1. ZF-CxxC domain-containing proteins, CpG islands and the chromatin connection
- Author
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Robert J. Klose, Neil P. Blackledge, and Hannah K. Long
- Subjects
5mC, 5-methylcytosine ,Models, Molecular ,ESC, embryonic stem cell ,AF9, ALL1–fused gene from chromosome 9 protein ,DPY-30, dosage compensation protein 30 ,FBXL19, F-box and leucine-rich repeat protein 19 ,HDAC, histone deacetylase ,TET, ten-eleven translocation ,Biochemical Society Annual Symposium No. 80 ,Biochemistry ,PHD, plant homeodomain ,MLL, mixed lineage leukaemia protein ,0302 clinical medicine ,DNA/metabolism ,MBD, methyl-CpG-binding domain ,RFTS, replication foci-targeting sequence ,5hmC, 5-hydroxymethylcytosine ,Epigenomics ,Genetics ,0303 health sciences ,DNA methylation ,KDM, lysine demethylase ,RbBP5, retinoblastoma-binding protein 5 ,YY1, Yin and Yang 1 ,SEC, super-elongation complex ,Zinc Fingers ,Protein Binding/physiology ,Chromatin ,CpG Islands/genetics ,DNA-Binding Proteins ,CFP1, CxxC finger protein 1 ,CpG site ,DNA demethylation ,shRNA, short hairpin RNA ,CGI, CpG island ,CGBP, CpG-binding protein ,transcription ,ChIP-seq, chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing ,BAH, bromo-adjacent homology ,Protein Binding ,DNA Methylation/genetics ,DNA-Binding Proteins/chemistry ,WDR, WD40 repeat ,S1 ,HMG-box ,Molecular Sequence Data ,S7 ,ZF-CxxC, zinc finger-CxxC ,Biology ,RING, really interesting new gene ,Chromatin/metabolism ,Protein Structure, Tertiary/genetics ,ENL, eleven-nineteen leukaemia ,03 medical and health sciences ,IDAX, inhibition of the Dvl and axin complex protein ,Epigenetics of physical exercise ,DNMT1, DNA methyltransferase 1 ,Humans ,Amino Acid Sequence ,030304 developmental biology ,JmjC, Jumonji C ,Zinc Fingers/genetics ,epigenetics ,ASH2L, absent, small or homeotic 2-like ,RNAPII, RNA polymerase II ,DNA ,PRC, polycomb group repressive complex ,Protein Structure, Tertiary ,Methyl-CpG-binding domain ,SETD1, SET domain 1 ,Differentially methylated regions ,CpG island ,CpG Islands ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery - Abstract
Vertebrate DNA can be chemically modified by methylation of the 5 position of the cytosine base in the context of CpG dinucleotides. This modification creates a binding site for MBD (methyl-CpG-binding domain) proteins which target chromatin-modifying activities that are thought to contribute to transcriptional repression and maintain heterochromatic regions of the genome. In contrast with DNA methylation, which is found broadly across vertebrate genomes, non-methylated DNA is concentrated in regions known as CGIs (CpG islands). Recently, a family of proteins which encode a ZF-CxxC (zinc finger-CxxC) domain have been shown to specifically recognize non-methylated DNA and recruit chromatin-modifying activities to CGI elements. For example, CFP1 (CxxC finger protein 1), MLL (mixed lineage leukaemia protein), KDM (lysine demethylase) 2A and KDM2B regulate lysine methylation on histone tails, whereas TET (ten-eleven translocation) 1 and TET3 hydroxylate methylated cytosine bases. In the present review, we discuss the most recent advances in our understanding of how ZF-CxxC domain-containing proteins recognize non-methylated DNA and describe their role in chromatin modification at CGIs. © 2013 The Author(s).
- Published
- 2016
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