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This article focuses on two popular sports that can put male athletes at risk of developing an eating disorder: bodybuilding and running. Bodybuilders concentrate on gaining muscle mass and runners on leaning body mass. Based on the trans-contextual model of motivation, this study aimed to better understand the psychological mechanisms underlying eating disorders in these athletes. In all, 272 male bodybuilders and 217 male runners completed measures of sport motivation, theory of planned behavior variables (i.e., attitude, subjective norm, perceived behavioral control, and intention to gain muscle mass/lean body mass), and eating disorders (dieting, control, and bulimia behaviors). The results revealed satisfactory fit indices for both samples. Autonomous and controlled motivations for sport were positively directly and indirectly related to eating disorders in these athletes. This motivational mechanism needs more in-depth investigation, and motivational profiles might help distinguish athletes with and without eating disorders.

OBJECTIVE Despite positive effects of physical activity programs in the workplace, an appropriate measurement instrument to capture employees' decisional balance to exercise is lacking. This study sought to develop and validate a decisional balance scale for exercise adapted to the workplace. METHODS Four complementary studies were carried out, with a total sample of 2398 French volunteer employees, to develop a preliminary version and examine its dimensionality, temporal stability, and construct validity. RESULTS The Workplace Decisional Balance scale for Exercise (WDBex) consists of 21 items with two subfactors, respectively composed of 12 items (facilitators) and nine items (barriers); for each subfactor, three dimensions (ie, physical, psychological, and logistic) were distinguished and presented satisfactory psychometric properties. CONCLUSIONS This instrument constitutes a reliable and valid instrument for studying the psychosocial determinants of physical activity engagement in the workplace and for developing health promotion strategies.

Background The drive for muscularity behaviors are very common in male athletes, especially in male bodybuilders. Studies have related drive for muscularity behaviors to body dissatisfaction, eating disorders and muscle dysmorphia. Methods This study applied the trans-contextual model of motivation to the drive for muscularity behaviors of male bodybuilders at risk of developing muscle dysmorphia. The relationships between self-determination theory constructs and drive for muscularity behaviors, via the theory of planned behavior variables (i.e., attitude, subjective norm, perceived behavioral control, and intention) were examined. A total of 175 Swiss male bodybuilders (Mage = 27.34; SDage = 7.53) completed measures on motivation for sport, theory of planned behavior variables, and drive for muscularity behaviors. They practiced bodybuilding from three to 24 h per week (Mhours per week = 6.59; SDhours per week = 3.45) and had done so for 7.19 years on average (SDnumber of years = 6.91). Using bootstrapped maximum likelihood estimation with the AMOS 7.0 program, a series of confirmatory factor analyses was performed on each subscale and a series of path analyses was performed to determine the final model. Results The fit indices of the final model were satisfactory: χ2 (11) = 13.81; p = .244; TLI = .98; CFI = .99; RMSEA = .04. The model explained 29% of the variance of drive for muscularity behaviors. The final path analysis supported the motivational sequence, with autonomous motivation for sport showing a positive, significant and indirect association with the drive for muscularity behaviors via perceived behavioral control and intention to gain muscle mass, and controlled motivation for sport showing a positive association with the drive for muscularity behaviors both directly and via attitude and intention to gain muscle mass. Conclusions It was concluded that the trans-contextual model of motivation applies only partially to the drive for muscularity behaviors in male bodybuilders. Perspective The motivational mechanisms explaining the development of drive for muscularity behaviors might be better understood through complementary analyses of motivational profiles. Such investigations would guide the design of programs to lower the risks associated with these behaviors.

International audience; Muscle dysmorphia (MD) is an excessive preoccupation with the pursuit of a lean, hypermuscular body, which is associated with deviant behaviors that particularly affects bodybuilders. Although some meta-analyses on this subject have been implemented, none of them take into account sociodemographic, sociocultural and psychological factors associated with MD. The objective of this study was to review international scientific articles in English, published between 1995 and 2017, related to the drive for muscularity and muscle dysmorphia. Using three electronic databases (Google Scholar, PubMed, and ScienceDirect), and according to three inclusion criteria, 86 articles were selected. The content analysis allowed us to identify four sets of research: (a) behaviors and deviations related to the drive for muscularity and muscle dysmorphia; (b) sociodemographic factors; (c) sociocultural factors; (d) psychological factors. The contributions of these studies are discussed, and their limitations identified, while considering some perspectives for research and prevention.; La Dysmorphie Musculaire (DM) est une préoccupation excessive relative à la prise de masse musculaire et à l’adoption de comportements déviants associés qui touche particulièrement les bodybuilders. Bien que plusieurs méta-analyses aient été réalisées sur ce sujet, aucune d’entre elles n’a porté sur les facteurs sociodémographiques, socioculturels et psychologiques associés à la DM. L’objectif de ce travail était de recenser l’ensemble des articles scientifiques publiés dans des revues internationales en langue anglaise, entre 1995 et 2017, relatifs à la recherche de prise de masse musculaire et à la DM. A l’aide de trois bases de données électroniques (GoogleScholar, PubMed, et ScienceDirect) et selon trois critères d’inclusion, 86 articles ont été retenus. L’analyse du contenu de ces articles a permis d’identifier quatre catégories de travaux: (a) les comportements et les troubles associés à la recherche de masse musculaire et à la DM; (b) les facteurs sociodémographiques; (c) les facteurs socio-culturels; (d) et les facteurs psychologiques associés. Les apports de ces études sont discutés, et leurs limites identifiées afin d’envisager des perspectives de recherches et de prévention.

This study examined whether stereotype-inconsistent information interacts with implicit theories of ability to affect handgrip strength in older adults. Eighty-two retired older adults (13 men and 69 women) from 61 to 89 years old (Mage = 75.8 years; SD = 6.9) performed maximum voluntary contractions (MVC) during a handgrip task in a design manipulating implicit theories of ability and stereotype-inconsistent information related to physical decline with aging. Participants were randomly assigned to one of three groups: incremental condition, entity condition, or control group. The results showed that in the incremental condition the stereotype-inconsistent information improved the peak MVC, the average MVC, the peak rate of force development (RFD), and RFD in the initial 50 ms of the MVC. This study therefore demonstrated that individuals with an incremental mindset who are exposed to stereotype-inconsistent information can boost their physical performance. These findings are discussed from the perspective of regulatory fit (i.e., when task framing is congruent with the individual's goal).

International audience; Objectives: The study of how team sport athletes cope with stress in a collective way (i.e., communal coping, Lyons, Mickelson, Sullivan, & Coyne, 1998) is recent in sport. To date no questionnaire has been created to assess the specific communal coping strategies that team sport athletes use to cope collectively. The purpose of this study was therefore to develop and validate a questionnaire measuring communal coping at the team sport level (i.e., the Communal Coping Strategies Inventory for Competitive Team Sports - CCSICTS).Method: Study 1 focused on creating items for the CCSICTS and tested their clarity and applicability. Study 2 tested the factorial structure of the CCSICTS with a sample of 371 Sport Science students. Study 3 examined the convergent validity of the questionnaire with other concepts such as affect, individual coping and cohesion.Results: Study 1 resulted in the development of an initial pool comprising 66 items. The results of Study 2 showed that a model with 36 items fit the data well. These items measured 12 coping strategies, 11 of which are grouped into four higher-order dimensions. Study 3 showed congruent links between communal coping and tested concepts.Conclusion: The CCSICTS is the first known measure specifically created to capture the singularity of communal coping in team sports. The validation of this tool allows new investigations of communal coping mechanisms through quantitative studies.

Intrinsic motivation (IM) is often viewed as a spontaneous tendency for action. Recent behavioral and neuroimaging evidence indicate that IM, in comparison to extrinsic motivation (EM), solicits the motor system. Accordingly, we tested whether IM leads to greater excitability of the motor cortex than EM. To test this hypothesis, we used two different tasks to induce the motivational orientation using either words representing each motivational orientation or pictures previously linked to each motivational orientation through associative learning. Single-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation over the motor cortex was applied when viewing the stimuli. Electromyographic activity was recorded on the contracted first dorsal interosseous muscle. Two indexes of corticospinal excitability (the amplitude of motor-evoked potential and the length of cortical silent period) were obtained through unbiased automatic detection and analyzed using a mixed model that provided both statistical power and a high level of control over all important individual, task, and stimuli characteristics. Across the two tasks and the two indices of corticospinal excitability, the exposure to IM-related stimuli did not lead to a greater corticospinal excitability than EM-related stimuli or than stimuli with no motivational valence (ps > .20). While these results tend to dismiss the advantage of IM at activating the motor cortex, we suggest alternative hypotheses to explain this lack of effect, which deserves further research.

Thinness is a part of today's sociocultural standards of beauty and thus is implicated in body image dissatisfaction and eating disorders. In female aesthetic sports, thinness is a standard for aesthetics and performance. Measuring the internalisation of thin-ideal standards in these athletes may therefore help them to gain insight into the risks associated with body image dissatisfaction and disordered eating. This study aimed to develop and validate the Internalisation of Sociocultural and Thin-Ideal Standards in Sports (ISTISS) Scale. Four studies involving 357 female aesthetic athletes examined the exploratory factorial structure, temporal stability, and concurrent validity of the ISTISS, which gave rise to a 10-item scale with two subscales: internalisation of sociocultural standards and thin-ideal standards in sports. Internal consistencies were satisfactory and relationships with the self-regulation of eating attitude in sport were as expected. These findings provide preliminary evidence for the ap...

International audience; Although sport psychology research has mainly focused on stress and coping as intrapersonal processes, stressful circumstances are often experienced in social groups and coping emerges as a combination of individual and group effort (Tamminen and Gaudreau, 2014). Based on Lyons et al. (1998) model of communal coping, this study aimed to address the lack of knowledge about stress and coping as an interpersonal process, by exploring shared stressors and communal coping strategies within team sports. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 10 team sport athletes (seven males, three females; M age = 26.3 years, SD age = 7.67, range 15-38) who participated in different team sports (football, rugby, volleyball, ice hockey, and basketball). Data were analyzed using an inductive thematic analytic procedure. The results revealed four themes of shared stressors involving issues relating to social pressure, relationships between teammates, performance, or logistics and organization; and four themes of communal coping, namely: problem-focused communal efforts, relationship-focused coping, communal management of emotions, and communal goal withdrawal. The results provided empirical support to the communal coping model (Lyons et al., 1998) and extend understanding of coping processes as defined initially by the CMRT of emotion (Lazarus, 1999, 2000a). This study provided unique insight into the nature of communal coping in sport and performance setting, and specifically, how stressors are apprehended in team sports and how athletes can collaborate to deal with shared stressors during competitive encounters.

Objectives This article examines whether sports practice can influence the stereotype content associated with people with physical disability from the viewpoint of people without disability. Design Both implicit and explicit stereotypes were assessed for people with disability compared with people without disability (Study 1), people with disability who engage in sport compared with people without disability (Study 2), and people with disability who engage in sport compared with people with disability (Study 3). Method Participants (NStudy1 = 57, NStudy 2 = 61, NStudy 3 = 63) performed a warmth-Implicit Association Test and a competence-Implicit Association Test and were asked to rate how strongly they associated a series of warmth and competence traits with one or the other group of people. Results In Study 1, people with disability were implicitly associated with less positivity and explicitly associated with higher warmth but lower competence than people without disability. The same results were found in Study 2. In Study 3, people with disability who engage in sport were explicitly associated with higher warmth and competence than people with disability but this result failed to emerge at an implicit level. Conclusions The influence of practicing sport on the stereotype content associated with people with physical disability seems less consistent than has been assumed thus far. The results suggest the need for further study of the implicit stereotype content concerning people with disability and the types of information that might weaken the link between disability and negativity.

Cet article porte sur la pénibilité au travail en milieu scolaire dans l’enseignement secondaire en France. À partir de présupposés issus d’une approche transactionnelle du stress et d’une psychodynamique du travail son originalité est d’en documenter la complémentarité pour analyser les facteurs contributifs de cette pénibilité et pour comprendre les stratégies d’ajustement et les mécanismes individuels de défense déployés par les enseignants débutants confrontés aux situations aversives perçues et vécues au cours de leur première année en poste. Les recommandations et les pistes suggérées portent sur la prévention primaire des risques psychosociaux en milieu scolaire et visent à permettre aux enseignants débutants de disposer de ressources à l’issue de leur formation à l’université limitant leur risque de décrochage professionnel., This article considers the factors that contribute to the psychosocial arduousness of teaching in France, with a focus on preservice teachers and the strategies they deploy during their first year of work. Within the theoretical framework of the social psychology of health and a psychodynamic approach to work, this study offers an original view of the relationship between coping strategies, defense mechanisms and professional attrition. Proposals are made to reduce attrition through the primary prevention of psychosocial risks during the first school assignment via continuing teacher education, in addition to the resources available at the end of initial education at the university, Este artículo se centra en las dificultades laborales en medio escolar en las escuelas de educación secundaria en Francia. A partir del enfoque transaccional del estrés y de la psicodinámica del trabajo, su originalidad reside en documentar la complementariedad en el análisis de los factores que contribuyen a esta dificultad laboral y para entender estrategias de ajuste y mecanismos individuales de defensa puestos en práctica por los profesores novicios enfrentados a situaciones adversas percibidas y experimentadas durante su primer año en función. Las recomendaciones y las pistas sugeridas están centradas en la prevención primaria de los riesgos psicosociales en medio escolar y están diseñadas para permitir que los nuevos maestros dispongan de recursos al término su formación universitaria lo que limitaría su riesgo de deserción profesional.

Introduction Plusieurs etudes ont rapporte des liens entre la vitesse de marche des personnes âgees et certaines caracteristiques psychologiques comme les traits de personnalite [1] ou les stereotypes lies au vieillissement [2] . En revanche, les mecanismes explicatifs de ces relations sont peu connus et la question de leur generalisation a d’autres capacites fonctionnelles reste posee. Cette etude avait pour objet d’examiner les relations entre les traits de personnalite et differentes capacites fonctionnelles par le biais des attitudes vis-a-vis du vieillissement et des perceptions de soi. Methode Cent quarante-neuf personnes âgees (36 ♂ et 113 ♀, 73,8 ± 6,26 ans) presentant differents niveaux de fragilite physique selon les criteres de Fried et al. [3] ont repondu a une batterie de questionnaires valides mesurant leurs traits de personnalite (BFI-FR), attitudes vis-a-vis du vieillissement, âge subjectif, et valeur physique percue (ISP 25). Leurs vitesse de marche (Optogait), force et puissance (Ergometre isocinetique Biodex) ont egalement ete mesurees. Resultats Les analyses de modelisations par equations structurelles avec le logiciel AMOS 21.0 ont montre des indices d’ajustement satisfaisants [vitesse de marche : χ2 (54) = 75,15, TLI = 0,92, CFI = 0,95, RMSEA = 0,051 ; force : χ2 (54) = 81,82, TLI = 0,90, CFI = 0,92, RMSEA = 0,059 ; puissance : χ2 (54) = 75,78, TLI = 0,92, CFI = 0,94, RMSEA = 0,052]. Les traits de personnalite (c.-a-d., agreabilite, extraversion et ouverture aux experiences) apparaissent positivement associes aux differentes capacites fonctionnelles par le biais des attitudes face au vieillissement, de l’âge subjectif et des perceptions de soi. Discussion Ces resultats correlationnels vont dans le sens du caractere protecteur des traits de personnalite « ouverture aux experiences » et « extraversion » a l’egard des limitations fonctionnelles [1] et l’etendent a l’agreabilite et a d’autres capacites fonctionnelles comme la puissance.

International audience; This research investigated whether and how self-determined motivation predicts perceived susceptibility to injury during competition (marathon). Two correlational studies including 378 (Study 1) and 339 (Study 2) marathon runners were conducted. Participants filled out a questionnaire the day before the race measuring self-determined motivation, perceived susceptibilities to marathon-related injury and to keep running through pain, and control variables. Study 1 showed that self-determined motivation was negatively related to perceived susceptibility to marathon-related injury. Study 2 replicated this finding and showed that this relationship was partially mediated by perceived susceptibility to keep running through pain during the race. Moreover, results indicated that the predictive role of self-determination was mostly driven by controlled forms of motivation, and more particularly external regulation. These results suggest that self-determined motivation for sport is a protective factor of injury.

The use of Serious exerGames (SeG) as enriched environments (EE), which promotes cognitive simulation with physical activity in a positive emotional context, has been proposed to represent a powerful method to slow down the decline due to neurodegenerative diseases (ND), such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, so far, no SeG targeting EE has been tested in ND subjects.This study aimed at evaluating the usability and short-term training effects of X-Torp, an action SeG designed for elderly ND subjects with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and AD.X-Torp is a SeG played using the Microsoft® Kinect™. 10 ND subjects and 8 healthy elderly controls (HEC) were enrolled in a 1-month program with three training sessions per week. Usability was evaluated through game time, game performance, the aerobic intensity level reached, perceived emotions, and perceived usability.All participants successfully completed the training program. ND subjects played less and had a lower game performance compared to HEC. During the sessions, ND subjects maintained a light intensity of aerobic activity, while HEC maintained a moderate intensity. Both groups experienced only positive emotions, and reported a 'moderate' to 'high' perceived competence, a 'moderate' game difficulty, and a 'high' interest in the game.Usability results suggest that X-Torp represents a usable EE for healthy subjects and persons with MCI and AD. However, in order to reach moderate or high intensity of aerobic activity, X-Torp control modes should be adapted to become more physically stimulating.

International audience; In the field of health psychology, the control has consistently been considered as a protective factor. This protective role has been also highlighted in eating attitudes' domain. However, current studies use the one-dimensional scale of Rotter or the multidimensional health locus of control scale, and no specific eating attitudes' scale in the sport context exists. Moreover, the social influence in previous scales is limited. According to recent works, the purpose of this study was to test the internal and external validity of a multidimensional locus of control scale of eating attitudes for athletes. One hundred and seventy-nine participants were solicited. A confirmatory factorial analysis was conducted in order to test the internal validity of the scale. The scale external validity was tested in relation to eating attitudes. The internal validity of the scale was verified as well as the external validity, which confirmed the importance of taking into consideration social influences. Indeed, the 2 subscales " Trainers, friends " and " Parents, family " are related respectively positively and negatively in eating disorders.; Les travaux en psychologie de la santé considèrent généralement le fait d'exercer du contrôle comme un facteur protecteur. Ce rôle protecteur a également été montré dans le domaine des comportements alimentaires. Cependant, les précédentes études utilisaient soit l'échelle unidimensionnelle de Rotter, soit l'échelle multidimensionnelle spécifique à la santé. Aucune échelle spécifique aux comportements alimentaires n'existe. De plus, la prise en compte des facteurs sociaux dans les précédentes échelles est limitée. En s'appuyant sur des travaux récents, l'objectif de cette étude était de proposer une échelle de locus de contrôle multidimensionnelle, prenant en compte l'environnement social du sportif et de tester sa validité interne. La validité externe de cette échelle a également été testée en relation avec les comportements alimentaires. Les résultats montrent une bonne validité interne et externe de l'échelle et confirment l'importance de la prise en compte des influences sociales. En effet, les 2 sous-dimensions « Entraîneurs, amis » et « Parents, famille » sont celles associées respectivement positivement et négati-vement aux troubles alimentaires.

Resume L’objet de cet article est de developper et valider en langue francaise une echelle mesurant l’Efficacite AutoRegulatrice des Affects en Sport (EARAS). L’outil a ete developpe a partir d’une adaptation au contexte du sport d’une echelle mesurant ce construit dans la vie quotidienne (Bandura et al., 1996, 2001, 2003). Une serie d’etudes complementaires aupres de 669 etudiants a permis de : (a) elaborer une version preliminaire de l’EARAS (etude 1), (b) examiner la structure factorielle de l’instrument et tester son invariance selon le sexe (etude 2), (c) verifier sa fidelite temporelle (etude 3) et (d) examiner la validite de construit de l’instrument (etude 4). Le modele bi-facteur de l’efficacite autoregulatrice des affects a ete retenu. Au final, l’EARAS presente des proprietes psychometriques satisfaisantes et constitue un instrument fiable et valide, permettant le developpement de futures recherches relatives a l’efficacite autoregulatrice des affects de sportifs francophones.

International audience; Objectives: We investigated the associations between the Big Five personality traits and occupational burnout in firefighters and the mediating role of achievement goals in this relationship. Methods: Two hundred twenty male firefighters from 20 to 62 years old participated and mediation analyses were performed.Results: The results showed that neuroticism was positively related to the three dimensions of burnout, both directly and through mastery avoidance goals. Mastery approach goals mediated the relationships between conscientiousness and physical fatigue and between openness to experience and physical fatigue.Conclusion: Three of the Big Five personality traits, neuroticism, conscientiousness and openness to experience, and achievement goals, may be important factors in understanding and preventing firefighter burnout.

Thinness is a part of today's sociocultural standards of beauty and thus is implicated in body-image dissatisfaction and eating disorders. In female aesthetic sports, thinness is a standard for aesthetics and performance. Measuring the internalisation of thin-ideal standards in these athletes may therefore help athletes, coaches, parents, administrators, sport psychologists, and so on to gain insight into the risks associated with body-image dissatisfaction and disordered eating. This study aimed to develop and validate the Internalisation of Sociocultural and Thin-Ideal Standards in Sports (ISTISS) scale. Four studies involving 357 female aesthetic athletes examined the exploratory factorial structure, temporal stability, and concurrent validity of the ISTISS, which gave rise to a 10-item scale with two subscales: internalisation of sociocultural standards and thin-ideal standards in sports. Internal consistencies were satisfactory and relationships with the self-regulation of eating attitude in sport we...

International audience; La prévalence des désordres alimentaires est particulièrement importante dans le contexte du sport de haut niveau, en particulier dans les sports d'endurance, les sportsà catégorie de poids et les sports esthétiques. Dans cette revue de littérature, sont abordés la prévalence des désordres alimentaires en sport et les facteurs psychosociaux les plusà mêmes d'influencer le développement de ces désordres chez les sportifs engagés dans des sportsà caractère esthétique. Si certains facteurs sont similairesà ceux identifiés dans l'étude des désordres alimentaires dans la population générale, d'autres apparaissent spécifiques au contexte social et aux normes d'accomplissement sportifs. Par exemple, l'émergence des désordres alimentaires dans les sports jugés sur des critères esthétiques sont fortement déterminés par la qualité de la relation sociale avec l'entraîneur, ou avec l'ami(e) en sport, et par l'habileté perçue. Abstract. Psychosocial factors of eating disorders in sport context: a review of literature. The prevalence of eating disorders is particularly high in high-level sports, especially endurance sports, sports with weight categories and aesthetic sports. This review of the literature examines the prevalence of eating disorders and the psychosocial factors that are most apt to influence the development of these disorders in athletes of aesthetic sports. Although some factors are similar to those identified in studies of the general population, others appear to be quite specific to the social context and achievement norms of sport. For example, the emergence of eating disorders in sports judged on aesthetic criteria is strongly determined by the quality of the athlete's relationship with the coach and by perceived ability.

The purpose of this study was to test a model of the effects of athletes' eating disorders on coach, sport friend and parent social relationships and peer social acceptance through physical self-perceptions (i.e. perceived physical appearance and perceived physical ability). The sample comprised 199 elite female figure skaters. The data were analysed using structural equation modelling. Our results showed that the effects of athletes' eating disorders on social relationships were not mediated by physical self-perceptions. Athletes' eating disorders directly negatively influenced the quality of the parent–athlete relationship, thus confirming previous findings in young adults. Contrary to the literature, eating disorders were positively related to perceived physical ability. This paradoxical finding is discussed in relation to achievement theories and the particularity of the sport context. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association

This research aimed to investigate the conditions under which motivational contagion occurs. Based on assimilation/contrast models in priming research, we hypothesized that motivational contagion should only occur in case of moderate distance between perceiver and model’s motivation. A first lab-study supported this hypothesis by showing that the effect of the exposure to a model presented as highly intrinsically motivated (compared to a model presented as moderately intrinsically motivated or to a not-presented model) depended on participants’ initial intrinsic motivation. While it led intrinsically motivated participants to invest more effort to learn a new activity, those who were weakly intrinsically motivated exerted less effort. A second study in a real educational context confirmed our hypothesis by showing that weakly intrinsically motivated students invested more effort during a physical education term when yoked with a peer with a moderate intrinsic motivation than when yoked a highly intrinsically motivated peer.

International audience; Based on the dynamical systems perspective, the present study aimed to ex-plore how states of involvement toward mastery, performance-approach, and performance-avoidance goals (Elliot & Church, 1997) flow, are interrelated, and are activated during a practice judo combat. Using a retrospective video recall method, two male national level judo competitors expressed on a com-puter their moment-to-moment level of involvement toward each goal. Self-confrontation interviews also based on the video were immediately conducted. Analyses of variance revealed differences in levels of each goal between peri-ods of the combat. Windowed cross-correlation analyses showed that the pat-terns of relationships between the time series of the different goals considered two-by-two included either high positive, high negative, or zero correlations, depending on the moment. Qualitative data analyses supported these findings and suggested that goal involvement states emerged and fluctuated according to the ecological constraints of the situation, such as the initial contextual conditions and the course of action.

International audience; This study examined the effectiveness of an imagery training program in improving national softball players' selective attention. A multiple-baseline design across individuals was used. There were four participants. One remained at baseline, while the other three spent 10 min a day practicing an audio-taped imagery program composed of 28 sessions. Measures of selective attention were collected via a baseball/softball batting specific version stemming from Nideffer's (1976) Test of Attentional and Interpersonal Style (TAIS). The results demonstrated that the imagery training program generally enhanced the ability of softball players to integrate external stimuli without being overloaded with them and to narrow attention. Results were discussed in relation to the usefulness of multiple-baseline designs for investigating individual differences among elite athletes. Practical pedagogical considerations for coaching are proposed.

International audience; This study examined the potential benefits of a peer tutoring program for tutors in a physical learning setting. Gender differences were also explored. Thirty-two college-age males and females identified as novices in a French boxing task were assigned in a 2 × 2, Gender × Training Type: Physical Practice (PP) versus Physical Practice associated with Peer Tutoring (PT) factorial design. All the participants were given six 2-hr French boxing lessons. The PT program included 6 min of peer coaching per lesson. Results indicated that the PT program entailed higher scores in boxing performance form, self-efficacy, interest-enjoyment, and personally controllable causal attributions and lower scores in tension-pressure. Males reported more certain expectancies and displayed higher performance outcomes than did females. Results are discussed in relation to the educational psychology literature.

Based on Nowak and Vallacher’s (1998) dynamic approach to social psychology, the purpose of the present study was to capture how thoughts pertaining to the perception of control, anxiety, and self-confidence vary and are interrelated during a timeout in volleyball. Right after an important game, one female national-level volleyball competitor listened to the audiotape of a selected timeout of the game. While listening, she had to continuously express on a computer her reactions to the content of the coach’s speech in regard to a single item reflecting one of the variables under study. This procedure adapted from Vallacher and Nowak (1994) was renewed for each variable. Perception of control item was adapted from the CDS II (McAuley, Duncan, & Russell, 1992). Anxiety and self-confidence items stemmed from the CSAI-2 (Martens, Burton, Vealey, Bump, & Smith, 1990). Multivariate and univariate analyses of variance (p < .001) revealed important differences in the scores of each variable, at different moments of the timeout. Cross-correlation analyses also revealed important variations in the patterns of synchronization between perception of control and anxiety (–.98 ≤ r ≤ .93), perception of control and self-confidence (–.78 ≤ r ≤ .99), and self-confidence and anxiety (–.99 ≤ r ≤ .98), at different moments of the timeout. A dynamic approach to sport psychology could provide promising research for overcoming some inconsistencies that static approaches have yielded concerning the relationships between performance related thoughts and emotions.

International audience; Objectives :The goal of this study was to identify the personal correlates (openness to experience and implicit theories of ability) of internalization of aging stereotypes and its relationships with physical activity.DesignCross-sectional survey.Method :One hundred and ninety-two older adults (78 men and 114 women) from 60 to 93 years (Mage = 73.44, SD = 7.34) completed a series of questionnaires measuring openness to experience, implicit theories of ability, stereotypes about older people and physical activity, attitude toward own aging, physical self-worth, physical activity level, self-rated health and education level.Results :The main results showed that (a) openness to experience positively predicted physical activity level through incremental theories, endorsement of aging stereotypes relative to benefits, attitude toward own aging, and physical self-worth; and (b) entity theories negatively predicted physical activity level through endorsement of aging stereotypes relative to risks, attitude toward own aging, and physical self-worth.Conclusion :The present study indicates that openness to experience and implicit theories of ability are correlates of endorsement of aging stereotypes and suggests that endorsement may be an important factor of engagement in physical activity in older adults.

Cet article interroge la démarche d’évaluation des risques psychosociaux (RPS) communément fondée sur le modèle de Karasek et propose de prendre en compte le sujet au travail dans l’évaluation des facteurs de risques pour la santé psychologique. Le cas étudié concerne l’introduction d’une démarche qualité et ses conséquences sur le travail de femmes employées du secteur de l’insertion en emploi des bénéficiaires du revenu de solidarité activité (RSA). À partir d’une analyse ergonomique des situations de travail et de l’activité, la genèse plurifactorielle du phénomène de tension au travail est mise en relation avec un management « hors du sujet ». Les résultats documentent également les effets délétères de l’amputation du pouvoir d’agir et de l’absence de débat sur les critères du travail bien fait, sur le rapport subjectif au travail. Des pistes d’application de ces résultats dans le domaine de la prévention primaire sont proposées. This article examines a method of evaluating psychosocial risk (PSR) based on Karasek’s model by taking into account the subject at work in the assessment of psychological health risk factors. The case under study concerns the introduction of a quality approach and its impact on women who work in the employment assistance sector and who accompany earned income supplement (EIS) recipients in their search for gainful employment. Using ergonomic analysis of work situations and activities, this longitudinal study of the real work activities of these employees provides insight into the multifactorial generation of work stress linked to seemingly “irrelevant” management decisions. The results also document the deleterious effects of a loss of the power to act and of a lack of discussion concerning the criteria for well-done work. Possible applications for these results in primary prevention are proposed. Este artículo examina el proceso de evaluación de riesgos psicosociales (RPS), basado frecuentemente en el modelo de Karasek y propone tomar en cuenta el sujeto en el trabajo durante la evaluación de factores de riesgos de la salud psicológica. El caso objeto de estudio se refiere a la introducción de un enfoque de calidad y su impacto en el trabajo de las mujeres empleadas del sector de inserción en el empleo de los beneficiarios de la renta de solidaria activa (RSA). Desde un análisis ergonómico de las situaciones y la actividad de trabajo, la génesis multifactorial del fenómeno de la tensión en el trabajo es relacionada con una gestión "fuera del sujeto". Los resultados también documentan los efectos nocivos de la pérdida del poder de actuar y de la ausencia de debate sobre los criterios acerca de un trabajo bien hecho, sobre la relación subjetiva al trabajo. Se proponen algunas pistas para la aplicación de estos resultados en el campo de la prevención primaria.

International audience; This article presents the development and validation of the aging stereotypes and exercise scale (ASES), which measures different dimensions of aging stereotypes in the exercise domain. Drawing on past research on older adults' perceived barriers to exercise, these dimensions include stereotypes about positive and negative exercise outcomes for older adults and about older adults' psychological barriers to exercise (i.e., lack of self-efficacy and motivation). Four studies involving 714 participants examined the factorial structure and invariance, temporal stability, and external validity of the scale. The results supported a 3-factor model that was invariant across age. Age differences in stereotype content appeared, with older adults holding more positive stereotypes than younger adults. Also as predicted, the more older adults endorsed negative stereotypes, the lower their physical self- worth, self-rated health, and subjective age. Last, responses to the ASES appeared to be stable over a 6-wk period.

International audience; Objectives: The aim of this study was to develop a computerized instrument to assess eating attitudes and behaviors, the “virtual self-service restaurant” (VSSR), and to test for preliminary evidence of its validity. Improved measures of self-regulation in this area should facilitate the management of individuals with eating disorders, particularly athletes, and the implementation of tailored prevention and intervention programs.Results: This interface assesses the individual's basal metabolism, energy expenditure related to physical activity, global energy expenditure, global energy intake (i.e., difference between energy expenditure and intake), and distribution of food intake over the day. The validity of the VSSR was tested in four populations, and the results indicated satisfactory internal and external validity.Conclusion: This instrument, which shows preliminary evidence of validity and reliability, can be used to promote educational nutrition programs for sedentary and athletic populations.; Objectifs: Le but de cette étude était de développer et valider de manière préliminaire un instrument informatisé pour évaluer les attitudes et les comportements alimentaires, le virtual self-service restaurant (VSSR). L’amélioration des mesures de l’autorégulation des comportements alimentaires devrait permettre de mieux accompagner les individus en général, et les athlètes en particulier, en mettant en œuvre des programmes d’intervention et de prévention adaptés.Résultats: Cette interface permet d’évaluer le métabolisme basal de l’individu, la dépense énergétique liée à l’activité physique, la dépense énergétique globale, l’apport énergétique global (i.e., différence entre les dépenses et les apports énergétiques), et la répartition de l’apport alimentaire au cours de la journée. La validité du self virtuel a été examinée auprès de quatre populations. Les validités interne et externe du VSSR se sont révélées satisfaisantes.Conclusion: Cet instrument qui a démontré des premiers indicateurs de validité et de fiabilité, pourra être utilisé pour promouvoir des programmes d’éducation nutritionnelle auprès de populations sédentaires ou sportives.

International audience; Recently, Elliot and Murayama (2008) pointed out a number of theoretical and methodological shortcomings among the instruments assumed to measure achievement goals. This research aimed to develop and validate a French Achievement Goals Questionnaire for Sport and Exercise (FAGQSE). In a first study, factor analyses conducted on a 20-item preliminary version supported the existence of four factors corresponding to the four types of goals of Elliot and McGregor's (2001) framework (mastery-approach, performance approach , mastery-avoidance, and performance-avoidance). A second study examined a more parsimonious 12-item version of the FAGQSE, which was found to be valid among samples of athletes, exercisers, and physical education students. The temporal stability of the questionnaire was evidenced by a satisfactory test-retest over a 1-month period, and its theoretical validity was supported by correlations between achievement goals and entity/incremental theories of sports ability, perceived sports competence, and sports anxiety. The FAGQSE is a valid and reliable French instrument for achievement goal motivation. This instrument can be used for theoretical and applied purposes in various sports and exercise settings.

Introduction The influence of achievement goals on eating attitudes has mainly been examined through correlational studies (e.g., De Bruin, Bakker, & Oudejans, 2009; Duda & Kim, 1997 ), and none of the studies to date has focused on the self-regulation of eating attitudes in athletes. The present study experimentally tested the effects of achievement goals on both self-reported (Study 1) and behavioral indices (Study 2) of the self-regulation of eating attitudes in female figure skaters. Method Elite female figure skaters (Study 1: n = 44; Study 2: n = 54) were randomly assigned to one of four conditions designed to induce specific goal involvement (performance-approach, mastery-approach, performance-avoidance, and mastery-avoidance) or a control condition (no goal induction). The participants in Study 1 completed the Self-Regulation of Eating Attitudes in Sport Scale ( SREASS , Scoffier, Corrion, Paquet, & Arripe-Longueville, 2010 ) and those in Study 2 completed a virtual behavioral measure of self-regulation of eating attitudes ( VSSR ; Scoffier, 2009 ). Results Variance analyses indicated that induced mastery-approach goals and performance-avoidance goals resulted in higher scores for self-regulation of eating attitudes than induced performance-approach goals and mastery-avoidance goals. The relationships were the same at both self-reported and behavioral levels. Discussion This experimental study confirms the findings of previous correlational works and shows that achievement goals contribute to the causal processes of self-regulation of eating attitudes. These findings might help to prevent eating disorders in female athletes by providing guidance for the development of adapted motivational strategies.

We tested a hypothetical model that examined both the effects of implicit theories of ability on the judgement of cheating acceptability in a physical education context and the mediating role of the achievement goals defined in the social-cognitive model of achievement motivation. Data were collected from 477 middle-school students, who completed measures of implicit theories of ability, achievement goals, and judgement of cheating acceptability in team sports within a cross-sectional design. The results indicated that performance-approach and performance-avoidance goals mediated the relationships between entity theory and the judgement of cheating acceptability, and mastery-approach and mastery-avoidance goals mediated the relationships between incremental theory and the judgement of cheating acceptability. Further research is needed to determine whether these results would be replicated with other moral variables and other contexts.

Resume L’objet de cette etude etait de developper et valider en langue francaise une echelle courte mesurant le desengagement moral en sport en langue francaise (ECDMS), et de tester son invariance selon le genre. L’outil a ete developpe sur la base de la litterature existante (Bandura et al. [2001,2003]) [6] , [7] . Trois etudes complementaires ont ete realisees aupres de 1305 etudiants. Dans la premiere etude, l’analyse factorielle d’une premiere version de l’ECDMS a permis d’identifier deux sous-echelles de trois items (i.e., rejet ou partage de responsabilite [RPR] ; minimisation [MIN] des transgressions et de leurs consequences) presentant de bonnes consistances internes. La deuxieme etude a confirme la structure bifactorielle de l’instrument et a montre son invariance partielle selon le genre. Enfin, la troisieme etude a montre la fidelite temporelle et la validite theorique de l’instrument au travers de ses relations avec d’autres construits mesurant l’autoregulation des affects ou les comportements prosociaux des individus (Boardley et Kavussanu [2007] et Corrion et al. [2009]) [9] , [14] . Au final, l’ECDMS apparait comme un instrument presentant de bonnes qualites psychometriques et constitue un outil en langue francaise pouvant ouvrir la voie a de futures recherches sur le desengagement moral d’adolescents ou d’adultes sportifs.

This study extends previous psychosocial literature (Bandura et al., 2001, 2003) by examining a structural model of the self-regulatory mechanisms governing the acceptability and likelihood of cheating in a sport context. Male and female adolescents (N = 804), aged 15–20 years, took part in this study. Negative affective self-regulatory efficacy influenced the acceptability and likelihood of cheating through the mediating role of moral disengagement, in females and males. Affective efficacy positively influenced prosocial behavior through moral disengagement or through resistive self-regulatory efficacy and social efficacy, in both groups. The direct effects of affective efficacy on beliefs about cheating were only evident in females. These results extend the findings of Bandura et al. (2001, 2003) to the sport context and suggest that affective and resistive self-regulatory efficacy operate in concert in governing adolescents’ moral disengagement and transgressive behaviors in sport.

International audience; This study examined the influence of locus of control on disordered eating as mediated by the self-regulation of eating attitudes. The assessment instruments were adapted for athletes as the entire sample of 179 volunteer University students (M(age)=21.12; SD=2.87) were all regularly involved in competition. The results showed that (a) an internal locus of control had a positive influence on the self-regulation of eating attitudes in social interaction contexts; (b) self-regulatory eating attitudes had a negative influence on disordered eating in contexts of negative affect, social interaction, and lack of anticipation of consequences on performance; and (c) an internal locus of control had an influence on disordered eating through the mediation of self-regulatory eating attitudes in social interaction contexts, and an external locus of control attributed to the coach and sports friends had an influence on disordered eating through the mediation of self-regulatory eating attitudes in contexts of negative affect, social interaction and lack of anticipation of consequences on performance. This study, combined with an earlier study from Scoffier, Maïano, and d'Arripe-Longueville (2009) on the antecedents of athletes' eating disorders, suggests the powerful impact of the social environment on the development of disordered eating in athletes.

Objective: The purpose of the study was to examine the effects of social relationships (i.e., coach, friends, and parents) and acceptance (i.e., peers) on disturbed eating attitudes (DEAs) in elite adolescent female athletes, through the mediating role of physical self-perception (i.e., perceived physical appearance and perceived physical ability). Method: The sample comprised 227 elite adolescent female athletes (Mage = 15.75; SDage = 3.00) engaged in various esthetic sports. The data was analyzed using structural equation modeling method and mediation analysis. Results: They showed that peer acceptance and quality of parent–athlete relationships have a significant negative influence on DEA in elite adolescent female athletes. Moreover, the quality of relationship with the coach and sport friend has a significant positive influence on DEA in female athletes through the mediating role of perceived physical ability. Discussion: The quality of relationship with parents and peer acceptance would be a protective factor regarding DEA, whereas the quality of relationships with coach and friend in sport would be risk factors for the development of DEA in adolescent female athletes through the mediating role of perceived physical ability. Recommendations for future use of, and research on, activities are outlined. The effects of social relationships and acceptance on DEA in elite adolescent female athletes: the mediating role of physical self-perceptions. © 2009 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 2010.

International audience; This study was designed to assess athletes’ use of moral disengagement in competitive sport. We conducted semistructured interviews with 24 elite male and female athletes in basketball and taekwondo. Participants described transgressive behaviors in competitive situations and reasons for adopting such behaviors. Content analyses revealed that the eight moral disengagement mechanisms identified in everyday Life (i.e., moral justification, advantageous comparison, euphemistic labeling, minimizing or ignoring consequences, attribution of blame, dehumanization, displacement of responsibility, and diffusion of responsibility; Bandura, Barbaranelli, Caprara, & Pastorelli, 1996) were germane in sport. However, the most frequently adopted mechanisms in sport (i.e., displacement and diffusion of responsibility, attribution of blame, minimizing or ignoring consequences, and euphemistic labeling) differed somewhat from those considered most salient in everyday life (i.e., moral justification, advantageous comparison, and euphemistic labeling). Moral disengagement mechanisms linked to projecting fault onto others (“It’s not my fault”) and minimization of transgressions and their consequences (“It’s not serious”) appear to be especially prominent in sport. The findings extend the sport moral disengagement literature by showcasing athlete accounts of moral disengagement.

International audience; The context for acquiring skills plays a major role in determining learning-related self-regulatory patterns. Studies conducted in academics (e.g., Roeser, Midgley, & Urdan, 1996) and in sports and physical activities (see Ntoumanis & Biddle, 1999) have revealed that, compared to ego-involving contexts (i.e., contexts promoting social comparison), task involving contexts (i.e., contexts emphasizing learning and personal progress) contribute more to promote adaptive cognitive and behavioral achievement patterns. Among these patterns, particular thoughts and strategies, such as self efficacy beliefs (e.g., Roeser et al., 1996) and help-seeking strategies (e.g., Newman & Schwager, 1995), have been found to favor academic performances. Surprisingly, in the domain of physical activities self-efficacy and help seeking have rarely or may never have been studied as achievement variables that can be influenced by the context. According to Nicholls’ (1989) achievement goals theory, the role of context in adopting adaptive or mal-adaptive achievement patterns is assumed to be mediated by the goals individuals pursue in a given situation. These goals correspond to task involvement, when an individual uses self-referenced criteria, such as effort investment and personal progress, to assess his or her ability. Otherwise, goals correspond to ego involvement, when the individual uses norm-referenced criteria, that is, when his or her perceived ability depends on how much more competent he or she is compared to others. However, whether these goals are actually solicited by the context has seldom been verified, because individu- als’ task or ego involvement has been measured in few studies conducted in sport. In these studies, goal involvement was assessed either with single-item measures (e.g., Swain & Harwood, 1996) or with stems adapted from scales usually used to measure dispositional motivational orientations (e.g., Williams, 1998). Developing tools that can specifically tap into the goals that individuals momentarily pursue might help to identify directly the mechanisms by which task- or ego-involving contexts influence some typical self-regulatory processes, such as help-seeking and self-efficacy beliefs. In the academic domain, help-seeking behaviors have been identified as adaptive learning-related self-regula- tory strategies (e.g., Nelson-Le Gall, 1992) that may be en- couraged by task-involving contexts. Particularly, these contexts have been found to favor seeking indirect instrumental help, such as hints (Butler & Neuman, 1995), whereas in ego-involving contexts, students are less likely to seek help (e.g., Ryan, Gheen, & Midgley, 1998) or more likely to prefer solutions (i.e., full help) over hints (i.e.,instrumental help) to expedite successful task completion (Butler & Neuman, 1995). Although help-seeking could be useful to motor learning, no research has yet focused on this variable in sport and physical activities.

International audience; The aim of this study was to examine the potential motivational and behavioural benefits of two peer tutoring programmes for tutors in a sport setting. Differences between the sexes were also explored. Thirty two college-age males and females, all novices on a French boxing task, were assigned to a 2×2 [sex×training type: physical practice associated with trained peer tutoring (TPT) vs physical practice associated with untrained peer tutoring (UPT)] factorial design. All participants were given six French boxing lessons of 2 h each. The TPT programme included structured methods to prepare the participants to fulfil their role of tutors, whereas the UPT programme did not. The results demonstrated that the TPT programme resulted in higher scores for coaching skills. Furthermore, interaction effects revealed that the TPT programme yielded better offensive outcomes for males and better defensive outcomes for females. Although the UPT participants expressed higher self-efficacy, no differences emerged for intrinsic motivation and causal attributions. Finally, male tutors displayed higher self-efficacy and offensive outcomes than female tutors. The results are discussed in the light of previous findings in the educational and sport psychology literature.

International audience; The purposes of this qualitative study were, (a) to compare the competitive strategiesdeveloped by national and international female gymnasts through natural learningexperiences, (b) to compare the competitive strategies used by national gymnasts whobenefited from a psychological skills training (PST) program to those developed byinternational gymnasts via natural learning experiences, and (c) to investigate thefunctions these strategies served in the two aforementioned cases. Individual in-depthinterviews were conducted with three international and six national gymnasts. Three ofthe six national gymnasts followed a PST, whereas the other three did not. Theinternational gymnasts never benefited from PST neither before nor during the study.The results indicated that the strategies developed through natural experiences overtime by the international gymnasts were wider and more elaborate than those of theirnational counterparts, but akin to those used by the national gymnasts who hadbenefited from a PST. The specific consequences of the characteristics of theinternational context and psychological skills training on the strategies gymnastselaborated were also highlighted. Results are discussed relative to research ondeliberate practice and sport talent development (Ericsson, Krampe, & Tesch-Romer,1993).

Based on Vygotsky’s theory of cognitive development and its concept of zone of proximal development, this study examined how the skill level of a peer tutor affects the achievement motivation of novice learners and their performance in a swimming task. Gender differences were also explored. High school students (N = 48) were assigned in a 2 × 3 (Gender × Tutor skill level: novice vs. intermediate vs. skilled) factorial design. Participants were invited to observe a same-sex peer tutor, complete a self-efficacy questionnaire, train with their tutor for 8 minutes, and complete a goal involvement questionnaire. Results demonstrated that skilled tutors yielded the best swimming skills for boys, whereas skilled and intermediate tutors yielded better skills than did novice tutors for girls. The skilled tutor group led to higher self-efficacy for improvement and gave more demonstrations and verbal information than did the novice group. Male tutees adopted higher ego involvement goals and trained more physically, whereas female tutees adopted higher learning goals and received more demonstrations and verbal instructions. Results are discussed in relation to educational studies conducted in a Vygotskian perspective.

International audience; The purposes of this study were to qualitatively analyze peer interaction in dyads practicing a swimming skill, and to examine the potential dyad type-by-gender differences in observed peer interaction modes. Sixty-four senior high school students (32 M, 32 F) trained for 8 min either in symmetrical (same competence) or asymmetrical (different competence levels) same-sex dyads. The numbers of attempts and performance scores were also documented for novices. The observed peer interaction modes consisted of guidance-tutoring, imitation, cooperation, and parallel activity. Multivariate and univariate analyses revealed that tutoring and imitation were manifested more in asymmetrical dyads, while cooperation and parallel activity were more frequent in symmetrical dyads. Males in symmetrical dyads displayed the most parallel activity. Males carried out more attempts than females. Regarding performance, males in asymmetrical dyads benefited more from training than the other groups did. Similarities and differences with findings observed in the academic domain are discussed.