steadily over the past two decades and is projected to continue increasing in the future, although at a slower pace of growth and with persistent disparities in per-capita health spending between countries. Out-of-pocket spending is projected to remain substantial outside of high-income countries. Many low-income countries are expected to remain dependent on development assistance, although with greater government spending, larger investments in health are feasible. In the absence of sustained new investments in health, increasing efficiency in health spending is essential to meet global health targets. FUNDING: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation Sí
Published: 2019
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11. Assessment of Healthcare Waste Generation Rate and Its Management System in Health Centers of Bench Maji Zone

Author: Andualem Henok, Asrat Meleko, and Tarekegn Tesfaye
Subjects: Hazardous Waste, education, 010501 environmental sciences, 01 natural sciences, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Waste Management, Hazardous waste, Environmental health, Surveys and Questionnaires, Health care, Humans, health center, 030212 general & internal medicine, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Descriptive statistics, business.industry, General Medicine, Checklist, Healthcare waste, health center, healthcare waste generation rate, hazardous waste, general waste, Cross-Sectional Studies, general waste, Data quality, healthcare waste generation rate, Management system, Sustainability, Observational study, Original Article, Ethiopia, Health Facilities, Healthcare waste, Safety, business
Abstract: Background: It is known that the basic role of healthcare system is to preserve the health of patients and protect the public from diseases. However, in the process of performing these activities, health facilities generate hazardous waste that could be potentially harmful to healthcare workers, the public and the environment if there is insufficient handling, treatment and disposal of those wastes. Unfortunately, healthcare waste management is, in many regions, not yet carried out with a satisfactory degree of safety. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess healthcare waste generation rate and its management system in health centers of Bench Maji Zone. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from February to August, 2016. Observational checklist, key informant interview guide and weight scale were used to assess healthcare waste generation rate and its management system in selected health centers. Training, pre-test, instrument calibration and daily meeting were used to improve data quality. The Data was entered, compiled and analyzed using EpiData version 3.1 and SPSS version 21. The results on waste management system were reported using different descriptive statistics. Results: Out of the total HCW generated in health centers, more than half (57.9%) was general or non-risk HCW, and the remaining 42.1% was hazardous healthcare waste. The amount of HCW generated in the studied health centers was different from WHO’s norm which may be attributed to different factors such as economy, patient flow, difference in services provided, poor waste segregation practice, available waste management system and seasonal factors. Conclusion: HCW was not adequately managed which is characterized by lack of HCW segregation at source of generation and inadequate facilities to manage HCW. Therefore, it is important to develop a HCW management plan for keeping human health as well environmental sustainability. Keywords: Healthcare waste, health center, healthcare waste generation rate, hazardous waste, general waste
Published: 2018

12. Prevalence and factors associated with pelvic organ prolapse among pedestrian back-loading women in bench Maji Zone

Author: Andualem Henok
Subjects: Adult, medicine.medical_specialty, Lifting, Adolescent, Cross-sectional study, Prevalence, Utero Vaginal Prolapse, Logistic regression, Pelvic Organ Prolapse, Factors, Body Mass Index, Young Adult, 03 medical and health sciences, Back loading, 0302 clinical medicine, Risk Factors, Surveys and Questionnaires, Epidemiology, Odds Ratio, medicine, Humans, 030212 general & internal medicine, Young adult, Developing Countries, Pelvis, Pedestrians, Gynecology, 030219 obstetrics & reproductive medicine, business.industry, Pelvic organ prolapse, Factors, Utero Vaginal Prolapse, Ethiopia, Age Factors, General Medicine, Odds ratio, Middle Aged, Cross-Sectional Studies, Logistic Models, medicine.anatomical_structure, Female, Original Article, Ethiopia, business, Body mass index
Abstract: Background: It is common to see women carrying heavy loads on their back in developing countries including Ethiopia. This may have an effect on pelvic organ prolapse. The objective of this study was to determine prevalence and factors associated with pelvic organ prolapse among pedestrian back-loading women in Bench-MajiZone, 2016. Methods: The study was conducted in Bench-MajiZone, Southwest Ethiopia, from January to March 2016. Cross-sectional study design was employed. The sample size was calculated to be 422. Women were selected by using convenientsampling technique. Interviewer-administered questionnaire was used to collect data. Binary logistic regression was used to determine factors associated with pelvic organ prolapse. Result: Fifty-six (13.3%)of the study participants had pelvic organ prolapse. The likelihood of pelvic organ prolapse was higher among women whose ages were between 31-40 years (AOR= 6.88: 95% CI 1.68, 28.23), 41-50 years (AOR= 11.10: 95% CI 2.54, 48.49) and above 50 years (AOR= 35.42: 95% CI 6.94, 180.85) as compared with those who were less than 30 years. The likelihood of pelvic organ prolapse was also higher among those whose BMI was less than 18.5 (AOR= 2.37: 95% CI 1.25, 4.51) and duration of work greater than 10 years (AOR= 4.01: 95% CI 1.81, 8.89). Conclusion: The prevalence of pelvic organ prolapse was high. Age, BMI and duration of work were significantly associated with pelvic organ prolapse. Urgent attention is needed from concerned bodies. Keywords: Pelvic organ prolapse; Back loading; Factors, Utero Vaginal Prolapse, Ethiopia
Published: 2017

13. Knowledge about and attitude towards epilepsy among Menit Community, Southwest Ethiopia

Author: Tafesse Lamaro and Andualem Henok
Subjects: Adult, Male, Rural Population, medicine.medical_specialty, Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice, Interview, Ethnic group, Developing country, Disease, 03 medical and health sciences, Epilepsy, Young Adult, 0302 clinical medicine, Surveys and Questionnaires, medicine, Humans, 030212 general & internal medicine, Psychiatry, Curse, Epilepsy, Knowledge, Attitude, Ethiopia, business.industry, Public health, Systematic sampling, General Medicine, medicine.disease, Cross-Sectional Studies, Knowledge, Attitude, Female, Original Article, Ethiopia, business, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery
Abstract: Background: Nearly 80% of the people with epilepsy are found in developing countries, where epilepsy remains a major public health problem, not only because of its health implications but also for its social, cultural, psychological and economic effects. The objective of this study was to assess knowledge and attitude of Menit community in Benchi-Maji Zone as regards epilepsy. Methods: The study was conducted in Menit Goldia Province, one of the provinces of Bench-Maji Zone. Community based descriptive cross-sectional study was employed. Households were selected by using systematic sampling technique. Data was collected through pretested interviewer administered questionnaire. Data was cleaned, coded and entered in to EPI data version 3.1. The data was cleaned and transported into SPSS for analysis. Results: Among the study participants, 808(97.1%) ever heard about epilepsy, 85.3% reported that epilepsy is a mental disease where as 40.6%, 49% and 49.4% respectively believed that it is hereditary, contagious, and God’s curse. Among the respondents, 252(30%) think that epileptics should be isolated from the community, 387(46.1%) and 336(40%) do not want to shake hands with epileptics and keep their children away from epileptic patients respectively. In this study, 85.6% and86.8% of the respondents were not knowledgeable about and had negative attitude towards epilepsy respectively. Ethnicity and educational status were significantly associated with knowledge and attitude. The FGD participants noted that the disease is God’s curse, and they lacked knowledge about the cause of epilepsy. Conclusion: The study participants’ level of knowledge about and attitude towards epilepsy was not satisfactory. Thus, it needs attention from concerned bodies. Keywords: Epilepsy, Knowledge, Attitude, Ethiopia
Published: 2017

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13 results on '"Andualem Henok"'

1. Evaluation of the Efficacy of Alcohol-Based Hand Sanitizers Sold in Southwest Ethiopia

2. The global distribution of lymphatic filariasis, 2000–18:a geospatial analysis

3. Mapping geographical inequalities in access to drinking water and sanitation facilities in low-income and middle-income countries, 2000-17

4. Mapping disparities in education across low- and middle-income countries

5. Depression and Its Associated Factors among Diabetes Mellitus Patients Attending Selected Hospitals in Southwest Ethiopia: A Cross-Sectional Study

6. Burden of injury along the development spectrum: associations between the Socio-demographic Index and disability-adjusted life year estimates from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

7. Morbidity and mortality from road injuries : results from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

8. Prevalence of sexual dysfunction and related factors among diabetes mellitus patients in Southwest Ethiopia

9. Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and mortality of HIV, 1980–2017, and forecasts to 2030, for 195 countries and territories: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2017

10. Past, present, and future of global health financing: a review of development assistance, government, out-of-pocket, and other private spending on health for 195 countries, 1995–2050

11. Assessment of Healthcare Waste Generation Rate and Its Management System in Health Centers of Bench Maji Zone

12. Prevalence and factors associated with pelvic organ prolapse among pedestrian back-loading women in bench Maji Zone

13. Knowledge about and attitude towards epilepsy among Menit Community, Southwest Ethiopia

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