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6 results on '"Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Cujas"'

1. A market of black boxes: The political economy of Internet surveillance and censorship in Russia

Author

Francesca Musiani, Benjamin Loveluck, Ksenia Ermoshina, Centre Internet et Société (CIS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Sociologie Information-Communication Design (SID), Institut interdisciplinaire de l’innovation (I3, une unité mixte de recherche CNRS (UMR 9217)), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Télécom ParisTech-MINES ParisTech - École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Télécom ParisTech-MINES ParisTech - École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Département Sciences Economiques et Sociales (SES), Télécom ParisTech, Institut Polytechnique de Paris (IP Paris), Centre d'Etudes et de Recherches de Sciences Administratives et Politiques (CERSA), Université Panthéon-Assas (UP2)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), ANR-17-CE26-0020,RESISTIC,Les résistants du net. Critique et évasion face à la coercition numérique en Russie(2017), European Project: 688722,H2020 Pilier Industrial Leadership,H2020-ICT-2015,NEXTLEAP(2016), École polytechnique (X)-Télécom ParisTech-MINES ParisTech - École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut interdisciplinaire de l’innovation de Telecom Paris (I3 SES), Télécom ParisTech-Institut interdisciplinaire de l’innovation (I3), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Télécom ParisTech-Institut interdisciplinaire de l’innovation (I3), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre d'études et de recherches de science administrative (CERSA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Cujas, and Université Panthéon-Assas (UP2)-Université Panthéon-Assas (UP2)

Subjects
Public Administration, Sociology and Political Science, General Computer Science, media_common.quotation_subject, 050801 communication & media studies, Internet governance, [SHS]Humanities and Social Sciences, Internet service provider, 0508 media and communications, Internet service providers, 050602 political science & public administration, SORM, media_common, middleboxes, [SHS.SOCIO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Sociology, business.industry, 05 social sciences, Censorship, Roskomnadzor, Advertising, [SHS.SCIPO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Political science, 0506 political science, surveillance, Internet market, Russian Internet, The Internet, censorship, business
Abstract

International audience; In recent years, the Russian Internet has developed according to strong centralizing and State-controlling tendencies, both in terms of legal instruments and technical infrastructure. This strategy implies a strong push to develop Russian-made technical solutions for censorship and traffic interception. Thus, a promising market has opened for Russian vendors of software and hardware solutions for traffic surveillance and filtering. Drawing from a mixed-methods approach and perspectives grounded primarily in Science and Technology Studies (STS), infrastructure studies and the political economy of information networks, this paper aims at exploring the flourishing sector of Russian industry of censorship and surveillance. We focus on two kinds of "black boxes" and examine their influence on the market of Internet Service Providers: surveillance systems known as SORM (System for Operative Investigative Activities), and traffic filtering solutions used to block access to websites that have been blacklisted by Roskomnadzor, the Russian federal watchdog for media and telecommunications. This research sheds light on the vivid debates around controversial technologies which Internet actors must adopt in order to avoid government fines, but which are expensive and complex to implement and raise a number of ethical and political concerns.

Published
2021
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2. Blockchain Technology and Financial Regulation: A Risk-Based Approach to the Regulation of ICOs

Author

Klara Sok, Alexis Collomb, Primavera De Filippi, Laboratoire interdisciplinaire de recherche en sciences de l'action (LIRSA), Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), Centre d'Etudes et de Recherches de Sciences Administratives et Politiques (CERSA), Université Panthéon-Assas (UP2)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Dispositifs d'Information et de Communication à l'Ère du Numérique - Paris Île-de-France (DICEN-IDF), Université Paris Nanterre (UPN)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM)-Université Paris-Est Marne-la-Vallée (UPEM), HESAM Université (HESAM)-HESAM Université (HESAM), HESAM Université (HESAM)-HESAM Université (HESAM)-Université Paris Nanterre (UPN)-Université Paris-Est Marne-la-Vallée (UPEM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Cujas, Université Panthéon-Assas (UP2)-Université Panthéon-Assas (UP2), Université Paris Nanterre (UPN)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), and HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-Université Paris-Est Marne-la-Vallée (UPEM)

Subjects
050502 law, 050208 finance, 05 social sciences, Risk-based testing, Security token, Financial regulation, [SHS.DROIT]Humanities and Social Sciences/Law, Issuer, 0502 economics and business, Functional equivalence, Equity crowdfunding, Business, Safety Research, Law, Equivalence (measure theory), Initial public offering, Industrial organization, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0505 law
Abstract

This paper compares Initial Public Offerings (IPOs) and equity crowdfunding with Initial Coin Offerings (ICOs) and explores the corresponding risks and limitations of these different fundraising practices, with a view to analysing the extent to which the latter should be subject to the same regulatory framework as the former. After assessing the underlying principles and current regulatory framework for IPOs and equity crowdfunding, with a focus on Europe and the US, we investigate the possibility of applying existing financial regulations to ICOs. Drawing from the notion of “functional equivalence”, we contend that many ICOs share a sufficient number of similarities with traditional IPOs and equity crowdfunding, to be regulated in a similar manner. However, given the various attempts by token issuers to escape from the scope of securities laws by assigning a different function to their ICOs tokens, we argue that principle-based regulation based on an in-depth risk-analysis could be an effective way of addressing the regulation of ICOs, thereby moving from “functional equivalence” to “risk equivalence”. Finally, we explore the use of blockchain technology as a regulatory technology, incorporating specific rules and constraints into the technological fabric of an ICO, in order to ensure compliance with the fundamental principles of financial regulation.

Published
2019
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3. The invisible politics of Bitcoin: governance crisis of a decentralised infrastructure

Author

Primavera De Filippi, Benjamin Loveluck, Centre d'Etudes et de Recherches de Sciences Administratives et Politiques (CERSA), Université Panthéon-Assas (UP2)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Sociologie Information-Communication Design (SID), Institut interdisciplinaire de l’innovation (I3, une unité mixte de recherche CNRS (UMR 9217)), École polytechnique (X)-Télécom ParisTech-MINES ParisTech - École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Télécom ParisTech-MINES ParisTech - École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Département Sciences Economiques et Sociales (SES), Télécom ParisTech, European Project: 610961, De Filippi, Primavera, Dubois (Frédéric), Centre d'études et de recherches de science administrative (CERSA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Cujas, Université Panthéon-Assas (UP2)-Université Panthéon-Assas (UP2), Institut interdisciplinaire de l’innovation de Telecom Paris (I3 SES), Télécom ParisTech-Institut interdisciplinaire de l’innovation (I3), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Télécom ParisTech-Institut interdisciplinaire de l’innovation (I3), and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Internet Policy, [SHS.DROIT] Humanities and Social Sciences/Law, Computer Networks and Communications, online governance, [SHS.INFO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Library and information sciences, Internet privacy, Financial intermediary, Social Sciences, Payment system, 050801 communication & media studies, Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law, 050905 science studies, Computer security, computer.software_genre, Commerce, communications & transportation, regulation by code, peer-to-peer networks, Internet governance, 0508 media and communications, [SHS.DROIT]Humanities and Social Sciences/Law, Blockchain, lcsh:Information theory, [SHS.SOCIO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Sociology, business.industry, Communication, Corporate governance, 05 social sciences, lcsh:Q300-390, Technocracy, Peer-to-peer (P2P), Cryptographic protocol, lcsh:Q350-390, [SHS.SCIPO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Political science, ddc:380, Computer science, knowledge & systems, ddc:340, Currency, Political economy, Power structure, ddc:000, ddc:300, 0509 other social sciences, business, lcsh:Cybernetics, computer, Bitcoin
Abstract

International audience; Bitcoin is a decentralised currency and payment system that seeks to eliminate the need for trusted authorities. It relies on a peer-to-peer network and cryptographic protocols to perform the functions of traditional financial intermediaries, such as verifying transactions and preserving the integrity of the system. This article examines the political economy of Bitcoin, in light of a recent dispute that divided the Bitcoin community with regard to a seemingly simple technical issue: whether or not to increase the block size of the Bitcoin blockchain. By looking at the socio-technical constructs of Bitcoin, the article distinguishes between two distinct coordination mechanisms: governance by the infrastructure (achieved via the Bitcoin protocol) and governance of the infrastructure (managed by the community of developers and other stakeholders). It then analyses the invisible politics inherent in these two mechanisms, which together display a highly technocratic power structure. On the one hand, as an attempt to be self-governing and self-sustaining, the Bitcoin network exhibits a strong market-driven approach to social trust and coordination, which has been embedded directly into the technical protocol. On the other hand, despite being an open source project, the development and maintenance of the Bitcoin code ultimately relies on a small core of highly skilled developers who play a key role in the design of the platform. Teaser: As a trustless technology, Bitcoin tries to solve issues of social coordination and economic exchange by relying, only and exclusively, on technological means. Yet, when looking deeper into the governance structure of this technology, it becomes apparent that technology alone is unable to resolve most of the social and political concerns affecting the Bitcoin network.

Published
2016
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4. La haute autorité de lutte contre les discriminations et pour l'égalité : un laboratoire juridique éphémère ?

Author

Vincent-Arnaud Chappe, Daniel Borrillo, Centre d'Etudes et de Recherches de Sciences Administratives et Politiques (CERSA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Cujas, Université Panthéon-Assas (UP2)-Université Panthéon-Assas (UP2), Institut des Sciences sociales du Politique (ISP), École normale supérieure - Cachan (ENS Cachan)-Université Paris Nanterre (UPN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Université Panthéon-Assas (UP2)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
[SHS.DROIT]Humanities and Social Sciences/Law, Public Administration, Sociology and Political Science, Défenseur des droits, 05 social sciences, Discriminations, HALDE, 050109 social psychology, 0501 psychology and cognitive sciences, 10. No inequality, 050105 experimental psychology
Abstract

La loi du 30 decembre 2004 portant creation de la Haute autorite de lutte contre les discriminations et pour l’egalite (HALDE) repondait aux exigences du droit communautaire et a la volonte de l’ancien President Chirac de creer un organisme charge de lutter contre l’ensemble des discriminations. L’article propose une analyse de l’activite de l’ancienne Haute autorite aussi bien sur le plan contentieux que sur celui des politiques de promotion de l’egalite. De par la facilite de saisine, l’ampleur des domaines d’intervention, son pouvoir d’enquete et sa capacite de mediation, la Haute autorite etait devenue en peu de temps un laboratoire juridique plebiscite par l’opinion publique : son absorption par le nouveau Defenseur des droits ne peut des lors manquer de susciter certaines inquietudes quant a l’avenir de la lutte contre les discriminations.

Published
2011
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5. Network Analysis of the French Environmental Code

Author

Danièle Bourcier, Romain Boulet, Pierre Mazzega, Laboratoire des Mécanismes et Transfert en Géologie (LMTG), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre d'Etudes et de Recherches de Sciences Administratives et Politiques (CERSA), Université Panthéon-Assas (UP2)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Pompeu Casanovas, Ugo Pagallo, Giovanni Sartor, Gianmaria Ajani, Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre d'études et de recherches de science administrative (CERSA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Cujas, and Université Panthéon-Assas (UP2)-Université Panthéon-Assas (UP2)

Subjects
FOS: Computer and information sciences, Physics - Physics and Society, Computer science, Property (programming), As is, graph theory, citation network, FOS: Physical sciences, Physics and Society (physics.soc-ph), 0603 philosophy, ethics and religion, [INFO.INFO-AI]Computer Science [cs]/Artificial Intelligence [cs.AI], [MATH.MATH-GM]Mathematics [math]/General Mathematics [math.GM], [SHS.DROIT]Humanities and Social Sciences/Law, 050602 political science & public administration, Digital Libraries (cs.DL), Code of law, network analysis, Structure (mathematical logic), Social and Information Networks (cs.SI), Information retrieval, 05 social sciences, Computer Science - Social and Information Networks, Computer Science - Digital Libraries, 06 humanities and the arts, 0506 political science, Legal complexity, Civil law (legal system), Graph (abstract data type), 060301 applied ethics, Environmental Code, Scale (map), Network analysis
Abstract

We perform a detailed analysis of the network constituted by the citations in a legal code, we search for hidden structures and properties. The graph associated to the Environmental code has a small-world structure and it is partitioned in several hidden communities of articles that only partially coincide with the organization of the code as given by its table of content. Several articles are also connected with a low number of articles but are intermediate between large communities. The structure of the Environmental Code is contrasting with the reference network of all the French Legal Codes that presents a rich-club of ten codes very central to the whole French legal system, but no small-world property. This comparison shows that the structural properties of the reference network associated to a legal system strongly depends on the scale and granularity of the analysis, as is the case for many complex systems, AI Approaches to the Complexity of Legal Systems (AICOL 2009), Rotterdam : Netherlands (2009)

Published
2009
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6. Le droit des sexualités

Author

Daniel Borrillo, Centre d'Etudes et de Recherches de Sciences Administratives et Politiques (CERSA), Université Panthéon-Assas (UP2)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre de recherches et d'études sur les droits fondamentaux (CREDOF), Centre de Théorie et Analyse du Droit (CTAD), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École des hautes études en sciences sociales (EHESS)-Université Paris Nanterre (UPN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École des hautes études en sciences sociales (EHESS)-Université Paris Nanterre (UPN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Loïc Cadiet, Borrillo, Daniel, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Cujas, Université Panthéon-Assas (UP2)-Université Panthéon-Assas (UP2), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École des hautes études en sciences sociales (EHESS)-Université Paris Nanterre (UPN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL)

Subjects
060101 anthropology, Gender identity, [SHS.DROIT] Humanities and Social Sciences/Law, education, 05 social sciences, droit, Gender studies, Human sexuality, 06 humanities and the arts, liberté sexuelle, 16. Peace & justice, criminalité sexuelle, [SHS.DROIT]Humanities and Social Sciences/Law, 5. Gender equality, 0502 economics and business, Sexual orientation, 0601 history and archaeology, Sociology, health care economics and organizations, 050203 business & management, sexualité
Abstract

The author examines the issues related to sexuality, sexual freedom, and equality of the sexes and sexuality. It also examines the main international conventions on the rights of sexuality.

Published
2009

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