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1. Rejoinder to Comments on Minasny et al., 2017 Soil carbon 4 per mille Geoderma 292, 59–86

Author

Manuel Martin, Inakwu O. A. Odeh, Vera Leatitia Mulder, Brendan P. Malone, Carolyn Hedley, Vladimir Stolbovoy, Vincent Chaplot, Anne C. Richer-de-Forges, Bhabani S. Das, Yiyi Sulaeman, Chun Chih Tsui, Igor Savin, Bas van Wesemael, Ben P. Marchant, Suk Young Hong, Tor-Gunnar Vågen, Dominique Arrouays, Alex B. McBratney, Sharon M. O’Rourke, Genxing Pan, Damien J. Field, Alessandro Gimona, Biswapati Mandal, José Padarian, Laura Poggio, Budiman Minasny, Adam Chambers, Kun Cheng, Denis A. Angers, Keith Paustian, Leigh A. Winowiecki, B. G. McConkey, Zueng-Sang Chen, Uta Stockmann, The University of Sydney, InfoSol (InfoSol), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Agriculture and Agri-Food [Ottawa] (AAFC), USDA Agricultural Research Service [Maricopa, AZ] (USDA), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Biogéochimie-Traceurs-Paléoclimat (BTP), Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Xi'an Jiaotong University (Xjtu), Institute of Resource, Ecosystem and Environment of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, The James Hutton Institute, Manaaki Whenua – Landcare Research [Lincoln], Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, British Geological Survey (BGS), University of Sydney, Dep. of Environmental Sciences, Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory, Colorado State University [Fort Collins] (CSU), People's Friendship University of Russia [Moscow], Indonesian Agency for Agricultural Research and Development Ministry of Agriculture, World Agroforestry Center [CGIAR, Kenya] (ICRAF), Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research [CGIAR] (CGIAR), Département de Géographie (UCL GEO), Université Catholique de Louvain = Catholic University of Louvain (UCL), Unité INFOSOL (ORLEANS INFOSOL), United States Department of Agriculture - USDA (USA), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN), Landcare Research [Lincoln], World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), Université Catholique de Louvain (UCL), Agriculture and Agri-Food (AAFC), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Nanjing Agricultural University (NAU), Indonesian Agency for Agricultural Research and Development (IAARD), and UCL - SST/ELI/ELIC - Earth & Climate

Subjects
010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, organic-carbon, Soil Science, Climate change, chemistry.chemical_element, challenges, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-GEO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph], 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, nitrogen, 12. Responsible consumption, mitigation, 11. Sustainability, Life Science, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, 2. Zero hunger, Total organic carbon, Food security, sequestration, food security, dynamics, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, Soil carbon, 15. Life on land, PE&RC, Nitrogen, losses, Tillage, Bodemgeografie en Landschap, Agronomy, chemistry, 13. Climate action, climate-change, tillage, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, Soil Geography and Landscape, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, Environmental science, Per mille
Abstract

We thank the authors for their thought-provoking comments on our paper. Most of the commentators agree that soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration is important for improving the quality of soil, however they argue that we have overstated the potential of soil carbon sequestration. We welcome the comments and appreciate that the issue of SOC sequestration has always been somewhat factious (Schlesinger, 2000). We shall address the significance of the quantity “4 per mille”, reported sequestration rates, the limitation of carbon sequestration with time, and nutrient requirements. We clarify that our paper (Minasny et al., 2017) mainly deals with potentials for the 20 countries and regions, where SOC sequestration can also be seen as a way to improving the resilience of the soil to future climate change, that is, improving adaptation rather than mitigation. We believe that in some parts of the world where food security is threatened, the benefit of soil carbon management for adaptation should be stressed more than for mitigation. This is the reason why the 4 per mille initiative explicitly includes food security (Chabbi et al., 2017; Soussana et al., 2015). We need to add that the “4 per mille Soils for Food Security and Climate” initiative is just one of many national and global initiatives on SOC sequestration for mitigating climate change. The Intergovernmental Technical Panel on Soils (ITPS) of the Global Soil Partnership (GSP) discussed incorporating the topic of SOC in the IPCC Assessment Report (ARs), from AR6 onwards. The IPCC has also put a focus on soil in their upcoming special report “Climate Change and Land” (http://www.ipcc.ch/report/sr2/). The recent FAO Global Symposium (GSOC17) assembled experts engaged in FAO, GSP and its ITPS, IPCC, UNCCD-SPI and WMO activities to work together for the common goal of appropriate SOC management as part of overall sustainable soil management within the climate change mitigation and adaptation, sustainable development, Land Degradation Neutrality (LDN) and food security agendas (http://www.fao.org/about/meetings/soil-organic-carbon-symposium/en/). The Global Research Alliance on Agricultural Greenhouse Gases (GRA) focused on opportunities to reduce agricultural greenhouse gas emissions and increase soil carbon sequestration while still helping to meet food security objectives (http://globalresearchalliance.org/about/). The Common Agriculture Policy in the EU is currently being revised to include the potential use of SOC as an indicator. The 4 per mille initiative was launched at COP21, where the Paris Agreement was adopted, and one of the main aims of the Paris Agreement is to stop the planet from warming an additional two Celsius degrees. The two-degree target, although suggested by scientists through modelling work, was chosen more for political and pragmatic reasons whereby countries could agree on a target that they could work towards (Tollefson, 2015). And of course, there are many scientific critiques of this target (Knutti et al., 2016). Similarly, the 4 per mille initiative comes from a politically-driven aspiration, and our paper (Minasny et al., 2017) is a response to such an aspiration, to seek and outline possibilities based on current knowledge. The important concept is that soil and agriculture are part of the solution, and it is an interim and evidence-based solution that we can implement. Now we shall respond to each of the commentaries.

Published
2018
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2. Soil carbon 4 per mille

Author

Genxing Pan, Inakwu O. A. Odeh, Igor Savin, Tor-Gunnar Vågen, Vera Leatitia Mulder, Laura Poggio, Vincent Chaplot, Damien J. Field, Alex B. McBratney, Yiyi Sulaeman, Manuel Martin, Carolyn Hedley, Denis A. Angers, Sharon M. O’Rourke, Vladimir Stolbovoy, Biswapati Mandal, Ben P. Marchant, Adam Chambers, Zueng-Sang Chen, Uta Stockmann, Dominique Arrouays, José Padarian, Keith Paustian, Anne C. Richer-de-Forges, Budiman Minasny, Bas van Wesemael, Suk Young Hong, Alessandro Gimona, Kun Cheng, Leigh A. Winowiecki, Bhabani S. Das, Chun Chih Tsui, Brendan P. Malone, Brian McConkey, Sydney Institute of Agriculture, The University of Sydney, Agriculture and Agri-Food (AAFC), InfoSol (InfoSol), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Natural Resources Conservation Services (NRCS), United States Department of Agriculture, Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), National Taiwan University [Taiwan] (NTU), Nanjing Agricultural University (NAU), Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur (IIT Kharagpur), The James Hutton Institute, Manaaki Whenua – Landcare Research [Lincoln], Department of Agricultural Engineering,RDA, Wanju, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, British Geological Survey [Keyworth], British Geological Survey (BGS), Soil Geography and Landscape Group, Wageningen University and Research [Wageningen] (WUR), University College Dublin [Dublin] (UCD), Department of Soil and Crop Sciences [Fort Collins], Colorado State University [Fort Collins] (CSU), People's Friendship University of Russia [Moscow], Dokuchaev Soil Science Institute (SSI), Russian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Indonesian Agency for Agricultural Research and Development (IAARD), World Agroforestry Center [CGIAR, Indonésie] (ICRAF), World Agroforestry Center [CGIAR, Kenya] (ICRAF), Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research [CGIAR] (CGIAR)-Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research [CGIAR] (CGIAR), Département de Géographie (UCL GEO), Université Catholique de Louvain = Catholic University of Louvain (UCL), Agriculture and Agri-Food [Ottawa] (AAFC), Unité INFOSOL (ORLEANS INFOSOL), University of Limerick [IRLANDE] (UL), University of Limerick (UL), Biogéochimie-Traceurs-Paléoclimat (BTP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN), Xi'an Jiaotong University (Xjtu), Science et Technologie du Lait et de l'Oeuf (STLO), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-AGROCAMPUS OUEST, Hawaii Pacific University, Macaulay Institute, Rothamsted Research, Dep. of Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Chinese Academy of Sciences [Beijing] (CAS), Dept. of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (HKUST), Université Catholique de Louvain (UCL), Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU), Nanjing Agricultural University, and Indonesian Agency for Agricultural Research and Development Ministry of Agriculture

Subjects
010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Soil Science, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-GEO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph], Carbon sequestration, 01 natural sciences, 12. Responsible consumption, Environmental protection, Climate change, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, 2. Zero hunger, Topsoil, Soil organic matter, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, Soil carbon, 15. Life on land, PE&RC, Bodemgeografie en Landschap, Climate change mitigation, Greenhouse gases, 13. Climate action, Greenhouse gas, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, Soil Geography and Landscape, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, Soil horizon, Environmental science, Per mille, Soil carbon sequestration
Abstract

International audience; The ‘4 per mille Soils for Food Security and Climate’ was launched at the COP21 with an aspiration to increase global soil organic matter stocks by 4 per 1000 (or 0.4 %) per year as a compensation for the global emissions of greenhouse gases by anthropogenic sources. This paper surveyed the soil organic carbon (SOC) stock estimates and sequestration potentials from 20 regions in the world (New Zealand, Chile, South Africa, Australia, Tanzania, Indonesia, Kenya, Nigeria, India, China Taiwan, South Korea, China Mainland, United States of America, France, Canada, Belgium, England & Wales, Ireland, Scotland, and Russia). We asked whether the 4 per mille initiative is feasible for the region. The outcomes highlight region specific efforts and scopes for soil carbon sequestration. Reported soil C sequestration rates globally show that under best management practices, 4 per mille or even higher sequestration rates can be accomplished. High C sequestration rates (up to 10 per mille) can be achieved for soils with low initial SOC stock (topsoil less than 30 t C ha−1), and at the first twenty years after implementation of best management practices. In addition, areas which have reached equilibrium will not be able to further increase their sequestration. We found that most studies on SOC sequestration only consider topsoil (up to 0.3 m depth), as it is considered to be most affected by management techniques. The 4 per mille number was based on a blanket calculation of the whole global soil profile C stock, however the potential to increase SOC is mostly on managed agricultural lands. If we consider 4 per mille in the top 1m of global agricultural soils, SOC sequestration is between 2-3 Gt C year−1, which effectively offset 20–35% of global anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions. As a strategy for climate change mitigation, soil carbon sequestration buys time over the next ten to twenty years while other effective sequestration and low carbon technologies become viable. The challenge for cropping farmers is to find disruptive technologies that will further improve soil condition and deliver increased soil carbon. Progress in 4 per mille requires collaboration and communication between scientists, farmers, policy makers, and marketeers.

Published
2017
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3. A comparison of management approaches to control muddy floods in central Belgium, northern France and southern England

Author

Cerdan, Olivier, Chauvet, Mehdi, Le Bissonnais, Yves, Raclot, Damien, Andrieux, Patrick, Bielders, Charles, Evrard, Olivier, Heitz, C., Liégeois, M., Boardman, J., Vandaele, Karel, Auzet, A.-V., Van Wesemael, Bas, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Département de Géographie (UCL GEO), Université Catholique de Louvain = Catholic University of Louvain (UCL), Géochimie Des Impacts (GEDI), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Université Louis Pasteur - Strasbourg I, École Nationale des Travaux Publics de l'État (ENTPE), École Nationale des Travaux Publics de l'État (ENTPE)-Ministère de l'Ecologie, du Développement Durable, des Transports et du Logement, University of Oxford [Oxford], Watering van Sint-Truiden, Interbestuurlijke samenwerking Land en Water, Fonds pour la formation à la Recherche dans l’Industrie et l’Agriculture (F.R.I.A.), Belgium ., Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Oxford, Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières (BRGM) (BRGM), Laboratoire d'étude des Interactions Sol - Agrosystème - Hydrosystème (UMR LISAH), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [ Madagascar])-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Laboratoire d'étude des interactions entre sols, agrosystèmes et hydrosystèmes (LISAH), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Earth and Life Institute [Louvain-La-Neuve] (ELI), Université Catholique de Louvain (UCL), Université Paris-Saclay-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Recherches Subatomiques (IReS), and Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Cancéropôle du Grand Est-Université Louis Pasteur - Strasbourg I-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, [SDU.STU]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences, Soil Science, Buffer strip, Development, 01 natural sciences, stakeholders, environmental management, Muddy floods, Retention basin, Environmental Chemistry, [SDU.STU.GM]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geomorphology, [SDU.STU.HY]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Hydrology, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, Environmental planning, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, General Environmental Science, Hydrology, soil erosion, Spatial mismatch, Flood myth, business.industry, Flooding (psychology), agri-environmental measures, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, 15. Life on land, flooding of properties, 6. Clean water, Flood control, Geography, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], 13. Climate action, Agriculture, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, business, Surface runoff
Abstract

International audience; Muddy floods, i.e. water flowing from agricultural fields and carrying large quantities of soil, affect routinely numerous municipalities of central Belgium, northern France and southern England. A comparison of flood frequency between different European regions is difficult, because of the lack of a uniform and official database as well as the landscape heterogeneity of administrative entities. AgriEnvironmental Measures (AEMs; e.g. grass buffer strips) can contribute to the control of muddy floods but their installation is voluntary and depends therefore on farmers’ willingness. Actions to increase awareness and to inform the farmers proved to increase drastically their participation rate in AEM programmes. In all the studied regions, flood prone areas are increasingly taken into account to define land approved for development. Moreover, several schemes for the control of muddy floods have also been proposed at the regional scale. However, there is a spatial mismatch between the scale at which muddy floods are triggered (small catchment scale) and the scale at which public authorities can operate (municipality, grouping of municipalities, delineated flood prone areas, river basin). In future, beside curative measures (e.g. retention ponds and dams), farming techniques preventing runoff and erosion in the field (e.g. conservation tillage) should be encouraged. This could be achieved by the creation of a new AEM. Moreover, guidelines for the location of AEMs could usefully be introduced. Existing flood control schemes should also be systematically carried out by catchment agencies including legal, environmental and financial expertise. These agencies should be set up for local groupings of municipalities and provide them technical assistance to equip the flood prone areas and carry out maintenance of the implemented control measures.

Published
2010
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4. Effectiveness of erosion mitigation measures to prevent muddy floods: A case study in the Belgian loam belt

Author

Etienne Persoons, Bas van Wesemael, Karel Vandaele, Olivier Evrard, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université Paris-Saclay-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Watering van Sint-Truiden, Interbestuurlijke samenwerking Land en Water, Département de Géographie (UCL GEO), Université Catholique de Louvain (UCL), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Université Catholique de Louvain = Catholic University of Louvain (UCL), Fonds pour la formation à la Recherche dans l’Industrie et l’Agriculture (F.R.I.A.), Belgium., and Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Culvert, agricultural catchment, Belgian loam belt, Land cover, Runoff curve number, 01 natural sciences, modelling, Thalweg, Retention basin, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Hydrology, Ecology, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, 15. Life on land, Grassed waterway, 6. Clean water, grassed waterway (GWW), 13. Climate action, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, Environmental science, Animal Science and Zoology, muddy floods, Soil conservation, Surface runoff, Agronomy and Crop Science
Abstract

During the previous decade, 68% of the municipalities in the Belgian loam belt have been confronted with muddy floods from agricultural catchments after intense rainfall. A muddy flood means that runoff concentrates in a dry valley causing damage to infrastructure and housing property downstream. A typical problem area is the village of Velm where a permanent river is constrained by a culvert designed to accommodate its peak discharge. However, the design of the culvert does not take the local flooding from seven dry valleys just upstream into account. This study focuses on peak discharge from one of these agricultural catchments (ca. 300 ha). The Meshed Hydrological Model (MHM) is used to evaluate the effectiveness of mitigation measures to reduce flooding. Seasonal variation of soil cover in cropland and difference in land use patterns, i.e. before and after land consolidation is explicitly taken into account. The land cover spatial pattern was mapped at regular intervals during 2003. The largest potential of runoff generation occurs in December, and therefore represents a worst-case scenario. Mitigation measures implemented after the extreme event of August 2002 (i.e. a 12 ha grassed waterway and a retention dam in the thalweg) alleviate the flooding risk in Velm. The model simulates a peak discharge and a runoff volume reduction of more than 40%. The retention pond would buffer the generated runoff volume entirely for the worst-case scenario. Land consolidation carried out in the 1970s has led to an increase in peak discharge by 33% and in runoff volume by 19%. The major role played by a new consolidation road built in the thalweg on runoff concentration is highlighted. Implementation of additional soil conservation measures is therefore needed to limit runoff generation within the catchment. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Published
2007
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5. DIGISOIL: An Integrated System of Data Collection Technologies for Mapping Soil Properties

Author

E. Ben Dor, Raluca Maftei, Tamás Hermann, Leandro Chiarantini, Sébastien Lambot, Isabelle Cousin, A. Tabbagh, Gilles Grandjean, B. van Wesemael, M. Thörnelöf, Philippe Lagacherie, Florence Carré, Alex B. McBratney, Guy Richard, Sandro Moretti, Antoine Stevens, Olivier Cerdan, Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières (BRGM) (BRGM), Unité de Science du Sol, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Laboratoire d'étude des interactions entre sols, agrosystèmes et hydrosystèmes (LISAH), Structure et fonctionnement des systèmes hydriques continentaux (SISYPHE), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE)-MINES ParisTech - École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Département de Géographie (UCL GEO), Université Catholique de Louvain (UCL), Land Management and Natural Hazards Unit, Join Research Centre, Natural Hazard Department, Geological Institute of Romania, Soil Science Department, University of Panonia, ABEM, Optic Department, Selex Galileo, Università degli Studi di Firenze [Firenze], The University of Sydney, Tel Aviv University [Tel Aviv], FP7, FP7-DIGISOIL, Laboratoire d'étude des Interactions Sol - Agrosystème - Hydrosystème (UMR LISAH), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-MINES ParisTech - École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Catholique de Louvain = Catholic University of Louvain (UCL), Università degli Studi di Firenze = University of Florence [Firenze] (UNIFI), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Mines Paris - PSL (École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris), Università degli Studi di Firenze = University of Florence (UniFI), and Tel Aviv University (TAU)

Subjects
010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Relation (database), Exploit, [SDU.STU.GP]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph], [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-GEO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph], 01 natural sciences, Civil engineering, GeneralLiterature_MISCELLANEOUS, 12. Responsible consumption, Digital soil mapping, Soil functions, Multidisciplinary approach, Soil retrogression and degradation, 11. Sustainability, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Soil map, geophysics, Inversion (meteorology), 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, 15. Life on land, 13. Climate action, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, Systems engineering, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, Environmental science
Abstract

The DIGISOIL project (FP7-ENV-2007-1 N°211523) is financed by the European Commission under the 7th Framework Programme for Research and Technological Development, Area “Environment”, Activity 6.3 “Environmental Technologies”. A comité de lecture, avec review; The multidisciplinary DIGISOIL consortium intends to integrate and improve in situ proximal measurement technologies for assessing soil properties and soil degradation indicators, moving from the sensing technologies themselves to their integration and application in (digital) soil mapping (DSM). The core objective of the project is to explore and exploit new capabilities of advanced geophysical technologies for answering this societal demand. To this aim, DIGISOIL addresses four issues covering technological, soil science, and economic aspects: (i) development and validation of hydrogeophysical technologies and integrated pedo-geophysical inversion techniques; (ii) the relation between geophysical parameters and soil properties; (iii) the integration of derived soil properties for mapping soil functions and soil threats; and (iv) the evaluation, standardisation, and industrialisation of the proposed methodologies, including technical and economic studies.

Published
2010
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6. Assessment and monitoring of soil quality using near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS)

Author

Jean-Jacques Brun, M. Hedde, Antoine Stevens, Lauric Cécillon, Valérie Genot, Bernard Barthès, Damien Ertlen, Cécile Gomez, Ecosystèmes montagnards (UR EMGR), Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA), Séquestration du carbone et bio- fonctionnement des sols : effets des modes de gestion des agro-écosystèmes tropicaux (SEQBIO), Laboratoire d'étude des Interactions Sol - Agrosystème - Hydrosystème (UMR LISAH), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), Laboratoire Image, Ville, Environnement [Strasbourg] (LIVE), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA), Gembloux Agricultural University (FUSAGx) (FUSAGx), Laboratory of Soil Science, Gembloux Agricultural University (FUSAGx), Département de Géographie (UCL GEO), Université Catholique de Louvain = Catholic University of Louvain (UCL), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [ Madagascar])-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Université Catholique de Louvain (UCL), Image et ville (IV), Université Louis Pasteur - Strasbourg I-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratory of Soil science, PESSAC, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), and Laboratoire d'étude des interactions entre sols, agrosystèmes et hydrosystèmes (LISAH)

Subjects
010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Reflectance spectroscopy, Soil Science, [SDV.SA.SDS]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Soil study, Assessment, 01 natural sciences, Reflection spectrometry, IMAGERIE SPIR, SOIL THREATS, Soil retrogression and degradation, monitoring of soil quality, Soil properties, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Remote sensing, 2. Zero hunger, SOIL PROPERTIES, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, [SHS.GEO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Geography, 15. Life on land, Reflectivity, Soil quality, 6. Clean water, SOIL QUALITY PREDICTION, 13. Climate action, near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS), 040103 agronomy & agriculture, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, Environmental science, SOIL QUALITY ASSESSMENT, Near infrared reflectance spectroscopy, Soil fertility, IMAGING NIRS
Abstract

P>Soil degradation processes have dramatically increased in their extent and intensity over the last decades. Progressively, actions have been taken in order to evaluate and reduce the major threats that have already wreaked havoc on soil conditions. Efficient and standardized monitoring of soil conditions is thus required but soil quality research is facing an important technological challenge because of the number of properties involved in soil quality. The objective of the present review is to examine critically the suitability of near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) as a tool for soil quality assessment. We first detail the soil quality-related parameters (chemical, physical and biological) that can be predicted with NIRS through laboratory measurements. The ability of imaging NIRS (airborne or satellite) for mapping a minimum data set of soil quality is also discussed. Then we review the most recent research using soil reflectance spectra as an integrated measure of soil quality, from global site classification to the prediction of specific soil quality indices. We conclude that imaging NIRS enables the direct mapping of some soil properties and soil threats, but that further developments to solve several technological limitations identified are needed before it can be used for soil quality assessment. The robustness of laboratory NIRS for soil quality assessment allows its implementation in soil monitoring networks. However, its routine use requires the development of international soil spectral libraries that should become a priority for soil quality research.Resume Evaluation et surveillance de la qualite des sols par spectroscopie proche infrarouge (SPIR) Les processus de degradation des sols ont fortement augmente au cours des dernieres decennies. Des mesures sont progressivement mises en place afin d'evaluer et de limiter l'impact des principales menaces qui ont dej provoque une diminution preoccupante de la qualite des sols. Des methodes efficaces et standardisees de suivi de la qualite des sols sont donc indispensables, mais les nombreuses proprietes impliquees dans la qualite des sols compliquent son evaluation rigoureuse. L'objectif de cette revue est d'examiner le potentiel de la spectroscopie proche infrarouge (SPIR) comme outil rapide de caracterisation de la qualite des sols. Nous dressons d'abord l'inventaire des proprietes du sol liees sa qualite qui sont predictibles par des mesures SPIR en laboratoire. Le potentiel de l'imagerie embarquee SPIR (satellite, avion) est egalement aborde. Nous realisons ensuite une synthese des applications utilisant la reflectance spectrale des sols comme mesure integree de leur qualite, depuis la classification de sites selon leur etat de degradation jusqu' la prediction d'indices specifiques de qualite du sol. Nous concluons que l'imagerie SPIR permet de cartographier quelques proprietes et menaces pesant sur les sols, mais les limites technologiques relevees exigent d'importants developpements pour en faire un outil robuste d'evaluation de la qualite des sols. La fiabilite de la technique SPIR par mesures en laboratoire permet sa mise en oeuvre rapide dans les reseaux de mesures de la qualite des sols. Toutefois, son utilisation en routine necessitera le developpement de librairies spectrales internationales, qui devrait constituer une des priorites de recherche sur la qualite des sols.

Published
2009
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7. Reliability of an expert-based runoff and erosion model: Application of STREAM to different environments

Author

Damien Raclot, Bas van Wesemael, Charles Bielders, Mehdi Chauvet, Yves Le Bissonnais, Patrick Andrieux, Karel Vandaele, Olivier Cerdan, Olivier Evrard, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université Paris-Saclay-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Département de Géographie (UCL GEO), Université Catholique de Louvain (UCL), Fonds pour la formation à la Recherche dans l'Industrie et l'Agriculture (FRIA), Fonds national de la recherche scientifique, Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières (BRGM) (BRGM), Laboratoire d'étude des interactions entre sols, agrosystèmes et hydrosystèmes (LISAH), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Watering van Sint-Truiden, Interbestuurlijke samenwerking Land en Water, Département des Sciences du Milieu et de l'Aménagement du Territoire, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Catholique de Louvain = Catholic University of Louvain (UCL), Géochimie Des Impacts (GEDI), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'étude des Interactions Sol - Agrosystème - Hydrosystème (UMR LISAH), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), and Evrard, Olivier

Subjects
Decision support system, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, SOL CULTIVE, Expert-based models, modélisation spatiale, 01 natural sciences, herault, Agricultural land, Environmental impact assessment, DEGRADATION DU SOL, LOESS, belgique, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, 6. Clean water, Flood control, INONDATION, BASSIN VERSANT, Erosion, FACTEUR CLIMATIQUE, European loess belt, europe, eau de ruissellement, [SDU.OTHER]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Other, normandie, Runoff, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, érosion, [SDV.SA.SDS]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Soil study, erosion, runoff, expert-based model, european loess belt, cultivated catchment, hydrologie, bassin versant cultivé, stream, Cultivated catchment, MODELE HYDROLOGIQUE, [SDU.STU.GM]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geomorphology, ECOULEMENT, AIDE A LA DECISION, [SDU.STU.HY]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Hydrology, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Earth-Surface Processes, Hydrology, languedoc roussillon, Land use, Decision rule, 15. Life on land, 13. Climate action, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, Environmental science, cartographie, EROSION HYDRIQUE, Surface runoff
Abstract

International audience; During the last decades, the European loess belt has been confronted with a significant increase in environmental problems due to erosion on agricultural land. Spatially distributed runoff and erosion models operating at the catchment scale are therefore needed to evaluate the impact of potential mitigation measures. Expert-based models offer an alternative solution to process-based and empiricalmodels, but their decision rules are only valid for the local conditions forwhich they have beenderived. The STREAMmodel,whichwas developed inNormandy (France), has been applied in two Belgian catchments having a similar soil texture, as well as in a catchment of southern France differing by soil, land use and climate characteristics. The performance of hydrological models can be assessed for instance by calculating the Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency criterion (ENS).When applied to Belgium, the model results are satisfactory to good after an adaptation of the decision rules (0.90bENSb0.93 for runoff predictions and 0.85bENSb0.89 for erosionpredictions).Given the important environmental differences between Normandy and southern France, the model rules were also adapted for application in the latter environment. Unfortunately, the quality of runoff predictions was insufficient to simulate erosion in southern France. In conclusion, STREAMis a reliablemodel providing satisfactory runoff and erosion predictions in the regionswhere hortonian overland flowdominates.Nevertheless, an adaptation of decision rules based on localmulti-scale (plot, field, catchment) data is needed, before running themodel. STREAMcan then serve as a decision support tool to design for instance flood control measures.

Published
2009
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8. A grassed waterway and earthen dams to control muddy floods from a cultivated catchment of the Belgian loess belt

Author

Bas van Wesemael, Charles Bielders, Olivier Evrard, Karel Vandaele, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université Paris-Saclay-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Watering van Sint-Truiden, Interbestuurlijke samenwerking Land en Water, Département de Géographie (UCL GEO), Université Catholique de Louvain (UCL), Earth and Life Institute [Louvain-La-Neuve] (ELI), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Université Catholique de Louvain = Catholic University of Louvain (UCL), Fonds pour la formation à la Recherche dans l’Industrie et l’Agriculture (F.R.I.A.), Belgium., and Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Return period, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Floodplain, earthen dams, [SDU.STU]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences, 01 natural sciences, cost-efficiency, Thalweg, runoff control, sediment delivery, Loess, [SDU.STU.GM]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geomorphology, [SDU.STU.HY]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Hydrology, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Earth-Surface Processes, Hydrology, geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, grassed waterway, 15. Life on land, Grassed waterway, 6. Clean water, Alluvial plain, 13. Climate action, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], 040103 agronomy & agriculture, Erosion, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, Surface runoff, muddy floods, Geology
Abstract

Muddy floods, i.e. runoff from cultivated areas carrying large quantities of soil, are frequent and widespread in the European loess belt. They are mainly generated in dry zero-order valleys and are nowadays considered as the most likely process transferring material eroded from Cultivated hillslopes during the Holocene to the flood plain. The huge Costs Of Muddy flood damages justify the urgent installation of control measures. In the framework of the 'Soil Erosion Decree' of the Belgian Flemish region, a 12 ha-grassed waterway and three earthen dams have been installed between 2002-2004 in the thalweg of a 300-ha cultivated dry valley in the Belgian loess belt. The measures served their purpose by preventing any Muddy flood in the downstream village, despite the Occurrence of several extreme rainfall events (with a maximum return period of 150 years). The catchment has been intensively monitored from 2005-2007 and 39 runoff events were recorded in that period. Peak discharge (per ha) was reduced by 69% between the upstream and the downstream extremities of the grassed waterway (GWW). Furthermore, runoff was buffered for 5-12 h behind the dams, and the lag time at the outlet of the catchment was thereby increased by 75%. Reinfiltration was also observed within the waterway, runoff coefficients decreasing by a mean of 50% between both extremities of the GWW. Sediment discharge was also reduced by 93% between the GWW's inflow and the Outlet. Before the installation of the control measures, specific sediment yield (SSY) of the catchment reached 3.5 t ha(-1) yr(-1) and an ephemeral gully was observed nearly each year in the catchment. Since the control measures have been installed, no (ephemeral) gully has developed and the SSY of the catchment dropped to a mean of 0.5 t ha(-1) yr(-1). Hence, sediment transfer from the cultivated dry valley to the alluvial plain should dramatically decrease. Total cost of the control measures that are built fora 20 year-period is very low (126 (sic) ha(-1)) compared to the mean damage cost associated with muddy floods in the study area (54 (sic) ha(-1) yr(-1)). Similar measures should therefore be installed to protect other flooded villages of the Belgian loess belt and comparable environments. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Published
2008
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9. Seasonal evolution of runoff generation on agricultural land in the Belgian loess belt and implications for muddy flood triggering

Author

Bas van Wesemael, Olivier Evrard, Karel Vandaele, Charles Bielders, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université Paris-Saclay-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Watering van Sint-Truiden, Interbestuurlijke samenwerking Land en Water, Earth and Life Institute [Louvain-La-Neuve] (ELI), Université Catholique de Louvain (UCL), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Département de Géographie (UCL GEO), Université Catholique de Louvain = Catholic University of Louvain (UCL), Fonds pour la formation à la Recherche dans l'Industrie et l'Agriculture (F.R.I.A.), Belgium, and Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)

Subjects
runoff coeffcient, Geography, Planning and Development, 0207 environmental engineering, [SDU.STU]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences, 02 engineering and technology, Runoff curve number, Agricultural land, Loess, Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous), steady infiltration rate, [SDU.STU.GM]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geomorphology, [SDU.STU.HY]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Hydrology, 020701 environmental engineering, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Earth-Surface Processes, Urban runoff, 2. Zero hunger, Hydrology, Flood myth, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, 15. Life on land, grassed areas, 13. Climate action, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], Soil water, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, Erosion, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, Environmental science, scale effect, Surface runoff, muddy floods
Abstract

International audience; Muddy oods due to agricultural runo are a widespread and frequent phenomenon in the European loess belt, and particularly in central Belgium. These oods are triggered when high quantities of runo are generated on cropland and cause severe erosion. Three soil surface characteristics are relevant to determine the runo potential of cultivated soils: soil cover by crops and residues, soil surface crust-ing and roughness. These characteristics have been observed on 65 cultivated elds throughout 2005. A heavy rainfall event representative for events triggering muddy oods in the region (60 mm.h −1 during 30 minutes) has been simulated using a 0.5 m 2 simulator on elds with the 17 most observed combinations of soil surface characteristics in central Belgium. In the case of (ploughed) bare uncrusted soils, runo is not observed, nor in the case of soils covered by crops, showing a transitional crust and a moderate roughness (1-2 cm). In the cases where runo has been observed, mean runo coecients ranged from 13% (wheat in July) to 58% (sugar beet or maize in May and June). Grassed buer strips (GBS) and grassed waterways (GWW) show a higher runo coecient (62% for GBS and 73% for GWW) than most cultivated soils (13-58%). Furthermore, it is demonstrated that small plot measurements can be used to estimate runo generation at the eld scale. A classication of runo generation risk based on the surveys of soil surface characteristics has been applied to common crops of central Belgium. February as well as the period between May and September are the most critical for runo at the eld scale. However, it appears from monitoring of a 16ha-catchment that the highest runoff volumes and peak discharges are recorded between May and August after heavy rainfall, explaining why 85% of muddy floods are recorded during this period in central Belgium.

Published
2008
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10. Spatial and temporal variation of muddy floods in central Belgium, off-site impacts and potential control measures

Author

Olivier Evrard, Bas van Wesemael, Charles Bielders, Karel Vandaele, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Département de Géographie (UCL GEO), Université Catholique de Louvain = Catholic University of Louvain (UCL), Earth and Life Institute [Louvain-La-Neuve] (ELI), Watering van Sint-Truiden, Interbestuurlijke samenwerking Land en Water, Fonds pour la formation à la Recherche dans l’Industrie et l’Agriculture (F.R.I.A.), Belgium., Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Université Paris-Saclay-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Université Catholique de Louvain (UCL)

Subjects
010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Erosion control, [SDU.STU]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences, Buffer strip, 01 natural sciences, Thalweg, runoff control, Belgium, Agricultural land, cost analysis, Loess, [SDU.STU.GM]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geomorphology, [SDU.STU.HY]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Hydrology, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Earth-Surface Processes, 2. Zero hunger, Hydrology, Flood myth, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, 15. Life on land, Grassed waterway, 6. Clean water, 13. Climate action, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], 040103 agronomy & agriculture, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, Environmental science, Surface runoff, muddy floods
Abstract

Numerous villages in the European loess belt are confronted with floods caused by runoff from agricultural land. Seventy-nine percent of the municipalities in central Belgium experienced at least one muddy flood during the last decade. Of these flooded municipalities, 22% have been affected more than 10 times during this period. Twenty municipalities have been selected for a detailed analysis. A database of 367 locations affected by muddy floods has been compiled, and the connectivity between cultivated areas and inhabited zones could be assessed for 100 flooded locations. Roads and drainage network facilitate runoff transfer between cultivated and inhabited areas in 64% of cases. Three types of areas producing muddy floods have been identified: hillslopes (1-30 ha) without thalweg where runoff is generally dominated by sheet flow; small catchments (10-300 ha) characterised by runoff concentration in the thalweg and medium catchments (100-300 ha) with multiple thalwegs dominated by concentrated runoff. About 90% of muddy floods are generated on hillslopes and in small catchments. A critical area-slope threshold for triggering muddy floods has been computed for hillslopes. A logistic regression shows that muddy floods are generated in small and medium catchments with 99% probability after 43 mm rainfall. Rainfall depths required to trigger muddy floods are lower in May and June (25 12 mm) than between July and September (46 20 mm), because of different surface conditions (crusting, roughness and crop cover). Each year, muddy floods lead to a total societal cost of 16 x 10(6) - 172 x 106 46 in central Belgium, depending on the extent and intensity of thunderstorms and monetary values damaged. Recent datasets suggest that the phenomenon is becoming more frequent in central Belgium, because of land consolidation, urban sprawl and expansion of row crops, sown in spring, at the expense of winter cereals. The huge costs induced by muddy floods justify the installation of erosion control measures. It is suggested to install a grassed buffer strip at the downslope edge of cultivated hillslopes to protect houses and roads. In small and medium catchments, it is preferred to install a grassed waterway and earthen dams in the thalweg. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Published
2007
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