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It is known that enterprises processing vegetables and fruits generate secondary resources (waste), in particular, pomace, in significant volumes. The most valuable, in terms of the composition and content of biologically active macro- and micronutrients, is tomato pomace. Tomato pomace is a valuable source of natural carotenoids, including lycopene, which exhibits high antioxidant activity. The article provides an overview of scientific research aimed at developing methods for extracting carotenoids, including lycopene, from recycled tomato processing resources. It has been shown that, in general, when extracting carotenoids, including lycopene, from secondary resources of tomato processing, various methods of drying and grinding the raw material are used, and then biologically active substances are extracted. It should be noted that the method of pretreatment of the feedstock, the nature of the solvent, the temperature and duration of the extraction process have a significant effect on the antioxidant activity and bioavailability of carotenoids obtained as a result of extraction. It is shown that the use of a pulsed electric field, treatment with enzymes and ultrasonic treatment of tomato pomace allow to intensify the process of extraction of carotenoids and maximally preserve their antioxidant properties. Thus, it can be concluded that tomato pomace is a valuable raw material for obtaining extracts of carotenoids and, first of all, lycopene, and the development of effec- tive modes of the extraction process that ensure the maximum manifestation of antioxidant properties and the bioavailability of the extracted substance is an urgent task.

The article overviews modern studies of domestic and foreign scientists in the field of extraction of biologically active substances from plant materials using enzymes. Extraction of biologically active substances using enzymes allows for controlled biotransformation of plant materials due to the precise specificity and selectivity of enzymes, which creates mild conditions that ensure the preservation of biologically active substances. It has been noted that the quality of the extractant used has a significant effect on the efficiency of the extraction process. Thus, raw materials treated with a combination of an electrolyte and an enzyme are extracted more efficiently by reducing the mass transfer barrier. The main advantage of using supercritical fluids as an extractant is a decrease in temperature or pressure that leads to the precipitation of the extractable substance. One of the main disadvantages of the process of extracting biologically active substances from plant materials using enzymes is their high cost. To eliminate this disadvantage, the following intensification methods are used: ultrasonic treatment, high pressure treatment and microwave treat- ment. The most promising methods for intensifying the process of extracting biologically active substances from plant materials using enzymes are methods of ultrasonic and microwave treatment. Ultrasonic treatment under optimal conditions allows increasing the activity of enzymes, and microwave treatment provides more efficient penetration of the extractant into the tissues of plant material, due to the destruction of cell walls.

Currently encapsulation of food ingredients using liposomal systems formed by natural phospholipids is of greatest interest for food industry. One of the advantages of encapsulation using liposomal systems is the amphiphilicity of the phospholipids that form them, which allows both hydrophilic and hydrophobic ingredients to be encapsulated, while most other encapsulating agents can only encapsulate hydrophilic ingredients. The article reviews the existing methods for obtaining liposomal systems. It has been shown that the most common classical method for obtaining liposomes, namely, the method of a thin film hydration does not allow obtaining liposomal dispersions that are uniform in shape and size. Moreover, this method requires a large consumption of organic solvents. Physical methods have been considered that make it possible to obtain uniform in shape and size liposome dispersions, in particular, ultrasonic treatment, extrusion under pressure, and microfluidization. The advantages and disadvantages of these methods have been presented. Alternative methods of obtaining liposomal systems without the use of toxic organic solvents and detergents have been considered. It should be noted that development of methods for producing liposomal systems that could be implemented on an industrial scale for the intensive introduction of these systems in food technology is now becoming increasingly important.