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Purpose Athletes who perform combat sports tend to engage in weight-management strategies to fit in a specific weight class that are characterized by disordered eating behaviours. This study aimed to (1) characterize eating behaviours and adaptation to stress regarding an unwanted weight change before a competition; (2) evaluate the differences between athletes who consider unwanted weight changes as a challenge or as a threat in regard to emotions, coping strategies and eating behaviours; and (3) evaluate whether some of these variables related to the unwanted weight change (e.g., emotions, cognitive appraisal of the situation) are predictors of disordered eating behaviours in combat sports. Methods A total of 166 combat sports athletes (75.3% male), aged between 14 and 56 years (M = 22.73; SD = 8.03), filled out a set of questionnaires that evaluated personal variables, cognitive appraisal (threat/challenge), coping, emotions, and eating behaviours related to an unwanted weight change before a competition. Results Most of the athletes (57.3%) reported high levels of stress related to the experience of an unwanted weight change before a competition. Athletes who perceived this experience as more of a threat had significantly more eating concerns, anxiety, dejection, anger, active confrontation and emotional support. Athletes who perceived it as more of a challenge experienced more excitement and happiness. Athletes who perceived a high threat and low challenge experienced significantly increased anxiety levels and athletes who perceived this experience as a low threat and the low challenge had decreased anxiety. The desire to weigh less, the perception of a threat regarding weight changes, the ability to cope with denial, and anxiety emerged as predictors of disordered eating behaviours. Conclusion To prevent or reduce disordered eating behaviours, it is important to promote adequate strategies to deal with weight changes before a competition and, consequently, positive emotions among sports combat athletes., This study was partially conducted at the Psychology Research Centre (PSI/01662), University of Minho, and supported by the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology and the Portuguese Ministry of Science, Technology and Higher Education through national funds (UID/PSI/01662/2019) and by the following grant to Silvia Felix (CIPSI-BI-PP-2019-04). The funding bodies had no role in the design, collection, analysis, or interpretation of the data; the writing of the manuscript; or the decision to submit the manuscript for publication.

Work-family conflict constitutes an important source of occupational stress predicting teachers’ burnout, and cognitive variables have shown to be core structures in explaining human adaptation to stress. Nevertheless, the role of cognitive appraisal needs to be fully analysed to comprehend how it can mediate the relationship between stress and burnout. In order to understand the potential mediation of cognitive appraisal in the relationship between stress and burnout, we adopted conceptual models of stress that highlighted the value of cognitive appraisal on positive and negative reactions to work demands. Also, we analysed the potential moderation of sex and age in the relationship between work-family conflict, cognitive appraisal, and burnout due inconsistent findings on how these personal variables can interfere on these relations. In this study, we used Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) to test the mediating of cognitive appraisal in the relationship between work-family conflicts and burnout. A survey with measures of work-family conflicts, cognitive appraisal, and burnout was administered to the participants consisting of 438 Portuguese teachers from kindergarten through high school, aged between 28 and 67 years (M = 46.85; SD = 7.88), 304 of whom were females (69.41%). The results confirmed that cognitive appraisal partially mediated the relationship between work-family conflict and burnout. The mediation effect of cognitive appraisal on the relationship between work-family conflict and burnout was invariant regardless of teachers’ sex or age. In sum, cognitive appraisal should be considered in order to understand teachers’ adaptation to work., This study was conducted at the Psychology Research Centre (PSI/01662), School of Psychology, University of Minho, and supported by the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology and the Portuguese Ministry of Science, Technology and Higher Education (UID/PSI/01662/2019), through the national funds (PIDDAC). The authors have no conflicts of interest to report.

Introdução: os benefícios do exercício físico (EF) são bem conhecidos. Contudo, mais de 60% da população mundial é fisicamente inativa ou ativa de forma insuficiente para atingir tais vantagens. Neste sentido, torna-se importante compreender os fatores envolvidos na prática de EF, de modo a promover a participação desportiva e a prevenir o abandono do exercício. Objetivo: analisar as diferenças num conjunto de variáveis psicológicas em função da tendência para efetuar EF e as variáveis preditoras do comportamento efetivo de EF. Métodos: participaram no estudo 454 praticantes de musculação, cardiofitness e atividades de ritmo de uma academia desportiva no norte de Portugal, tendo sido avaliadas três conjuntos de variáveis: a) pessoais (e.g., sexo idade e índice de massa corporal); b) desportivas (e.g., tempo anterior de prática de EF e frequência semanal anterior de prática de EF); e c) psicológicas (e.g., atitudes face ao EF, normas subjetivas face ao EF, perceção de controle comportamental, intenção de prática de EF, benefícios e custos do EF e planeamento da prática de EF). Resultados: os praticantes com maior regularidade de prática de EF apresentaram níveis mais elevados de perceção de controle comportamental, intenção de prática de EF e planeamento do EF, em comparação com os praticantes pouco ou nada regulares na atividade de EF. A idade, o tempo anterior de prática de EF, a frequência semanal anterior de prática de EF, as normas subjetivas e a perceção de controle comportamental foram preditores significativos do comportamento efetivo de EF. Conclusão: este estudo confirmou que os praticantes com maior regularidade de EF evidenciaram um padrão psicológico mais favorável relativamente à possibilidade de assumirem comportamentos estáveis de exercício. Por outro lado, os resultados demonstraram a natureza multifacetada dos fatores envolvidos no comportamento de EF., Introduction: the benefits of exercise are well known; however more than 60% of the world population is physically inactive or insufficiently active to achieve such benefits. Therefore, it is important to understand the factors involved in exercise in order to promote participation and avoid discontinuation. Objective: to analyze the differences in a set of psychological variables according the tendency to do exercise and the predictors of actual exercise behavior. Methods: this study involved 454 practitioners of bodybuilding, cardio-fitness and rhythm activities of a sport center in the north of Portugal. Three sets of variables were evaluated: a) personal (sex, age, and body mass index); b) athletic (previous practice time and weekly frequency of previous practice); and c) psychological (attitudes toward exercise, subjective norms toward exercise, perceived behavioral control, exercise purpose, pros and cons of exercise, and exercise planning). Results: those who practice exercise more regularly had higher levels of perceived behavioral control, intention to practice, and exercise planning compared with practitioners with little or no exercise regular activity. Age, previous practice time, weekly frequency of previous practice, subjective norms and perceived behavioral control were significant predictors of the actual exercise behavior. Conclusion: this study confirmed that more regular practitioners showed a more favorable psychological pattern regarding the possibility of assuming stable exercise behavior. Moreover, the results demonstrated the multifaceted nature of the factors involved in exercise behavior., Introducción: los beneficios del ejercicio físico (EF) son bien conocidos. Sin embargo, más del 60% de la población mundial es físicamente inactiva o insuficientemente activa para conseguir tales ventajas. En ese sentido, es importante entender los factores implicados en la práctica del EF, de manera a promover la participación en el deporte y prevenir el abandono del ejercicio. Objetivo: analizar las diferencias en un conjunto de variables psicológicas en función de la predisposición a realizar EF y los predictores del comportamiento efectivo de EF. Métodos: este estudio analizó 454 practicantes de musculación, cardiofitness y actividades de ritmo de una academia deportiva en el norte de Portugal. Se evaluaron tres conjuntos de variables: a) personales (sexo, edad e índice de masa corporal); b) deportivas (tiempo de la práctica anterior y frecuencia semanal de la práctica anterior) y c) psicológicas (actitudes hacia el EF, normas subjetivas hacia el EF, percepción del control de conducta, intención de práctica, costos y beneficios del EF y la planificación de la práctica. Resultados: los participantes con mayor regularidad de práctica de EF presentaron niveles más altos de percepción de control de conducta, intención de práctica y planificación de EF, en comparación con los participantes poco o nada regulares en la práctica. La edad, el tiempo de práctica anterior, la frecuencia semanal de la práctica anterior, las normas subjetivas y la percepción de control de conducta fueron predictores significativos del comportamiento efectivo de EF. Conclusión: este estudio confirmó que más participantes regulares mostraron un patrón psicológico más favorable en cuanto a la a la posibilidad de asumir un comportamiento estable de ejercicio. Además, los resultados demostraron la naturaleza polifacética de los factores implicados en el comportamiento del EF.

This study tested the relationship between trait anxiety, cognitive appraisal, and athletes’ burnout proposing two hypotheses: (a) there is a direct relationship between athletes’ trait anxiety and cognitive appraisal and burnout; and (b) cognitive appraisal mediates the relationship between trait anxiety and burnout and this mediation occurs despite the competitive level and sport records of athletes. The study included 673 young athletes and provided measures of trait anxiety, cognitive appraisal, and burnout. Structural equation modelling indicated that cognitive appraisal mediates the relationship between trait anxiety and burnout, confirming hypothesis 2, and this model provided better fit than the direct model of hypothesis 1. However, the mediation also indicated that the direct relationship between trait anxiety and burnout should be considered. The mediating model was invariant according to competitive levels and sport records. In conclusion, cognitive appraisal is an important variable in explaining athletes’ burnout., This study was conducted at Psychology Research Centre (UID/PSI/01662/2013), University of Minho, and supported by the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology, the Portuguese Ministry of Science, Technology and Higher Education through national funds and co-financed by FEDER through COMPETE2020 under the PT2020 Partnership Agreement (POCI-01-0145-FEDER-007653), and "Guimaraes, European City of Sport 2013"., info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

Neste artigo apresentam-se os resultados da implementação de um programa de visualização mental junto de uma equipa de basquetebol do escalão de Cadetes A, ao longo de seis meses, correspondendo a grande parte da época desportiva. A avaliação psicológica foi efectuada ao longo do programa, utilizando-se um plano longitudinal com medidas repetidas, no sentido de observar a frequência e a qualidade da visualização mental (VM). Os resultados sugerem a eficácia do programa desenvolvido, nomeadamente na maior tendência dos atletas aplicarem as técnicas treinadas entre o início e o final da intervenção. Por outro lado, os dados recolhidos sobre as dimensões da VM que mais beneficiaram com a intervenção, indicam um efeito particularmente positivo sobre a capacidade dos atletas anteciparem e prepararem o tipo de acções e movimentações a efectuar durante as competições (função cognitiva geral da VM). No final, são discutidas algumas sugestões para a investigação futura neste domínio da intervenção psicológica. This article presents the results and effects of implementing an imagery program with a young athletes’ basketball team, during six months. The psychological evaluation took place during the entire program using longitudinal repeated measures to monitor the frequency and the efficacy of the skill trained. Results suggest the efficacy of the program developed as, throughout the program, an increase is noted on applying the techniques trained. On the other hand, the data collected indicate a particularly positive effect on the athletes’ ability to anticipate and prepare their actions and moves during competition (general cognitive ability). Finally, some suggestions on future investigation on this area are discussed.

Neste artigo apresentamos uma revisão de literatura acerca da abordagem carismática e transformacional do estudo da liderança, procurando analisar os seus conceitos principais e os modelos conceptuais mais representativos. De igual modo, analisamos as possibilidades de aplicação destes contributos ao exercício da liderança, ajudando na compreensão dos processos inerentes à relação entre o líder e os membros do grupo. Por último, descreveremos alguns resultados obtidos até agora no estudo de líderes com características carismáticas e transformacionais., This paper presents a review of the literature written about the charismatic and transformational leadership approaches, stressing the main concepts and conceptual models. We also observe the possibility of applying these contributions in order to understand leadership actions and the relationship between leaders and group members. Lastly, we describe some results obtained until now about the efficacy of charismatic and transformational leaders., Cet article présente une révision de la littérature spécialisée en analysant les concepts et les modèles les plus représentatifs. Ensuite, on examine quelques possibilités d´application de ces contributions théoriques dans l´exercice du leadership, envisageant une compréhension plus fine des processus constitutifs de la relation du leader avec les membres du groupe. En conclusion, on décrit certains résultats obtenus jusqu´à présent concernant les études sur les lidérances caractérisées par le charisme et les approches transformationnelles., En este artículo se presenta una revisión de la literatura acerca del enfoque carismático y transformacional del estudio del liderazgo, buscándose analizar sus conceptos principales y los modelos conceptuales más representativos. De igual modo, se analizan las posibilidades de aplicación de dichas contribuciones al ejercicio del liderazgo, ayudando en la comprensión de los procesos inherentes a la relación entre el líder y los miembros del grupo. Por último, se describen algunos resultados que se obtuvieron hasta ahora en el estudio de líderes con características carismáticas y transformacionales., (undefined)

Discussions regarding homosexuality within a sports context are mediated by emotional nuances, especially in the world of soccer, where practitioners are required to have attributes such as strength, masculinity and aggressiveness. As a consequence, this work aimed to analyze the symbolic representation of homosexual relationships between adolescent soccer players and their coaches; and, furthermore, to understand the intention behind homoerotic relationships that are established between members of the management team and its players. In this study, researchers used the life history methodology, with participation from three adolescent athletes, ages 14, 15 and 16, and three former athletes, ages 26, 28 and 45, who we called speakers. Based on the collection and analysis of research participants’ testimonies, homosexual relations were found to have occurred between athletes and coaches, or between athletes and other members of the management team, as a part of a “social contract” that is exclusively linked to their professional objectives. These relationships appear to be purely objective; authentic affective links are absent, due apparently to the transient nature of the athletes in these groups. Too, this context is usually marked by the athlete’s physical and emotional vulnerability, and the agreements he makes within this context are accompanied with moral dilemmas, because such adolescents idealize the coach as a paternal archetype., “Futebol e homossexualidade: Os conflitos que se encontram dentro do jogo afetivo da relação treinador-atleta adolescente.” As discussões a respeito da homossexualidade no contexto esportivo são mediadas por nuanças emocionais, especialmente no mundo do futebol que exige de seus praticantes atributos de força, virilidade e agressividade. Por este motivo este trabalho teve como objetivos diagnosticar existência de relações homossexuais entre atletas adolescentes da modalidade de futebol e seus técnicos e sua representação simbólica e ainda, compreender a intencionalidade das relações homoafetivas que se estabelecem entre componentes da equipe diretiva e os jogadores. Esta pesquisa é de natureza qualitativa e a técnica adotada foi a “história de vida” e a participação de três atletas adolescentes em atividade, com idade de 14, 15 e 16 anos e três ex-atletas profissionais, com idades 26, 28 e 45 anos serviram de base metodológica. A partir da análise e tratamento dos depoimentos verificou-se que ocorreram relações homossexuais nas categorias de base envolvendo técnico e atleta, ou com outros membros da equipe diretiva, como parte dos contratos sociais, ligados exclusivamente a objetivos profissionais. Estas relações parecem ser puramente objetais, não parecendo existir vínculos afetivos duradouros, aparentemente, devido à natureza transitória de atletas nesses grupos. Também, nesses ambientes, muitas vezes marcados pela vulnerabilidade física e emocional dos atletas, os acertos para as relações homossexuais são permeadas por dilemas morais, tendo em vista que os atletas adolescentes idealizam o treinador como o arquétipo paterno ideal., “El fútbol y la homosexualidad: Los conflictos que se encuentran dentro del juego afectivo de la relación atleta-entrenador de los adolescentes.” Las discusiones sobre la homosexualidad en contexto deportivo están mediadas por matices emocionales, sobre todo en el mundo del fútbol que exige a sus jugadores atributos como la fuerza, la virilidad y los jugadores. En este estudio, los investigadores utilizaron la metodología de la historia de vida, con la participación de tres atletas adolescentes, con 14, 15 y 16 años, y tres ex atletas con 26, 28 y 45 años, que llamamos ‘oradores’. Basado en la recogida y análisis de testimonios de participantes en la investigación, se encontró que las relaciones homosexuales que se han producido entre los atletas y entrenadores, o entre atletas y otros miembros del equipo de gestión, son como parte de un “contrato social” que está vinculado exclusivamente a sus objetivos profesionales. Estas relaciones parecen ser solamente como un objeto; porque a veces no hay vínculos afectivos auténticos, debido aparentemente a la naturaleza transitoria de los atletas en estos grupos. Demasiado, este contexto es generalmente marcado por la vulnerabilidad física y emocional del deportista, y los acuerdos que hace dentro de este contexto se acompañan con dilemas morales, debido a que tales adolescentes idealizan el entrenador como un arquetipo paterno. la agresividad. Por lo tanto, este estudio tuvo como objetivo diagnosticar la existencia de relaciones homosexuales entre adolescentes atletas de fútbol y sus entrenadores y la representación simbólica de estas relaciones. También comprender la intencionalidad de las relaciones homoafetivas que se intercambian entre algunos componentes del equipo directivo y, (undefined)

Trocado, R. & Gomes, A.R. (2013). Winning or Not Winning: The influence on Coach-Athlete Relationships and Goal Achievement. J. Hum. Sport Exerc., 8(4), pp. 986-995. This study analyses the relation between sports success and athletes’ perception of coaches’ leadership, athletes’ satisfaction with coaches’ leadership, coach-athlete compatibility, and goal achievement. Sixty-six athletes who qualified for the final Division I play-offs of a professional volleyball championship were grouped into winning (n = 21) and nonwinning teams (n = 45). Leadership styles, satisfaction with leadership, coach-athlete compatibility, and goal achievement were evaluated. Analysis of variance with repeated-measures revealed that the winning teams evaluated their coaches’ vision, inspiration, technical instruction, positive feedback, and active management more positively than non-winning teams and that their satisfaction with coaches’ strategies increased over time. A multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) indicated that the winning teams’ perceived achievement of personal and team goals was greater than that of the non-winning teams. Sports success was associated with athletes’ positive evaluation of coaches’ leadership, satisfaction with coaches’

Objective This study describes eating disordered behaviours in a sample of Portuguese elite athletes and analyses the impact of personal and sports factors on those eating disordered behaviours. Method Two hundred and ninety athletes (51.7% males) practicing collective (64.8%) and individual sports have been included. The evaluation protocol included the Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire; the Sport Condition Questionnaire; the Sport Anxiety Scale; the Task and Ego Orientation in Sport Questionnaire; the Cognitive Evaluation of Sport–Threat Perceptions and the Self-Presentation Exercise Questionnaire. Results Females, athletes with a higher body mass index, and those with a desire to weigh less, reported more eating disordered behaviours. No relation with sports variables was found. Finally, a higher prevalence of eating disorders behaviour was predicted by lower satisfaction in terms of body shape and physical appearance, higher anxiety and impression motivation. Conclusion Personal characteristics of athletes, as well as their body satisfaction, anxiety, impression motivation and threat perception and coach comments on their weight, represent dimensions that could raise the risk for eating disorders. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association

Este trabalho avalia a influência parental no desporto, a partir da análise da percepção de 205 pais e 213 jovens atletas. Para tal, aplicou-se um protocolo de avaliação com os seguintes instrumentos: Questionário de Comportamentos Parentais no Desporto, Questionário de Orientação Motivacional para o Desporto e Escala de Avaliação Cognitiva da Competição: Percepção de Ameaça e Desafio. No caso dos atletas, encontraram-se diferenças na avaliação dos pais em função do gênero, escalão desportivo e resultados desportivos obtidos. De igual modo, os atletas avaliaram de forma diferente os pais quando se referiram ao pai e à mãe, separadamente. No que toca aos pais, observaram-se diferenças entre pais de rapazes e de moças, entre pais mais novos e mais velhos e entre pais mais ou menos escolarizados. Assim, pode-se concluir que existem diferenças no modo como é exercida a influência parental, devendo esse aspecto merecer a atenção dos agentes desportivos e da investigação futura. This work analyses parental influence in sport, based on an analysis of perception in 205 parents and 213 young athletes. The evaluation protocol comprised three measures: The Parental Behaviours in Sport Questionnaire, Task and Ego Orientation in Sport Questionnaire and the Cognitive Evaluation of Competition Scale: Perceptions of Threats and Challenges. In the case of the athletes, we found differences in the evaluation of the parents according to the sex of the athletes, their level of prowess and the sporting results achieved. Similarly, we found differences in the athletes' evaluations of their fathers and mothers. In the case of parents, we found differences between parents of boys and girls, between younger and older parents and between parents with different academic backgrounds. In conclusion, this study showed that parental influence differs according to certain personal and sporting characteristics of the athletes and parents and this fact should be examined by agents in the sphere of sport and in future research.

Neste artigo apresentamos os resultados de quatro entrevistas levadas a cabo com treinadores de alta competição portugueses, onde se procurou recolher informações sobre as competências necessárias para exercer a actividade de treinador, os princípios e filosofia adoptada no trabalho, as principais áreas de exercício da liderança e os valores defendidos na modalidade e na prática profissional. Os resultados permitiram verificar um acordo quanto à importância de possuírem boas competências conceptuais e pessoais, princípios claros e aceites pelos atletas, boas condições de trabalho e atletas com qualidade para a alta competição. Paralelamente, foi evidente a complexidade de tarefas assumidas na orientação dos atletas (nove dimensões do exercício da liderança). Por último, é de salientar a importância dada à obtenção dos resultados competitivos (objectivo principal) em conjunto com a análise satisfatória do trabalho realizado e a valorização do desenvolvimento pessoal, tanto no treinador como nos atletas (objectivos “periféricos”)., Coach-athlete relationship and leadership practice: the perceptions of four high level competition coaches. On this article we present the results on interviewing four high level competition Portuguese coaches. The aim was to look for information on the essential coaching competences, the working principles and philosophy, the main leadership exercise areas and the defended values on sports and professional practice. The results showed the relevancy of gathering good conceptual and personal competencies, clear and accepted principals, good working conditions and qualified athletes. Also evident were the complex tasks assumed on guiding the athletes (nine leadership exercise dimensions were found). Finally, it is essential to point out the importance given to obtaining sporting results (main goal) as well as the satisfactory working analyses and the value given to coaches’ and athletes’ self-development (side goals)., (undefined)

Este estudo analisa o stress ocupacional em 155 profissionais da área da saúde (e.g., médicos e enfermeiros) a trabalharem em instituições hospitalares e centros de saúde da região norte de Portugal. Foram avaliadas as fontes de stress, o burnout, o coping proactivo, o comprometimento organizacional e a satisfação e realização profissional. Os resultados apontaram 15% de profissionais com experiências significativas de stress e 6% com problemas de exaustão emocional. As análises comparativas (MANOVA e t-test para amostras independentes) demonstraram maior tendência para problemas de stress ocupacional nos seguintes grupos: i) mulheres (embora os homens evidenciem maior despersonalização); ii) enfermeiros mais novos e com menor experiência profissional; iii) solteiros; iv) classe profissional dos enfermeiros; v) profissionais que exercem funções em centros de saúde; vi) profissionais com situações contratuais mais instáveis; e vii) profissionais que realizam trabalho por turnos rotativos. No final, são apresentadas algumas indicações para a investigação futura., (undefined)

Introduction This study observed the variables that predict the perception of current exercise frequency across two time points of exercise practice, and tested the stability of some psychological factors associated with exercise, controlling participants’ gender differences. Methods The study included 102 participants (70 females, 68.6%, and 32 males, 31.4%). All participants were evaluated in terms of personal and exercise information, perception of current exercise frequency, exercise attitudes, perceived behavioural control, behavioural regulation, satisfaction with body shape and physical appearance, and weight-related instructor pressure. Results The explained variance for the perception of current exercise frequency was relatively low, but similar across the two time points of data collection. The predictor variables were also stable across time. However, some dimensions varied across time, pointing out that exercise practice is less motivating and gratifying for women. Discussion This study confirmed and highlighted the difficulties to explain exercise behaviour (Mohiyeddini, Pauli, & Bauer, 2009; Sheeran, 2002), becoming necessary to integrate more variables in the explanation of factors related to exercise. Conclusions The predictor variables for the perception of current exercise frequency do not change significantly across time. Moreover, gender differences become important when observing psychological changes in exercisers.