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Purpose A sponsorship performance cycle of business-to-business (B2B) exchange is conceptualized, where distinct types of resources are invested by sponsoring firms into sponsored properties and the competitive success of those properties enhances returns to sponsors. While the latter return channel in this cycle is well-documented, the former investment channel has remained opaque. Recognizing this empirical missing link, this paper aims to illuminate the investment channel through a longitudinal analysis. Design/methodology/approach Based on 50 years of Formula One (F1) team and sponsor alliances, this study models the effects of three different sponsorship categories on team performance in the annual F1 constructors’ championship. Findings The results demonstrate that each incremental sponsor offering performance-based resources is associated with four additional team points in the championship, controlling for factors such as past success and team experience. Conversely, sponsors offering access to financial or operational resources have no competitive impact. This performance-based sponsor effect is illustrated in models of the current and following seasons. Research limitations/implications In combination with related literature, this study substantiates a complete sponsorship performance cycle in the motorsports context. Practical implications The findings contribute an empirically-based strategy for sustainable sponsorship support that emphasizes acquisition of performance resources in the business-to-business exchange over operational or strictly financial alternatives. Originality/value While scholars have discerned that sponsors invest heterogeneous resources into sponsored properties, and the competitive success of those properties can enhance returns to sponsors, this study demonstrates that particular resources invested by sponsors are related to the property’s competitive success.

Emotion impacts fans' information processing and evaluation of sport sponsors. This paper examines the emotion of schadenfreude (joy at others' misfortune) within rivalry contests under a cognition-emotion theoretical framework. Study 1 assesses the relationships between appraisals of 11 rivalry antecedents and schadenfreude using survey data from 5,459 fans across six sport leagues. Results show that unfairness and cultural difference have the strongest association with schadenfreude. Study 2 utilizes an experimental design involving 543 fans of professional teams in four US-based rivalries. Findings show positive effects of schadenfreude on fans' reactions to the sponsor, mediated by perceived sincerity of the sponsoring brand. Specifically, emotionally-engaged fans (based on heightened schadenfreude) see sponsor support as more sincere, which enhances fan interest, favorability, and intended consumption of the brand. Implications for sponsors include recognizing how activation tactics in affiliation with rivalry games may circumvent the drawbacks of sponsoring just one side of a rivalry.

This article details how a subset of women can perceive of prison as temporary refuge from the hardships and marginalization they face on the outside. It focuses particularly on a group of 88 women incarcerated in western Canada. A large percentage of these women accentuated several reasons why they saw being incarcerated as a desirable alternative to their marginalized situation in their respective communities. These findings nuance our understanding of the place of prison in the lives of these women and draws attention to notable gaps in Canada’s often-celebrated social welfare system.

With increases in sponsorship expenditures outpacing traditional advertising, return on investment warrants greater scrutiny. Research overwhelmingly focuses on returns, however, while neglecting the associated investment. This study contributes to the literature on sponsorship costs by analyzing multiple years of prices paid for sponsorships of Formula One racing teams. Contrary to past research, when sponsor industry and sponsorship level were controlled for, prices were not influenced significantly by congruence, clutter, sponsoring company size, or performance of the sponsored organization. Results indicate that the sponsoring company9s brand equity and shared nationality with the sponsored team predicted price premiums, suggesting agency conflicts among advertisers.

Sport management researchers have increasingly noted a relationship between sport spectatorship and well-being, with the line of inquiry predicated on transformative sport service research. In this study, the authors contribute to transformative sport service research by utilizing multilevel egocentric network analysis to examine the consumption networks of National Football League fans over the course of one season. The authors utilized a network theory approach to explore how emotional support is created and embedded within sport fans’ networks of interpersonal ties and social relationships. Through multilevel modeling, the authors highlighted how attributes of both the ego (i.e., focal actor) and alter (i.e., individual with whom ego shares a tie) affect emotional support. Previous studies of transformative sport service research and the link between well-being outcomes and sport spectatorship have implicitly examined only ego-level attributes (i.e., team identification), yet the present work suggests that emotional support depends on the interpersonal ties and network structures within which sport fans are embedded.

PurposeDespite the rapid adoption of smartphones among digital fashion consumers, their attitude to retailers' mobile apps and websites is one of increasing dissatisfaction. This suggests that understanding how mobile consumers use smartphones for fashion shopping is important in developing digital shopping platforms that fulfil consumer' expectations.Design/methodology/approachFor this research, mobile eye-tracking technology was employed in order to develop unique shopping journeys for 30 consumers, using fashion retailers' websites on smartphones, documenting their differences and similarities in browsing and purchasing behaviour.FindingsBased on scan path visualisations and observed shopping experiences, three prominent mobile shopping journeys and shopper types were identified: “directed by retailer's website”, “efficient self-selected journey” and “challenging shopper”. These prominent behaviour patterns were used to characterise mixed cluster behaviours; three distinct mixed clusters were identified, namely, “extended self-selected journey”, “challenging shoppers directed by retailer's website” and “focused challenging shopper”.Research limitations/implicationsThis research argues that mobile consumers can be segmented based on their activities and behaviours on the mobile website. Knowing the prominent shopping behaviour types any other complex behaviour patterns can be identified, analysed and described.Practical implicationsThe findings of this research can be used in developing personalised shopping experiences on smartphones by feeding these shopper types into retailers' digital marketing strategy and artificial intelligence (AI) systems.Originality/valueThis paper contributes to consumer behaviour literature by proposing a novel mobile consumer segmentation approach based on detailed shopping journey analysis using mobile eye-tracking technology.

Spectator sports embody social group conflict, where consumers periodically interact with opposing fans, thereby providing outlets for negative brand affect in the form of acrimony toward rivals. T...

Rapid changes in digital consumer behaviour, influenced by exponential adoption of smartphones, require timely and sophisticated responses from retailers to these consumer needs. With a growing amount of big data available, fashion retailers need to innovate and develop more sophisticated analytics for new consumer behaviours such as m-commerce. This research has considered how Google Analytics data can be applied to develop customer journey maps to understand digital consumer behaviour. A multi-method research design was used, incorporating an innovative mobile eye tracking technology and mobile fashion consumer data from Google Analytics. Digital customers’ shopping journeys on the fashion retailer’s website were mapped using data sourced from eye tracking and Google Analytics, gathered in parallel. The comparison of these shopping journeys allowed a critical evaluation of the precision and usefulness of the Google Analytics database. Google Analytics tracked only half of the digital users’ activities, whereas eye tracking data documented digital consumers’ interaction with all elements of the fashion retailer’s website. The conclusion reached is that eye tracking can be used to audit the Google Analytics database for potential gaps in data and also to inform and improve marketing decision-making.

While rivalry debates rage among soccer fans and the media, scholars have focussed much of their research on clashes between specific clubs that share a considerable history of competition. Yet, historical conflict is just one of several elements that contribute to enduring sports rivalries, and several soccer teams – particularly in America and Canada – have limited history but salient rivals. This study compares the intensity of rivalries within Major League Soccer through a league-wide fan survey that also measures the importance of eleven antecedents to rivalry and how these elements are associated with fans’ negative reactions to rivals. While geography and frequency of play are the two most important rivalry antecedents according to fans, elements of bias such as cultural difference and unfairness are more closely associated with fans’ schadenfreude and relationship discrimination against rivals. Quotes from fans aligned with the most intense rivalries in MLS illustrate these findings.

This study conceptualizes a new sovereign power following controversial interrogation practices used at Guantanamo Bay. I conceptualize this new sovereign, referred to as security sovereignty, as a new style of governance that draws commonalities and differences with logics of security and sovereignty. While security logics aim to preempt future danger and sovereignty seeks to violently retaliate against those that break the law, security sovereignty uses violent measures against low-level risks that have not been charged or convicted of wrongdoing. This new concept can be used to help explain why high-ranking officials in the Bush Administration authorized controversial interrogation methods against low-value detainees at Guantanamo Bay and CIA black sites. Indeed, President Bush and high-ranking officials at Guantanamo Bay created a secret interrogation program at Guantanamo Bay, referred to as ‘battlelab’ interrogations by Major General Michael Dunlavey, to develop the most sophisticated psychological and physical torture techniques. Battlelab experimentation techniques were used on select detainees to develop useful truth extraction methods that could later be used on high-value targets captured on the battlefield. Such practices included severe sleep deprivation, the use of psychosis-inducing drugs, forced enemas and medications, and prolonged IV feedings that resulted in involuntary bowel movements. This study uses battlelab experimentations as substantive support to theorize a new sovereign power that exercises the absolute right to torture detainees that do not pose a threat to U.S. national security.

Using a mixed-method exploratory approach we describe and explain the seemingly non-normative behaviors of highly identified fans who Bet Against their Favorite Teams (BAFT). Axial coding of qualitative data from 190 survey respondents and two focus groups indicates the emergence of common themes allowing a typology to unfold that explains the motives for and against BAFTing. Results reveal that Gamblers BAFT for reasons un-related to fandom. Hedgers, on the other hand, BAFT precisely because they are fans; they offset a perceived impending emotional loss with a financial gain, a behavior we identify as Hedging Against Future Failure (HAFFing). This research expands the theoretical knowledge of indirect tactics of image management and introduces HAFFing as a transactional, proactive, and private coping mechanism utilized by highly identified fans to regulate their psychological health. Beyond the implications for researchers of self-image management, these results are applicable to global sport managers adapting to the rising prominence and societal acceptance of sport gambling.

On July 6, 2013, Montreal, Maine, and Atlantic railcar 5017 hauling 72 tanker cars of Bakken crude oil derailed over the town of Lac-Megantic, Quebec. The town erupted in a fiery inferno as 5,560,000 liters of highly flammable Bakken crude oil exploded over the town, killing 47 people and contaminating 558,000 tons of soil and local waterways. While Montreal, Maine, and Atlantic Rail Chairman Edward Burkhardt initially blamed the derailment on the lone engineer and local firefighters, this study shows how Transport Canada and the rail industry undermined regulatory and safety measures for several years before the derailment. This study uses a Foucauldian theoretical perspective to conceptualize and explain a new political mentality that transfers existing state regulatory authority to the corporate sector. This new mentality, neoliberal sovereignty, is composed of sovereign and neoliberal logics that monopolize "correct" trajectories of human economic development. This absolute market mentality merges with state sovereignty and eliminates existing safety and regulation frameworks to pursue unregulated corporate profits. Le 6 juillet 2013, un train de 72 wagons-citernes transportant du petrole brute Bakken a deraille de la ligne de chemin de fer de la Montreal, Maine et Atlantique, dans la ville de Lac-Megantic au Quebec. La ville c'est transforme en veritable enfer, alors que 5 560 000 litre de petrole brute Bakken tres inflammable ont fait explose la ville, tuant quarante-sept personnes et contaminant 558 000 tonnes d'eaux et du sol de Lac-Megantic et ses environs. Alors que le president de la MMA, Edward Burkhart, a d'abord blâme l'ingenieur et le service d'incendie local, les etudes montrent que Transport Canada et l'industrie ferroviaire ont amoindrit les mesures de reglementation et de securite plusieurs annees avant le deraillement. Cette etude utilise une perspective theorique foucauldienne pour conceptualiser et expliquer une nouvelle mentalite politique qui transfere l'autorite de regulations gouvernementales existantes au secteur des entreprises. Cette nouvelle mentalite, souveraines et neo-liberale, est compose de logique souveraines et neo-liberales qui monopolise les trajectoires « respectables » de developpement economique humain. Cette mentalite de marche absolu fusionne avec la souverainete de l'Etat et elimine les cadres de securite et les reglementations existantes pour les benefices des entreprises non reglementaires.

The textile/apparel industry is of great importance to the economy in terms of trade, employment, investment and revenue all over the world. This sector is however characterised by substantial losses, due to production excesses on the one hand, and the “throw away” culture on the other. This state of affairs suggests that textile recycling is needed. Apart from the environmental and ecological advantages which can be brought about by the re-use and recycling of textiles, there are many benefits of a socio-economic nature. This paper analyses current trends on textile recycling, the barriers impeding greater recycling, and outlines the socio-economic advantages of moving towards a circular economy. Some examples of on-going initiatives are discussed, together with some of the measures that may be used to further reduce the current waste deriving from the apparel sector.

Accessing and exploiting organizational resources are essential capabilities for competitive sport organizations, particularly those engaged in motorsports, where teams lacking resources frequently dissolve. Corporate sponsorship represents a common method for resource acquisition, yet not all sponsorships equally benefit the sponsored organization. Sponsorship utility can be dependent on institutional dynamics such as league governance that produces competitive disparities. Through this study we extend the resource-based view to assert that sponsorships vary in their propensity to contribute to team survival, warranting prioritization in sponsorship strategy based on access to different sponsor resources. To empirically investigate the influence of a variety of sponsorships, survival analysis modeling was used to examine 40 years of corporate sponsorship of Formula One racing teams. One finding from the longitudinal analysis was that sponsorships offering financial or performance-based resources enhance team survival to a greater degree than operational sponsorships. However, such prioritization is subject to team experience, changes in institutional monetary allocation, and diminishing returns.

Rivalry is ubiquitous across sports, yet the representation and specification of rivalry varies widely. Such discrepancy poses problems when distinguishing between multiple out-groups and when employing rivalry to explain related questions such as demand for sport consumption. In this paper, we critically examine the many differing conceptions of rivalry and to discern properties of rivalry across different sports. We survey college football fans (N = 5,304) to empirically test the exclusivity, scale, and symmetry of rivalry; then, we replicate the study twice in the context of professional sports (1,649 National Football League fans; 1,435 National Hockey League fans). Results consistently indicate that fans perceive multiple rivals (nonexclusive), rivalry intensity varies among rivals (continuous in scale), and opposing fans rarely share equivalent perceptions of the rivalry (bidirectional). Accordingly, we develop and test a parsimonious 100-point rivalry allocation measure that specifies these three properties of rivalry.

This study critically reflects on controversial U.S. state practices used against unlawful combatants at Guantanamo Bay. Key post-9/11 texts granted President Bush unprecedented authority to retaliate against any individual, group or state, irrespective of past transgressions. This governmental shift formed new legal rules, practices, institutions and norms, or what Nikolas Rose and Mariana Valverde refer to as ‘legal complex[es]’. While contemporary theoretical literature argues that controversial U.S. state practices constituted a break from existing legal order, this study argues post-9/11 legal complexes consists of varying flows of pre-existing and newly constituted classifications of legalities/illegalities and norms/exceptions. Indeed, some detainees at Guantanamo Bay were subject to what two U.S. Major Generals referred to as battle lab experimentation programs. Select detainees including Mohammed Al-Qahtani were used as ‘battlelab’ experimentation subjects to test the limits of torture. Despite this, such practices were not used against every unlawful combatant. Instead, most detainees have been afforded the free exercise of religion and the right to be treated humanely without discrimination while also being given adequate food and water. Therefore, this paper posits that a sweeping and undifferentiated account of the state of exception falls well-short in explicating the varying shifts and flows of liberal/illiberal practices.

Educators and administrators are exploring competency-based education as an effective and efficient method to facilitate student learning. This reinforces a burgeoning neo-behaviorist movement in higher education which seeks to synthesize such behaviorist approaches with the cognitive focus of the last 20 years. The current research examines the outcomes in three years of a sport marketing class that blends cognitive-based and competency-based pedagogy. The first half of the course is primarily self-paced, with regular quizzes checking student mastery, while the second half of the course has students work in teams on marketing-related projects; a final examination assesses overall student learning. The research revealed that the blended approach resulted in complementary strategies which partially addressed the conventional criticisms of both cognitive- and competency-based pedagogical approaches. The study used paired sample t-tests to compare results on quizzes versus the final exam (N=111 students comprising 36,787 total student-responses), finding that the course's hybrid structure develops student learning in both lower-order and higher-order thinking (as per Bloom's taxonomy). In addition to this approach's pedagogical benefits, the structure may have implications for administrators and educators facing challenges in terms of student enrollment, budgets, and expectations of graduates.

This chapter investigates the current techniques employed by upcycled and sustainable fashion brands to communicate the features and benefits of their products, as well as their benefits to consumers and society at large. At the same time we look at the effectiveness of these strategies in the modern fashion industry. An interpretivist methodology was utilised in this chapter, with 14 in-depth semi-structure interviews providing the basis for the findings and discussion section. Interviewees were selected purposively and include nine ethical fashion brands, and five sustainable fashion experts (CSR specialist, artist and mending activist, upcycled and sustainable fashion expert, and closed loop production experts). Findings included key industry perspectives on communication and consumer issues relating to sustainability, design and behaviour change. Insights about knowledge brands and designers believe consumers already hold, how this informs design and production decisions, and what issues brands and designers are still querying in consumer behaviour are presented. Information on the current strategies employed to communicate in-store and through multi-channel media, the effectiveness of these techniques and what brands and designers still want and need to know regarding these communication strategies are also covered.

Value streams for collected post-consumer textiles continue to be analyzed within the global challenge to develop and employ commercially viable, yet ethical and sustainable strategies within the fashion industry. Upcycling is an existing strategy applicable to fashion production, with discarded materials used to design and create higher value products, keeping them in productive use for longer. A number of very small, niche upcycling enterprises have emerged in the UK. These brands have succeeded in creating stylistically relevant and commercially successful fashion styles utilizing waste textile materials. The advantages of scaling these enterprises up are not only environmental, but also economic and social, thereby creating a sustainable and innovative business model for UK-led fashion production. Due to high levels of three key metrics of carbon, water and waste, UK government agency WRAP (Waste & Resources Action Programme) has identified textile products as priority materials for reuse and recycling. Upcycling enables a sustainable design option for reuse techniques to be employed for greatest economic and environmental benefit, in which used clothing and textiles are sourced for the production of newly designed fashion products. This paper identifies the key differences between standard fashion design and production processes and upcycled fashion design and production processes, in order to aid the development of large-scale fashion upcycling in the UK, and contribute to a circular economy.

Contemporary measures of sex-role affiliation, which emphasize the relative independence of masculine and feminine attributes, typically rely upon a median-split procedure to generate a four-fold typology, e.g., masculine, feminine, indeterminant, and androgynous types. Methodological problems created by this classification technique are illustrated for one combined male/female sample and three male samples given the PRF ANDRO. The number in each standardization sample was Combined, 772; Males, 386; Alcoholics, 123; Veterans of Foreign Wars, 73. Sex-role typing was markedly influenced by the sample from which median cutting scores were derived.