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1. AZERTY amélioré

Author

Daryl Weir, Antti Oulasvirta, Mathieu Nancel, Maximilian John, Anna Maria Feit, Andreas Karrenbauer, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Aalto University School of Science and Technology [Aalto, Finland], Technology and knowledge for interaction (LOKI), Inria Lille - Nord Europe, Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Centre de Recherche en Informatique, Signal et Automatique de Lille - UMR 9189 (CRIStAL), Centrale Lille-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centrale Lille-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Max Planck Institute for Informatics [Saarbrücken], Aalto University, Finland, Max Planck Institute, Germany, ETH Zurich, Switzerland, and European Project: 637991,H2020,ERC-2014-STG,COMPUTED(2015)

Subjects
layout, General Computer Science, Scale (ratio), Computer science, 05 social sciences, keyboard, computational design, 020207 software engineering, 02 engineering and technology, Industrial engineering, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, Computational design, 0501 psychology and cognitive sciences, participatory optimization, [INFO.INFO-HC]Computer Science [cs]/Human-Computer Interaction [cs.HC], Azerty, 050107 human factors
Abstract

International audience; France is the first country in the world to adopt a keyboard standard informed by computational methods, improving the performance, ergonomics, and intuitiveness of the keyboard while enabling input of many more characters. We describe a human-centric approach developed jointly with stakeholders to utilize computational methods in the decision process not only to solve a well-defined problem but also to understand the design requirements, to inform subjective views, or to communicate the outcomes. To be more broadly useful, research must develop computational methods that can be used in a participatory and inclusive fashion respecting the different needs and roles of stakeholders.

Published
2021
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2. Relevance and Applicability of Hardware-independent Pointing Transfer Functions

Author

Raiza Hanada, Damien Masson, Sylvain Malacria, Géry Casiez, Mathieu Nancel, Technology and knowledge for interaction (LOKI), Inria Lille - Nord Europe, Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Centre de Recherche en Informatique, Signal et Automatique de Lille - UMR 9189 (CRIStAL), Centrale Lille-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centrale Lille-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Cheriton School of Computer Science [Waterloo] (CS), University of Waterloo [Waterloo], LAI ULille Réapp, and ANR-18-CE33-0010,Causality,Inclure la temporalité et la causalité dans la conception de systèmes interactifs(2018)

Subjects
Pixel, business.industry, Computer science, 05 social sciences, 020207 software engineering, 02 engineering and technology, Replicate, Function (mathematics), Transfer function, Acceleration, pointing task, Pointer (computer programming), 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, transfer function, 0501 psychology and cognitive sciences, Relevance (information retrieval), [INFO.INFO-HC]Computer Science [cs]/Human-Computer Interaction [cs.HC], business, Scaling, 050107 human factors, Computer hardware, computer mouse
Abstract

International audience; Pointing transfer functions remain predominantly expressed in pixels per input counts, which can generate different visual pointer behaviors with different input and output devices; we show in a first controlled experiment that even small hardware differences impact pointing performance with functions defined in this manner. We also demonstrate the applicability of "hardware-independent" transfer functions defined in physical units. We explore two methods to maintain hardware-independent pointer performance in operating systems that require hardware-dependent definitions: scaling them to the resolutions of the input and output devices, or selecting the OS acceleration setting that produces the closest visual behavior. In a second controlled experiment, we adapted a baseline function to different screen and mouse resolutions using both methods, and the resulting functions provided equivalent performance. Lastly, we provide a tool to calculate equivalent transfer functions between hardware setups, allowing users to match pointer behavior with different devices, and researchers to tune and replicate experiment conditions. Our work emphasizes, and hopefully facilitates, the idea that operating systems should have the capability to formulate pointing transfer functions in physical units, and to adjust them automatically to hardware setups.

Published
2021
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3. Modeling and Reducing Spatial Jitter caused by Asynchronous Input and Output Rates

Author

Jingjie Zheng, Axel Antoine, Navid Zolghadr, Mathieu Nancel, Géry Casiez, Ella Ge, Université de Lille, Sciences et Technologies, Technology and knowledge for interaction (LOKI), Inria Lille - Nord Europe, Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Centre de Recherche en Informatique, Signal et Automatique de Lille - UMR 9189 (CRIStAL), Centrale Lille-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centrale Lille-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Research at Google, Centre de Recherche en Informatique, Signal et Automatique de Lille - UMR 9189 (CRIStAL), Centrale Lille-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Google Faculty Research Awards Program, and ANR-18-CE33-0010,Causality,Inclure la temporalité et la causalité dans la conception de systèmes interactifs(2018)

Subjects
noise, jitter, Computer science, output frequency, Pipeline (computing), 05 social sciences, Latency (audio), 020207 software engineering, 02 engineering and technology, Function (mathematics), Signal, Refresh rate, resampling, Control theory, Asynchronous communication, asynchronicity, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, 0501 psychology and cognitive sciences, Noise (video), [INFO.INFO-HC]Computer Science [cs]/Human-Computer Interaction [cs.HC], spatial jitter, input frequency, 050107 human factors, Jitter
Abstract

International audience; Jitter in interactive systems occurs when visual feedback is perceived as unstable or trembling even though the input signal is smooth or stationary. It can have multiple causes such as sensing noise, or feedback calculations introducing or exacerbating sensing imprecisions. Jitter can however occur even when each individual component of the pipeline works perfectly, as a result of the differences between the input frequency and the display refresh rate. This asynchronicity can introduce rapidly-shifting latencies between the rendered feedbacks and their display on screen, which can result in trembling cursors or viewports. This paper contributes a better understanding of this particular type of jitter. We first detail the problem from a mathematical standpoint, from which we develop a predictive model of jitter amplitude as a function of input and output frequencies, and a new metric to measure this spatial jitter. Using touch input data gathered in a study, we developed a simulator to validate this model and to assess the effects of different techniques and settings with any output frequency. The most promising approach, when the time of the next display refresh is known, is to estimate (via interpolation or extrapolation) the user’s position at a fixed time interval before that refresh. When input events occur at 125 Hz, as is common in touch screens, we show that an interval of 4 to 6 ms works well for a wide range of display refresh rates. This method effectively cancels most of the jitter introduced by input/output asynchronicity, while introducing minimal imprecision or latency.

Published
2020
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4. Interaction Interferences: Implications of Last-Instant System State Changes

Author

Sylvain Malacria, Andy Cockburn, Mathieu Nancel, Philippe Schmid, Technology and knowledge for interaction (LOKI), Inria Lille - Nord Europe, Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Centre de Recherche en Informatique, Signal et Automatique de Lille - UMR 9189 (CRIStAL), Centrale Lille-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centrale Lille-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Canterbury [Christchurch], and ANR-18-CE33-0010,Causality,Inclure la temporalité et la causalité dans la conception de systèmes interactifs(2018)

Subjects
reaction time, Computer science, media_common.quotation_subject, Interface (computing), 05 social sciences, 020207 software engineering, 02 engineering and technology, Interval (mathematics), Action (philosophy), Human–computer interaction, Perception, interferences, movement inhibition, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, Systems design, 0501 psychology and cognitive sciences, State (computer science), [INFO.INFO-HC]Computer Science [cs]/Human-Computer Interaction [cs.HC], Controlled experiment, 050107 human factors, media_common, Instant
Abstract

International audience; We study interaction interferences, situations where an unexpected change occurs in an interface immediately before the user performs an action, causing the corresponding input to be misinterpreted by the system. For example, a user tries to select an item in a list, but the list is automatically updated immediately before the click, causing the wrong item to be selected. First, we formally define interaction interferences and discuss their causes from behavioral and system-design perspectives. Then, we report the results of a survey examining users' perceptions of the frequency, frustration, and severity of interaction interferences. We also report a controlled experiment , based on state-of-the-art experimental protocols from neuroscience, that explores the minimum time interval, before clicking, below which participants could not refrain from completing their action. Finally, we discuss our findings and their implications for system design, paving the way for future work.

Published
2020
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5. AutoGain: Gain Function Adaptation with Submovement Efficiency Optimization

Author

Antti Oulasvirta, Sunjun Kim, Byungjoo Lee, Mathieu Nancel, KAIST, Technology and knowledge for interaction (LOKI), Inria Lille - Nord Europe, Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Centre de Recherche en Informatique, Signal et Automatique de Lille - UMR 9189 (CRIStAL), Centrale Lille-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centrale Lille-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Aalto University, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Department of Communications and Networking, User Interfaces, Helsinki Institute for Information Technology (HIIT), and Aalto-yliopisto

Subjects
FOS: Computer and information sciences, Computer science, 05 social sciences, Computer Science - Human-Computer Interaction, Cursor (user interface), 020207 software engineering, Input device, Pointing device, 02 engineering and technology, Tracking (particle physics), Cursor (databases), Pointer acceleration, Human-Computer Interaction (cs.HC), Pointing, CD gain functions, Pointing facilitation, Control theory, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, Submovement, Human Performance, 0501 psychology and cognitive sciences, [INFO.INFO-HC]Computer Science [cs]/Human-Computer Interaction [cs.HC], Adaptation (computer science), 050107 human factors, H.5.m
Abstract

A well-designed control-to-display gain function can improve pointing performance with indirect pointing devices like trackpads. However, the design of gain functions is challenging and mostly based on trial and error. AutoGain is a novel method to individualize a gain function for indirect pointing devices in contexts where cursor trajectories can be tracked. It gradually improves pointing efficiency by using a novel submovement-level tracking+optimization technique that minimizes aiming error (undershooting/overshooting) for each submovement. We first show that AutoGain can produce, from scratch, gain functions with performance comparable to commercial designs, in less than a half-hour of active use. Second, we demonstrate AutoGain's applicability to emerging input devices (here, a Leap Motion controller) with no reference gain functions. Third, a one-month longitudinal study of normal computer use with AutoGain showed performance improvements from participants' default functions., Comment: 12 pages, 12 figures

Published
2020
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6. Investigating the Necessity of Delay in Marking Menu Invocation

Author

Edward Lank, Jay Henderson, Mathieu Nancel, Sylvain Malacria, Cheriton School of Computer Science [Waterloo] (CS), University of Waterloo [Waterloo], Technology and knowledge for interaction (LOKI), Inria Lille - Nord Europe, Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Centre de Recherche en Informatique, Signal et Automatique de Lille - UMR 9189 (CRIStAL), Centrale Lille-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centrale Lille-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), We thank participants in our study. Experiments in this work were approved by the Office of Research Ethics at the University of Waterloo. This research was supported by the Natural Science and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC), the National Research Council of Canada (NRC) via the NRC-University of Waterloo Collaboration Centre (NUCC), and the LAI Réapp., and LAI Réapp

Subjects
delay, Computer science, business.industry, Interface (computing), 05 social sciences, Invocation, 020207 software engineering, Usability, 02 engineering and technology, Mode (computer interface), Human–computer interaction, Component (UML), 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, 0501 psychology and cognitive sciences, [INFO.INFO-HC]Computer Science [cs]/Human-Computer Interaction [cs.HC], business, marking menu, 050107 human factors
Abstract

International audience; Delayed display of menu items is a core design component of marking menus, arguably to prevent visual distraction and foster the use of mark mode. We investigate these assumptions , by contrasting the original marking menu design with immediately-displayed marking menus. In three controlled experiments, we fail to reveal obvious and systematic performance or usability advantages to using delay and mark mode. Only in very constrained settings-after significant training and only two items to learn-did traditional marking menus show a time improvement of about 260 ms. Otherwise, we found an overall decrease in performance with delay, whether participants exhibited practiced or unpracticed behaviour. Our final study failed to demonstrate that an immediately-displayed menu interface is more visually disrupting than a delayed menu. These findings inform the costs and benefits of incorporating delay in marking menus, and motivate guidelines for situations in which its use is desirable.

Published
2020
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7. A Comparative Study of Pointing Techniques for Eyewear Using a Simulated Pedestrian Environment

Author

Mathieu Nancel, Camelia Zakaria, Andy Cockburn, Simon T. Perrault, Quentin Roy, Archan Misra, Wonjung Kim, Singapore Management University (SIS), School of Computer Science [Waterloo] (UWO), University of Waterloo [Waterloo], Singapore University of Technology and Design (SUTD), Technology and knowledge for interaction (LOKI), Inria Lille - Nord Europe, Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Centre de Recherche en Informatique, Signal et Automatique de Lille - UMR 9189 (CRIStAL), Centrale Lille-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centrale Lille-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Canterbury [Christchurch], David Lamas, Fernando Loizides, Lennart Nacke, Helen Petrie, Marco Winckler, Panayiotis Zaphiris, TC 13, Singapore Management University, Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria), Centre de Recherche en Informatique, Signal et Automatique de Lille (CRIStAL) - UMR 9189 (CRIStAL), and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Lille-Ecole Centrale de Lille

Subjects
street, pointing, Situation awareness, Computer science, Eyewear, 05 social sciences, 02 engineering and technology, Pedestrian, Interaction design, simulation, law.invention, eyewear, Touchscreen, Human–computer interaction, law, smart glasses, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, 020201 artificial intelligence & image processing, 0501 psychology and cognitive sciences, [INFO]Computer Science [cs], [INFO.INFO-HC]Computer Science [cs]/Human-Computer Interaction [cs.HC], Fitts, 050107 human factors
Abstract

Part 8: Pointing, Touch, Gesture and Speech-Based Interaction Techniques; International audience; Eyewear displays allow users to interact with virtual content displayed over real-world vision, in active situations like standing and walking. Pointing techniques for eyewear displays have been proposed, but their social acceptability, efficiency, and situation awareness remain to be assessed. Using a novel street-walking simulator, we conducted an empirical study of target acquisition while standing and walking under different levels of street crowdedness. We evaluated three phone-based eyewear pointing techniques: indirect touch on a touchscreen, and two in-air techniques using relative device rotations around forward and a downward axes. Direct touch on a phone, without eyewear, was used as a control condition. Results showed that indirect touch was the most efficient and socially acceptable technique, and that in-air pointing was inefficient when walking. Interestingly, the eyewear displays did not improve situation awareness compared to the control condition. We discuss implications for eyewear interaction design.

Published
2019
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8. Next-Point Prediction for Direct Touch Using Finite-Time Derivative Estimation

Author

Mathieu Nancel, Stanislav Aranovskiy, Sebastien Poulmane, Géry Casiez, Rosane Ushirobira, Denis Efimov, Nicolas Roussel, Technology and knowledge for interaction (LOKI), Inria Lille - Nord Europe, Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Centre de Recherche en Informatique, Signal et Automatique de Lille - UMR 9189 (CRIStAL), Centrale Lille-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centrale Lille-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), CentraleSupélec, Institut d'Électronique et des Technologies du numéRique (IETR), Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-CentraleSupélec-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Géométrie, Algèbre, Informatique, Applications (GAIA), Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria), Non-Asymptotic estimation for online systems (NON-A-POST), Aix Marseille Université (AMU), Inria Bordeaux - Sud-Ouest, Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria), ANR-14- CE24-0009, Agence Nationale de la Recherche, ANR-14-CE24-0009,TurboTouch,Interactions tactiles haute performance(2014), Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-CentraleSupélec-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Nantes Université (NU)-Université de Rennes 1 (UR1)

Subjects
0209 industrial biotechnology, business.industry, Computer science, Lag, 05 social sciences, Estimator, Usability, 02 engineering and technology, Direct touch, 020901 industrial engineering & automation, Software, Touch input, Computer engineering, Latency, 0501 psychology and cognitive sciences, [INFO.INFO-HC]Computer Science [cs]/Human-Computer Interaction [cs.HC], Latency (engineering), business, Prediction technique, 050107 human factors, Smoothing, Pace
Abstract

International audience; End-to-end latency in interactive systems is detrimental to performance and usability, and comes from a combination of hardware and software delays. While these delays are steadily addressed by hardware and software improvements, it is at a decelerating pace. In parallel, short-term input prediction has shown promising results in recent years, in both research and industry, as an addition to these efforts. We describe a new prediction algorithm for direct touch devices based on (i) a state-of-the-art finite-time derivative estimator, (ii) a smoothing mechanism based on input speed, and (iii) a post-filtering of the prediction in two steps. Using both a pre-existing dataset of touch input as benchmark, and subjective data from a new user study, we show that this new predictor outperforms the predictors currently available in the literature and industry, based on metrics that model user-defined negative side-effects caused by input prediction. In particular, we show that our predictor can predict up to 2 or 3 times further than existing techniques with minimal negative side-effects.

Published
2018
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9. Pointing at a Distance with Everyday Smart Devices

Author

Shaishav Siddhpuria, Sylvain Malacria, Edward Lank, Mathieu Nancel, David R. Cheriton School of Computer Science, University of Waterloo [Waterloo], Technology and knowledge for interaction (LOKI), Inria Lille - Nord Europe, Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Centre de Recherche en Informatique, Signal et Automatique de Lille - UMR 9189 (CRIStAL), and Centrale Lille-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centrale Lille-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
distant display, pointing, Computer science, 05 social sciences, ACM: H.: Information Systems/H.5: INFORMATION INTERFACES AND PRESENTATION (e.g., HCI)/H.5.2: User Interfaces, 020207 software engineering, Input device, 02 engineering and technology, Touchpad, smartphone, smartwatch, Smartwatch, Human–computer interaction, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, 0501 psychology and cognitive sciences, [INFO.INFO-HC]Computer Science [cs]/Human-Computer Interaction [cs.HC], 050107 human factors
Abstract

International audience; Large displays are becoming commonplace at work, at home, or in public areas. However, interaction at a distance – anything greater than arms-length – remains cumbersome, restricts simultaneous use, and requires specific hardware augmentations of the display: touch layers, cameras, or dedicated input devices. Yet a rapidly increasing number of people carry smartphones and smartwatches, devices with rich input capabilities that can easily be used as input devices to control interactive systems. We contribute (1) the results of a survey on possession and use of smart devices, and (2) the results of a controlled experiment comparing seven distal pointing techniques on phone or watch, one-and two-handed, and using different input channels and mappings. Our results favor using a smartphone as a trackpad, but also explore performance tradeoffs that can inform the choice and design of distal pointing techniques for different contexts of use.

Published
2018
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10. Introducing Transient Gestures to Improve Pan and Zoom on Touch Surfaces

Author

Sylvain Malacria, Jeff Avery, Mathieu Nancel, Edward Lank, Géry Casiez, David R. Cheriton School of Computer Science, University of Waterloo [Waterloo], Technology and knowledge for interaction (LOKI), Inria Lille - Nord Europe, Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Centre de Recherche en Informatique, Signal et Automatique de Lille - UMR 9189 (CRIStAL), Centrale Lille-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centrale Lille-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre de Recherche en Informatique, Signal et Automatique de Lille - UMR 9189 (CRIStAL), Centrale Lille-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Université de Lille

Subjects
bimanual input, tablet, Repetition (rhetorical device), Movement (music), Computer science, InformationSystems_INFORMATIONINTERFACESANDPRESENTATION(e.g.,HCI), 05 social sciences, ACM: H.: Information Systems/H.5: INFORMATION INTERFACES AND PRESENTATION (e.g., HCI)/H.5.2: User Interfaces, 020207 software engineering, 02 engineering and technology, law.invention, Touchscreen, multitouch, law, Human–computer interaction, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, 0501 psychology and cognitive sciences, Transient (computer programming), [INFO.INFO-HC]Computer Science [cs]/Human-Computer Interaction [cs.HC], Zoom, 050107 human factors, Gesture
Abstract

International audience; Despite the ubiquity of touch-based input and the availability of increasingly computationally powerful touchscreen devices, there has been comparatively little work on enhancing basic canonical gestures such as swipe-to-pan and pinch-to-zoom. In this paper, we introduce transient pan and zoom, i.e. pan and zoom manipulation gestures that temporarily alter the view and can be rapidly undone. Leveraging typical touchscreen support for additional contact points, we design our transient gestures such that they co-exist with traditional pan and zoom interaction. We show that our transient pan-and-zoom reduces repetition in multi-level navigation and facilitates rapid movement between document states. We conclude with a discussion of user feedback, and directions for future research.

Published
2018
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11. Modeling User Performance on Curved Constrained Paths

Author

Edward Lank, Mathieu Nancel, Computing tools to empower users (MJOLNIR), Inria Lille - Nord Europe, Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Centre de Recherche en Informatique, Signal et Automatique de Lille - UMR 9189 (CRIStAL), Centrale Lille-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centrale Lille-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), School of Electrical Engineering [Aalto Univ], Aalto University, David R. Cheriton School of Computer Science, University of Waterloo [Waterloo], Université de Lille, and Funding for this research was provided by the Natural Science and Engineering Research Council of Canada, by The European Research Council (ERC) Horizon 2020 Innovation and Research Program (Grant Agreement 637991) and by La Région Nord-Pas-de- Calais, France.

Subjects
ta113, Work (thermodynamics), Theoretical computer science, Computer science, Movement, ACM: H.: Information Systems/H.5: INFORMATION INTERFACES AND PRESENTATION (e.g., HCI)/H.5.2: User Interfaces, 05 social sciences, 020207 software engineering, 02 engineering and technology, Curvature, Constraint (information theory), Tree traversal, Models, Steering Law, Path (graph theory), 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, 0501 psychology and cognitive sciences, [INFO.INFO-HC]Computer Science [cs]/Human-Computer Interaction [cs.HC], Steering law, Algorithm, 050107 human factors
Abstract

International audience; In 1997, Accot and Zhai presented seminal work analyzing the temporal cost and instantaneous speed profiles associated with movement along constrained paths. Their work posited and validated the steering law, which described the relationship between path constraint, path length and the temporal cost of path traversal using a computer input device (e.g. a mouse). In this paper, we argue that the steering law fails to correctly model constrained paths of varying, arbitrary curvature, propose a new form of the law that accommodates these curved paths, and empirically validate our model.

Published
2017
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12. Next-Point Prediction Metrics for Perceived Spatial Errors

Author

Bruno Araujo, Géry Casiez, Ricardo Jota, Daniel Vogel, Mathieu Nancel, Aalto University, David R. Cheriton School of Computer Science, University of Waterloo [Waterloo], Dynamic Graphics Project [Toronto] (DGP), University of Toronto, Tactual Labs, Computing tools to empower users (MJOLNIR), Inria Lille - Nord Europe, Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Centre de Recherche en Informatique, Signal et Automatique de Lille - UMR 9189 (CRIStAL), Centrale Lille-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centrale Lille-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and ANR-14-CE24-0009,TurboTouch,Interactions tactiles haute performance(2014)

Subjects
Theoretical computer science, Computer science, Lag, Latency (audio), 02 engineering and technology, computer.software_genre, lag, User input, Prediction methods, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, 0501 psychology and cognitive sciences, [INFO.INFO-HC]Computer Science [cs]/Human-Computer Interaction [cs.HC], 050107 human factors, latency, ta113, Point (typography), Panning (audio), 05 social sciences, touch input, H.5.2 User Interfaces: Input devices and strategies, 020207 software engineering, prediction, Path (graph theory), Data mining, Visual interface, computer
Abstract

International audience; Touch screens have a delay between user input and corresponding visual interface feedback, called input “latency” (or “lag”). Visual latency is more noticeable during continuous input actions like dragging, so methods to display feedback based on the most likely path for the next few input points have been described in research papers and patents. Designing these “next-point prediction” methods is challenging, and there have been no standard metrics to compare different approaches. We introduce metrics to quantify the probability of 7 spatial error “side-effects” caused by next-point prediction methods. Types of side-effects are derived using a thematic analysis of comments gathered in a 12 participants study covering drawing, dragging, and panning tasks using 5 state-of- the-art next-point predictors. Using experiment logs of actual and predicted input points, we develop quantitative metrics that correlate positively with the frequency of perceived side-effects. These metrics enable practitioners to compare next- point predictors using only input logs.

Published
2016
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13. The Performance and Preference of Different Fingers and Chords for Pointing, Dragging, and Object Transformation

Author

Daniel Vogel, Géry Casiez, Mathieu Nancel, Alix Goguey, Computing tools to empower users (MJOLNIR), Inria Lille - Nord Europe, Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Centre de Recherche en Informatique, Signal et Automatique de Lille - UMR 9189 (CRIStAL), Centrale Lille-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centrale Lille-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Waterloo [Waterloo], Centre de Recherche en Informatique, Signal et Automatique de Lille - UMR 9189 (CRIStAL), Centrale Lille-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and This work was supported in part by Mitacs Globalink Research Award - Inria for research in Canada.

Subjects
business.industry, Computer science, 05 social sciences, performance ACM Classification Keywords H52 Information interfaces (eg HCI): User interfaces, ACM: H.: Information Systems/H.5: INFORMATION INTERFACES AND PRESENTATION (e.g., HCI)/H.5.2: User Interfaces, touch input, 020207 software engineering, 02 engineering and technology, humanities, body regions, Human–computer interaction, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, Chord (music), finger identification, 0501 psychology and cognitive sciences, Artificial intelligence, [INFO.INFO-HC]Computer Science [cs]/Human-Computer Interaction [cs.HC], business, 050107 human factors, performance, Author Keywords touch input
Abstract

International audience; The development of robust methods to identify which finger is causing each touch point, called “finger identification,” will open up a new input space where interaction designers can associate system actions to different fingers. However, relatively little is known about the performance of specific fingers as single touch points or when used together in a “chord.” We present empirical results for accuracy, throughput, and subjective preference gathered in five experiments with 48 participants exploring all 10 fingers and 7 two-finger chords. Based on these results, we develop design guidelines for reasonable target sizes for specific fingers and two-finger chords, and a relative ranking of the suitability of fingers and two-finger chords for common multi-touch tasks. Our work contributes new knowledge regarding specific finger and chord performance and can inform the design of future interaction techniques and interfaces utilizing finger identification.

Published
2016
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14. High-Precision Pointing on Large Wall Displays using Small Handheld Devices

Author

Olivier Chapuis, Michel Beaudouin-Lafon, Xing-Dong Yang, Pourang Irani, Emmanuel Pietriga, Mathieu Nancel, Situated interaction (IN-SITU), Laboratoire de Recherche en Informatique (LRI), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-CentraleSupélec-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-CentraleSupélec-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Inria Saclay - Ile de France, Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-CentraleSupélec-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Inria Chile, Universidad Diego Portales [Santiago] (UDP)-Universidad de la frontera [Chile]-Universidad de Concepción [Chile]-Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile (UC)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso (PUCV)-Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez [Santiago]-Universidad de Valparaiso [Chile]-Universidad Tecnica Federico Santa Maria [Valparaiso] (UTFSM), Department of Computing Science [Edmonton], University of Alberta, Dept. Computer Science, University of Manitoba [Winnipeg], and Universidad Diego Portales [Santiago] (UDP)-Universidad de la frontera [Chile]-Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile (UC)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso (PUCV)-Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez [Santiago]-Universidad de Valparaiso [Chile]-Universidad Tecnica Federico Santa Maria [Valparaiso] (UTFSM)-Universidad de Concepción - University of Concepcion [Chile]

Subjects
Computer science, business.industry, Orientation (computer vision), Handheld Devices, 05 social sciences, ACM: H.: Information Systems/H.5: INFORMATION INTERFACES AND PRESENTATION (e.g., HCI)/H.5.2: User Interfaces, 020207 software engineering, Screen space, 02 engineering and technology, Wall Displays, Pointing, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, 0501 psychology and cognitive sciences, Computer vision, Isolation (database systems), Artificial intelligence, [INFO.INFO-HC]Computer Science [cs]/Human-Computer Interaction [cs.HC], business, Mobile device, 050107 human factors
Abstract

International audience; Rich interaction with high-resolution wall displays is not limited to remotely pointing at targets. Other relevant types of interaction include virtual navigation, text entry, and direct manipulation of control widgets. However, most techniques for remotely acquiring targets with high precision have studied remote pointing in isolation, focusing on pointing efficiency and ignoring the need to support these other types of interaction. We investigate high-precision pointing techniques capable of acquiring targets as small as 4 millimeters on a 5.5 meters wide display while leaving up to 93 of a typical tablet device's screen space available for task-specific widgets. We compare these techniques to state-of-the-art distant pointing techniques and show that two of our techniques, a purely relative one and one that uses head orientation, perform as well or better than the best pointing-only input techniques while using a fraction of the interaction resources.

Published
2013
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15. Multisurface Interaction in the WILD Room

Author

Mathieu Nancel, James Eagan, Julie Wagner, Olivier Chapuis, T. Gjerlufsen, Michel Beaudouin-Lafon, Wendy E. Mackay, Romain Primet, Emmanuel Pietriga, Clemens Nylandsted Klokmose, Stéphane Huot, Clément Pillias, Situated interaction (IN-SITU), Laboratoire de Recherche en Informatique (LRI), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-CentraleSupélec-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-CentraleSupélec-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Inria Saclay - Ile de France, Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria), Technologies de l'information et de la communication et Société (TICS), Université Stendhal - Grenoble 3-Institut National des Télécommunications (INT)-Université Toulouse 1 Capitole (UT1), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Université Paris Nanterre (UPN)-École polytechnique (X)-Télécom ParisTech-CENTRE ET EMPLOI-France Télécom-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Polytechnique de Paris (IP Paris), Département Informatique et Réseaux (INFRES), Télécom ParisTech, Design, Interaction, Visualization & Applications (DIVA), Laboratoire Traitement et Communication de l'Information (LTCI), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Télécom Paris-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Télécom Paris, Aarhus University [Aarhus], WILD is supported by Région Île-de-France/Digiteo grant and by Université Paris-Sud, INRIA, CNRS, ANR and the INRIA Microsoft joint laboratory., Université Stendhal - Grenoble 3-Institut National des Télécommunications (INT)-Université Toulouse Capitole (UT Capitole), and Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Université Paris Nanterre (UPN)-École polytechnique (X)-Télécom ParisTech-CENTRE ET EMPLOI-France Télécom-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
User interfaces, Ubiquitous computing, General Computer Science, Computer science, Digital content, 02 engineering and technology, computer.software_genre, Software, Human–computer interaction, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, 0501 psychology and cognitive sciences, [INFO.INFO-HC]Computer Science [cs]/Human-Computer Interaction [cs.HC], 050107 human factors, User-centered design, Multimedia, business.industry, 05 social sciences, Testbed, 020207 software engineering, Human-centered computing, Ubiquitous Computing, input devices and strategies, The Internet, User interface, business, computer
Abstract

The WILD (wall-sized interaction with large datasets) room serves as a testbed for exploring the next generation of interactive systems by distributing interaction across diverse computing devices, enabling multiple users to easily and seamlessly create, share, and manipulate digital content. The featured Web extra is a video of Michel Beaudouin-Lafon and his colleagues demonstrating how the WILD (wall-sized interaction with large datasets) room lets users view, explore, manipulate large amounts of digital content.

Published
2012
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16. Rapid Development of User Interfaces on Cluster-Driven Wall Displays with jBricks

Author

Mathieu Nancel, Emmanuel Pietriga, Stéphane Huot, Romain Primet, Situated interaction (IN-SITU), Laboratoire de Recherche en Informatique (LRI), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-CentraleSupélec-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-CentraleSupélec-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Inria Saclay - Ile de France, Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-CentraleSupélec-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Inria Saclay - Ile de France, Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria), DIM Région Ile-de-France / Digiteo, ACM, and ACM Press

Subjects
Parallel rendering, Java, Interaction, Toolkit, Computer science, 05 social sciences, ACM: H.: Information Systems/H.5: INFORMATION INTERFACES AND PRESENTATION (e.g., HCI)/H.5.2: User Interfaces, Software rendering, 020207 software engineering, 02 engineering and technology, Wall Displays, Prototyping, Clusters, Human–computer interaction, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, Cluster (physics), 0501 psychology and cognitive sciences, [INFO.INFO-HC]Computer Science [cs]/Human-Computer Interaction [cs.HC], User interface, Graphics, Interactive visualization, 2D computer graphics, computer, 050107 human factors, computer.programming_language
Abstract

International audience; Research on cluster-driven wall displays has mostly focused on techniques for parallel rendering of complex 3D models. There has been comparatively little research effort dedicated to other types of graphics and to the software engineering issues that arise when prototyping novel interaction techniques or developing full-featured applications for such displays. We present jBricks, a Java toolkit that integrates a high-quality 2D graphics rendering engine and a versatile input configuration module into a coherent framework, enabling the exploratory prototyping of interaction techniques and rapid development of post-WIMP applications running on cluster-driven interactive visualization platforms.

Published
2011
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17. Mid-air Pan-and-Zoom on Wall-sized Displays

Author

Olivier Chapuis, Mathieu Nancel, Wendy E. Mackay, Julie Wagner, Emmanuel Pietriga, Situated interaction (IN-SITU), Laboratoire de Recherche en Informatique (LRI), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-CentraleSupélec-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-CentraleSupélec-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Inria Saclay - Ile de France, Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria), and Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-CentraleSupélec-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Empirical data, Wall-sized Displays, Computer science, business.industry, H.5.2 [Information interfaces and presentation]: User interfaces - Graphical user interfaces, 05 social sciences, 020207 software engineering, Mid-air interaction techniques, 02 engineering and technology, Navigation, Task (computing), Key factors, Pan & Zoom, Multi-scale interfaces, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, 0501 psychology and cognitive sciences, Computer vision, Artificial intelligence, [INFO.INFO-HC]Computer Science [cs]/Human-Computer Interaction [cs.HC], Zoom, business, 050107 human factors, Gesture
Abstract

International audience; Very-high-resolution wall-sized displays offer new opportunities for interacting with large data sets. While pointing on this type of display has been studied extensively, higher-level, more complex tasks such as pan-zoom navigation have received little attention. It thus remains unclear which techniques are best suited to perform multiscale navigation in these environments. Building upon empirical data gathered from studies of pan-and-zoom on desktop computers and studies of remote pointing, we identified three key factors for the design of mid-air pan-and-zoom techniques: uni- vs. bimanual interaction, linear vs. circular movements, and level of guidance to accomplish the gestures in mid-air. After an extensive phase of iterative design and pilot testing, we ran a controlled experiment aimed at better understanding the influence of these factors on task performance. Significant effects were obtained for all three factors: bimanual interaction, linear gestures and a high level of guidance resulted in significantly improved performance. Moreover, the interaction effects among some of the dimensions suggest possible combinations for more complex, real-world tasks.

Published
2011
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18. Un espace de conception fondé sur une analyse morphologique des techniques de menus

Author

Michel Beaudouin-Lafon, Mathieu Nancel, Stéphane Huot, Laboratoire de Recherche en Informatique (LRI), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-CentraleSupélec-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Situated interaction (IN-SITU), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-CentraleSupélec-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-CentraleSupélec-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Inria Saclay - Ile de France, and Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)

Subjects
Engineering drawing, Computer science, 05 social sciences, 020207 software engineering, 02 engineering and technology, ACM: H.: Information Systems/H.5: INFORMATION INTERFACES AND PRESENTATION (e.g., HCI)/H.5.2: User Interfaces/H.5.2.4: Graphical user interfaces (GUI), ACM: H.: Information Systems/H.5: INFORMATION INTERFACES AND PRESENTATION (e.g., HCI)/H.5.2: User Interfaces/H.5.2.6: Input devices and strategies (e.g., mouse, touchscreen), 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, 0501 psychology and cognitive sciences, [INFO.INFO-HC]Computer Science [cs]/Human-Computer Interaction [cs.HC], Design space, 050107 human factors, Simulation, Generative grammar
Abstract

International audience; This paper presents a design space based on a morphological analysis of menu techniques. The goal of this design space is to facilitate the exploration of novel menu designs, in particular to increase menu capacity without sacrificing performance. The paper demonstrates the generative aspect of this design space with four new menu designs based on poorly explored combinations of input dimensions. For two of these four designs, the paper presents controlled experiments that show that they perform on a par with other menus from the literature.; Cet article présente un espace de conception basé sur une analyse morphologique des mécanismes de structuration des menus et de sélection des items. Son but est de faciliter l'exploration de nouveaux types de menus afin notamment d'augmenter leur capacité sans détériorer leurs performances. L'article démontre l'aspect génératif de cet espace de conception grâce à quatre nouveaux designs de menus, basés sur des combinaisons de dimensions pas ou peu explorées. Pour deux d'entre eux, des expérimentations contrôlées montrent qu'ils offrent des performances comparables aux menus de la littérature.

Published
2009
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