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Purpose Stereotactic body radiation therapy for early stage non-small cell lung cancer is a standard of care for medically inoperable patients. Our aim was to compare Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events thoracic grade 3 or higher adverse events (AEs) of 30 Gy in 1 fraction (arm 1) versus 60 Gy in 3 fractions (arm 2). Methods and Materials This was a randomized multi-institutional, phase 2, 2-arm clinical trial. Medically inoperable patients with biopsy-proven peripheral T1/T2N0M0 non-small cell lung cancer were enrolled. Patients were randomized to arm 1 or arm 2 and stratified by performance status. The primary endpoint was Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events thoracic grade 3 or higher AEs. Secondary endpoints were local control (LC), progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS), and quality of life. Results Between September 2008 and April 2015, 98 patients were randomized. Median follow-up was 53.8 months. Ten patients were lost to follow-up, 1 in arm 1 and 9 in arm 2. Thoracic grade 3 AEs were experienced by 8 (16%) patients on arm 1 and 6 (12%) patients on arm 2. There were no grade 4 or 5 AEs. There were no differences in LC, PFS, or OS (P = .68, .86, and .94, respectively). Arm 1 reported better social functioning (P = .006) with less dyspnea (P = .016) in follow-up at 6 months. Conclusions This randomized phase 2 study demonstrated that 30 Gy in 1 fraction was equivalent to 60 Gy in 3 fractions in terms of toxicity, LC, PFS, and OS. Quality of life measures of social functioning and dyspnea favored single-fraction SBRT.

Simple Summary The optimal way to treat central (CLT) and ultracentral (UCLT) lung tumors with curative radiation is unclear. We evaluated 83 patients with CLT and UCLT who underwent a curative radiotherapy technique called stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT). On statistical analysis, patients with UCLT had worse overall survival. Using a cohort of patients matched for relevant variables such as gender and performance status, we evaluated radiation doses to critical central structures such as the airway and heart. In this group, patients with UCLT were more likely to exceed dose constraints as compared CLT, particularly constraints regarding the airway. Additionally, patients had worse non-cancer associated survival when radiation doses were higher than 18 Gy to 4cc’s of either the trachea or proximal bronchial tree. Based on these findings, patients with UCLT have worse outcomes which could be secondary to higher radiation doses to the trachea and proximal bronchial tree. Abstract The preferred radiotherapeutic approach for central (CLT) and ultracentral (UCLT) lung tumors is unclear. We assessed the toxicity and outcomes of patients with CLT and UCLT who underwent definitive five-fraction stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT). We reviewed the charts of patients with either CLT or UCLT managed with SBRT from June 2010–April 2019. CLT were defined as gross tumor volume (GTV) within 2 cm of either the proximal bronchial tree, trachea, mediastinum, aorta, or spinal cord. UCLT were defined as GTV abutting any of these structures. Propensity score matching was performed for gender, performance status, and history of prior lung cancer. Within this cohort of 83 patients, 43 (51.8%) patients had UCLT. The median patient age was 73.1 years with a median follow up of 29.9 months. The two most common dose fractionation schemes were 5000 cGy (44.6%) and 5500 cGy (42.2%) in five fractions. Multivariate analysis revealed UCLT to be associated with worse overall survival (OS) (HR = 1.9, p = 0.02) but not time to progression (TTP). Using propensity score match pairing, UCLT correlated with reduced non-cancer associated survival (p = 0.049) and OS (p = 0.03), but not TTP. Within the matched cohort, dosimetric study found exceeding a D4cc of 18 Gy to either the proximal bronchus (HR = 3.9, p = 0.007) or trachea (HR = 4.0, p = 0.02) was correlated with worse non-cancer associated survival. In patients undergoing five fraction SBRT, UCLT location was associated with worse non-cancer associated survival and OS, which could be secondary to excessive D4cc dose to the proximal airways.

BACKGROUND Despite occurring commonly, the prognoses of second early-stage non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLC) are not well known. METHODS The authors retrospectively reviewed the charts of inoperable patients who underwent thoracic stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) from February 2007 to April 2019. Those with previous small cell lung cancers or SBRT treatments for tumors other than NSCLC were excluded. Multivariate Cox regression and a matched pair cohort analyses evaluated the prognoses of patients undergoing definitive SBRT for a new second primary. RESULTS Of 438 patients who underwent definitive SBRT for NSCLC, 84 had previously treated NSCLC. Univariate log-rank tests identified gender, Karnofksy performance status (KPS), prior lung cancer, anticoagulation use, and history of heart disease to correlate with overall survival (OS) (P

To compare the clinical outcomes of patients with early-stage non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) who had undergone either single-fraction (SF) or three-fraction (TF) stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) at a single institution during over 8-year period.Patients with peripherally located early-stage NSCLC who had undergone SBRT from February 2007 to November 2015 were included in the present study. SBRT was delivered without heterogeneity correction. Data were retrospectively reviewed and collected in an institutional review board-approved database. R software (version 3.3.2) was used for statistical analysis.Of 159 total lung tumors, 65 lesions received 30 Gy (median, 30 Gy) in 1 fraction, and 94 lesions received 48 to 60 Gy (median, 60 Gy) in 3 fractions. Patients with a Karnofsky performance status 80 were more common in the SF-SBRT cohort (P = .050). After a median follow-up of 22.2 and 26.2 months for the SF-SBRT and TF-SBRT cohorts, respectively (P = .29), no statistically significant difference was found in overall survival (P = .86), progression-free survival (P = .95), local failure (P = .95), nodal failure (P = .91), and distant failure (P = .49) at 24 months. At 1 and 2 years, the overall survival rates were 86.1% and 63.2% for the SF-SBRT cohort and 80.8% and 61.6% for the TF-SBRT cohort, respectively. At 1 and 2 years, the local control rates were 95.1% and 87.8% for the SF-SBRT cohort and 92.7% and 86.2% for the TF-SBRT cohort, respectively. Both regimens were well tolerated.Despite more patients with poor performance status in the SF-SBRT cohort, the SF- and TF-SBRT regimens showed no differences in clinical outcomes. SF-SBRT is now our standard approach.

BackgroundStereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) is a treatment option for patients with early-stage non-small cell lung cancer who are medically inoperable or decline surgery. Here we compare the outcome of patients with centrally located lung tumours who underwent either single fraction (SF)- or five-fraction (FF-) SBRT at a single institution over 5 years.MethodsBetween January 2009 and October 2014, patients with centrally located lung tumours who underwent SBRT were included in this study. Data were retrospectively collected using an institutional review board-approved database. For analysis, the Kaplan–Meier method and competing risks method were used.ResultsIn total, 11 patients received 26–30 Gy in 1 fraction, whereas 31 patients received 50–60 Gy (median 55 Gy) in 5 fractions. After a median follow-up of 12 months for SF-SBRT and 17 months for FF-SBRT groups (p=0·64), 1-year overall survival rates were 82 and 87%, respectively. SF- and FF-SBRT groups showed no significant difference in grade 3+ toxicity (p=0·28). The only grade 4 toxicity (n=1) was reported in the SF-SBRT group. All toxicities occurred >12 months after the SBRT.ConclusionsSF- and FF-SBRT have comparable overall survival. SF-SBRT may have some utility for patients unable to have multi-fraction SBRT.

Background Standard therapy for stage III non-small cell lung cancer with chemotherapy and conventional radiation has suboptimal outcomes. We hypothesized that a combination of surgery followed by stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) would be a safe alternative. Methods Patients with stage IIIA (multistation N2) or IIIB non-small cell lung cancer were enrolled from March 2013 to December 2015. The protocol included transcervical extended mediastinal lymphadenectomy (TEMLA) followed by surgical resection, 10 Gy SBRT directed to the involved mediastinum/hilar stations and/or positive surgical margins, and adjuvant systemic therapy. Patients not suitable for anatomic lung resection were treated with 30 Gy to the primary tumor. The primary efficacy end-point was the proportion of patients with grade 3 or higher adverse events (AE) or toxicities. Results Of 10 patients, 7 patients underwent neoadjuvant chemotherapy. All patients had TEMLA. Nine of 10 patients underwent surgical resection. The remaining patient had an unresectable tumor and received 30 Gy SBRT to the primary lesion. All patients had post-operative SBRT. Median follow-up was 18 months. There were no perioperative mortalities. Six patients had any grade 3 AEs with no grade 4–5 AEs. Of these, 4 were not attributable to radiation. Pulmonary-related grade 3 AEs were experienced by 2 patients. There were no failures within the 10 Gy volume. Overall survival and progression-free survival rates at 2 years were 68% (90% CI 36–86) and 40% (90% CI 16–63), respectively. Conclusions In carefully selected patients with locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer, combining surgery with SBRT was well tolerated with no local failure. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov identifying number NCT01781741. Registered February 1, 2013.

Stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) is the treatment of choice for medically inoperable patients with early stage non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). A literature search primarily based on PubMed electronic databases was completed in July 2018. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were determined prior to the search, and only prospective clinical trials were included. Nineteen trials from 2005 to 2018 met the inclusion criteria, reporting the outcomes of 1434 patients with central and peripheral early stage NSCLC. Patient eligibility, prescription dose and delivery, and follow up duration varied widely. Three-years overall survival ranged from 43% to 95% with loco-regional control of up to 98% at 3 years. Up to 33% of patients failed distantly after SBRT at 3 years. SBRT was generally well tolerated with 10%-30% grade 3-4 toxicities and a few treatment-related deaths. No differences in outcomes were observed between conventionally fractionated radiation therapy and SBRT, central and peripheral lung tumors, or inoperable and operable patients. SBRT remains a reasonable treatment option for medically inoperable and select operable patients with early stage NSCLC. SBRT has shown excellent local and regional control with toxicity rates equivalent to surgery. Decreasing fractionation schedules have been consistently shown to be both safe and effective. Distant failure is common, and chemotherapy may be considered for select patients. However, the survival benefit of additional interventions, such as chemotherapy, for early stage NSCLC treated with SBRT remains unclear.

PurposeTo present long-term results of RTOG 0915/NCCTG N0927, a randomized lung stereotactic body radiation therapy trial of 34Gy in 1 fraction versus 48Gy in 4 fractions.Methods and materialsThis was a phase 2 multicenter study of patients with medically inoperable non-small cell lung cancer with biopsy-proven peripheral T1 or T2 N0M0 tumors, with 1-year toxicity rates as the primary endpoint and selected failure and survival outcomes as secondary endpoints. The study opened in September 2009 and closed in March 2011. Final data were analyzed through May 17,2018.ResultsEighty-four of 94 patients accrued were eligible for analysis: 39 in arm 1 and 45 in arm 2. Median follow-up time was 4.0years for all patients and 6.0years for those alive at analysis. Rates of grade 3 and higher toxicity were 2.6% in arm 1 and 11.1% in arm 2. Median survival times (in years) for 34Gy and 48Gy were 4.1 versus 4.6, respectively. Five-year outcomes (95% confidence interval) for 34Gy and 48Gy were a primary tumor failure rate of 10.6% (3.3%-23.1%) versus 6.8% (1.7%-16.9%); overall survival of 29.6% (16.2%-44.4%) versus 41.1% (26.6%-55.1%); and progression-free survival of 19.1% (8.5%-33.0%) versus 33.3% (20.2%-47.0%). Distant failure as the sole failure or a component of first failure occurred in 6 patients (37.5%) in the 34Gy arm and in 7 (41.2%) in the 48Gy arm.ConclusionsNo excess in late-appearing toxicity was seen in either arm. Primary tumor control rates at 5years were similar by arm. A median survival time of 4years for each arm suggests similar efficacy, pending any larger studies appropriately powered to detect survival differences.

Purpose To evaluate differences in local control (LC), disease-specific (DC), and overall survival (OS) of patients with early-stage non–small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) treated with single- (SF) versus 5-fraction (FF) stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) at 2 institutions. Patients and Methods Peripheral early-stage NSCLC cases treated with a median dose of 30 Gy in SF or a median dose of 50 Gy in FF were included per institutional practice. Kaplan-Meier and Cox models were used to assess survival. A matched-pair analysis was performed to account for imbalances. Toxicities including Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) grade 3 pneumonitis, chest wall pain requiring long-acting narcotics, and hospitalization for respiratory events 6 months posttreatment were recorded. Results A total of 163 lesions were treated between 2007 and 2015; 65 received SF SBRT and 98 received FF SBRT. Most tumors were T1 (n = 92) and T2 (n = 34) lesions and had adenocarcinoma (n = 77) and squamous cell carcinoma (n = 46) histologies, respectively. In the matched cohort, there were no differences in OS, LC, DC, or progression-free survival between the groups. LC and OS at 1 year in the matched cohort was 95% and 88%, and 87% and 84% in the SF and FF cohorts, respectively. There was 1 grade 3 pneumonitis in the FF group, and 9 total hospitalizations post-SBRT, 3 (5%) in the SF group and 6 (6%) in the FF group. Conclusions No statistically significant differences were seen in LC or DC following SF or FF SBRT in this matched cohort of peripheral lesions. No grade 4 or higher toxicities were reported.

Purpose To evaluate differences in outcomes of early-stage peripheral non–small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) treated with either 3- or 5-fraction stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) at 2 institutions. Patients and Methods Patients diagnosed with peripherally located early-stage NSCLC who received either a median dose of 60 Gy (interquartile range [IQR], 60-60, biologically effective dose, 151-151) in 3 fractions or a median dose of 50 Gy (IQR, 50-50, biologically effective dose, 94-94) in 5 fractions were included in this study. All data were retrospectively collected and reviewed in an institutional review board–approved database. Results A total of 192 lesions in 192 patients were identified: 94 received 3-fraction SBRT and 98 received 5-fraction SBRT. Patients in the 5-fraction cohort had significantly smaller tumors ( P = .0021). Larger tumor size was associated with worse overall survival (hazard ratio, 1.40, P = .0013) for all patients. A single grade 3 toxicity was reported in each cohort. A propensity score–matched cohort of 94 patients was constructed with a median follow-up of 29.3 months (IQR, 17.3-44.6) for the 3-fraction cohort and 31.0 months (IQR, 17.0-48.5) for the 5-fraction cohort ( P = .84). There were no statistically significant differences between these 2 cohorts in overall survival ( P = .33), progression-free survival ( P = .40), local failure ( P = .86), and nodal or distant failure ( P = .57) at 2 years. Conclusion The 3- and 5-fraction SBRT regimens for early-stage peripheral NSCLC had comparable clinical outcomes. Both regimens were well tolerated. A large tumor size was an adverse prognostic factor for worse survival.