1. Phenotyping of CYP 4501A2 Activity by Total Overnight Salivary Caffeine Assessment (TOSCA) in Patients on Warfarin Treatment: A Cross-Sectional Study
- Author
-
Domenico Capone, Paola Contaldi, Giovanni Tarantino, Antonella Tufano, Adriana Gianno, Mosca Teresa, Tarantino, G., Capone, D., Contaldi, P., Gianno, A., Teresa, M., and Tufano, A.
- Subjects
Adult ,Male ,0301 basic medicine ,Drug ,phenotyping ,CYP 4501A2 ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Pharmacology ,030226 pharmacology & pharmacy ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Tolbutamide ,Therapeutic index ,Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A2 ,Caffeine ,medicine ,Humans ,International Normalized Ratio ,Saliva ,Adverse effect ,CYP2C9 ,TOSCA ,Aged ,media_common ,Aged, 80 and over ,business.industry ,Warfarin Sodium ,Warfarin ,Original Articles ,Hematology ,General Medicine ,Middle Aged ,Isoenzymes ,warfarin ,Cross-Sectional Studies ,030104 developmental biology ,Phenacetin ,Phenazines ,Female ,business ,medicine.drug - Abstract
Warfarin is an oral anticoagulant, commonly used for primary and secondary prevention of venous and arterial thromboembolic events. The drug is characterized by narrow therapeutic index, widespread individual variability in clinical response, and high rates of adverse events, particularly bleeding complications. For these reasons, a close monitoring of the dosage, using the frequent assessment of coagulation status by means of International Normalized Ratio value, is mandatory. Warfarin is metabolized by hepatic cytochrome P-450. High CYP 450 activity may lead to low drug concentration and requires high warfarin doses to reach efficacy; conversely, low CYP 450 activity is responsible for high drug concentration and needs for low doses to avoid potential toxicity risks. The major isoforms of CYP involved in the metabolism of warfarin sodium are CYP1A2 (for the R-warfarin) and CYP2C9 (for the S-warfarin). The probes for testing CYP1A2 are phenacetin and caffeine while for CYP2C9 tolbutamide. Although S-warfarin has major activity, it was decided to exclude its phenotyping for ethical issues, being mandatory to use a drug (tolbutamide). Instead, it was chosen to test the 1A2 isoform, as the activity of the latter isoform could be investigated by using caffeine contained in the caffeinated beverages. Specifically, a single-point concentration of salivary caffeine (total overnight salivary caffeine assessment [TOSCA]) after an overnight period of the caffeinated beverages abstinence was utilized. In the present study, 75 nonsmoker patients regularly receiving warfarin sodium were enrolled. The results have showed a significant association of the warfarin dose with TOSCA values (coefficient = –0.15, standard error = 0.04, 95% confidence interval = –0.24 to –0.06, t = –3.23, P = .002). In conclusion, the phenotyping of CYP1A2 by TOSCA could be useful, if further proven, to help manage patients on warfarin in order to lessen severe adverse events.
- Published
- 2017